History of FORT RICE

By MRS. ANTON GARTNER

^asspN .-uKadLt4h ^^-•w

• . ' * '3f r~ r» i i , [Oni 33105000403889

F 644 „F67 (32;-:

Gartner? Mrs. Anton.

History of Fort Rice* North Dakota

NORTH DAKOTA STATE LIBRARY 604 EAST BOULEVARD AVE. BISMARCK, ND 58505-0900

l'F»>'?h • \r-.i-f.!.-. '"'.v!-- i :< - - '''Bi^wckJ'i) 53505 NORTH DAKOTA STATE LIBRARY

3 3105 00040 3889 r

History of FORT RICE NORTH DAKOTA

By MRS. ANTON GARTNER

*mS* »1 rS rk«- ,i

NORTH DAKOTA STATE LIBRARY Tribute to Fort Rice By Mrs. Axel Bendikson " Fort Rice was quite a busy place When it was at its best. But many changes have been made And its pioneers laid to rest.

It was started in the early days When the Indians did roam, As they hunted the buffalo And called the prairies home.

When the white man did move westward Across this prairie land, They struggled with the red men So the army took its stand,

And started forts to guard all men In this Dakota land.

The years have gone by swiftly 'Till they have counted a century So Fort Rice we salute you On your anniversary. Fort Rice - North kota9s First River Military St-^ By RAY H. MATTISON Among the most important historic sites on the souri and north of the Cannonball River. The ex­ Upper Missouri along the proposed Oahe Reservoir pedition set out early in May from Sioux City. By is that of old Fort Rice. Although this place will July 3, the command had reached a point on the east not be adversely affected by the construction of the bank a few miles above the mouth of the Cannon Oahe Dam, it is of such significance in the story of Ball. The instructions under which Sully acted were the Upper Missouri that it is given more than passing to build the post in the neighborhood of Long Lake. attention in the river basin historical studies con­ He found, however, no suitable location in that vici­ ducted by the . Although nity on which to built the fort. After examining Rice remained for only a short time the farthest several sites he selected the one which he believed, outpost on the Upper Missouri, it continued to be because of its high sandstone banks and its proximity for a decade one of the most important ones. to several heavy belts of timber and good grass, to be most suitable. The place chosen was on the west When General Alfred Sully began his second bank of the Missouri about eight miles by water expedition into Dakota in 1864, only two military above the mouth of the Cannon Ball River. posts existed on the Upper Missouri. Fort Randall, which had been constructed in 1856, had served as The new post was officially established on July 7, the base of operations for his expedition the previous 1864. It was named by the Secretary of War for year. Old Fort Sully, which was to be moved to Brig. Gen. Clay Rice of Massachusetts, who was killed a new site 30 miles above three years later, had been in the Battle of the Wilderness in May, 1864. The established in the Fall of 1863 to serve as winter military reservation, comprising some 175 square quarters for several companies of cavalry and as a miles, was set aside by executive orders of Sept. 2, depot of supplies. However, the post later was also 1864 and Jan. 22, 1867. too far removed for a base for his operations in 1864, so it was necessary to establish a new fort some 250 When General Sully departed from Fort Rice on miles above. This new garrison, known as Fort Rice, his expedition on July 18, he left behind him several was to become, for a short time, the farthest Upper companies (authorities seem to disagree on the num­ Missouri outpost. ber of companies left at Fort Rice — some state four companies, others five, and some six) of the 30th For several years conditions on the Upper Mis­ Wisconsin Volunteers under Col. Daniel J. Dill. souri had grown steadily worse due to the fact that Work was begun immediately on the new post. No many of the employees of the fur companies were records appear to exist regarding the 30th Wisconsin pro-Confederate in their sympathies, south. It was at Fort Rice; however, they are credited with build­ also believed that the Canadians were inciting the ing, according to in 1868, with Indians against the Americans. Although the Indian limited men and materials in a period of less than uprising in Minnesota in 1862 had been severely three months, what was considered as the best mili­ quelled, discontent had spread among the various tary post on the Missouri above ." tribes all over the northern plains region. Numer­ General Sully, meanwhile, had proceeded on his ous attacks were made on the steamboats traveling expedition to the River. After pushing on the Upper Missouri. As a result of these dis­ northwest for ten days the command, on July 28, turbing conditions, Indian agents, miners in Mon­ encountered a strong force of Indians, estimated to tana and Idaho, and the peaceful tribes such as those be about 5,000 warriors, in the Killdeer Mountains. at Fort Berthold, sought protection by the military. After a difficult fight, the Indians were slowly Sully's northwestern expedition of 1864 was sent out driven back and their camp was captured and their primarily with the view of punishing the Sioux and women and children fled to the nearby hills. The establishing military posts on the Upper Missouri expedition then retraced its steps to the Heart River and the Yellowstone. and proceeded up the stream to its head. It then With the purpose of chastising the Indians and entered the Badlands and camped on the Little Mis­ keeping a proposed road to Idaho open, General souri. On August 6 Sully again encountered large John Pope, the commander of the department of the numbers of Indians who contested every advance northwest, early in 1864 ordered the construction of of the expedition. ..The battle of the Badlands con­ four new military posts: (1) One of these was to be tinued well into the forenoon of Aug. 9, when they, near Devils Lake, in what is now North Dakota; beaten at every turn, withdrew. Emerging from the (2) Another was to be on the James River as near Badlands, the expedition marched to the Yellowstone, as practicable due west of the Coteau des Prairies; which it reached Aug. 12. Here two boats were (3) One of the four companies of infantry and four found laden with supplies for the expedition. Find­ of cavalry was to be constructed near the mouth of ing it impracticable to proceed further, the command Long Lake on the Missouri and (4) Another fort descended the Yellowstone to Fort Union, which was built on the near the trading Snllv reached on Aug. 18. He left one company of the post of Alexander. 30th Wisconsin to garrison this post. The site of Early in 1864 General Sully began his preparation was selected. Sully resumed his march for a campaign against the Sioux west of the Mis­ (Continued next page) Tane Three Fort Rice The Frontier Scout, was published at the post from (Continued from preceding page) Jan. 3 to Oct. 9, 1965. This paper was first published to Fort Berthold Aug. 21 and reached that destination at Fort Union in July, 1864, and several numbers Aug. 29. He left a company of 6th Iowa cavalry &t were run. Later, the press was moved to Fort Rice this post to protect the peaceful Indians and fur where the Scout continued to be published for almost traders against the Sioux. Resuming his march ten months. While the file of this paper is far from Aug. 30, the expedition arrived at Fort Rice Sept. 9." complete, the existing files have preserved for us When General Sully reached the new post he a picture of garrison life which would otherwise be learned that the Fisk emigrant train had run into lost. During the first years at Fort Rice, disease took difficulties in the Little Missouri Badlands. This a heavy toll among the troops. Colonel Dimon, in expedition, in charge of Captain James L. Fisk, was reporting on his march from Fort Sully Oct., 1864, bound from , Minn., to the Montana with his six companies of troops, wrote that four men and Idaho gold mines. It comprised some 88 wagons had died en route from chronic diarrhea, "resulting and carts and some 200 men, women, and children. from stagnant water in the pools having been drunk It had left the Minnesota post on July 15 and had too freely." Between Oct., 1864 and May, 1865, 81 reached Fort Rice about a month later. Fisk induced men died at Fort Rice. The causes were listed as the post commander to supply him with an escort. follows: scurvy, 37; chronic diarrhea, 24; phtisis, 7; The emigrant train, after a short delay, continued typhoid fever, 3; other diseases, 3; and killed by In­ on its way, following the trail Sully's expedition dians, 7. During the first years at the Fort, scurvy had made the previous month, for 80 miles. seems to have been a formidable malady. The daily When this was found bearing too far northward, allowance of vegetables per man was steadily in­ the train continued westward with the view of strik­ creased until in 1873 it was 16 ozs. of fresh vegetables ing the mouth of the Bighorn, crossing it and the per day for each man. Scurvy had, as a result, al­ Yellowstone, then proceeding up the valley of the most completely disappeared by that time. The latter on the west side. When the emigrants reached water for the post was obtained from the Missouri a point east of the Little Missouri Badlands about River. 160 miles west of Fort Rice, the train was attacked .. '•" Indians also proved very troublesome. In April, in the rear by a large band of Indians. Twelve men 1865, a party of some 300 Indians attacked seven were killed and three mortally wounded in less than members of the mounted infantry who were herding an hour. The expedition moved forward the follow­ their horses about a mile from the post. The Indians ing day, but the Indians forced it to halt. Attempt­ were repulsed, losing eight men killed and wounded. ing again to proceed the following day, the train was One private was also severely wounded. Simultane­ again compelled to stop. It was necessary to form ously, the Indians made an attack on the loggers in a corral, throw up fortification, and send for rein­ the woods but were driven back with a loss of three forcements. A small detachment was dispatched to men. On June 2, 1865, Indians made an appearance Fort Rice, which they reached several days later. at five different points, encircling the Fort. Colonel Colonel Dill, mentioned earlier, was immediately Dimon sent his mounted infantry and 60 mounted sent with a force of 550 infantry, 300 cavalry, and a warriors of Two Bears' and Bear Ribs' bands with a section of artillery. The reinforcements reached the mounted howitzer. The hostiles made but one stand beseiged train within ten days after they had left out of musket range. A few shells were thrown Fort Rice. among them which scattered them. At one time When the first of Colonel Dill's troops arrived, volley from an ambush almost proved disastrous to the emigrants had been in a stage of seige for 16 the whites. Their aim, however, was too high and days. Three of the wounded men, including one old no damage resulted. scout named Jefferson Dilts, died. The emigrants On July 28 several attacks were made simultane­ returned to Fort Rice with the troops. The old forti­ ously close to the walls of the post which were de­ fications thrown up around the train, located a short scribed as "the most vigorous battle ever fought by distance east of the present town of Marmarth, was Indians in Dakota." About five columns of the Fron­ made a state park in 1932. It was named tier Scout were devoted to this episode. About 7 State Park in honor of Jefferson Dilts, who was o'clock Indians were seen on every side of the post, mortally wounded near there. and the garrison was rushed to arms. Skirmishers The six companies of 1st U. S. Volunteers, under poured out from the Fort. The Indians succeeded in the command of Col. C. A. R. Dimon, arrived at Fort running off a number of stock grazing nearby. Sev­ Rice Oct. 17 to relieve the Wisconsin troops who had eral skirmishes took place within an area of two departed several days earlier. The volunteers were miles of the post and in which one soldier was mor­ made up largely of Confederate prisoners of war tally wounded. Over 12 Indians were believed to from Point Lookout, Va. According to General have been killed. The attacking party was estimated Pope, many of them were "refugees and rebel de­ by various ovservers as from 100 to 2,000. On the serters." Since it would have been impracticable to evening of the same day the garrison was again called send them to the south for duty, they were detailed to arms. Two days later a party of Indians again to the northwestern frontier. They remained at tried to run off the stock. A cannon ball (solid shot) Fort Rice for about a year. fired from one of the guns struck one hostile and Few official records appear to exist on Fort Rice "knocked" him to pieces. The garrison was again prior to 1868. Fortunately, however, a newspaper, called to arms the same night. One writer, in a letter

