THE PRODUCTION of BELGIAN, BRITISH and FRENCH TRENCH JOURNALS in the FIRST WORLD WAR by CEDRIC VAN DIJCK, MARYSA DEMOOR, SARAH POSMAN

BETWEEN THE SHELLS: THE PRODUCTION OF BELGIAN, BRITISH AND FRENCH TRENCH JOURNALS IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR by CEDRIC VAN DIJCK, MARYSA DEMOOR, SARAH POSMAN

When a new journal appears, it is common for the editor to ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱǰȱ ȱ the journal will endeavour (ce que sera ce journal) and why it was ȱǻpourqoui il est né). The reader, who does not care about ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǲȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǵȱ ȂȱǷȱ¢ȱȱȱǵȱ ȱ ȱȱĴǷȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ1 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬȬȱ ȱ ȱ řŘnd infantry division of the French army launched Bellica, a bellicose monthly £ȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱŗşŗśǰȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¡ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ¦ȬȬǰȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȁȱȱȂǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǯŘ That the trench press became an invaluable expression of its time and place is ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ·ǰȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ·ȱ·ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǯř

1 ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Éǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¸ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ·ǯȱȱȱȱȂȱęȱȱȱ··ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȬȱȂȱǲȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱȬǯȱȱȱȱȱǵȱ ȱȱǷȱȱȱȱ·ǵȱ ȱȱǷȱȱ³ǰȱȂȱȂěȱȱ¡ǯȂȱǰȱȁȬȂǰȱBellica ŗȱǻȱŗşŗśǼǱȱŚǯ ȱŘȱ Editor, ‘Les Petits “Trésor et Postes” de Bellica’, BellicaȱŘȱǻ ¢ȱŗşŗŜǼǱȱŗřǯ ȱřȱ ȱ ¡ȱ¢ǰȱȁȱȱȱ·ȂǰȱȱHistoire de La Presse Française II: De 1881 à nos jours, ed. ·ȱȱȱǻǱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱŗşŜśǼǰȱŚŘŘǯ 64 / Publishing History 77: 2017

ȱȂȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȁȱȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱęǰȱȱ¢ȱ into the politics of endurance that opens Robert Nelson’s impressive study of German trench journalism.Ś The answer to that question is the trench press, which existed to maintain morale and cohesion, and which ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ of an army community. For Floris Prems, for instance, the primary use of Flemish trench publications for war historians is the contribution they ȱȱȁȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢¢Ȃǯȱȱ ǯ ǯȱǰȱǰȱȱ

ȱŚȱ On GermanȱȱǱȱȱǰȱȁȱ Ǳȱȱȱȱ in the Social and Cultural History of the First World War’, War in HistoryȱŗŝǯŘȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǱȱ ŗŜŝȬŗşŗǲȱ German Soldier Newspapers of the First World Warȱ ǻǱȱ ȱ ¢ȱǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǲȱȁ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂǰȱ in Reading and the First World War: Readers, Texts, Archives, ed. Shafquat Towheed ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗśǼǰȱ ŘŖşȬŘŘŜǯȱ ȱ ȱ and DominionȱȱǱȱǯȱǰȱȁȱ ȱ ǰȱŗşŗŝȬŗşŗşȂǰȱ The Mississippi Valley Historical ReviewȱŜǯřȱǻŗşŗşǼǱȱřśŖȬřśşǲȱǯǯȱǰȱThe Stars and Stripes: Doughboy Journalism in World War IȱǻǱȱ ȱǰȱŗşŞŚǼǲȱ Ranks and Columns: Armed Forces Newspapers in American WarsȱǻǱȱ ȱ ǰȱŗşşřǼǲȱ ǯ ǯȱǰȱTroop Morale and Popular Culture in the British and Dominion Armies 1914-1918ȱǻ¡ǱȱȱǰȱŗşşŖǼǲȱ ȱǰȱȁȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ¢ȂǰȱȱPublishing in the First World War: Essays in Book Historyǰȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǰȱ ŗŘşȬŗŚŝǲȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȁȬȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ Force’, Journal of the Canadian Historical SocietyȱŗşǯŗȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǱȱŗŝŗȬŗşřǲȱȱǰȱ Boredom is the Enemy: The Intellectual and Imaginative Lives of Australian Soldiers in the Great War and Beyondȱ ǻǱȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŘǼǲȱ ȱ ǰȱ The Soldiers’ Press. Trench Journals in the First World Warȱ ǻǱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗřǼǯȱ On FrenchȱȱǱȱ·ȱǰȱLe livre d’or des journaux du front 1914- 1918, feuilles bleu-horizonȱǻǱȱ ȱȱǰȱŗşřśǼǲȱ¡ȱ¢ǰȱ ‘La Presse des Tranchées’, in Histoire de La Presse Française II: De 1881 à nos jours, ǯȱ·ȱȱȱǻǱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱŗşŜśǼǱȱŚŗşȬŚŘŝǲȱ·ȱȬ £ǰȱŗŚȬŗŞǱȱȱĴȱȱ·ȱǻǱȱȱǰȱŗşŞŜǼǯȱOn ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗşŗŚȬ ŗşŗŞǼȂǰȱBijdragen tot de GeschiedenisȱŗŚȱǻŗşŘŘȬŗşŘřǼǱȱŚśśȬŚśŜǲȱǯȱ ǰȱDe Vlaamsche ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşŗŚȬŗşŗŞǯȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃ ǻ ǱȱŗşŘřǼǲȱǯȱǰȱLa presse francophone de tranchée au front belge, 1914- 1918ȱ ǻǱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗşŝŗǼǲȱ G. Bulthé, De Vlaamse loopgravenpers tijdens de Eerste WereldoorlogȱǻǱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱŗşŝŗǼǯ Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 65

