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THE PRODUCTION of BELGIAN, BRITISH and FRENCH TRENCH JOURNALS in the FIRST WORLD WAR by CEDRIC VAN DIJCK, MARYSA DEMOOR, SARAH POSMAN

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THE PRODUCTION of BELGIAN, BRITISH and FRENCH TRENCH JOURNALS in the FIRST WORLD WAR by CEDRIC VAN DIJCK, MARYSA DEMOOR, SARAH POSMAN BETWEEN THE SHELLS: THE PRODUCTION OF BELGIAN, BRITISH AND FRENCH TRENCH JOURNALS IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR by CEDRIC VAN DIJCK, MARYSA DEMOOR, SARAH POSMAN When a new journal appears, it is common for the editor to ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱǰȱ ȱ the journal will endeavour (ce que sera ce journal) and why it was ȱǻpourqoui il est né). The reader, who does not care about ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱDzȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǵȱ ȂȱǷȱ¢ȱȱȱǵȱ ȱ ȱȱĴǷȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ1 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬȬȱ ȱ ȱ řŘnd infantry division of the French army launched Bellica, a bellicose monthly £ȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱŗşŗśǰȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¡ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ¦ȬȬǰȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȁȱȱȂǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǯŘ That the trench press became an invaluable expression of its time and place is ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ·ǰȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ·ȱ·ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǯř 1 ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Éǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¸ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ·ǯȱȱȱȱȂȱęȱȱȱ··ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȬȱȂȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱȬǯȱȱȱȱȱǵȱ ȱȱǷȱȱȱȱ·ǵȱ ȱȱǷȱȱ³ǰȱȂȱȂěȱȱ¡ǯȂȱǰȱȁȬȂǰȱBellica ŗȱǻȱŗşŗśǼDZȱŚǯ ȱŘȱ Editor, ‘Les Petits “Trésor et Postes” de Bellica’, BellicaȱŘȱǻ ¢ȱŗşŗŜǼDZȱŗřǯ ȱřȱ ȱ ¡ȱ¢ǰȱȁȱȱȱ·ȂǰȱȱHistoire de La Presse Française II: De 1881 à nos jours, ed. ·ȱȱȱǻDZȱȱȱȱȱǰȱŗşŜśǼǰȱŚŘŘǯ 64 / Publishing History 77: 2017 ȱȂȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȁȱȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱęǰȱȱ¢ȱ into the politics of endurance that opens Robert Nelson’s impressive study of German trench journalism.Ś The answer to that question is the trench press, which existed to maintain morale and cohesion, and which ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ of an army community. For Floris Prems, for instance, the primary use of Flemish trench publications for war historians is the contribution they ȱȱȁȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢¢Ȃǯȱȱ ǯ ǯȱǰȱǰȱȱ ȱŚȱ On GermanȱȱDZȱȱǰȱȁȱ DZȱȱȱȱ in the Social and Cultural History of the First World War’, War in HistoryȱŗŝǯŘȱǻŘŖŗŖǼDZȱ ŗŜŝȬŗşŗDzȱ German Soldier Newspapers of the First World Warȱ ǻDZȱ ȱ ¢ȱǰȱŘŖŗŗǼDzȱȁ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂǰȱ in Reading and the First World War: Readers, Texts, Archives, ed. Shafquat Towheed ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻDZȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗśǼǰȱ ŘŖşȬŘŘŜǯȱ ȱ ȱ and DominionȱȱDZȱǯȱǰȱȁȱ ȱ ǰȱŗşŗŝȬŗşŗşȂǰȱ The Mississippi Valley Historical ReviewȱŜǯřȱǻŗşŗşǼDZȱřśŖȬřśşDzȱǯǯȱǰȱThe Stars and Stripes: Doughboy Journalism in World War IȱǻDZȱ ȱǰȱŗşŞŚǼDzȱ Ranks and Columns: Armed Forces Newspapers in American WarsȱǻDZȱ ȱ ǰȱŗşşřǼDzȱ ǯ ǯȱǰȱTroop Morale and Popular Culture in the British and Dominion Armies 1914-1918ȱǻ¡DZȱȱǰȱŗşşŖǼDzȱ ȱǰȱȁȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ¢ȂǰȱȱPublishing in the First World War: Essays in Book Historyǰȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻDZȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǰȱ ŗŘşȬŗŚŝDzȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȁȬȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ Force’, Journal of the Canadian Historical SocietyȱŗşǯŗȱǻŘŖŖŞǼDZȱŗŝŗȬŗşřDzȱȱǰȱ Boredom is the Enemy: The Intellectual and Imaginative Lives of Australian Soldiers in the Great War and Beyondȱ ǻDZȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŘǼDzȱ ȱ ǰȱ The Soldiers’ Press. Trench Journals in the First World Warȱ ǻDZȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗřǼǯȱ On FrenchȱȱDZȱ·ȱǰȱLe livre d’or des journaux du front 1914- 1918, feuilles bleu-horizonȱǻDZȱ ȱȱǰȱŗşřśǼDzȱ¡ȱ¢ǰȱ ‘La Presse des Tranchées’, in Histoire de La Presse Française II: De 1881 à nos