I'age Four published in The Scout, cynically wrote several days ing on the parapet walls witnessing these events later that the country west of the capital (Yankton) were wives of the traders at the post, with officers of was a region utterly without and civilians. Below were soldiers and frontiersmen, value." It was "a dreary, barren, desolate waste," with slouched hats, moccasins, and Canadian sahes. that could be devoted to the Indians without any Lounging and leaning against the Fort's side were the detriment to the public interest. He stated that the Indian men, wearing little else than a breech clout, recent events showed that Fort Rice was in a state and women, bearing offspring on their backs, with of siege and that the Indians "know as well as we faces painted vermillion. They wore fringes, beads, that a mile from the post they may with the utmost paints, feathers, tassels, and according to the editor, audacity shout defiance." "A conglomeration of everything that hangs, shines In spite of Indian attacks the garrison took some and flutters, they exhibited like a punchinello. Fol­ time for recreation. During the winter of 1864-1865 lowing the wheelbarrow race the crowd adjourned a post theater was opened. The Fort also had a gala for dinner." In the afternoon the sports and the Fourth of July celebration in 1865 which was, no contests were continued. A shooting contest was doubt, partially occasioned by the conclusion of the held, in which the enlisted men participated, and Civil War several months previously. The Frontier prizes were given. This was followed by a sack race. Scout devoted some six and a half columns to de­ There were also three races by officers' horses for a scribing the observance of this holiday. The Fort distance of one-half mile, upon which a wager of was appropriately decorated for the occasion. Above $25.00 was made. An additional attraction was a the main entrance of the arch was painted "4th of horse race by several Indian ponies; the winner of the July," on the left side of which was "1776" and on first prize received a sack of flour and the winner of the right "1865." On top of the entrance was the the second, a sack of meal. The afternoon's program word "peace" with stars of red, white, blue, and was concluded by a mock dress parade, in which the yellow on each side. On the left pillar was the word men took part. The parade was terminated by a "founded," on the right "sustained." The American march on the commissary, "every man taking a colors crowned the apex of the arch. Festoons and drink." two large wreaths, one bearing the letters "G. W." Following the firing of another 13 gun salute at (probably for George Washington), and the other sunset, an elaborate dinner was given by the head­ "A. L." (probably for ), adorned the quarters mess. Months had apparently been spent entrance. On the storm doors of the officers quar­ in obtaining the items on the menu, all of which, ters were wreaths with the alternate numbers "1865" except buffalo, elk and catfish, had been brought and "1776." thousands of miles from the States. The bill of fare The day seemed to presage a very happy celebra­ included the following: tion. During the previous night a shower fell and Soups: Pea, tomato, and clam chowder. the sunrise ushered in a remarkably cool day. A Fish: Salmon, fried mountain trout, and catfish. salute of 13 guns was fired at sunrise which "shook Boiled meat: Beef and cold tongue. the dirt roofs at Fort Rice and waked for echoes in Roasts: Buffalo and elk. the hills and ravines around." At 9:30 the troops were reviewed by Colonel Dimon, the post com­ Entrees: Sardines and lemon, cold salmon, lob­ mander. When the review was concluded, Colonel sters, oyster pie and oyster stew. Dimon made a few remarks. The troops were then Vegetables: Mashed potatoes, fried potatoes, addressed by Capt. Enoch G. Adams. He told the onions, corn, and tomatoes. men that "he and they lived to behold the dawn of Dessert — the 5th of July, 1865, the most glorious epoch in the Puddings: Tapioca and corn starch. world's history." He likened the American people Pies: Apple, peach, and raspberry. to old Noah and his family escaping from the deluge. Fruits: Raspberries, strawberries, peaches, He congratulated his regiment (the first U. S. Volun­ prunes, nuts, figs, and raisins. teers) for the course they had taken and bade them, Wines: Champagne, catawba, sherry, ale, and liberated as they had been from the prison-house by cigars. the God angel and our institutions, to go forth like The dinner ended with "the dawn of the 5th, pro­ Paul and Silas, apostles through their native clime, longed by toasts, speeches and dances." preaching liberty and union. In July, 1865, General Sully arrived at Fort Rice Sports were then begun in which the enlisted on another northwest expedition. He brought with men participated. The first of these was a foot race, him two companies of 4th U. S. Volunteer infantry, in which there were six contestants for a distance of also made up largely of Confederate prisoners re­ three times around the Fort, or estimated by the cruited at Point Lookout, to reinforce the garrison. editor, probably erroneously, as a mile. The winner While at Rice, Sully held a council with the Sioux. of the first prize of $5.00 ran the distance in three and Some 250 lodges, supposed to represent 3,000 persons, three-fourths minutes; the time of the second prize were encamped around the post. On July 23 the of $3.00 was four minutes. A wheelbarrow race in expedition resumed its march, taking with it Co. G. which the six participants were blindfolded, fol­ 6th Iowa Cavalry, which had arrived at the post on lowed. The winner ran 60 yards in three minutes, July 15, to Devils Lake, where the command arrived for which he received a prize of $3.00. The spectators on the 29th. After remaining there for several days, of these events must have been a motley lot. Stand­ (Continued next page) Page Five Fort Rice . dian babies, he interviewed the Indian chiefs. He (Continued from preceding page) then met with a party which included Two Bears, Sully on August 2, started for Fort Berthold by way head chief of the Yanktonnais; Running Antelope, of the southernmost bend of the Mouse River. He chief of the , and chiefs of the other Sioux reached Berthold on the 8th. After spending 12 tribes, such as Bears Rib, The Log, All Over Black, days in the vicinity of the old trading post the expe­ Little Dog, Returning Ghost, Red Cloud, and Sitting dition, on Aug. 21, began its trip to Fort Rice, reach­ Crow, with the view of accompanying them to the ing that place Aug. 25. interior. The party set out from Rice on June 3. The priest reached the Powder River on the 19th, During the summer of 1865 two companies of the and on the following day met other Sioux chiefs, 1st U. S. Volunteers, which had been garrisoned at including and Four Horns, Black Moon Forts Berthold and Union, arrived and joined the and No Neck. On June 1 the great council with the command, while three companies of the fourth U. S. Indians was begun. The council was opened with Volunteers left Rice to occupy posts farther down songs and dances, in which the warriors participated, the river. In October of the same year nine com­ atfer which the calumet was lit and passed from panies of the 50th Wisconsin Volunteers arrived. mouth to mouth. After several hours of speech- Shortly afterward the 1st U. S. Volunteers, which making , it was agreed to send a delegation to confer had recently become alarmingly mutinous, left. The with the Peace Commissioners at Fort Rice. The Wisconsin regiment remained at Rice for about eight delegation started back to Rice, reaching there June months, during which time it made many improve­ 30. The great peace council, representing some ments. Unfortunately, it left few records. In June 50,000 Indians, was held July 2 between Gens. Wil­ 1866 five companies of 3rd Battalion, 13th Infantry, liam S. Harney, Alfred H. Terry, and John B. San­ commanded by Colonel J. N. G. Whistler, arrived at born and the various Sioux bands of Dakota, Minne­ Rice to relieve the Volunteers. By the army reor­ sota, Nebraska, and Wyoming, were well represented ganization of 1866 the 3rd Battalion became part of by the chiefs and leading men of the tribes. Sitting the 31st Infantry. About a year later it in turn was Bull refused to attend but he sent Gall instead. relieved by four companies of the (new) 22d Infantry, Other great Sioux leaders absent were Four Horns command by Lt. Col. E. S. Otis. and Lame Deer. Afraid-of-His-Horses, Running An­ Councils were held with the Indians at Fort Rice telope, and Grass, however, were at the meeting. in 1866, 1867, and 1868. In the first year the peace At this council the Sherman Treaty was signed by commission, comprising Governor Newton Edwards most of the chiefs and the principal warriors. On of Dakota Territory, Gen. S. P. Curtis, Rev. Henry W. July 3 and 4 presents were distributed among the Reed, and Orrin Guernsey, met with the Sioux in Indians, after which they returned to their homes. June. General Sully, Gen. E. S. Parker, Commis­ Meetings with other Sioux bands were held at vari­ sioner of Indian Affairs, and Father Pierre J. De ous points on the river. Smet met with the Indians June 17 and 18, 1867, with the view of improving the relations between the two The military frontier, meanwhile, was being ad­ races. Father De Smet wrote that when the Com­ vanced up the Missouri. A company of troops was missioner arrived at Fort Rice about 530 lodges con­ left by General Sully in 1864 to garrison both Forts taining all the Yanktonnais tribe of lodges and por­ Union and Berthold. In 1866 work was begun on a tions of the Hunkpapas, Blackfoot-Sioux, and others, new military post, known as Fort Buford, at the were awaiting their coming. After about two days junction of the Yellowstone and the Missouri and of speechmaking, in which the priest presented each Fort Union was abandoned. During the following Chief with a large miraculous medal, the Commis­ year the troops were moved from Fort Berthold to sioners proceeded up the river to Fort Berthold to a point 18 miles _below and work was begun on Fort confer with the Three Tribes. Stevenson. This latter post, 134 miles by river, was to remain for several years the nearest upriver mili­ In the following year Fort Rice witnessed the tary establishment. In 1868 the Cheyenne River signing of the famous Sherman Treaty, also known Agency, seven miles above Fort Sully, was built. as the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, by a number of The following year the Grand River Indian Agency, the Sioux bands and the Government. In March, some 87 miles below Rice, was established. Both of 1868, the Sherman Peace Commission which had been these agencies were garrisoned with troops in May, appointed the previous year, proceeded to North 1870. Platte, Neb., where it met with Spotted Tail and his warriors. This council terminated favorably, after The means of communication by 1870 with the which the Commissioners went to Fort Laramie. At states were slowly improving but were still poor. that post they signed a treaty with the Brule Sioux Yankton, which was the nearest town on the Mis­ and in which the Government agreed to souri, was some 500 miles distant. The nearest rail abandon the Bozeman Trail. This treaty also guar­ center, Sioux City, was 590 miles away. Travel to anteed the Sioux approximately all of present South that point was by steamboat for about eight months Dakota west of the and placed the of the year or by wagon road. An agent of the Post Sioux on reservations. Father De Smet, meanwhile, Office Department was appointed at Fort Rice in after spending some time with the Commission, set 1866, but the transporting and the distributing of the out for .-Fort Rice, which he reached in May. After mail were the responsibilities of the military. A spending several days baptising some 600 or 700 In­ regular weekly year around mail communication

Page Six with the East was put in operation until the winter 1868 Bvt. Col. E. S. Otis, 22d Inf., of 1867-1868. A semimonthly service was established four companies, 22d Inf. 258 during the same winter with Fort Stevenson. 1869 Capt. Geo. W. Hill, 22d Inf., During 1866 a route was opened to Fort Wads- three companies, 22d Inf 201 worth, the most direct route to St. Paul, the depart­ 1870 Col. T. L. Crittenden, 17th Inf., mental headquarters. It was necessary, however, to four companies, 17th Inf 264 abandon this route because of the difficulty in keep­ 1871 ing it open in the winter and spring and obtaining four companies, 17th Inf 268 men able and willing to perform the journey. In 1872 Col. T. L. Crittenden, 17th Inf., 1870 a party of Indian scouts set out every Monday 12 companies, 8th and 17th Inf , 625 morning from Rice with Eastern mail for the Grand 1873 Col. T. L. Crittenden, River Agency. There they met another party from two companies, 17th Inf 139 Fort Sully and, after exchanging mail, returned to their respective posts the following Friday. Every 1874 Maj. J. G. Tilford, second Monday a mounted party started out from five companies, 7th Cav 357 Fort Rice for Fort Stevenson with mail from the 1875 Maj. J. G. Tilford, upriver posts. The mail carriers, after meeting with four companies, 7th Cav 193 a similar party at the half-way station located in the 1876 1st Lt. James Humbert, 17th Inf., vicinity of Painted Woods, returned to their respec-/ two companies, 1st and 17th Inf 103 tive stations, arriving there on the following Wed­ 1877 Lt. Col. E. Otis, 7th Cav., nesday. The coming of the Northern Pacific to Bis­ two companies, 17th and 20th Inf Ill marck in 1873 would have a great effect on Rice's 1878 Capt. J. S. Poland, communications to the east. one company, 8th Inf 61 In 1868 most of the Fort was rebuilt. The original The average aggregate number of officers and men post consisted of rude huts of cottonwood logs with stationed at the Post for the period was 235. roofs of poles and slabs covered with earth. The Fort Rice was very active in the major military new buildings were erected on the sites of the old operations in Dakota from 1870-1876. During the ones. The surgeon general reported in 1870 that fall of 1871 the first Yellowstone Expedition, de­ only one building of the old Fort remained. signed to serve as an escort to General T. J. Rosser's surveying party, was organized at that post. It com­ The famous Sherman Treaty of 1868, regarded as prised two companies of the 17th, one of the 20th, four a solution to the Sioux problem had scarcely been of the 22d Inf. two Gatling guns, and 26 Indian scouts, ratified when difficulties began anew. During the all under the command of Col. J. N. G. Whistler. early 1870's the Sioux became increasingly uneasy: The expedition, with 106 wagons, left Rice Sept. 2 This was occasioned by the construction of the and reached the Yellowstone near where the city of Northern Pacific. While the Indians looked upon Glendive is now located, Oct. 2. From that point it the building of this road as a violation of the treaty, returned to the Post on the 16th, having marched it was actually granted the company under Article over 600 miles. The companies returned to their XI. Fort McKeen was established June 14, 1872, respective posts from Rice by steamer. In July, 1872, a larger expedition to the Yellowstone, under as a temporary camp to protect the engineers and the command of Gen. D. S. Stanley, was organized working parties of the Northern Pacific. This post at the post. General Rosser was again in charge of was later moved to a permanent site five miles dis­ the engineers. This escort was composed of six tant, some 40 miles above Fort Rice, and in November companies of the 8th, three companies of the 17th, of that year was renamed . three companies of the 22d Inf., and one company of Camp Hancock was built in the same year. In 1873 Indian scouts. the Northern Pacific reached Bismarck and J. Cooke The expedition left Rice July 26 and proceeded to and Company, the financier of the railroad, went into the mouth of Powder River, which it reached Aug. 18. bankruptcy. Further construction of the road was At this point the soldiers had a skirmish with a party delayed until 1879. Custer's Black Hills expedition of Indians. The escort returned to Rice Oct. 15. in 1874 made the Sioux increasingly restive. It, to­ Several skirmishes were fought with the Indians on gether with the invasion of the region by gold seekers this expedition. Among the casualties were Lieuts. and settlers, led to the Little Big Horn disaster in Eben Crosby and Lewis D. Adair, both of the 17th 1876. Inf., and Gen. Stanley's colored servant, Steve. With the exception of 1874 and 1875 Fort Rice In 1873 a third and still larger expedition to the was primarily an infantry post. It served as regi­ Yellowstone was organized at Fort Rice which was mental headquarters for the 17th Infantry from Aug., again commanded by Gen. Stanley. It comprised ten 1870 to Sept., 1873. During the next two years sev­ companies of the 7th Cavalry, one company of the 6th, four companies of the 8th, six companies of the 9th, eral companies of the 7th Cavalry were there. Troops three companies of the 17th and headquarters, and stationed at Rice from 1868 to 1878, listed by year, five companies of the 22d Infantry, with a detach­ commanding officer, number of companies and aggre­ ment of Indian scouts. The command left Fort Rice gate number of officers and men, were as follows: (Continued next page) Page Seven Fort Rice remained at the mouth of Grand River until June, (Continued from preceding page) 1875, when it moved to Standing Rock Agency. This June 20 and arrived at a point of crossing on the new post, in such close proximity, made Fort Rice Yellowstone about 15 miles above where the city of superfluous. Following the Custer disaster in June, Glendive is situated, July 31. From this point it 1876, the army conducted an unrelenting campaign proceeded up the left bank of the river as far as against the hostile Sioux. Since Standing Rock, Pompey's Pillar, from which it marched to the Musj renamed Fort Yates in Dec, 1878, was located among selshell River, thence to the Great Porcupine, fol­ the most hostile bands of the Sioux, it became for lowing it until the Yellowstone was again reached. some time the leading military post on the Missouri The expedition then marched to Fort Lincoln, arrive River. At is grew in size and in importance, Fort ing Sept. 22, from which point the various companies Rice became less and less necessary. In accordance returned to their respective posts. The two com­ with Special Orders No. 133, issued by the Depart­ panies of the 17th Inf. from Fort Rice returned to ment of Dakota Nov. 8, 1878, the old post was ordered their post Sept. 26. Several skirmishes were fought abandoned. On Nov. 21, Col. G. D. Ruggles, Assistant with the Indians, in which the expedition suffered a Adjutant General of the Army, visited Fort Rice and number of casualties. In 1874, when Gen. George A. ordered the post broken up and the garrison to pro­ Custer made his expedition to the Black Hills, four ceed to Fort Abraham Lincoln. Accordingly, on the companies of the 7th Cavalry stationed at Fort Rice,- 5th, wagon trains and the steamer General Sherman accompanied him. During the absence of these com­ arrived and the company headquarters were re­ panies one company of the 17th and one of the 22d moved to the post near Bismarck. Fort Rice, there­ Inf. were left to garrison the post. The latter was fore, ceased to be a military post after over 14 years relieved by a company of the 1st Inf. In May, 1876, of existence. two companies of the 7th Cav. stationed at Rice were Although the post was abandoned in 1878, it was ordered to Fort Abraham Lincoln to take part in some time before disposition was made of the Fort Gen. Terry's Bighorn expedition. Military Reservation. In accordance with an act of In spite of the strong garrison at Rice the Sioux July 5, 1884, the reservation was relinquished by the did not hesitate to attempt to steal the stock almost War Department of the Interior July 22 of the same under the very walls of the post. In Aug., 1869, a year. The reservation, comprising 112,362.87 acres, Sioux war party of about 30 in number came up with­ was subsequently surveyed and declared ready for in almost 200 yards of the Fort and stole the horses appraisal and sale. The land on which a part of the of the enlisted scouts. Dr. B. F. Slaughter, post sur­ Fort stood, containing eight acres in all, has since geon, described in his diary an unsuccessful attempt been set aside as a state historic site by North Dakota. June, 1871, of a party of 50 hostiles to drive off stock. The old blockhouses have since been reconstructed. Again in May, 1872, the Indians stole 40 head from Physical Structures of Fort Rice the garrison and attempted to fire the stockade. The Work was begun on the construction of Fort Rice infantry attempted to pursue the raiders, who, being soon after it was officially established July 7, 1864. mounted, soon outdistanced the foot soldiers. The reporter of the event observed that "Faster running Several companies of the 30th Wisconsin Volunteers infantrymen will be required than the Government are credited with building the stockade and bastions. now sends out." An officer at Rice caustically re­ Fortunately several ground plans exist of the early marked regarding this episode that the infantry was post but no written descriptions have been found. "safe" behind the stockade but could do nothing of­ The post was built of cottonwood logs and covered fensively toward protecting the settlers "who ought with dirt roofs. It had a capacity for four companies to know better than settle in this region." In Aug., or 420 men, and there were stables for 184 horses. 1875, the Indians run off with the stock horses be­ The ground plans indicate the post covered an area longing to the hay contractor about five miles north­ of 5310/365 acres. It was 510 feet in length on its west of the post. Although a party of 20 cavalry­ north and south sides and was 500 feet in width on its men were immediately sent out in pursuit; they did east and west sides. The bastions, 20x20 feet, were not succeed in recovering the stock. In 1877 the located on the northeast and southwest corners of the Indians tried without success to stampede the cattle stockade. herd. A detachment of three officers and 25 mounted Unfortunately, no drawing has been found by men started out in pursuit but were unable to over­ the writer of Fort Rice after it was rebuilt in 1868. take the hostiles. In common with many other posts Several contemporary detailed descriptions of the on the plains, Fort Rice was not particularly effective Fort, however, have been found. Below is a descrip­ in policing the region. tion of the post in 1875: Fort Rice was established in 1864. The buildings A number of developments, meanwhile, had oc­ of the post were erected by the 13th Wisconsin Inf./ curred during the middle 1870's, which were making and consisted of rude huts and cottonwood logs, with Fort Rice progressively less essential as a military roofs of poles and slabs covered with earth. During post. In July, 1873, the Grand River Agency moved the year 1868 the Fort was rebuilt, the old quai'ters from its original location to a new site 75 miles up demolished, and new buildings erected on the same the Missouri to Standing Rock, which was 32 miles site. Fort Rice is about 300 yeards from the margin below Fort Rice. The garrison, however, which was of the river. It has the form of a quadrangle 864 by established in 1870 in connection with the agencyj 544 feet, inclosed on three sides (river side since re-