counterparts publicly lay down ‘the mood of the moment’.ś This appears ȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱĚǱȱȱȱŗşŗŜȱ ȱ ěȱĴȱȱȂȱ¢ȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯŜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ·ȱȬ£ǰȱ ǯ ǯȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ were produced and read (pourqoui il est né) but not explicitly of what they were and how they were started (ce que sera ce journal).7 The nature and ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȁęȱȱ ȱȬ ȱȱȱȂǰŞȱ¢ȱĴȱĴȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ within national boundaries.ş This comparative essay instead focuses on a small set of representative publications created on the Western Front, ȱȱWipers Times (British army), Bellica, Le Bochofage and Le Poilu du 6-9 (French army) and Antwerpen en Omheining, Ik ben Roeland and Saint- ȱę·ȱǻȱ¢ǼǯŗŖ First, it explores the production context of ȱ£ǯȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ

ȱśȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¢Ȃǯȱ ǰȱ ȁȱ ȂǰȱŚśśǯȱǰȱTroop Moraleǰȱŗśǯ ȱŜȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȬ£ǰȱ14-18ǰȱŘřǯ 7 ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȬ ȱ Ǳȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ǽǳǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬȬȬ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ Ȃǯȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȁȱĴȱȱȱȱȃȱĴȱȄǱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Ȃǰȱ The Journal of Modern Periodical StudiesȱřǯŘȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǱȱŗśŞȬŝŚǰȱȱŗŜŖǯ ȱŞȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȁȱ ȂǰȱŗŜŞǯ ȱşȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱȁȱȱȱȱ·ȱȱȱÉȱ qu’en France’. ¢ǰȱȁȱȱ·ȂǰȱŚŘŜǯȱ ŗŖ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ¡ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ£Ĵǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱ ȱ ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǳȱ Reveille, for instance, a journal devoted to the disabled sailor and soldier, was edited ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱǰȱ Thomas Hardy and Joseph Conrad. 66 / Publishing History 77: 2017

ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǱȱȱȱȬȱ poet Guillaume Apollinaire, for instance, contributed a short anecdotal ¢ȱȱȁȂ ȱȂȱ£ĴȱȱȂȱȱȱMercure de France ȱ ¢ȱŗşŗŝǯȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ involved, and shows how a comparative approach can complement what ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ historians, who consider it a distinctive phenomenon of the cultural ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱ£ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¡¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁĜȱ ȱ ęȂǯ11 While ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȁ Ȃȱȱȱ ȁȂǰȱ¢ȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ distinction.ŗŘȱȱȱȱȱBellicaȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȁĴȱ£ȂȱȱȁȱȂǱȱȬȱ ȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱ¡¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱ

ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱWipers Times, a £ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯŗř It was initially a modest Ǳȱȱęȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱŗşŗśǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŖŖȱǯȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȁ¢ȱȱ

11 Nelson, German Soldier NewspapersǰȱŗŜǯ ŗŘ ȱ ȁȱĴȱ£ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǽǳǾȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱěȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ £Ĵȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǻȱ ȱȱȱǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢¢ȱ outside.’ ‘Editorial Notes’, ȱ £Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗǯśȱǻ¢ȱŗşŗŜǼǱȱŗŖŞǯ ŗř The Wipers Timesȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ £ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖthȱ ¢ȱ ǻŗşŗŞǰȱ ŗşŞŞǰȱ ŘŖŗŖǰȱ ŘŖŗřǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬǯȱ Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 67