jours, ǯȱ·ȱȱȱǻDZȱȱȱȱȱǰȱŗşŜśǼDZȱŚŗşȬŚŘŝDzȱ·ȱȬ £ǰȱŗŚȬŗŞDZȱȱĴȱȱ·ȱǻDZȱȱǰȱŗşŞŜǼǯȱOn ȱ DZȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗşŗŚȬ ŗşŗŞǼȂǰȱBijdragen tot de GeschiedenisȱŗŚȱǻŗşŘŘȬŗşŘřǼDZȱŚśśȬŚśŜDzȱǯȱ ǰȱDe Vlaamsche ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşŗŚȬŗşŗŞǯȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ǻ DZȱŗşŘřǼDzȱǯȱǰȱLa presse francophone de tranchée au front belge, 1914- 1918ȱ ǻDZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗşŝŗǼDzȱ G. Bulthé, De Vlaamse loopgravenpers tijdens de Eerste WereldoorlogȱǻDZȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱŗşŝŗǼǯ Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 65 counterparts publicly lay down ‘the mood of the moment’.ś This appears ȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱĚDZȱȱȱŗşŗŜȱ ȱ ěȱĴȱȱȂȱ¢ȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯŜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ·ȱȬ£ǰȱ ǯ ǯȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ were produced and read (pourqoui il est né) but not explicitly of what they were and how they were started (ce que sera ce journal).7 The nature and ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȁęȱȱ ȱȬ ȱȱȱȂǰŞȱ¢ȱĴȱĴȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ within national boundaries.ş This comparative essay instead focuses on a small set of representative publications created on the Western Front, ȱȱWipers Times (British army), Bellica, Le Bochofage and Le Poilu du 6-9 (French army) and Antwerpen en Omheining, Ik ben Roeland and Saint- ȱę·ȱǻȱ¢ǼǯŗŖ First, it explores the production context of ȱ£ǯȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱśȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¢Ȃǯȱ ǰȱ ȁȱ ȂǰȱŚśśǯȱǰȱTroop Moraleǰȱŗśǯ ȱŜȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȬ£ǰȱ14-18ǰȱŘřǯ 7 ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȬ ȱ DZȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ǽdzǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬȬȬ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ Ȃǯȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȁȱĴȱȱȱȱȃȱĴȱȄDZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Ȃǰȱ The Journal of Modern Periodical StudiesȱřǯŘȱǻŘŖŗŘǼDZȱŗśŞȬŝŚǰȱȱŗŜŖǯ ȱŞȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȁȱ ȂǰȱŗŜŞǯ ȱşȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱȁȱȱȱȱ·ȱȱȱÉȱ qu’en France’. ¢ǰȱȁȱȱ·ȂǰȱŚŘŜǯȱ ŗŖ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ¡ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ£Ĵǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱ ȱ ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ¢DZȱ Reveille, for instance, a journal devoted to the disabled sailor and soldier, was edited ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱǰȱ Thomas Hardy and Joseph Conrad. 66 / Publishing History 77: 2017 ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱDZȱȱȱȬȱ poet Guillaume Apollinaire, for instance, contributed a short anecdotal ¢ȱȱȁȂ ȱȂȱ£ĴȱȱȂȱȱȱMercure de France ȱ ¢ȱŗşŗŝǯȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ involved, and shows how a comparative approach can complement what ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ historians, who consider it a distinctive phenomenon of the cultural ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱ£ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¡¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁĜȱ ȱ ęȂǯ11 While ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȁ Ȃȱȱȱ ȁȂǰȱ¢ȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ distinction.ŗŘȱȱȱȱȱBellicaȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȁĴȱ£ȂȱȱȁȱȂDZȱȬȱ ȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱ¡¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱWipers Times, a £ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯŗř It was initially a modest DZȱȱęȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱŗşŗśǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŖŖȱǯȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȁ¢ȱȱ 11 Nelson, German Soldier NewspapersǰȱŗŜǯ ŗŘ ȱ ȁȱĴȱ£ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǽdzǾȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱěȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ £Ĵȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǻȱ ȱȱȱǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱDZȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢¢ȱ outside.’ ‘Editorial Notes’, ȱ £Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗǯśȱǻ¢ȱŗşŗŜǼDZȱŗŖŞǯ ŗř The Wipers Timesȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ £ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖthȱ ¢ȱ ǻŗşŗŞǰȱ ŗşŞŞǰȱ ŘŖŗŖǰȱ ŘŖŗřǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬǯȱ Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 67 was more often hysterical than natural’, the Wipers Times contained ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ĴǯŗŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱǯŗśȱȱ£ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȁȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱǯȱ ȱȱȂǯŗŜ ¢ȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱWipers Times ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȬȬȱ ¢ǯȱ ȁǽǾǽǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǻ¢ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱǯ ǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȁȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȬȂǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȁȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱśǯşȂȱȱȂǯ17ȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱ were printed on a Marinoni press in the cellar of the ruined printer’s ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȂȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ Ĝȱ ȱȱȱȱ £ĴȱǻǼǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǽęǯȱŗǾǯŗŞ Ypres was under almost continuous bombardment, yet the ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ occupation. ‘Our casemate will always be vividly remembered by those ȱ ȱȂǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ DZ ȱȱȱȯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ŗŚ R.J. Roberts, ‘How it happened’, in The Wipers TimesȱǻDZȱ ȱ ǰȱŗşŗŞǼǰȱ vii. This facsimile can be consulted at ĴDZȦȦ¡ ǯęǯ ǯ ȦŘŖŗŚȦŖŘȦ ǯȱǻȱŗȱȱŘŖŗŜǼǯ ŗś See also Fuller, Troop MoraleǰȱŗŜǯȱ ŗŜ ‘Editorial’, The Wipers TimesȱŗǯŗȱǻŗŘȱ¢ȱŗşŗŜǼDZȱǯȱ 17 Roberts, ‘How it happened’, v. ŗŞ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ‘Wipers Times’. For additional pictures of the Casemates, see the ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȁĵȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰŗřǯŖŗǯŘŖŗŖDZDZȦȦ ǯȦ ǯ ǵƽŗŞŚŝřǭƽ ǭƽśŝŗŘŘŚŞŚŘŖŖŜřřŗřĠŜŗ (accessed 1 ȱŗşŗŜǼǯ 68 / Publishing History 77: 2017 ǯȱŗDZȱȱȱǻȁ £ĴȂǼǰȱ ȱŗşŗşǯȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱŗşŗŜǯ Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 69 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ĵȂȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱǯȱ ȱěȱȱȁȱ Ȃȱȱȱǰȱȁȱ ȱȂȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱśȂşȱȱŚȂŘȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱǽȱ ȱ Ǿȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ peril.ŗş ȱȱęǰȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ęȱ ȱ New Church TimesǰȱȱȱŗşŗŜǰȱȱKemmel Times, in July, the Somme Times, later that summer, and, for censorship reasons, the B.E.F. Times at the ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşŗŝǯŘŖȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŗşŗŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ the March issue were lost when the division was forced to retreat. The ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŘth ȱĴȱȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȱ¢ȱ ǻ ȱřȱǼȄȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯŘŗȱ ȱȱŗşŗŞȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȁȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȂǯŘŘ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŖŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Wipers Times in the British and Dominion forces, a number that appears small in comparison to the ¢ȱŘŖŖȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ŗş Roberts, ‘How it happened’, v. ŘŖ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Coming Over, into Coming Backȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȁ ȱ ȂǰȱřśŞǯ Řŗ F.J. Roberts, ‘For the Future Historians of the War’, The B.E.F. TimesȱŘǯŗȱǻȱŗşŗŝǼDZȱ xv. ŘŘ ‘Editorial’. ȱĴȱȱŗǯŘȱǻȱŗşŗŞǼDZȱřǯȱBertrand points to an example from ȱȱ¢DZȱȁ ȱ·ȱȱȱBastogne à l’Yser devînt Bastogne au Rhin après ȱŗşŗŞȂǯȱBertrand, presse francophone de tranchéeǰȱřǯ 70 / Publishing History 77: 2017 ȱȱȱȱȱȱŚŖŖȱȱǯŘř Le PoiluǰȱȱȬ ȱ£ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȁȬȂȱȱȱŗŖŞth infantry ǰȱȱȱȱȯŚŞȱȱȱȯȱŗśȱȱ ŗşŗŚǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¦ȬȬȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱřŖǰŖŖŖǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȁ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȂǯŘŚ Its purpose was to divert.
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