Vage Eight moved) by a stockade ten feet high. There are two are finished with lath and plaster, and floors are sally-ports and one main entrance fronting the river, planed and matched pine flooring. The cottages are and two projecting bastions, two stories high, built lined between the studding with brick. of squared and dove-tailed logs. On top is a plat­ The magazine is a substantial stone building, form and an octagonal sentry box. Each story of the 24x23 ft. on the outside, and four feet from the bastion is 20 ft., four inches square, and seven feet ground to the eaves. The roof is covered with sods; high. The buildings within the stockade are as the floor is two feet below the ground outside. follows, viz: Four company quarters (east side;) seven buildings for officers, (west side); hospital, The guard house, situated to the right of the main bakery, two storehouses, and library, (south side); entrance, within the stockade, is a frame building and three storehouses and magazine, (north side). 40x20 ft., lined inside with cottonwood planks, The guardhouse and offices are on each side of the roofed with pine shingles; and an addition of squared main entrance. These buildings surround the parade logs, 32x20 ft., with dirt roof, for a prison room. The ground; each is parallel to the contiguous wall of the main building is divided into a sergeant's room, fort. The barracks on the extreme north approaches 12x5 ft. 6 in.; a prison room, 13x11 ft. 6 in (not used); within 22 feet of the north wall of the fort; the most and three cells, 3x3 ft. each (not used). Two doors southerly is 58 feet from the south wall, the post and nine windows admit light and air. bakery standing between one and the other. Be­ The post hospital is substantially a company bar­ tween the contiguon ends of each pair of the barracks racks, and about as well arranged interiorly for is an alley of ten feet in width, which is insufficient accommodation of the sick; no bathroom and no to- admit light to the windows that open upon it, and means of ventilating the ward have been provided. to retard the progress of fire. These barracks, one The building faces the north and is exposed to the story high, have balloon frames of pine lumber; all violent winter storms which invariably come from the rest of the woodwork, except the finishing, is of that direction. Until this year it was roofed with cottonwood sawed at the post. The frames are cottonwood shingles, which was very little better sheathed and weatherboarded outside, and well than a dirt roof. In summer rain poured through it shingled; all of the apartments are ceiled with half- into the ward; in winter snow drifted through it into inch boards; the walls are lined between the studding the attic, and melting, kept the ward in dampness, with adobe. The buildings are laid upon good dirt, and confusion. A large amount of property foundation or piers, which are banked with clay in stored in the attic for want of storage room, was thus winter to prevent the wind from entering through destroyed. The body of the hospital is 90x24 ft. and the floor. Each barrack consists of a main building the L's 40x20 ft. It is built on stone piers, and con­ and two L's or wings extending at right angles to­ structed of similar materials as those used in the ward the stockade, within 15 feet of which they barracks, except the ward, steward's room, office, terminate. The building thus incloses on three sides linen room, and washroom, which are floored with a yard of 50x60 ft. The main building is divided into dressed pine. The dispensary is 23x13x10 ft; the dormitory, office, and storeroom. The dormitory is ward is 62x23x10 ft, contains 12 beds and an air 73 ft. 3 in., x 29 ft. x 9 ft. 6 in. (interior measurement). space of. 1,188 cu. ft. to each. The washroom, ad­ The office is 13x16 ft; the storeroom 13x13 ft. Aver­ joining the ward, is supplied with bathtub, mirror, age air space of dormitory per man is 340 cu. ft. towels, basin, and all other necessary articles. There Each wing is 60x20 ft. and ten feet from ceiling to is no sink for the hospital; a commode is used in the floor. One wing is divided into kitchen and mess- ward. The hospital is warmed by stoves and well room; the other wing contains four rooms, occupied lighted. as laundresses' quarters. The post bakery is a one story frame house The barracks are well lighted by doors and win­ 45x20x10 ft. The oven has the capacity for baking dows, and warmed in the colder season by stoves. 1,500 rations of bread in 24 hours. Ventilation is very defective, there being no special arrangement for that purpose. Iron bunks are fur­ The corral, situated 100 yards from the south wall of the stockade, is built in the form of a hollow nished, two to every three men, or about 44 bunk square, four stables, a granary, and storehouse form­ beds to each company. The dormitories are much ing the sides. A buitiing for the guard and employees overcrowded. occupies the center and a cattle yard adjoins the The company sinks are outside the stockade; no south side of the corral. Two cavalry stables (double sinks are provided for the laundresses. The barracks sets) built of pine and cottonwood lumber, with dirt kitchens, 20x19 ft., are sufficiently commodious. roofs, were erected this year on a site between the The mess rooms are each 39x19. The officers' quar­ corral and river. "They are 372x24x10 ft. each. ters are seven frame buildings elevated upon stone foundations, with verandas in front, and arranged as There are three ice houses built of logs, with an follows, viz: Commanding officers quarters, fronting aggregate capacity of 1,000 tons. The ice is kept in main entrance, 40x30 ft., two stories high, four rooms excellent condition. to the story; two cottages flanking headquarters each The only drinking water used at the post is ob­ 30x27 ft.; four buildings, two on either side of the tained from the Missouri River and is best to be cottages, each 40x30 ft., two stories high (double sets), procured in the country. It is brought around daily two rooms to the story. The dining rooms and by the water wagon and allowed to stand in barrels kitchens are in a rear addition or wing. The rooms (Continued next page) Page Nine Fort Rice small by one-half for a post of four companies. The (Continued from preceding page) dormitories, in consequence, afford a sufficient air until it settles, when it is tolerably clear and quite space for about 30 men only, while the average of pleasant to drink. the companies which have occupied them has seldom The fort is at a good elevation above the river, been less than 50 men to the company. and the soil being dry and porous, no artificial None of the original buildings at Fort Rice re­ drainage is necessary. Three hundred yards west of main. A railroad was built through the parade the Fort, on a gently sloping hill is the post-cemetery. grounds sometime after the post was abandoned and It contains 163 graves. The government should take destroyed a part of the site. A portion of the re­ some steps to remove the bodies buried in this ceme­ mains of 31/2 acres was made a state park in 1913. tery to some permanent cemetery, as in case the post During 1936, another 33/4 acres of the original site were abandoned the graves would be desecrated by was added. The two blockhouses of the fort have Indians. subsequently been restored and the outlines of the The plan of the post is faulty, the site being too post have been marked.

uilding History of Fort ice By AMHERST W. BARBER From Col. Loueskny, Washington, D. C. Strict economy might take them through until the In the autumn of 1865 after the general disbanding first steamer could venture up the ice-laden torrent of Union and Rebel armies, a new regiment called the after the spring break-up, though the dreaded com­ 50th Wisconsin Infantry served to replace veterans plaint had already appeared in the hospital. where needed. But there might not be any relief boat for them. After a season in Missouri, where it quelled a The first vessel freighted with the hopes of their mutiny or two, it was ordered to North Dakota to lives might struggle up the rushing current 500 miles reoccupy Fort Rice, a post somewhat vacant on the from Yankton only to meet disaster on the way west banks of the Missouri below Fort Abraham from snags, ice floes, explosion, or fires, all highly Lincoln. The command was given to Col. John C. possible, and not so unusual as they should be. Then Clark, who was distinguished for his energy and how should news of their calamitous state reach the activity as Provost Marshal for four previous years. outside world, except by hiring swift runners of a Late in the fall, a steamer unloaded his regiment hostile tribe as messengers? at the muddy bank with full equipment and supplies. Surgeon Vivian insisted that his patients must They found rotten, leaky structures of cottonwood have fresh meat before spring. Indians reported logs, infested by swarms of starving rats disputing buffalo herds grazing on dry grass about 80 miles possession. "New Quarters" was the colonel's first away toward Devils Lake. The colonel felt a fearful demand. Axman came to the front with teams to responsibility pressing upon him in midwinter. He haul newly cut logs to Wisconsin woodsmen whom ordered a grand buffalo hunt to provide fresh meat. he had selected as architects. There was very little They crossed the solid river and journeyed northeast idle time that winter. with a full force of teams, saddle horses, soldiers, Colonel Clark knew the danger of scurvy for men and expert Sioux hunters. In due time they camped confined six or eight months to a soldier's salt pork near the herd and were succeeding well in the duty diet, whether in a sea vessel or a wintery barracks. of loading up with fresh beef when Col. Clark's swift Hard work for every man was the colonel's preven­ horse stepped in a badger hole and fell headlong, tive remedy through that hard winter. The fort was throwing Clark violently to the hard earth and thoroughtly built for he was determined to bring falling on his body. Soldiers rallying to the spot every man to civilization alive and sound. The old found the horse stone dead from a broken neck. foundations were honeycombed with holes, and their The rider was helpless and unconscious, and re­ tons of choice food were welcomed by a thousand mained thus for three hours. When he returned to sharp incisors and sparkling eyes. sensation and suffering it was dark night with a "Save the rations! Stop those holes! Organize laden sky mostly prevailing. None could agree as to trap the robbers by roomsful," were the orders to the direction they ought to take to reach their which began a series of nocturnal battles in the old tents and wagons several miles away having lost all fort, the very mention of which would kindle the orientation while darting about in the furious chase. dim and aged eye of each fortunate participant in They bound the colonel in a freshly taken buffalo the slaughter. Thus the soldier boys "saved their pelt to keep him from the piercing wind and two of bacon" while building fresh and ratless barracks. his captains placed him in a saddle where each held Ten arose a new alarm of scurvy and starvation. a leg as they walked beside, lest he fall off the horse.