was more often hysterical than natural’, the Wipers Times contained ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ĴǯŗŚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱǯŗśȱȱ£ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȁȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱǯȱ ȱȱȂǯŗŜ ¢ȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱWipers Times ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȬȬȱ ¢ǯȱ ȁǽǾǽǾȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǻ¢ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱǯ ǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȁȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȬȂǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȁȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱśǯşȂȱȱȂǯ17ȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱ were printed on a Marinoni press in the cellar of the ruined printer’s ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȂȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ Ĝȱ ȱȱȱȱ £ĴȱǻǼǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǽęǯȱŗǾǯŗŞ Ypres was under almost continuous bombardment, yet the ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ occupation. ‘Our casemate will always be vividly remembered by those ȱ ȱȂǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ǳ ȱȱȱȯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȯȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ

ŗŚ R.J. Roberts, ‘How it happened’, in The Wipers TimesȱǻǱȱ ȱ ǰȱŗşŗŞǼǰȱ vii. This facsimile can be consulted at ĴǱȦȦ¡ ǯęǯ ǯ ȦŘŖŗŚȦŖŘȦ ǯȱǻȱŗȱȱŘŖŗŜǼǯ ŗś See also Fuller, Troop MoraleǰȱŗŜǯȱ ŗŜ ‘Editorial’, The Wipers TimesȱŗǯŗȱǻŗŘȱ¢ȱŗşŗŜǼǱȱǯȱ 17 Roberts, ‘How it happened’, v. ŗŞ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ‘Wipers Times’. For additional pictures of the Casemates, see the ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȁĵȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰŗřǯŖŗǯŘŖŗŖǱǱȦȦ ǯȦ ǯ ǵƽŗŞŚŝřǭƽ ǭƽśŝŗŘŘŚŞŚŘŖŖŜřřŗřĠŜŗ (accessed 1 ȱŗşŗŜǼǯ 68 / Publishing History 77: 2017

ǯȱŗǱȱȱȱǻȁ £ĴȂǼǰȱ ȱŗşŗşǯȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱŗşŗŜǯ Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 69

ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ĵȂȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱǯȱ ȱěȱȱȁȱ Ȃȱȱȱǰȱȁȱ ȱȂȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱśȂşȱȱŚȂŘȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱǽȱ ȱ Ǿȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱ peril.ŗş ȱȱęǰȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ęȱ ȱ New Church TimesǰȱȱȱŗşŗŜǰȱȱKemmel Times, in July, the Somme Times, later that summer, and, for censorship reasons, the B.E.F. Times at the ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşŗŝǯŘŖȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŗşŗŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ the March issue were lost when the division was forced to retreat. The ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŘth ȱĴȱȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȱ¢ȱ ǻ ȱřȱǼȄȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯŘŗȱ ȱȱŗşŗŞȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȁȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȂǯŘŘ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŖŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Wipers Times in the British and Dominion forces, a number that appears small in comparison to the ¢ȱŘŖŖȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ

ŗş Roberts, ‘How it happened’, v. ŘŖ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Coming Over, into Coming Backȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȁ ȱ ȂǰȱřśŞǯ Řŗ F.J. Roberts, ‘For the Future Historians of the War’, The B.E.F. TimesȱŘǯŗȱǻȱŗşŗŝǼǱȱ xv. ŘŘ ‘Editorial’. ȱĴȱȱŗǯŘȱǻȱŗşŗŞǼǱȱřǯȱBertrand points to an example from ȱȱ¢Ǳȱȁ ȱ·ȱȱȱBastogne à l’Yser devînt Bastogne au Rhin après ȱŗşŗŞȂǯȱBertrand, presse francophone de tranchéeǰȱřǯ 70 / Publishing History 77: 2017

ȱȱȱȱȱȱŚŖŖȱȱǯŘř Le PoiluǰȱȱȬ ȱ£ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȁȬȂȱȱȱŗŖŞth infantry ǰȱȱȱȱȯŚŞȱȱȱȯȱŗśȱȱ ŗşŗŚǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¦ȬȬȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱřŖǰŖŖŖǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȁ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȂǯŘŚ Its purpose was to divert. Publications that surfaced in similar circumstances near the ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǱȱŗřŗȱȱȱȱŗŚşȱȱǯŘś ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ of the front (quieter, in fact, than the Ypres Salient) in one of three ways. ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ tree or YMCA bulletin board. By nature these texts were ephemeral and ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ£ȱȱ could also be reproduced in or near the trenches with the use of several ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ǯȱ L’Echo du RavinǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱŚŗst Chasseurs in the French ¢ǰȱ ȱȁȱȱȱ¢¢ȯȱ ȱȱěȂǯŘŜȱ¢¢ȱ

