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Cabildos Transnacionales: Rituales En Movimiento Y Experiencias Procesionales En Cuba Y Puerto Rico Del Siglo XXI

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Cabildos Transnacionales: Rituales En Movimiento Y Experiencias Procesionales En Cuba Y Puerto Rico Del Siglo XXI Universidad de Brasilia –UnB Instituto de Ciencias Sociales-ICS Departamento de Estudios Latino Americanos- ELA Programa de Pos Graduación en Estudios Comparados Sobre Las Américas Cabildos Transnacionales: Rituales en Movimiento y Experiencias Procesionales en Cuba y Puerto Rico del Siglo XXI José Manuel González-Cruz Brasilia, 2018 José Manuel González-Cruz Cabildos Transnacionales: Rituales en Movimiento y Experiencias Procesionales en Cuba y Puerto Rico del Siglo XXI Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Comparados sobre as Américas, do Departamento de Estudos Latino Americanos (ELA). Instituto de Ciências Sociais (ICS) da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências Sociais com ênfase em Estudos Comparados sobre as Américas, sob a orientação do Prof. Martin-Léon-Jacques Ibáñez de Novion BANCA EXAMINADORA Dr. Martín León-Jacques Ibañez de Novion (PRESIDENTE) Departamento de Estudos Latinoamericanos-Universidade de Brasilia Dr. Christhian Teófilo da Silva Departamento de Estudos Latinoamericanos-Universidade de Brasilia Dr. Stephen Baines Departamento de Antropología-Universidade de Brasilia Dr. Sullivan Charles Barros Programa História e Ciências Sociais-Universidade Federal de Goiás A los muertos, A los desaparecidos y a los que quedamos en Puerto Rico luego del Huracán María… Al pueblo de Regla, y a la memoria de Susana y Pepa… Adéchina! a yoo ko gbagbe ọ! Resumen Cabildos Transnacionales: Rituales en Movimiento y Experiencias Procesionales en Cuba y Puerto Rico del Siglo XXI El comercio de esclavos en el Atlántico y el auge del azúcar del siglo 19 en Cuba y Brasil empeoraron la guerra civil en África occidental lo que diezmó la población de la región con el envío de miles de yoruba a diferentes partes de las Américas. Esclavizados y desterritorializados, los yoruba en las Américas, conocidos como Lucumí en Cuba resistieron refugiándose en sus tradiciones y sus dioses clandestinamente y más tarde mediante la creación y adaptación de organizaciones cívicas europeas existentes; los cabildos de nación. Los cabildos a finales del siglo XIX se transformaron en sociedades de ayuda mutua fundadas por esclavos emancipados que compraron su propia libertad y fueron organizados en relación con el origen étnico y la lingüístico y sobrevivieron mediante la adaptación, defensa y preservación de su quehacer cultural, su espiritualidad de la violencia de la aculturación de la sociedad esclavista. Fue a través de ayuda mutua, la iniciación, tambores y su sociabilidad a través de las procesiones también conocidas como cabildos que resistieron a la opresión esclavista y aculturadora de sus sociedades y afirmaron la identidad religiosa y étnica. Inicialmente se revisarán las obras principales que describen el ascenso y la importancia de los Cabildos en el contexto cubano y su evolución otros tipos de formatos institucionales durante el siglo 20. Por otra parte, sostengo que estas instituciones cívicas continúan actualmente en existencia en varias formas ya sean Ilés o Familias de Santo, templos, ONGs, o Cabildos que buscan satisfacer las necesidades de índole social, religioso y curativo y se han adaptado a los nuevos contextos políticos y transnacionales que trascienden las fronteras étnicas, nacionales y regionales, incluyendo una diversa y global inclusiva red de iniciados. Luego de una exposición histórica breve haré una comparación de las diferentes instituciones de ayuda mutua de naturaleza similar a través trabajo de campo etnográfico en las familias religiosas en Cuba y Puerto Rico. Palabras clave Santería, Regla de Ocha, Ifá, Cuba, Cabildos de Nación, Lucumí, Sociedades de Auxilio Mutuo, migración, aculturación, transculturación, resistencia, procesiones, curación, religión, espiritualidad, transnacionalización de espiritualidades Summary Transnational Cabildos: Rituals in Movement and Processional Experiences in Cuba and Puerto Rico of the 21st Century The slave trade in the Atlantic and the 19th century sugar boom in Cuba and Brazil worsened the civil war in West Africa, decimating the population of the region by sending thousands of Yoruba to different parts of the Americas. Enslaved and deterritorialized, the Yoruba in the Americas, known as Lucumí in Cuba, resisted by taking refuge in their traditions and their gods clandestinely and later through the creation and adaptation of existing European civic organizations; the cabildos of nation. The cabildos in the late nineteenth century transformed into mutual aid societies founded by emancipated slaves who bought their own freedom and were organized in relation to ethnic