Page Ten But until they could decide on a course that would anxious men at camp. And in due course of re­ lead to their tents instead of away from camp, being covery, the devoted little captain John G. Spooner without compass in that dark and cloudy night, and afterwards distinguished as chief orator, politician, a Dakota blizzard possibly impending, it was useless and U. S. Senator of Wisconsin, had the pleasure of to move; so they let their colonel risk the decision. helping his colonel back to tender care at Fort Rice Now John Clark served 20 years as a surveyor of hospital, where nearly fatal injuries of the brain and public lands in northern forests and had also been spine were slowly remedied. unusually skilled in the facts of astronomy, so sitting The Commissioner of Pensions afterward decided on the horse he sought to summon aid from that that his nervous sufferings and disabilities were in­ science. Only one star had power to pierce the curred in the strict line of his military duty, pro­ curtain of haze, and by its superior brightless, he viding a necessary safeguard of provisions for the assumed to give its name and he told the anxious life and health of his soldiers. Having ever practiced party that unless his memory was at fault the posi­ the simple and abstemious life, he lived to draw a tion of that star at that hour of the night and that fair pension until a good old age. season of the year, should be above the horizon and low in the southwest. From intimate personal confidences lasting 40 years from 1862, the writer hereof may offer this Trusting in such a guiding star of hope, they moved cautionsly over the prairie until twinkling reminiscence of a truly patriotic soldier. lights and later distant shouts told the joy of the Washington, DC, 1919

Captain Enoch Adams, Soldier, Poet, Editor

The first poet to write and publish poetry in Captain Co. D., first U. S. Vols., May 7,1864. Married what is now the state of North Dakota was Enoch to Miss Mary Libby, Berwick, Me., May 23, 1863." George Adams, a captain in the first U. S. Volunteer Aug. 17, 1865, Adams reprinted from the Sioux Infantry stationed at Fort Rice. City Register a story dated July 25, 1865, by a corre­ It was in 1865 as editor of North Dakota's second spondent at Fort Rice identified only by the initials newspaper, The Frontier Scout, that Adams pub­ S. P. Y., about Adams. He says "Capt. Adams, the lished the first poetry written in response to the senior officer of the first now here, belongs to the old personal experience in the area. Two factors were England family of this name, whose fame is not only essential for the production of poetry at so early national but world-wide. He is a graduate of Yale, a date in the development of Dakota territory — an accomplished scholar, a graphic writer and a perhaps the most important factor was that in the fluent speaker. He entered the army as a volunteer vast impersonal maneuvering of the army, Captain in the ranks early in the war, was severly wounded Adams was at Fort Rice for a year. The second at the Battle of Williamsburg, and promoted for was that Adams had at his disposal a printing press. meritorius conduct from one position to another He would, no doubt, have written his poety while at until he obtained his present rank. He is frank, Fort Rice, but it was the union of poet and press genial, pleasant, gentlemanly, attends promptly to that gave us the published product of his experience. the discharge of his duty, and employs his leisure Most of the information about Adams he printed moments in attention to The Frontier Scout of which himself in the Frontier Scout. On Sept. 7, Adams he is editor." printed a letter dated July 19, 1865 from W. F After the war, Adams returned to Yale, obtaining Poole (Compiles of Pooles Index) in which is the a Master's degree in 1887. following: Adams arrived at Fort Rice Oct. 17, 1864, as com­ "I heard a few days ago from Tim Dwight the mander of troops under Colonel Dimon. There is record of our class (Yale, 1849) for five years — some indication the method of constructing Fort Rice from July, 1859 to July, 1964. may have contributed to the acquisition of its print­ "I copy the record of the person who stands at ing press. On July 7, 1864, the site for Fort Rice on the head of our class, Enoch George Adams, resident the Missuri River just north of the mouth of the in Durham, N. H., 1859-1861. In the army 1861- Cannon Ball River had been established by Brigadier 1864, entered as a private, Co. D. 2nd N. H. Regt, General Sully. At this time also, the first news­ April 23, 1861; promoted to be sergeant Oct. 1, 1861, paper to be printed in this area appeared at Fort 2nd Lieutenant, Co. D. 2nd N. H., May 1, 1863; (Continued next page) Page Eleven Capt. Enoch Adams ... (Continued from preceding page) The Dying Indian's Request Union on the Missouri River at the mouth of the By ENOCH GEORGE ADAMS Yellowstone. This was The Frontier Scout of Fort The Indians of North Dakota do not bury their Union, published by Co. I, 30th Wisconsin volunteers. dead in the ground, but lay them out on stages con­ Only three numbers are known — No. 2 (July 14), structed of poles and let them waste away by the 3 (July 27) with a one column extra (July 29), action of the elements. 4 (Aug. 17). The third number includes a letter from five miles above the mouth of the Cannon Ball O bury me not in the midst of the earth, River where Co. A.C.F.H. had begun constructing In a cavern of dreamless night the new fort. Where comes not the voice of living mirth Story about Fort Rice in the second number of Or the gash of living light. Fort Rice Frontier Scout, June 22, 1865, includes the But build me a stage of the greenwood tree, following: And arrayed in my war-like gear, "The 30th Wisconsin regiment commenced it, and Unbandaged, unswathed, uncoffined, and free, did well for the time they had, and the 1st U. S. Vol. Let me lie as I'm lying here. Inf. received it at a season of the year most un- propitious for building. While other forts have been Let my bow and my quiver be placed by my built by contract of great expense to the government, side, Fort Rice is a free will offering of the 30th Wis­ On my head be my feathery crown, consin and the 1st U. S. Vol. Inf. to the well-drained Round my wampum belt wove by my beautiful treasury of the United States. Let Fort Rice stand bride, as a monument of what soldiers, once Rebel, now Union, can do for the cause they have espoused. Whom I loved as the sun went down. On Dec. 25, 1864, the flag was officially raised over There let me rest and my form exhale, the completed fort." In the stainless tomb of the air, Sometime between this date and June, 1865, the Why should the mourner my fate bewail, printing press at Fort Union must have been brought When he sees me reposing there? down to Fort Rice. Unstained I lived and unstained I died, On June 15, 1865, Vol. 1, No. 1, of the Frontier And unstained I lie on my bier: Scout, Fort Rice, Dakota Territory, made its appear­ Then dry up thy tears, my beautiful bride, ance. That the Fort Union press was moved to My fate it demands not a tear. Fort Rice appears to be a safe conjecture. The for­ My spirit will go to the Sunset Land, mat, the title, the type, and the motto "Liberty and Union" are all the same. Both were small, four But be plumed like Dakotian bird, page, three column papers 8xl21/-> in. (C. F. Douglas, And backwards will fly to be near at hand, C. McMurtric pioneer printing in N. Dakota, Hist. So that never my corpse shall be stirred. Quarterly VI, Apr., 1932, 221-230). O go to the stage when the sun chieftain hangs, The material in the Fort Rice paper was original, From conflict of rain and the mist, much of it written by Adams. Fifteen numbers were That bow, that no longer in fighting he twangs, printed at Fort Rice, 14 coming regularly on Friday In his sky lodge of amethyst. from June 15, to Sept. 14, 1865. Nov. 15 did not And there you see not raven, nor crow, appear until Oct. 12 just before the regiment returned to the States. But a bird of such glorious dyes, As the rail god paints on the curve of his bow, In addition to regular columns and editorials, In the wigwam of the skies. some of which Adams must have written, he included You will know the soul in that beautiful bird, one long signed news story concerning an Indian attack upon the fort, July 28, 1865, and two short If you list as it warbles a note, stories — one about a soldier at Fort Rice, and one You'll think of the sounds that you erst have about a Rebel soldier who joined the Union army, heard, was shipped to Dakota Territory and returned home When they come from a mortal throat. after the war in time to save the plantation. The wolf will stand afar and will howl, At Fort Rice he had opportunity to know both 'Tis the voice of the hunter he hears, friendly Indians and the hostile warrior. Two Bears And never around the stage will he prowl, and other friendly Indians took part in the celebra­ For that sound he knows and he fears. tion of July Fourth at the fort. The celebration was graphically reported in the July 6 issue of the paper. Then bury me not in the depths of the earth, July 28, as reported in the paper, a full scale Indian But out in the open sky, attack was launched against the fort with a loss of Unsheltered, uncribbed I have been since birth, several soldiers. And so would I be when I die.

Page Twelve Brugiers here, the jovial hearty Life at Fort Rice Good accession to a party By ENOCH GEORGE ADAMS And the wolf hunter pewit From his boundless cornucopia Wolves that bite his bait will rue it God has poured for us Utopia Marsh that just now is complainer As is written in ancient locks works Of the champagne bottle mania All things move as they were clockworks Late recovered from a fever Everything by detail goes Technically called the beaver Even blowing of the nose Johnstone who with languid glances By that holy oath St. Patrick So the female heart entrances We are on detail theatric And there larned like Jack Horner And tomorrow, so the chance is Sitting at the Fort's far corner. It depends of circumstances Indians with their chief Two Bears We'll be detailed for court martial Sailing round us everywheres Meting justice out impartial First United States the glory Of Dacctahs Territory So we go from gay to solemn May the mighty power supernal As we change from flank to column Shields them and their youthful Colonel Like maneuvers military 'Tis now time to eat my hominy So our occupations vary Good-bye votories of melpomene. Now as officers we figure Next we personate a "nigger" Nothing meddles, naught infringes Round we move like well oiled hinges As a log is hit by beetle hat the American Eagle If we die we die by detail If we live we're on detail Never knew it yet to fail If we're living or we're dying By ENOCH GEORGE ADAMS We're detailed there's no denying The American Eagle has flown to the west, Just so many must get sick Leaving the land that she loveth the best Once that's over totes a stick Has gone to Dacotah to dwell in the wild Every day is made a coffin A land in which God in his mercy ne'er smiled Detailed men to carry off in And the rations he would eat Which Missouri flowed thru with its river of mud. Is deducted from our meat Where no flowers ever blossom or trees ever bud This is done by strong potations Save the cottonwood mean or the willow so tough Of the army regulations If you've split them or burned them you know well This is not untrue or lible enough 'Tis the soldiers' chart and bible And there she has perched on a wild desert cliff All we lack in this vicinity To take of the air that's around her a sniff Is a stock of femininity She hears an old wolf that comes out of his den Butter, cheese, and woman's eyes He switches his tail and then burrows again Would make this a paradise And if round would little faster She sees a small prairie dog, come forth to bark Come our friend the good paymaster Then retire once more to his hermitage dark In this post we are like Adam Then she spies in a thicket of cottonwood brush Ere he had obtained his madam An elk through the wilderness go with a rush We would take a long siesta Then a buffalo herd canter by with a roar And when waked would stand the pester Shake their tails and their horns 'till she sees them Since we've none to charm our leisure no more Billiards are the only pleasure Then an Indian at last in his skins and his paint In that hall there dwells a Victor Faces bears like roaman lictor A flock of lean buzzards wheel off in the blue And the faces that we use To add to the desolate cast of the view P's they are not, they are Q's cues The earth it is bare wherever she looks If your P's and your Q's you mind She sees neither fountains nor clear water brooks You will never fall behind And plains like Sahara where simmons have swept Bear the shame of being beat And hills on whose summits no dew ever wept Pay the board and stand the treat "If this is the land of Dacotah," she cries Pay your board and stand the treat "I pity the first V.S.V. at Fort Rice" In this climate like mid-alpine Dwells our old friend Major Goplin Then plumes her gay wings and soars far from the And Frank Trombois who unites scene Friendly Sioux with friendly whites To lands more delightful and skies more serene.

Page Thirteen The Dying Soldier's Request The Three Locks of Hair By ENOCH GEORGE ADAMS By ENOCH GEORGE ADAMS