Řř ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǻŘŖŗŖǱȱ ŗŝśǼǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ for British commentary tends to read trench journalism as a typically British phenomenon. Ian Hislop, for instance, writes about the Wipers Times that ‘it is actually ę¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŘŖŗřȱȱǰȱȁȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȂȱȱThe Wipers Times. The Complete Series of the Famous Wartime Trench Newspaperȱ ǻǱȱ Ĵȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖşǼǰȱǲȱȱȱǰȱȁ ȂǰȱȱThe Wipers Times. The Famous First World War Trench NewspaperȱǻǱȱ ¢Ȧ¢ǰȱŘŖŗřǼǰȱǯǯȱ ŘŚ ȱ ȁȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ·ȱȱȱ à la mer du Nord et tiennent tête aux barbares’. ‘A tous les Poilus’, Le Poiluȱŗǯŗȱǻŗśȱ ȱŗşŗŚǼǱȱŗǯ Řś Bulthé, Vlaamse loopgravenpersǰȱ ŗřǯȱ Not all francophone journals are necessarily Walloon. ŘŜ ‘imprimé au Cyclostyle—et à l’huile de coude’. L’Echo du RavinȱŗǯŗśȱǻȱŗşŗśǼǱȱ Řǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ·ȱȱȱȱȱǯ Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 71

was a common procedure in this respect, by means of which a master ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱ ȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ ȱ£ȱȱȱǯŘŝȱȱȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǲȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Wipers Times and Bellicaȱ ¢ǯȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşŗŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱǯǯǰȱȬǯȱǯǯȱ ǰȱǯǯǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂǰȱȱȱȱThe Red and White Diamond writes ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱǻ ȱǯǼȱǯ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱǯǯǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȃȄȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ material’.ŘŞȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱǱȱ ȱȱ editor of Antwerpen en Omheiningȱǽ ȱȱǾȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ the Belgische Standaardǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȁ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱȱ ȱ¢ Ȃǰȱȱ ǰȱȁȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǽǳǾȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱĴ¢ǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȂǯŘş The ęȱ ȱ ȱ Antwerpen en Omheiningȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱśŖŖȱǰȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŗşŗśǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǯȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱȱ£ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǻȬǼ ǰȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ

Řŝ For more details about this technique, see Bulthé, Vlaamse loopgravenpersǰȱřśǲȱȬ £ǰȱ14-18ǰȱŘŜȬŘŞǯ ŘŞȱȱ ȁŘŚȱĴȱȂǰȱThe Red & White DiamondȱŞȱǻȱŗşŗşǼǱȱŗŗǯ Řşȱȱ ȁȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǽǳǾȱ £ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ waren.’ Bulthé, Vlaamse loopgravenpersǰȱŗŘǯ 72 / Publishing History 77: 2017

and the unpredictability of war itself, which explains why so many ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ‘The delay’, the editor of the Wipers Times ȱȱȱȱŗşŗŝȱǰȱ ȁ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ to the steady production of a paper’.řŖȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱǰȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ That the soldiers’ press was entwined with the war and army life is further evidenced from its moment of disappearance. With a few exceptions, ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŗşŗŞǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ £ĴǰȱȁȱȱȱǽǳǾȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȂǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱLa Fourragère, who ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ǳȱ ȁ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ£ǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȬȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ ȱȱ ȱ¡ǯȂřŗ

ȱ Ǳȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭ£ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱȱȂȱ£ȱ¢¢ȱȁȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǽǳǾȱȱȱ¢ȱȬęȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ within the crystal bowl’.řŘ That narrow sphere was composed of what ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁ ȬȂȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ

řŖ ‘Editorial’, The Wipers TimesȱŘǯŗȱǻȱŗşŗŝǼǱȱřǯȱ řŗ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȃǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ £Ĵȱ ŗŘȱ ǻ¢ȱ ŗşŗŜǼǱȱ ŗŘǯȱ Raoul Aubaud, ‘L’Adieu’, La Fourragère: Journal des Poilus du 51ième d’Infanterieȱŗŝȱǻȱ ŗşŗşǼǱȱ ŗǯȱ ǽȁ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŝȱ ȱ ȱ ·ȱ ȱ ȱ ¸ǯȱȱȂȱȱ³ǰȱȱȱ£ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ du front. Démobilisé, rentré dans la vie civile, aux prises avec d’autres soucis, avec l’exercice de sa profession, avec les joies et misères du foyer, on ne se trouve plus dans Ȃ·ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȂǾ řŘ ‘An Ideal Army Paper’, The Cologne Post: A Daily Newspaper Published by the Army of the RhineȱŘŘȱǻŘśȱȱŗşŗşǼǱȱŘǯȱ Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 73

ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯřřȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭȱ Ĝǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭȱ ǯřŚ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ ȱȱ Ĵȱ¡Ȃǯřśȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȁȬ ȂȱȱȁȂȱȱȱȱȱȯȱȱȱȱ Ȃȯȱ£ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ǰȱ ȁ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȂǯřŜ Indeed, shared and read out loud, the discursive voice of many trench journals was ‘collective rather than individual’.řŝ The mission statement for Le Poilu, for instance, Ǳȱ ȁȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ of friendship which unite them.’řŞ While it is true that trench journals have conventionally been ȱȱ¡ȱȯȁ¢ȱȱȱȂřş—we do not ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱ

řř Fuller, Troop Moraleǰȱ ŗśǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Le Poilu du 6- 9ǱȱȁȱȱȱȱȂȱĴȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ contribuera à la Victoire dans sa petite sphere.’ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȁȱ ȱ ·ȂǰȱŚŘŘǯȱ řŚ ȱ ǰȱ ȁȱ Ȃǰȱ ŗŝŖȱ ȱ Ȭ£ǰȱ 14-18ǰȱ ŗŚǯȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȬȱȮȱ ȱȮȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȁ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Colonial Journals’, in Hammond and Towheed, Publishing in the First World WarǰȱŜŗȬ 77. řś ȱ ȱȱ ǰȱReading and the First World Warǰȱŗǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȁǯǯȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȃ¢ǰȄȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃǰȱ English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920ȱśŝǯřȱǻŘŖŗŚǼǱȱřŜŗȬřŞŝǯ řŜ ȱ ȱǱȱ ȱǰȱȁȱ Ǳȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ Criticism’, New Literary HistoryȱřŖǯŗȱǻŗşşşǼǱȱŘŖřȬŘŗśǯȱ‘chaque feuille était simplement ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱĴȱȱȂǯȱBertrand, presse francophone de tranchée, ŗŚǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ available for free. řŝ Fuller, Troop MoraleǰȱŚǯȱ řŞ ȱ ȁĴȱȱȂȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȂȱȱǰȱȱȱȂ·ȱȱȱǯȂȱ ȱȱȬ£ǰȱ14-18ǰȱŗŞǯ řş ȱǰȱȁ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂǰȱŘŗŝǯȱȱ 74 / Publishing History 77: 2017

the particular unit in which it was created, especially in the case of ȱ¢ȬȱǻȱȱȱǼȱ£ǯȱȱ is rarely pointed out in the scholarship, but it becomes clear when we ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ trenches. These would be listed in the journal itself, in sections entitled ‘Our Contemporaries’ or ‘A travers la presse poilu’. Copies also traversed ȱ Ǳȱ Le Poilu, for instance, sported a section on ‘Les ȱȱȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ£ǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ£ǰȱȱȱGrey Brigade, even ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǽ Ǿȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȂǯŚŖ This appears to have been especially the ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢¢ȱ housed a wide variety of soldiers who, once dispersed, wanted to stay in touch with their former community. A second readership comprised family members at the home front. ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱWipers Times were sent behind the lines. The more popular ones were sold (at ȱȱǼȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱ beyond. That the home front was familiar with the army’s periodicals is ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ¡ǱȱAntwerpen en Omheining’s advertisement in the Belgische StandaardȱȱȂȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ£Ĵȱȱȱ Mercure de France. The Times Literary Supplement and the New York Times ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǱȱ librarians and military historians.Śŗȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻǼȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ home for preservation. The initiative to store them in ‘a few safe places’ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Bibliothèque Nationale de France and the British Museum Library, and ȱȱȱĜȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ

ŚŖ ‘Amateur Journalism in War Time’, The Grey Brigadeȱŗŗȱǻśȱ ȱŗşŗśǼǱȱŚǯ Śŗ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ Wipers Times, for ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃǰȱ Řǯŗȱ ǻŗśȱȱ ŗşŗŝǼǱȱ ¡Ȭ xxviii. Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 75

ȱȱŗşŗŝǯŚŘȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱŗşŗŝǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşŗŝǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¸ȱ ȱ ȱ Internationale Contemporaine, which started as the private collection of a Parisian family.Śř ȱęȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ to serve the needs of a particular home community. They were meant to share news of that place and its soldiers dispersed across the frontlines. ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ army was a result of the country’s political situation, which also explains ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ Ȃȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡¢ȱ ĜǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯŚŚ Antwerpen en Omheining, by its very name, is such a home community publication, and so is Ik Ben Roelandȱǽ ȱȱǾǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ for soldiers from Ghent named after the city’s famous bell which had ȱ£ȱȱȱŗŞŝŝȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱ his new venture, the editor of Ik Ben Roelandǰȱȁ ȱȱȁȱȂǰȱ ǱŚś Ȃȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ĝ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ Ĝȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱ is another reason to found a trench journal for the Gentenaren ǽȱ ȱ ȱ Ǿǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ

ŚŘ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱǰȱȁȱ¢ȱȱ ȂǰȱŗřŘǯȱ Śř ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȁȱ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃǰȱ ŗřŗǰȱ ȱ ǯǯȱ ǰȱ Sites of Memory, Sites of Morning: The Great War in European Cultural HistoryȱǻǱȱȱ ¢ȱǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǰȱŞŖȬŞŗǯ ŚŚ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱŗşŗśȱ ȱ ȱȁȬȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂǯȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱ was Le Mot du Soldat, and we can assume that a small number of trench journals found ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗşŗŚȬŗşŗŞȂǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǰȱReading and the First World WarǰȱŘŘŝȬŘŚŗǰȱȱŘřŝǯ Śśȱȱ ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ǳȱ¢ȱȁȱ ȱȱȂǰȱȱ ȱǯ 76 / Publishing History 77: 2017

ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ beloved city.ŚŜ ȱ£ȱȱȱěȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱǱȱȁȱȱȱȱȱȱ ĴȂǰȱȱȱȱȱIk Ben Roeland, ‘in which the news, received by a few, is communicated to all our fellow townspeople’.Śŝ The monthly ȁ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǽ ȱ ȱ Ǿȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ would enhance the empathy between writer and addressee. Ik Ben Roeland ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ they had proof of address (‘’tis easy to claim that one is Ghentian’).ŚŞ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ What this extensive readership—military, civilian, imperial— ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯŚşȱȱȱȱȱȱ an idea of the professionalism of some of these initiatives. Especially in the ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ£ǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȁȱ ȱ ȂǼǰȱȱ ȱȱȱBellicaȱȱ¸ȱȱȱLe Bochofage,

ŚŜȱȱ ȁȁȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱ£ȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱǯȂȱ ȱȱȂȱǰȱȁȱȱȱ£ȱȂǰȱIk Ben RoelandȱŗȱǻȱŗşŗŝǼǱȱ 1. Śŝȱȱ ȁȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȂȱ ȱȱ Ȃȱǰȱȁȱȱȱ£ȱȂǰȱIk Ben RoelandȱŗȱǻȱŗşŗŝǼǱȱŗǯ ŚŞȱȱȱ ȁȁȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱǷȂȱ ȱȱȂȱǰȱ ȁȱȱȱ£ȱȂǰȱIk Ben RoelandȱŗȱǻȱŗşŗŝǼǱȱŗǯ Śş ȁȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȂȱ ȱȱ ǰȱReading and the First World War, 11. Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 77

who defended the journal’s interests on the home front.śŖ In addition, the editor of Le Poilu du 6-9 founded the Association des Journaux du Front ȱŗşŗŝȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱ the demands of active warfare, and he passed his responsibilities on to ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱLa Liberté, and Paul Reboul and Pierre Chapelle, both former editors of the trench press who collaborated at the Service des Journaux de Tranchées in the Ministry ȱȱěǯȱ·ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱLe BochofageȱǽęǯȱȱŘǾȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ Feuilles blue horizon 1914-1918ȱǻŗşřśǼǰȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşŗşǯśŗ Marshal Foch became its honorary president. ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ£ǰȱ L’Ex-Presse du Frontȱȱ£ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŞȱȱ ŗşŘŗǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ·ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȯȁȱȂȯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯśŘ

ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱŗŚşŚǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŗŝşŜȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŗŝşŞǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱŗŞŗŘǰȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱFeldzeitung, and the Pekinger deutsche Zeitungǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ

śŖ ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱMarysa Demoor, ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȁȱȱȱȱǻŗşŗŜȬ ŗşŗŝǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃǰȱ TS: Tijdschrift voor TijdschriftstudiesȱřŜȱǻŘŖŗŚǼǱȱŗŗşȬŗřŞǯ śŗ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ǳȱȁȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ŗŗȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ řǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱǯǯ ǯǰȱȱȱǯȂȱǱȱȁȱȂǰȱThe Cologne Post: A Daily Newspaper Published by the Army of the RhineȱŜŜŝȱǻřŗȱ¢ȱŗşŘŗǼǱȱŘǯ śŘ Charpentier, Livre d’OrǰȱŘşȬřŖǯ 78 / Publishing History 77: 2017

ǯȱŘǱȱȱęȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱLe Bochofage ȱ ¢ȱŗşŗŜȱǻLe Bochofageǰȱ ȱŘřǰȱȱŗşŗŞǼǯȱ·ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱǽȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯǾ Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 79

ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǻŗŝŝśȬŗŝŞřǼǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǻŗŞŚŜȬŗŞŚŞǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗŞŜŗȬŗŞŜśǼǰȱ ȱȱȬȱȱǻŗŞşŞǼǯśř In fact, periodical publications ȱȱȱȱȱǱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¡ǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ £Ĵ in Lahore and drew on this experience in the ȱ ȱ ŗşŖŗǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Friendȱ ȱ ȱ Boer War.śŚ While this is by no means an exhaustive overview, it serves to indicate that the need for a periodical publication was natural for those ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱęȱ Ǽȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱǱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ a stalemate of several years, which produced circumstances relatively favourable to the production of periodicals.śś ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ the First World War.śŜȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Le Canard Enchaîné in France and, especially, Punchȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȬ£ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĜ¢ǰȱȱǰȱ ȱǰȱȱ£ǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯśŝȱȱŗşŗŚȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ

śř ȱ ǰȱȁ ȱ ȂǰȱřśŗǯȱǰȱLivre d’OrǰȱŗŗȬŗŘǯ śŚ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱGerman Soldier NewspapersǰȱŗŞǯ śś ȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ£ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ŗşŗŞǰȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȁȱȱ¡ȂǯȄȱȁȂǰȱ ȱĴȱȱŗǯŘȱǻȱŗşŗŞǼǱȱřǯ śŜ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǯȱ śŝ ȱ ¢ǰȱȱǰȱThe Old Lie: The Great War and the Public School EthosȱǻǱȱ ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŝǼȱȱȱǰȱModernism, Male Friendship and the First World War ǻ¡Ǳȱ¡ȱ¢ȱǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱ 80 / Publishing History 77: 2017

¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱĜȱǯśŞ It is somewhat ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ public schools and universities has not been emphasised more, especially ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Times Literary Supplementȱ ȱ ŗşŗŜǰȱ ǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȁȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ more may be’.śş ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȁȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ relationships was simply an extension of my public school’.ŜŖȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱȬ ¢Ǽȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ comradeship and collective identity based on a shared experience.Ŝŗ In ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ǰȱ£ǰȱ ȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱ ǰȱǰȱǰȱȱ ȱȱęȱĴȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ further helps contextualise the ‘cheerful noise’ in the print culture of ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ£ȱǽęǯȱřȱȱŚǾȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ the Bulletin des Armées de la Républiqueȱȱŗşŗŝǯȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ

śŞ ȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȯȱȱȱȱȂȱThe Great War and Modern MemoryȱǻŗşŝśǼȯȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǳȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱǯȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȁȱ¢ȱĜȂǯȱȱ Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memoryȱǻ ȱǱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱǰȱ ŗşŝŝǼǰȱŘŜŖǯ śş ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ¢ȱȱȱȱMorning Postǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ·ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ Ȭ ȱ in journalistic circles that, in BoonȱǻŗşŗśǼǰȱ ǯ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱǯȱǯǯȱǰȱȁȱ ȂǰȱTimes Literary SupplementȱŝŜşȱǻŗŘȱȱŗşŗŜǼǱȱŚŞŘǯ ŜŖ Quoted in Fussell, Modern MemoryǰȱŘŝřǯȱ Ŝŗ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ Ȃȱ¢ȱȱScouting for BoysȱǻŗşŖŞǼǰȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȬ Ȃȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŗŞşşȬŗşŖŘǼǯȱȱȱ ȁȱ Ȃǰȱ ȁȱ ȱ ¢Ȃǰȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃǰȱ ȱ ȁȱ Ȃǯ Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 81

ǯȱřǱȱȱȱȱ££Ǳȱȱȱǻŗśȱ ȱŗŞşŗǼ 82 / Publishing History 77: 2017

ǯȱŚǱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŗŘȱ¢ȱŗşŗŜǼ Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 83

ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱǰȱȁ¡ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱÊȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ £ĴǯȂŜŘ The Wipers TimesȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȬȬǯȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȯȱȱȱȬȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǻ¢ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱȁȱęȱěȱȱȂŜř— its most ęȱǰȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ£ǰȱThe X, at Eton.ŜŚȱȱȱ£ȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Eton Echoes ǻŗşŖŗǼǯȱȱĜ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱCambridge Review, ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱG.O.C.B Chronicle, ȱ£ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ǳȱȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǽǳǾȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱěȱ Ĵǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȂŜś Similar ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱBellica, which were awarded an academic honour after the war. ‘One found in them’, president ·ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗşŘŗǰȱ ȱ ‘national youthful simplicity’.ŜŜ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱ¢Ȭǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱpresse poiluǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ

ŜŘ ȱȁ ȱ¡ȱ¥ȱȱȂȱǰȱ·ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¹ȱ ȱÊȱȱȱȂȱ·ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȂȱȱȱ··ȱȱ ȱ¥ȱȱ£Ĵȱȱ·ǯȂȱȁȱȱ¥ȱȂǰȱBulletin des Armées de la RépubliqueȱřǯŘŚŘȱǻŗŞȱȱŗşŗŝǼǱȱŗřǯȱ Ŝř Roberts, ‘How it happened’, vii. ŜŚ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ Self-PortraitǱȱ ȁȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǽȱ Ǿǰȱ ȱ ȱ its title whenever we shifted to a new part of the line, had been the discovery by ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȂǯȱ ȱǰȱGilbert Frankau’s Self- Portrait: a Novel of his own LifeȱǻǱȱ ȱǭȱǰȱŗşřşǼǰȱŗşŖǯ Ŝś ȱȱ ǯȱȁȱȱ ȂǰȱG.O.C.B. ChronicleȱŘǯřȱǻ ȱŗşŗŞǼǱȱŜŝǯ ŜŜ ‘on retrouvait en elles la simplicité jeunesse nationale’. Quoted in Charpentier, Livre d’OrǰȱřŖǯ 84 / Publishing History 77: 2017

ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯŜŝ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǼǰȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱǱȱ¢ȱȱȱ the editors of the Walloon and Flemish trench press were churchmen, often teachers.ŜŞ One such person who served in both capacities was ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱSaint- ȱ ę·, Journal des poilus de la Garde d’honneur de Verviers, and Amon nos autes.Ŝşȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȁȱȱȂȱȱȁ ȱ ȱȂǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ maintain contact with former students and parishioners. Bulthé even ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȁȱȱ hands’.ŝŖ

Ǳȱȃȱ ȱ ȱ Ȅ ȱŗşŗŝȱȱȱ£ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŚȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ£ȱNew Ageǯȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱȱŗŜȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Blackwoods, The Strand, and Punch, in order to identify what he called the ‘contemporary mentality’ of the nation.71 Pound’s assessments were characteristically harsh, but the point ȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ Wipers Times, Le Poilu or Ik ben Roelandȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ

Ŝŝ Major Walter Nicolai, who directed the Feldpressestelle, issued to the editors of the ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŚȱ ¢ȱ ŗşŗŜǱȱ ȁ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǽǳǾȱȂǯȱȱȱǰȱȁ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂǰȱŘŗŚǯȱ ŜŞ Bertrand, presse francophone de tranchée,ȱŘŗǯȱ·ǰȱVlaamse loopgravenpersǰȱŘŞǯ Ŝş Bertrand, presse francophone de tranchée, 17. ŝŖ Bulthé, Vlaamse loopgravenpersǰȱŗŞ 71 ȱ ȱȱęȱǰȱȱ£ȱǰȱȁȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ Ǳȱȱ Hibberd’, The New AgeȱŘŗǯŗŜȱǻŗŜȱȱŗşŗŝǼǱȱřŚŞȬřŚşǯ Van Dijck, Demoor, Posman: Between the Shells / 85

ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ they contain, for the way in which they articulate and allow us access to ȱȬ£ȱȱȱȁȱȂǯŝŘ There is no blueprint for the trench press, but the circumstances in ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ discussed. The initiative came from the men in the trenches themselves, in most cases educated men with previous experience in (student) ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȬ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱ¢ȱǻȱ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ army, for example, the majority of trench journals were set up around home ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǰȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱĜȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȬȱ ¢ǰȱȱ£ȱȱ¡£ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǯȱ ȱȱȱǰȱę¢ǰȱȱǯǯȱȱȱȱȱTLS ȱŗşŗŜǰȱȁȱȂȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯŝř Thus, Le Courrier des Sapesȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱŘŚȱȱŗşŗśǱ An unfortunate explosion of a shell destroyed the polycopier ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱŚȱȱȱȱȱ Courrier des Sapesȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĴęǯŝŚ

ŝŘ ȱ Ȭ£ǰȱ14-18, 1. ŝř ǰȱȁȱ ȂǰȱŚŞŘǯ ŝŚ ȱȁȱ¡ȱ·ȱȂȱ·ȱȱ¦ȱ¥ȱ¢ȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴǯȱȱȱȱ·ǯȱȱȱǚȱŚȱȱȱÉǰȱȱ le Courrier des Sapes tombait dans le champs d’honneur.’ Charpentier, Livre d’OrǰȱŞŚǯ