and linguistic origin, and survived by adapting, defending and preserving their cultural activities and their spirituality from the violence of acculturation of slave society. It was through mutual aid, initiation, drums and their sociability through the processions also known as cabildos that resisted the oppressive slavery and acculturation of their societies and affirmed the religious and ethnic identity. Initially, we will review the main works that describe the rise and importance of the Cabildos in the Cuban context and its evolution in other types of institutional formats during the 20th century. On the other hand, I maintain that these civic institutions continue to exist in various ways nowadays, whether they are Ilés or Familias de Santo, temples, NGOs, or Cabildos that seek to satisfy needs of a social, religious and curative nature and have adapted to new political and transnational contexts that transcends ethnic, national and regional borders, including a diverse and inclusive global network of practitioners. After a brief historical exposition, I will make a comparison of the different mutual aid institutions of a similar nature through ethnographic field work in religious families in Cuba and Puerto Rico. Keywords: Santería, Regla de Ocha, Ifa, Cuba, Cabildos de Nación, Lucumí, Societies of Mutual Aid, migration, acculturation, transculturation, resistance, processions, healing, religion, spirituality, transnationalization of spirituality Resumo Cabildos Transnacionais: Rituais em Movimento e Experiências Processacionais em Cuba e Porto Rico do Século XXI O comércio de escravos no Atlântico e o crescimento do açúcar no século XIX em Cuba e no Brasil agravaram a guerra civil na África Ocidental, dizimando a população da região enviando milhares de iorubá para diferentes partes das Américas. Escravizados e desterritorializados, o iorubá nas Américas, conhecidos como Lucumí em Cuba, resistiu refugiando-se nas suas tradições e seus deuses secretamente e, posteriormente, através da criação e adaptação de organizações cívicas europeias existentes; os cabildos da nação. Os cabildos no final do século XIX tornou-se sociedades de ajuda mútua fundada por escravos emancipados que compraram sua liberdade e foram organizados em relação à etnia e língua, e sobreviveram através da adaptação, defesa e preservação de suas atividades culturais, a sua espiritualidade da violência da aculturação da sociedade escrava. Foi através da ajuda mútua, da iniciação, dos tambores e da sua sociabilidade através das procissões também conhecidas como cabildos que resistiram à escravidão opressiva e à aculturação de suas sociedades e afirmaram a identidade religiosa e étnica. Inicialmente, via as obras que descrevem a ascensão e importância dos Conselhos no contexto cubano e sua evolução em outros formatos institucionais durante o século 20. Além disso ser revisto, defendo que essas instituições cívicas atualmente ainda em existência em várias formas sejam Ilés ou famílias de Santo, igrejas, ONGs, ou Cabildos que procuram atender às necessidades de natureza social, religiosa e de cura e se adaptaram aos novos contextos políticos e transnacionais que transcendem as fronteiras étnicas, nacionais e regionais, incluindo uma diversificada rede global inclusiva de insiders. Após uma breve exposição histórica, faço uma comparação das diferentes instituições de ajuda mútua de natureza similar através de trabalho de campo etnográfico em famílias religiosas em Cuba e Porto Rico. Palavras chave: Santería, Regla de Ocha, Ifá, Cuba, Cabildos nação, lucumi, Mutual Aid Societies, migração, aculturação, transculturação, resistência, procissões, cura, religião, espiritualidade, espiritualidades transnacionalização ÍNDICE Introducción Capitulo I Generalidades sobre los Estudios Afro en las Américas – 8 1.1 Lombrosianismo tropical y los africanistas – 10 1.2 Academia Orisha – 13 1.3 El pensamiento de Fernando Ortiz – 15 1.4 El mundo moderno contra el mundo antiguo – 21 1.5 “Palparlo todo, olerlo todo, saborearlo todo” – 22 1.6 La transculturación - 29 1.7 La llegada a los Cabildos – 33 Capitulo II Desde las Cofradías hasta el Ilé de Ocha – 36 2.1 Breves sobre las cofradías – 40 2.2 Un formato institucional europeo con espíritu africano – 44 2.3 Sinécdoque Institucional – 47 2.4 Múltiples Dimensiones organizacionales de los Cabildos – 51 2.5 Sociedades de Auxilio Mutuo y Recreo – 54 2.6 Casa Cabildos – 57 2.7 Cabildos Lucumí – 58 2.8 El Tambor Batá – 61 2.9 De Cabildos y Procesiones y la llegada a Regla – 64 Capitulo III Puerto Rico, La Tierra de Oyá - 68 3.1 Templo Omó Orisha de Puerto Rico – 73 3.2 Irma y Patricia – 74 3.3 Joseph Carroll PhD – 86 3.4 Los Oloshas Unidos – 97 3.5“Esta es la casa de Yemayá” – 102 3.6 El Colorao’ – 121 Capitulo IV En la tierra de Yemayá - 128 4.1 Folclorización y Silencio – 129 4.2 La llegada a Regla - 132 4.3 El cabildo rescate
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