A soldier was dying at Fort Rice, A rebel soldier he erst had been, While his soul was winging for paradise. For the maddened south had fought Over his weak and exhausted frame, But he repented his sin like Magdalen A tremulous terror and tremor came. And himself as an offering brought. And this was the wish his lips expressed At last he stands 'neath the stars and stripes Ere his head fell back and his soul was at rest. A repentant, enlisted man, O, Bury me deep in the bosom of the earth, And out the treason that's past he wipes Let my ashes in peace repose. With the strongest endeavor he can. Though I know that the form is of little worth, And to Fort Rice, so desolate When life and existence close. He has come from the weary march And meets the end of his bitter fate, For my comrades that died as we hitherward marched From death, demon's Hierarch. Whom we buried in haste at night Were torn from the scant earth, barren and parched, My God! T'was a bitter day when he died, By the fierce wolf's appetite. The ground it was frozen stiff. The landscape was dreary on every side And the forms that were dandled on mother's knees, With naked valley and cliff. And the cheeks that a sister kissed. Were torn from their sepulchre piece by piece, The snow had come with a sudden flirt And devoured in the next night's mist. And filled his grave to the brim. They shoveled it out to give place to the dirt I never in battle was called a craven, That covered the last of him. I expected by bullet to die. After the escort had come back That my flesh would be torn by the beak of a raven, To the fort so dull and rude And my bones would uriburled lie. Which stands like a giant maniac But there never were beasts in the land of ours In the midst of the solitude. That could utter such awful howl. His knapsack was brought to my wind-shaken As I hear all night through the chilly hours, tent. As over these hills we prowl. And his pocket-book, pocket-stained, I sometimes deem in my fevered brain, Which the little money he had not spent, (As I hear their dissonant tones, and think) In one of his folds contained. That I really am feeling the pain I opened another little fold, As they crunch with their teeth my bones. And there fell out a lock of hair. I imagine 'tis gleam of their angry eyes, One is flaxen and one is gold The moonlight through windows iced By my troth! there is a pair! Then bury me deep, if I die at Fort Rice And yet another I found concealed, I beseech by the love of Christ. 'Twas a living thing to my heart it appealed As the mother of them both. As my mother erst wrapped round my infant limbs The blanket to shield me from cold. From the day when the ruthless demon of war And lulled me to sleep with the balm of her hymns Had torn him from home and hearth, In the faraway days of old. In his weary march on earth. Not far were his treasures of earthly pelf, So let earth, like a kind and tender mother From his treasures of love apart. Receive me to rest in her arms One cherished the needs of his outer self And nature repeat (for there is no other) The other cherished his heart. Above me her glorious psalms. Nor poverty, distance, nor lapse of year, Then dig me a grave at least 12 feet deep, Can blast with their withering breath. To be roused, but no tattoo The love that grows greener when watered by Til the archangel calls with his bugle note sweet, tears, The soldier to pass in review. And blooms 'neath the hoar-frost death. Page Fourteen Sully9s Expedition from Fort Rice By C. A. BENNET THURSDAY, JULY 13 — MONDAY, 24 — Today we have marched 20 miles, arrived at Fort Had a long and tedious march today. Camped on Rice and camped on the east bank of the Missouri a small lake but the water was so bad we had to River. I was out hunting on the left flank today; dig wells. Marched 25 miles. Some of us went saw some but got no game. hunting and killed a buffalo, a large herd of which FRIDAY, 14 — were on our right flank. Many Indians have been coming into camp all TUESDAY, 25 — day for the purpose of treating with General Sully. With several others I was out on the right flank The steamer Hettie' May came down the river today after buffalo. We got into a large herd and and crossed the ex-Rebs over to the fort. had a great deal of fun. Can't say that I killed one SATURDAY, 15 — because there were so many shooting that it was Went over to the fort this morning and remained almost impossible to tell who killed them. Got mail from Fort Rice too. I got a letter from there nearly all day. my father. Country has been very rough; today Steamer Lillie Martin came down the river. marched two miles and camped on a small lake. SUNDAY, 16 — Answered the letter received from Father and the It has been very warm today. I stayed about mail left at 10:30 tonight. camp all day. WEDNESDAY, 26 — Steamer Fanny Ogden came up the river and It was very warm this afternoon, but late in the brought the paymaster. He was a welcome visitor. afternoon turned so cold that many put on overcoats. MONDAY, 17 — Only marched six miles today. Crossed the trail of Steamer Belle came up the river this morning. the Red River. Half-breeds and Gen. Sully wished We were ordered to sign the payroll this afternoon, to see them, and so a detail of 300 men were sent out so we can get paid tomorrow. Steamer Firelight with three days rations to bring them in. came up the river this morning and unloaded 400 I was sent from Co. D. We followed the trail sacks of corn. for some ten miles and stopped for dinner. The TUESDAY, 18 — officers in command came to the conclusion it had It has been very warm today. Was over to the been so long since the half-breeds had been along fort. The Indians have nearly all left the fort. there that it would be useless to follow them so we Some come across the river. turned back. The command had moved forward Steamer Firelight went back down. 15 miles from where we left it. Camped on a creek near Sully's old trail. WEDNESDAY, 19 — Got a pass; went over the river. The Indians are THURSDAY, 27 — still crossing. I was very cold today. Marched 25 miles and camped on a creek. Came to a trail of the half- THURSDAY, 20 — breeds, and are camped on their campgrounds; they A part of the troops were given two months pay are reported not many miles away. A camp of today. Some rain fell. Indians is also reported nearby, but this is not FRIDAY, 21 — believed. Thousands of buffalo were seen today It rained all day making it very disagreeable to and many were killed by our men. get around, to graze our horses. FRIDAY, 28 — Today is my birthday. Paymaster has been pay­ Marched eight miles and came to a large camp ing off the men all day. of half-breeds on the Cheyenne River. We camped Steamer G. W. Graham came down the river this near them. evening. General Sully stopped her. SATURDAY, 29 — SATURDAY, 22 — Arrived at Devils Lake; the water is very bad. Steamer Effice Deans came down the river. Marched two miles. We got our pay this morning, and in the afternoon SUNDAY, 30 — some of us went over to the fort and bought a small Gen. Sully detailed 200 men and himself headed wagon in which to haul our baggage. Sixteen of us them for a tour of observation around the lake. I put in $10.00 each. Got orders to march tomorrow. was one of the men from our Co. We marched some A man in the Sixth Iowa committed suicide by 25 miles to a high point (to where Fort Totten was shooting himself in the right breast. afterwards located) where we stopped for dinner. After dinner a signboard was set up and all the SUNDAY, 23 — men wrote their names on a cracker box. I am sit­ Took up our line of march for Devils Lake. ting close to the signboard as I write this. Marched 20 miles and camped on a small lake, or Returned to camp without having seen any signs rather it was rain water caught in a depression of of Indians. the prairie a few days previous. (Continued next page) Page Fifteen Sully's Expedition . . . SUNDAY, 13 — (Continued from preceding page) The day has passed very pleasantly. It was MONDAY, 31 — noticed that the ground was very warm and cracked This morning we went out after Juneberries, and in places and the heat was so great in the cracks this afternoon we moved camp six miles farther that one could not hold their hand therein. A hole south. was dug down some seven feet when burning coal TUESDAY, AUGUST 1 — was reached. No fire could be seen in the hole, Maj. Vonminden with an escort of 15 men, me but as soon as the coal was brought to the surface among them, went around the south end of the lake it would ignite and burn the land. for the purpose of looking for an outlet. Found an MONDAY, 14 — outlet not down on map. Rained in the afternoon. Today is was found that nearly all surrounding WEDNESDAY, 2 — hills were on fire; that is, coal was burning therein. Broke camp this morning and took up our line This is what makes the country so rough. The coal of march for Mouse River. Marched 22 miles and burns out and leaves banks of clay. A hot spring camped on a lake around which there was timber. was also discovered. Rained most of the day. TUESDAY, 15 — THURSDAY, 3 — It has been very warm today. Wrote a letter to We made a march of 30 miles today and camped my father. on a small lake four miles from the Mouse River. The water was very good and there was timber. WEDNESDAY, 16 — Many buffalo were near camp. It rained. Moved camp today about five miles. FRIDAY, 4 — THURSDAY, 17 — Marched nine and one-half miles and camped on Our company is doing picking duty today. Some the Mouse River. This river is clear running water, hostile Indians were seen. A steamboat came down very good and plenty of fish. the river and took out the mail. Sixth Iowa Cavalry went out on a scouting expe­ FRIDAY, 18 — dition but saw no Indians. More Indians were seen today, but they were SATURDAY, 5 — careful to keep out of reach. Our camp was on rear guard and on picket. SATURDAY, 19 — Marched 17 miles and camped on Spring Rock that Last night just after dark we had the worst rain emptied into Mouse River half a mile away. This storm we have ever witnessed. It rained and hailed is the best water we have found since leaving the for 20 minutes and in that length of time several states. inches must have fallen, for ten minutes after it let SUNDAY, 6 — up a regular wall of water some three feet high Marched 19 miles and camped on small lake that rolled down the narrow valley and swept everything was simply alive with young geese and ducks. The before it. One company camped in the lowland had men waded in and caught them. Buffalo were all their accrutrements washed away. numerous and a detail of four men from each com­ SUNDAY, 20 — pany was sent out to kill some for meat. We are going to start down the river for Fort Rice MONDAY, 7 — tomorrow morning. It rained some today. I made Made a long march of 33 miles today and suffered some biscuits today. some from the heat. Camped on a small lake, plenty MONDAY, 21 — of buffalo all about us. TUESDAY, 8 — Marched 20 miles and camped on the Missouri. Marched five miles and camped on a creek four TUESDAY, 22 — miles from Fort Berthold. Marched 25 miles and camped on a creek in a WEDNESDAY, 9 — very rough country. I am on guard tonight. Our Washed some clothing in afternoon and remained company was on rear guard today, and on picket in camp the balance of the day. tonight. THURSDAY, 10 — WEDNESDAY, 23 — Made some bread for myself in the forenoon and It was very cold in the forenoon and quite warm in the afternoon went down to the fort where we in the afternoon. Marched 13 miles and camped on watched the young Indians swim in the Missouri a creek. Country very rough. River. FRIDAY, 25 — FRIDAY, 11 — We made a very long march today •— 37 miles — It was very warm today. Our company was on and arrived at Fort Rice. Marched until sundown picket. to make it. SATURDAY, 12 — Corporal Jamison of Co. C was found dead, shot Another hot day. I got a pass and went down to by some Indians near camp this morning. the fort. Had an invitation to come again in the This is a brief history of the trip from Fort Rice evening and attend a banquet at which green corn and back. Being nothing but a young boy at the and white dog was to be served, but not feeling real time I did not appreciate what a diary might be hungry we declined. worth 50 years later. Page Sixteen The Relief of Fort Dilts An event of interest and of considerable im­ all summer. Again the following year, 1872, a simi­ portance occurred while the Sully expedition was; lar force was put in the field under the command of in the field and which would have ended disastrously Col. David S. Stanley for the protection of the rail­ except for timely return of the General and his road workers. They also came from Fort Rice but troops. While the returning command was on the scouted further west to a point on Powder River east side of the Missouri River and about a days in Montana. march from Fort Rice, they were reached by a The largest and best equipped undertaking, how­ courier from the Fort. The message stated that two ever, occurred in 1873 commanded by this same weeks previously Captain James Fisk of the quater- Col. Stanley and became known as the "Yellowstone master corps had arrived at the Fort conducting an Expedition." It consisted of troops from Fort Rice emigrant train of 100 wagons destined for Idaho and augmented by eight companies of the 7th cavalry had been granted an escort of one lieutenant and under Col. Custer himself. The total of the entire 50 cavalrymen. force was 80 officers and 1,451 men. They traveled This same lieutenant has now returned to Fort up the Cannon Ball and Heart Rivers, crossed the Rice with 14 of his men carrying a message from Little Missouri, Badlands, reached the Yellowstone Captain Fisk that the entire wagon train was sur­ and ascended it as far as Pompey's Pillar where they rounded by the Indians some 200 miles west and met a railroad surveying crew from the west. A that help was needed. strong fortification was constructed on the lower Our energetic General Sully immediately went Yellowstone for the storage of supplies; it later be­ to Fort Rice, ordering his troops to follow him, after came known as the "Stanley Stockade." questing each of the returned troopers as regards While the troops were at this fort resting and the situation and fearing the emigrants might be awaiting a move further west, they were surprised overpowered, a force of 900 picked men was dis­ and startled to suddenly see a Catholic priest appear patched under the command of Colonel Dill. This among them. Father Stephen had been delayed relief column left Sept. 11 and returned Sept. 30, when the troops left Fort Rice and had followed, having successfully accomplished their mission and driving a single horse attached to an old buggy with bringing back with them the entire emigrant train. a cross erected on top. Just how he got through this They were only too glad to return to their homes. wild country has always been a mystery. He was With increasing hatred and desire for revenge the Indians now attacked and with such violence that alone, unarmed and defenseless, but he did make it the entire wagon train was forced to stop and corral and remained with the column as its chaplain. The after traveling only three miles. The position was soldiers loved and honored him. not good, no water and an open country, but necessi­ The following year, 1874, saw Col. Custer with his ty demanded the construction of a fort built with low 7th cavalry regiment make a cross country trip to walls of dirt and sod. There the emigrants remained Fort Lincoln and to the Black Hills. until relieved by troops from Fort Rice. This em­ bankment structure was afterwards called Fort Dilts on account of the guide who reached there, died and was buried in one of the walls. Early day cattlemen, including your author, won­ dered while riding the range, what story and perhaps tragedy was attached to these well preserved grass ~mi^iti covered ruins for its history was unknown at that time. We did know, however, that some efficient army man had a hand in its construction for it was well planned and laid out on military lines. These ruins may still be seen on the border of Slope and Bowman Counties in North Dakota just north of the Milwaukee railroad right-of-way and about seven Fort Rice park. miles east of Marmarth. It was from this emergency constructed fort that a young cavalry lieutenant and 14 troopers slipped out one dark, rainy night, traveled 180 miles to Fort Rice and started the expedition that so successfully relieved the entrapped emigrants. Protests not availing the Indians started attacks with the results that a large military force became neces­ sary to protect the railroad engineers. These troops from Fort Rice were commanded by Lieut. Col. J. N. G. Whistler and consisted of 500 mounted men. A detachment of artillery with two Gatling guns, 50 Indian scouts and 100 wagons, they saw active duty Print shop — later Caddell's house. Page Seventeen Troops Eiiilt and Manned Long Series of Forts (Editor's Note: Following is the second install­ Assiniboine Indians, from White Earth river, 65 miles ment of Linda Warfel Slaughter's "Fortress to Farm" east of the post, to Milk River 150 miles to the west. which The Tribune originally published in 1893-94.) The Assiniboines were originally a part of the Yankton tribe of the , and accord­ Chapter 2 ing to tradition, split off from that tribe and became General Sully's third northwestern Indian expe­ a separate people, because of some trouble about a dition arrived on its return march, at Berthold, Aug. woman. 8, 1865, and here Gen. Sully issued an order directing the evacuation of Fort Union at the mouth of the They called themselves "Hokes" and claimed to Yellowstone. The evacuation was completed on Aug. be Dakotas. The name Assiniboine means "stone 31 and from that time until the establishment of boilers" and was given them by their neighbors on Fort Buford in 1868, Berthold was the extreme north­ the north, the Cres, because of their method of cook­ ern garrison in the valley of the upper Missouri. ing meat, by dropping red hot stones into water. Assiniboines were always friendly and rendered On June 14, 1867, the troops moved from Fort valuable services to the troops at Buford by keeping Berthold to a point 17 miles further east, where a them constantly appraised of the movements of the post at that time called New Fort Berthold was about hostile Sioux. They were constantly at war with to be established. Fort Berthold was never armed the Crows on the west, the Cres and British half by the government, nor was any rent charged for it. breeds on the north, and the Yanktonais, Gros Ven­ The use of it being given by the agent to the North­ tres, Arickarees, and Teton Sioux on the west Fur Co. in consideration of the protection af­ south. On the south side of the Missouri were the forded the trading post by the presence of the troops. Teton Sioux, who were hostile, and with a band of At this time, however, it was found necessary to es­ the Onkpapas made frequent raids on the post killing tablish a permanent military post in the vicinity not at various times 11 men — five soldiers and six only to afford military protection to the friendly citizens. Indians and whites at Fort Berthold, but to serve as a base of supplies to the post, then about to be built at On Aug. 28, 1868, they made an attack in force Devils Lake (Fort Totten). It was also necessary to on the forts killing three men and wounding three, have an intermediate post on the river, between the and capturing 200 of the government herd of cattle. distant forts of Rice and Buford, and further, as a In addition to this constant war on the forts, the link in the chain of posts along the proposed "North­ Sioux constantly harrassed the Assiniboines, because ern emigrant route" from Minnesota to the gold of their friendship for the whites. Fort Buford is mines in Montana. miles south of the Canadian line. There were two mail routes from Buford to the states. The first was It was also necessary to remove the garrison from via Forts Stevenson, Totten and Abercrombie to St. Fort Berthold, as no suitable military reservation of Paul, Minn. It took from three to six weeks for a land could be made, which would not include the cornfields or gardens of the friendly Indians. As a letter to go to the department headquarters at St. base of supplies to Fort Totten (the goods to be Paul. The Indians were very troublesome between brought up the river by steamboat from St. Louis, Forts Stevenson and Totten, and in 1868 at different Mo., and sent across the country to Devils Lake, 130 times killed five mail carriers on that route, three of miles east by wagon train under military escort. It whom were soldiers and two citizens. The second was deemed advisable to build the Fort at the point route was via Forts Rice and Sully to Sioux City, la. where the Missouri quits its easterly course and Mail by this route was slower than the Totten route, bends to the south, but as there was not sufficient and on both it was so subject to interruption that the timber at that place, or a good steamboat landing it fort was frequently without mail for three months at was built seven miles west of there and named Fort a time. Stevenson. Up to the early seventies the medical, hospital During the summer of 1867, while the fort was and commissary supplies for the Missouri river forts, being built, the Sioux made three raids on the camp were brought from St. Louis by a line of steamers, in force, and one attack by a small party. run by the firm of Durfee and Peck, but after that The troops were compelled to labor very hard to date the base of supplies was transferred to Sioux build the fort, and being lodged in tents with poor City, la., the nearest railroad point on the south: food, they suffered greatly in health and many died. The nearest Fort on the Missouri River to Sioux City The fort was completed Jan. 3, 1868. was Fort Randall on the right bank of the river 100 Fort Buford was 250 miles by water above Fort miles above Yankton, which was established by Gen. Stevenson and 150 miles by land. It was established Harney in 1856. The next above was Fort Sully, as a one company post in 1866, and increased to five situated on the east bank of the Missouri, 20 miles companies in 1867. It was built near the site of old below the mouth of the Cheyenne River, and 200 Fort Union, on the north side of the Missouri river, miles by river above Fort Randall. It was about the at the mouth of the Yellowstone. The territory on same distance to Fort Rice above. This post was the north side of the Missouri was claimed by the half way between the head of navigation — Fort

Page Eighteen Benton — and the mouth of the Missouri, and 1,480 men engaged in chopping trees, or some of the men miles above St. Louis. on guard, were not killed by the Indians who were The original Fort Sully was established by Gen. massed among the hills on the west. The post ceme­ Alfred Sully and was built on the same side of the tery, which was located on a neighboring knoll, was river 30 miles below. It was abandoned because of quickly populated, and it often chanced that funeral the unhealthy character of the site, removed to the parties who were carrying the slain to their resting present location in August 1866, during the winter places, were attacked by mounted warriors. Several succeeding the arrival of the troops on the new site are said to have been captured and put to death by they suffered intensely from cold, their only quarters slow torture in plain view of their comrades in the being such as could be constructed of slabs and shel­ fort, apparently with the design of provoking them to ter tents. The barracks for the men were not com-" come out to the rescue, but the troops were so greatly pleted until late in 1867 and the officers quarters in outnumbered by the Indians that they were com­ 1868. Mail wagons were run weekly from Fort Sully pelled to remain on the defensive, and to go out to to Sioux City during the entire year, although during give battle to the hordes of demoniac savages, would the winter they were liable to frequent interruption have led to the extermination of the entire command. from snow. There were no stopping places between The places where these savage executions took the fort and Yankton and no inhabitants in the vicini­ place, were marked by monuments of stone, with the ty except the roving Indians, few of whom were names of the unfortunates lettered thereon, and were friendly. terrible reminders to the later inmates of the fort, Fort Rice was the intermediate post between Forts as to what fate awaited them should they be taken Sully and Stevenson. It was located in latitude 46° prisoners. To add to the horrors of the situation of 41' north. Longitude from Greenwich 100° 30' west those the unhappy volunteers, their term of service on the right bank of the Missouri river. Owing to expired, but they were not permitted to go home. the inconsistency of the channel and other causes, the Indeed they could not have done so, as the country distance between places on its banks are variously between Rice and Sully was overrun by Sioux and estimated hence the position of Fort Rice as regards to attempt the journey meant certain death. A the other points on the river has not been well ascer­ number are said to have committed suicide, and tained, and has been stated differently by different others are said to have become insane from nostalgia. authorities. To Sioux City, then the nearest railway terminus, it was about 836 miles — to the mouth of the Cannon Ball, the nearest stream of size below, it History to the Present Time — 1947 was held to be ten miles and to the mouth of Heart By Allen Eastman River — the next good sized stream above — it was Fort Rice was established in 1864 by Gen. Alfred thought to be 50 miles. Sully. For many years it was one of the most im­ Fort Sully was held to be 275 miles below by river, portant posts on the Missouri, protecting river trans­ and Fort Stevenson, about 150 miles. Both of these portation and keeping hostile Indians in check. It forts were on the opposite side of the river. The was abandoned in 1878 after Fort Yates was built. ruins of old Fort Clarks and of the village formerly The site of the fort is less than a mile south of the occupied by the Gros Ventres and Mandans were 120 town of Fort Rice in Morton county. The state his­ miles above on the same side of the river. The Rice torical society has rebuilt the blockhouses of the fort, military reservation was taken from lands of the and placed maps and a history of the fort under Onkpapas, one of the hostile tribes of the Sioux na­ tion. The fort was situated about 300 yards from sheltered markers. the margin of the river, and at an elevation of 35 feet above low water mark. V Fort Rice was established in 1864. The first buildings were of cottonwood logs with roofs of earth. They were constructed by the 30th Regiment of Wisconsin Infantry. This regiment had been cap­ tured during the war of the rebellion, and released on their parole of honor, not to fight against the southern confederacy. "Galvanized Yankees" they were called, and with part of the 6th Iowa Cavalry, and 50th Wisconsin infantry were sent to the northwest after the Minne­ sota massacre to fight Indians, and garrison the Mis­ souri river forts. While building Fort Rice, the troops were constantly beseiged by Indians, and num­ bers were killed daily in the camp, until walls of the fort were completed, and afterwards, not a day passed while they were cutting timber on the river banks to get ready logs for the quarters, tha some of the

NORTH DAKOTA STATE LIBRARY Poge Nineteen ians Attack Fort Rice in Early Morning (Editor's Note: Linda Warfel Slaughter, in the brink of the dark river. The first were the soldiers fifth installment of "Fortress to Farm," tells of seeing and officers families of the fort. The others, whose her first Indian battle. When the book was pub­ dark forms were visible against the lighter horizon lished first by The Tribune in 1893-94, similar scenes were the loitering bands of the hostile Sioux, who were fresh in the memories of many Bismarck had been called from far and near by the reverbe­ residents.) rations of the cannon in the morning and who now Chapter 5 looked on wonderingly, from all the hilltops around On June 22nd we saw our first Indian battle. A about. The day ended with a brilliant hop in the large party of mounted Sioux swooped down upon library, and an Indian alarm at midnight, which the fort just as the "sick call" was sounded, a little happily proved to be false. after daybreak. The usually deserted plain at the Soon after this there was a genuine alarm in rear of the fort became suddenly a scene of life and which the Sioux succeeded in running off the herd color. Gaudily painted warriors on their swift little of Arickaree ponies and killing one of the scouts. ponies were rushing wildly toward the west wall of But they were followed, overtaken and the herd re­ the fort, uttering wild war cries and firing their captured by a band of Arickarees, under the chief, guns. Inside the fort all was commotion. The long Cold Hand, who surprised the Sioux in a ravine as roll of the drums, the men rushing into ranks, and they were holding a war dance around the scalp of dashing off company after company, the sharp com­ the slain scout. They killed several Sioux, and cap­ mands of the officers, and the fierce encounter on the plain, all made up a scene not soon to be for­ tured their ponies in turn, which they brought home gotten by those who looked on, feeling that their to the fort, but were afterward compelled to return, lives depended on the result of the conflict. by the commanding officer, on complaint of the In­ dian agent at Grand Fiver. The Indians soon gave way and fled to the hills taking with them a large part of the beef herd. The On another occasion, when the Sioux attacked the attack on the fort had been merely a feint, under fort, the raid was so sudden and sharp that the cover of which, they slew the herder, and stampeded soldiers did not wait for the command of the officer the cattle. When my husband answered the inter­ to form ranks, but at the first sound of the loud call, rupted "sick call," he found two wounded soldiers ran singly and in squads, to the west ball of the fort, awaiting him. The Sioux had two braves killed, scaled the stockade and began fighting, Indian style, whose bodies they carried away. One of them was each man for himself. In this way several companies thrown across his pony, and the other one, whose were outside the fort, before the gates were opened, pony had also been shot, was picked up by two or the officers had reached the company quarters. horsemen on the full run. Riding by on either side They did most effective fighting, and repulsed the of the fallen warrior, without checking in the least Indians without having had a word of command from their headlong speed, they stooped from their ponies their officers. For this breach of military discipline, and caught him up, one by the leg and the other by as soon as the Indians were gone, the derelict com­ one arm, and were soon lost to sight in the crowd of panies were marched to the top of a hill back of the fleeing warriors. All this was plainly visible from the rear windows of the upper story of the officers cemetery and compelled to stand in ranks under the quarters, that overlooked the plain. hot, broiling sun, during the remaining of the day. The commanding officer claiming that in the enemies This plain during the summer was the scene of country, the utmost obedience to army regulations many like events, but they all ended similarly, in was necessary, and that these men in rushing off as the repulse of the red men. they did in a disorderly way had left the fort un­ On the night of June 27th the Sioux scouts at protected, and while they were all fighting outside Rice packed up secretly and deserted, going back to the west wall, the east and front gates were left open' the agency at Grand river. The discharged Aricka- to the entrance of the enemy had they made an attack rees were then recalled, and after much parleying on those sides of the fort. and "powpowing," they returned to their quarters, The army life has always possessed for me a and the mails once more ran regularly. strange and peculiar charm. The pleasant social life, The Fourth of July was observed at the fort by the martial music and the sentry's cry of "All's Well," an old fashioned celebration. The cannon gave the the stirring reveille, the sharp tattoo and rattling patriotic salute at daybreak. The regimental band surgeon's call that made one get up whether they played patriotic airs and there were horse races, pony wanted to or no, and above all the glorious old flag races and foot races for purses made up by the offi­ that came down so grandly with the setting sun each cers, in which soldiers and Indians participated. At night, all had for me a fascination that time has never night there was a grand display of fireworks, and lessened. Being at this time young. and somewhat there were two audiences who watched the airy romantic, it seemed on first reaching the fort that the flight of the skyrockets that were sent up from the little spice of danger but added to the interest of this

Page Twenty new life in the west, but time speedily rectified the merely dropped to the ground being struck by it, we illusion. could not then determine. It was a sad thing to have to dread death at the The sentry in the northeast tower had seen the hands of Indians, but it was more dreadful still occurrence, and given the alarm by firing his gun, to fear that in case they succeeded in capturing the and then a few moments later, we galloped madly fort, that one might not be killed but led away cap­ through the open gates, we found the whole garrison tives by those demons in human form, who are satis­ aroused. It was thought from the Indian not having fied with wrestling life from their helpless victims, shot at us, that the Sioux were concealed in force most usually deface God's fair image, ere their savage among the willows, and their plan was to draw into vengeance is appeased. I had ample opportunity to ambuscade, the soldiers, that they thought would be contemplate closely such a fate. sent out to look for the single warrior who had ap­ peared to us, so none were sent, but extra vigilance Returning one day from a ride outside the fort, was taken to guard against surprise. with a visiting officer from Fort Sully, we struck on old Indian war trail, that ran along the river bank The explanation that came later was a terrible one to me. There was at the post a colored man a little north of the fort. Between trail and the river named "Isiah," who was married to a Sioux squaw. was a dense growth of willows, which in the cool Isiah was in the employ of the government as a scout morning and with the placid river formed a pretty and employed by the commanding officer of the fort, picture. Along this pleasant path we were gaily . to keep him informed as to the movements of the cantering homeward when suddenly our horses hostile Sioux. This information, obtained through reared and recoiled, and ot the same instant, some his wife was usually carried, but I always suspected yards in advance, and a little to our left, the head that she, Delilah-like, kept her relatives informed, and shoulders of a tall Indian brave rose slowly from as to all affairs at the fort, and movements of the the bushes. This dreadful apparition stood motion­ troops of which she could learn from her husband. less, gun in hand, and glared at us with an intensity One day soon after this, Isiah came into the fort of gaze that chilled the blood in my veins. A rustling with the information that a young Sioux chief had in the bushes close by showed that invisible foes fallen in love, not with me, but with my luxuriant were near — my first impulse, when I regained con­ hair, which I wore loosely curled about my neck. trol of my horse was to turn his head, and fly back During the mystic ceremonies of the scalp dance, along the path we had come. But my companion, he had taken the warriors vow to one day wear the without the loss of an instant, changed his position scalp of the "medicine squaw" as an ornament to his from my right side, to the place of danger on my left. dress, and since then was in the habit of lying in wait Then seizing my horse by the bridle, he thrust his in the vicinity of the fort, watching an opportunity right arm through the reins, and striking my horse on to seize me when out riding. It was he who had the flank with his revolver, while he spurred his own, appeared to us in the willow bushes, and he had not they dashed forward side by side down the path to­ fired upon me, because he wished to take me prisoner, ward the fort. As we flew by he aimed his revolver a savage scheme that was defeated by the courage at the Indian, who instantly sunk out of sight, but and intrepidity of the gallant gentleman who was my whether he had been struck by the bullet or had escort on that never-to-be-forgotten day.

ecowies Interes st (Editor's Note: Linda Warfel Slaughter tells of wildest folly by every officer on the frontier, but the death of her baby son at Fort Rice in this install­ orders came from the department headquarters at ment of "Fortress to Farm." The story of the com­ St. Paul to fit out an expedition at the fort to accom­ ing of the railroad also is begun. The Tribune pub­ pany the engineers of the proposed railroad to the lished Mrs. Slaughter's recording of these events in Yellowstone. In accordance with these orders troops 1893-94.) began to concentrate at the fort, and an immense canvas city soon covered the plain at the rear of Chapter 8 the fort. On July 2, 1864, congress passed an act granting Cavalry, infantry, artillery and Indian scouts were right of way through the Indian country to the North­ all encamped here, and their daily drill and military ern Pacific Co., entitled "An Act Granting Lands to evolutions formed each day an interesting spectacle. Aid in the Construction of a Railroad and Telegraph Inside the fort there was a constant round of festi­ Line from Lake Superior to Puget Sound on the vity; for each lady kept open house for officers of Pacific Coast by the Northern Route." the new command. At Fort Rice in 1871 we first heard of the prospect Dinner parties and hops were given nightly, and of building the Northern Pacific through this wild best of all it was possible to ride horseback without region. The scheme was at first regarded as the (Continued next page) Page Twenty-one N. P. Railroad . . . farewell with heavy hearts, and who well knew how (Continued from preceding page) to estimate the number and bloodthirstiness of the imperilling one's head covering. The presence of Sioux, felt that the chances of that gay and gallant so many troops, especially the cavalry, gave us all a band returning to us unharmed was very slight feeling of security that we had never known before. indeed. A sad occurrance took place at the river a few Priest Arrives days before the departure of the expedition. Capt. A few days after the expedition left Fort Rice, Bennet's company of the 17th, who had orders for there reached the fort on one of the steamboats from the Yellowstone, arrived overland and signaled Sioux City, an elderly Catholic priest who had come across the river for the yawl to convey them across to join the expedition. But the steamer was delayed to the fort. The yawl was the only boat we had, and the column had been gone for three days, when a miserable old tub, worn out and unsafe, and had it reached the fort, yet that brave-hearted man, dis­ been so reported to the government headquarters, regarding the expostulations of the officers of the but no appropriation for a new one had been made, fort, serenely set out alone to overtake them. He had and men were obliged to risk their lives, whenever a top buggy and single horse. No men could be it was necessary to cross the river. The yawl held spared from those left at the fort to accompany him 20 men. On this occasion it had made several trips as escort, nor did he ask for any. As I watched him in safety, but the last time, with 20 soldiers aboard, disappearing among the hills in the distance, his little it swamped in the middle of the river, and 20 brave buggy a mere black speck, moving slowly along the men met their death in that treacherous stream. trail left by the troops, and thought of the dangers which he well knew were before him, and into which Saddest Sight he was so calmly going, I realized fully the strength That was the saddest sight I ever saw. Most of the of that devotion to duty, and disregard of self, that unfortunate men were excellent swimmers and strug­ characterized the early martyrs of that church be­ gled manfully against the cruel waves, but the Mis­ cause of the Indians custom of following the line of souri river yields not up its victims. Its waters are march of troops passing through their country there icy cold and chilling while swift under current lays was no chance of his getting through unseen by some hold of the strongest swimmer and drags him down of the hordes of Sioux, who were incensed to madness into its watery depths; so one by one these brave by the passage of troops through their country, and men went down and were seen no more; for the dread would wreak dire vengeance upon the first straggler river never gives up its dead. Not until it has carried who fell into their hands. We all felt that he was them for many hundred miles will the Missouri suffer going to his death. But his cross and the sacred its victims to be wafted to the shore; and most of vestments that he wore, were to him passports of them lie still at the bottom of the river; at the spot safety, and he reached the command unharmed. to which they sunk when death met them. Great indeed was the amazement of the troops when Saddest of all, connected with the death of these a little vehicle was seen approaching — a frail little poor men was the thought that their lives were need­ ark, that had safely braved the lurking dangers of lessly sacrificed. Among the spectators on the shore, the billowy prairie. were women who wept in pity and wrung their hands, at witnessing the unavailing struggles of the The garrison, being greatly weakened by the ab­ strong swimmers. There were men who bewailed sence of so many of the troops, was now in danger their own helplessness, in having to stand idly there from the hordes of Sioux, who hung about the hills, and see their comrades die before their eyes, unable at safe gunshot distance, and time passed anxiously, to lend a helping hand, and there were brave officers but no attack in force was made. there, who uttered deprecations upon the parsimony The first courier from the expedition arrived on of the government, in not having made appropriation Oct. 14, 1871 and on Oct. 15, 1871, all the companies for a new boat, in time to save those precious lives. returned and went into camp outside the fort, except This distressing accident cast a shadow over us Co. D of the 17th, under Capt. Clarke, and the engi­ all, and it was long before the gloomy impression neering party who marched on down the Little Heart made upon our minds was dispelled. river to its mouth in order to ascertain the advan­ On Sept. 6, 1871, the engineering party arrived tages afforded by the different points of crossing. overland from Fort Abercrombie. They were Gen. On the afternoon of the 17th the engineers and Co. D Thomas L. Rosser, chief engineer, accompanied by arrived and were met and escorted into the fort by Messrs. Meigs and Eastman, and several surveyors. the post band. The engineers reported that the expe­ On the morning of Sept. 9, 1871 at 9 o'clock, the dition had been a great success; that the route sur­ expedition left the fort and wound out over the hills, veyed from the mouth of the Little Heart river to the regimental band escorting the column to the foot the Yellowstone was practicable, and the railroad of the hills. The military escort consisted of 500 would be built. men, a detachment of artillery with two Gatling Autumn Wanes guns, 50 mounted Indian scouts, under the command of Lieut. Turnock, and a train of 100 wagons, the A hop was given that night in honor of the engi­ whole under command of Gen. Whistler, 22nd In­ neers and officers and next day they all departed, fantry. A strong force, and yet, we who bade them the engineers going to St. Paul, and the outside

Page Twenty-two troops to their respective stations at Forts Wads- winter at Fort Stevenson they dragged the body of worth, Sully and Randall. the newly-buried child of the post interpreter from At length the autumn waned, the last steamboat its grave and devoured it, and they would have torn left the river, and the fort soon settled down to its to pieces the strongest man, who might have met winter loneliness. The snow lay heavily on plain them unarmed on the open prairie. and hill. The river was frozen solid, and the mails On New Year's day 1872, our baby died, but so were often delayed for weeks together. But there intense was the cold that it could not be buried. was now amusement for the officers from which on There was no chaplain at any of the western forts, account of the Indians, they had been debarred during but funeral services were held in our quarters, by the summer. Game was abundant, and the blood­ the ladies and gentlemen of the fort. Mrs. Glen thirsty tribes of the Sioux were afar off in their Crittenden read the burial service and the little coffin winter fastness in the Black Hills or eating govern­ was placed in the powder magazine to await the com­ ment rations in the shelter of the smoky water ing of spring, as the ground was too deeply frozen to agencies. Deer and small game were numerous in admit of a grave being dug. As this weighed upon the timber and scarcely a hunting party returned to my spirits, Gen. Crittenden decided that a grave the fort that did not bring some antlered trophy of should be dug. A fire was made in the cemetery, their skill. Dr. Slaughter had brought with him and relays of men took turns digging, as the graves from the south a fine hunting dog, a trained pointer had to be dug very deep to prevent the famished named "Billie," who was a great favorite with the wolves from desecrating them. When the grave was sportsmen and invaluable in indicating the location ready the little wooden coffin was encased in a strong of the smaller game, prairie chickens, jackrabbits, tin box, and all the officers with my husband went whose gray fur in winter turns white as snow. Ante­ up to bury it. I was not permitted to go. Col Dono- lope, deer and occasionally elk were found, and this ven and Lieut. Chance carried the little coffin by fine game formed an agreeable variety from the turns. The weather was freezing cold. Lieut. Hum­ government beef, that was killed semi-weekly. bert's eyelids were frozen on the way, and the fingers In the dead of winter the terrible gaunt wolves of the men who were detailed to assist were frost of the prairie became desperate from hunger. The bitten. A wagon containing several barrels of water howling of these starving beasts around the fort at had been taken along, and when the little grave was night time was a fearful sound to hear. Even in the closely filled up, the water was slowly poured upon daytime they would come close to the fort, howling it, and this freezing as it fell, formed an impervious and dancing on their hind legs, with forepaws far coating of ice, which effectually protected the grave outstretched against the heavy planks of the block­ from the claims of the famished wolves. At night as ade in futile efforts to scale the ten foot wall, to reach in sympathy with the motives, the wind arose and the human prey within. Many times at night the tossed the snow about it and heaped it above and scouts in the Arikaree quarters would have to rise around the little grave in heavy drifts that lay there and fire their guns to frighten them away. The same undisturbed through the long cold winter.

Army Takes Engineers on OTveymj n (Editor's Note: The Northern Pacific railway was The board will assemble as soon as practicable at a part of Bismarck when "Fortress to Farm" was pub­ Fort Rice, D. T., and proceed thence to make the lished by The Tribune in 1893-94 but it was still a necessary examination precedent to rendering its "dream" when the surveying expeditions were sent report and making a recommendation. out from Ft. Rice.) Capt. Heap will lay off a reservation for the post Chapter 11 —• a plan of which will be submitted with the report of the board. On April 16, 1872, the following order had been issued from department headquarters: The commanding officer of Rice will cause to be furnished such transportation and escorts as may "Headquarters Dept. of Dakota, be required to enable the board to execute its St. Paul, April 16, 1872 instructions. Special Orders No. 65 By command of Maj. Gen. Hancock. A board of officers is hereby appointed to select O. D. GREENE and recommend for adoption a site for the location Assistant Adjutant General of a new post to be constructed on the west bank of On July 9, 1872, Gen. Stanley was relieved from the Missouri, at or in the immediate vicinity of the duty on the board, and Gen. T. L. Crittenden, com­ point where the Northern Pacific railroad will cross manding officer at Fort Rice, was detailed to fill his the river. place. The board organized by the election of Gen. Detailed for the Board: Col. D. S. Stanley, 2nd Crittenden as president and of Dr. Slaughter as Inf.; Capt. J. W. Sculley, AQM USA; Capt. D. P. recorder. Heap, Corps of Engineers, USA; Acting Asst. Surg. From the official report of the board, I copy as B. F. Slaughter, USA. follows: (Continued next page)

Page Twenty-three Army Takes The farewells are cut short, and speedily each officer (Continued from preceding page) is in his proper place in the long imposing line. "In pursuance of the above order — the board Three long, resounding cheers are given. The band met at Fort Rice, D. T., on July 22, 1872 and in com­ strikes up "The Girl I Left Behind Me," and to that pany with D. C. Lindsley and T. L. Rosser, engineers- lively air the column moves. of the Northern Pacific, proceeded to the point desig-> nated by them as the railroad crossing of the Mis­ We stood with waving handkerchiefs, saluting our souri river. After a careful examination of the friends, with pleasant words as they march gaily ground in the vicinity the board selected as the most past us. Soon they have gone by and the long eligible reservation the lands described below." brilliant line of loyal blue winds out among the hills (Here followed a description of the land afterward with the morning sun reflected from their glistening set off as the reservation of Fort Abraham Lincoln.) bayonets in points of light. We watch them out of- sight and then walk back to the fort, with hearts full The site of the fort itself was the point afterward of apprehensions of dangers in the column, and of known as "Fort Lincoln on the hill," south of Man- fear for ourselves in the almost deserted fort. The dan, and the site of which is still marked by the band which precedes us now plays a sorrowful air — trees planted by Gen. Corlin, then lieutenant colonel in union with the mood in which we now return to of the 17th, when commandant there in 1873. The our fortress homes. report of the board was accepted and the fort was built on the spot selected by them, and named Fort The expedition returned to the fort on Sept. 1, McKean in honor of a deceased officer. The name having followed Whistler's trail to the mouth of was afterwards changed to Fort Abraham Lincoln, Powder River and thoroughly explored the valley of by which name the lower fort built by Gen. Custer the Yellowstone, pushing the survey of the railroad was also known. to the westward. A second expedition of the Yellowstone was Many Hostile Indians fitted out at Fort Rice in July, 1872, and again was This expedition encountered many hostile Indians the plain lively with the movements of troops and who followed them on the march to and from the wagon trains. It was composed of portions of three Yellowstone, but there were no serious casualties, regiments •—• the 8th, 17th and 22nd Infantry with until the return trip within one day's march of the some artillery and cavalry with mounted Indian fort, when being so near home, the vigilance of the scouts. While forming, the troops were encamped officers relaxed and Lieuts. Adair and Crosby were on the hillside, and their white tents and canvas killed. No Indians had been seen on that day and it covered wagons formed a pretty picture in the clear was thought they had given up the chase. In the air of the warm, bright days. Again was the fort a afternoon a small herd of frightened and wounded scene of hospitality and social pleasures, and again antelope ran past the troops. An old Indian fighter did we revel in the unwanted sense of security with would have seen in this, a favorite ruse of the Indians which the presence of so many troops inspired us. to lure the officers from the troops. But several of the younger officers saw only an easy prey for their The engineering party consisting of chief engineer rifles and galloped in pursuit of the antelope. ' Lieut. D. L. Rosser, with Engineers Lindsley and Eckelson, Crosby was out of sight, following the wounded ante­ with a corps of surveyors and assistants. This party lope, and shortly afterward a force of Indians ap­ formed a separate camp from the military and car­ peared in full view on the neighboring hill. ried their own mess tents. The troops were under One of them called "The Gaul," well known at command of Gen. D. I. Stanley, colonel of the 22nd, Cheyenne agency as one of the most worthless of the who had been relieved from duty on the board to "wards" of the government, displayed some object on locate the new post, in consequence of his having a pole, which by the aid of glasses was discovered by been afterwards ordered to go in command of the the soldiers to be the scalp of the unfortunate officer. expedition. Search was at once made and his horribly mutilated Column Leaves body was found and carried to Fort Rice. The column left Fort Rice on July 25, 1872, pre­ So dreadful was the multilation of his features, ceded to the hills west of the fort by the regimental that none of his lady friends at the fort were suffered band, playing appropriate airs. The ladies of the to look upon his face. He and Lieut. Adair were post accompanied by Gen. Crittenden and a number buried in the post cemetery on the same day with of the other departing officers leading their horses, military honors, by the returned troops of the had already walked out there to witness their expedition. departure. The Indians mutilate their dead foes, because of Here the column halted, and all the junior offi­ their belief that in the world of spirits they must cers who could leave their post with their companies exist destitute of the members of the body of which came to take leave of us. Among these were two they have been deprived in this life. whom we were destined never to see again. Lieut. Adair of the 22nd, and Lieut. Eban Crosby of the Footnotes by Allan Eastman 17th. Crosby was a brave and worthy officer who Chief Gaul died December 8, 1894. The Tribune, had lost his right arm in the war of the rebellion. reporting his death, said, "Gaul was one of the lead­ He was a great favorite in the social life of the fort, ers of the Sioux tribe, and was the fighting chief in and now took leave of us, with many a gallant speech command of the tri'he a1" +he time of the Custer and pleasant jest. Soon the bugle calls to place. Massacre. Page Twenty-four scences How the Sioux and the Ree Indians three of his mules loose and started the one he was Once Killed Each Other riding in the direction of Fort Lincoln. He reached March 17, 1926 the fort safely and reported what had taken place near Fort Rice to the commanding officer It was during the spring of 1863 that we were camped on the west bank of the Missouri River, I had heard one of the Sioux who was at the about four miles above where the town of Gwyther shooting of the two Rees tell how they had lain for' is now located in Morton County, North Dakota. the two Rees and how they had killed them. He I was standing by the bank of the river looking also said "We' are not looking for white men, we at things which were floating down the stream when were out to kill Rees." I saw six elk come from the woods on the east side Hugh Lock had been shot by an Indian four years of the river and make their way down to the water, before near Fort Rice and his life was saved by where they stopped for a short time, and then came Doctor Godard after having been near death for into the river and commenced to swim for the west many days at the Fort Randall hospital. side. They soon reached it safely and were on their way in the direction of a deep ravine which came An Excitement at Standing Rock —1873 down through the high hills from the open prairie west of the river. During the fall of 1873 two Indians were carrying mail from Fort Rice to Grand River and also brought I had my rifle and took up their trail with the the mail for us each way. The carriers were Goose idea of adding fresh meat to our scanty supply of and Red Hail, Sioux Indians. One day late in the wild food. I reached the mouth of the ravine and afternoon two of their horses came running into saw my bunch of elk feeding on some vines which our camp. No one was in their saddles and they were among some small trees. They saw me at the were covered with blood. Our Indian, John, was on same time, started up the ravine and were soon out of watch on top of the high hill back of where we were sight. I followed their tracks and must have gone building the log houses. The Hunkapapa camp was nearly a mile when I heard many shots which then four miles below. We saw John running up seemed only a short distance ahead of me. Soon the hill waving his blanket. Said Black Hawk, "He many whoops and yells were heard, and I was sure, was telling the lower camp that there had been two these came from the mouths of Indians. Indians killed." There was a hole in the dry creek nearby which It was not long until about 20 Indians came up had been washed out by the rush of flood waters from the lower camp. They were almost naked at different times. I took shelter in it and thought and their ponies had no saddles. They had guns I was well hidden from view in case there should be and were all painted black. Each horse had a long any Indians nearby. The Indians kept up their line of buffalo thong tied around its lower jaw. This shouting and singing until I thought I had better was used by its rider as the cowboy of today uses get away from their excitement. I started down his riding bridle. This long piece of rawhide, per­ the ravine, keeping well among the thick brush and haps 40 feet long, was made fast to the rider's body making as fast time as I thought convenient. I in such a way that if the rider was wounded or got soon got away from their shouts and songs and thrown from his horse, he would still have possession reached camp without bringing in fresh meat, but I of the animal at the long end of the thong. was quite sure the Indians had killed the six elk One of the old men made a thorough examination, and were making a feast of them. I was quite of the two ponies and said "no" and two riders were pleased to think they got the elk instead of me. sent up north in the direction where the two horses The next day we received word from the fort had came and were leading the two ponies which had that Hugh Lock had started out from Fort Lincoln come into camp and had caused so much excitement. with a four-mule team with orders to go to Fort In about one hour they had returned with the two Rice for something which was needed at Fort Lincoln. mail carriers and each horse was loaded down with elk meat. The four riders were all safe. We soon Two Ree scouts were sent with him as guards learned that they had run unto a band of elk and and they were nearly a mile in advance of him when had killed two, dressed them out, and had put as they reached the ravine where I was hunting for much as possible on the two ponies, who were turned elk. Some Sioux Indians who were out looking for loose to graze until they dressed the remaineder of the Rees saw them coming down the road and con­ the elk. The horses became frightened and ran cealed themselves in the ravine. When the Rees away, distributing elk meat along the trail for nearly reached them they were shot down by the Sioux two miles. before they saw them. The Sioux scalped them and 1883 had a war dance aroung their dead bodies. I sold my entire herd of cattle during the winter Hugh Lock, who had spent several years along of 1883 to a man by the name of Gwyther, who had the Missouri at trading posts and forts, heard the just come from England and had located on the east firing and knew what was taking place. He turned (Continued next page) Page Twenty-five William Wade . . . and continue their howling as long as they were (Continued from preceding page) among us. side of the Missouri, opposite old Fort Rice. He The deer were plentiful before those hounds came since has located on the west side of the Missouri along; we could go out and bring back a deer or an north of the old Fort Rice, which has been turned elk most any time we needed on for our cook house. into a State Park. But after those hounds came among us we were not Nothing remains of the old buildings. They were sure of furnishing our cook with fresh meat from torn down many years ago. The fort was construc­ the timber and one day while two of our men were ted of cottonwood logs. The houses were enclosed out on a hunt and were returning without game, by a stockade of logs which were erected by being two of the dogs from the fort burst in sight. Each of stood on end in a ditch three or four feet deep and the hunters raised their rifles and two hounds which well secured at the top by a log running horizontally had come up with the 7th cavalry lay on the ground on the inside, about two feet below the top. dead. Of course the hounds did not show up at the fort, and soon it was told how they had disappeared. A guard house was built at each corner of the Custer was up at Lincoln and as soon as he heard of Fort, about 19 feet high, in such a manner that his dogs' massacre, he ordered a guard of the 7th to soldiers on guard could see anything in every direc­ capture the murderers and put them in the guard tion during the day. From guard house No. 1, the house, and he would see that they were taken care of. guard sang out each hour naming the hour as fol­ They were unable to locate the two who did the lows: "Twelve o'clock and all is well," if that was shooting. Custer was quite vexed and sent us word the condition at the time. that if another one of his dogs was shot or stolen, During the winter of 1889, I was married to Miss "he would hang every D--D one of us." Ordia N. Parks at Bismarck and we lived at Horse- Custer is now dead and I do not know but one head Bottom until 1890. We then crossed the Mis­ souri and located on the Cannon Ball River about two of those men who were in the wood camp that miles above the forks where I had a cattle ranch and winter who is now on top of the soil, and those poor at one time quite a herd of horses and sheep. We dogs which liked to follow up those poor deer must also had a store for several years and a post office have gone long ago. was kept on the ranch for many years. I was the Captain James L. Fisk first postmaster and William Chapin was the second and then Mrs. O. M. Wade, who held the post office Captain James L. Fisk started from Fort Rice for ten years. During that time there were six during the summer of 1864 or 1865 with four com­ lines running from the Wades. panies of soldiers with the intentions of going on to the Pacific coast. He also had a large number Custer Came to Fort Rice of immigrants with him whom he was escorting to When Custer came to Fort Rice he had brought a the gold mines in Montana. He passed near the large number of fox hounds which were taken care three buttes which are now in the bounds of Grant of by a soldier who belonged to one of the com­ County, North Dakota. panies and of course was getting pay from the govern­ He had a doctor with his command who claimed ment, got their rations from the commissary, the he had found platinum near the three buttes. Fisk same as the soldiers. In fact, a soldier once told a once told me he kept a diary that told the location woodyard man "them damned dogs are getting more of the platinum but he sent it to Washington and good beef from the beef herd than we are." These it was burned in a fire some years later. dogs would be turned loose, with the keeper and several officers mounted, frequently go out on the The captain came to our ranch about 20 years ago open prairie and turned on herds of antelope which and was trying to locate the place where the doctor were then running in large bands out on the prairie. had found the platinum so many years before. He The Indians sometimes say them and would come stopped with me many nights but would take his into the agency and tell the other Indians "Our ponies, light buggy and big mining kit and go nearly great father" has sent a long-haired man into our every morning to search for the spring where the country who has brought many soldiers with him. doctor told him he had found the mine. But the He says he is to punish us and make us work like the captain's search was in vain. He never did find the white men. He has a large number of dogs which mine. will run our game from us and his horses will eat The four companies and the immigrants reached up the grass, which our ponies need, and we must the head of the Cannon Ball River and were attacked have some one to see our great father and tell him by a large force of Sioux Indians, causing them so what the yellow-haired man is doing. much trouble that they were forced to entrench, be­ We were cutting wood for the fort a few miles ing held there so many days that at last they were above Fort Rice once when the dogs were turned compelled to send a man back to Fort Rice for help. loose and they came up near our camp and com­ That daring man reached Fort Rice and troops were menced.to follow the deer trails and do a lot of bark­ on their way. Fisk's troops and the mine hunters ing while following the trail. They came into the returned to Fort Rice rather than going to Montana. timber nearly every day and would follow the herd Many gold seekers threw up the task and returned around all day and many times late into the night to Minnesota.

Page Twenty-six Diary of William Zalin from IS

Grand River Agency, Sept. 1, 1871 July 17, 1901 Today a white may by the name of George P. W. B. Zahn, my boy, has gone to work raking hay Bilden was killed. He was found by George Carry, for Edward Clark. I should have left him home, an old timer. George Bilden was riding a mule; the but he wants to make a few dollars for himself. I Indian took his mule, gun and hat. Carry, seeing like to see him do well. (Now you're talking.) the Indian riding the mule and wearing Bilden's hat, demanded he return them to him since Bilden W. P. Zahn was a friend of his. The Indian did as requested Sat., Jan. 4, 1902 —Cannon Ball and was not punished due to lack of law in those days. Bilden was killed because of an Indian woman and Today the Indians were asked to sign a paper jealousy on the part of the Indian who thought it proposed to them to take their land in allotment. would be best to kill the white man and slip away to Some of them would not sign so I told my son, John the hostile camp. — W. P. Zahn. Zahn, to sign it. He was the first man to put his name on it. It is a good thing and the Indians had better do something pretty soon for the time is Fort Rice, D. T., Sept. 9, 1871 coming when he must work for a living like the Today an expedition left this post for Yellowstone white man and the sooner he does it the better for River. The expedition consisted of four companies him. — W. P. Zahn. of 22nd Inf., two of 17th Inf., 100 Santee scouts, 25 June 11, 1899 Sioux scouts and about 25 citizens, and was to guard surveying for the Northern Pacific railway. The Honorable H. S. Parkin died at his home on the expedition was under the command of Gen. Whissler Cannon Ball this morning of heart failure. He was and the survey was commanded by Gen. Rosses, an a good man and a good friend of mine. He was 49 ex confederate general, a brave man. Captain Mar- years old. —• W. P. Zahn. cott was with Co. H 17th Inf. We lost one soldier; Dec. 1, 1905 — Cannon Ball the Indians got him. We were gone two months. My dear folks, please don't forget my family: We were snowed in at the Badlands on our return trip. Month Day Year We saw Indians, also buffalo, antelope and lots George Zahn April 2 1898 of other animals. It was a hard trip but we were all Robert Zahn March 3 1900 young and tough. Also an expedition with Gens. Josephine Zahn September 1 1902 Stanley and Custer, Aug. 1873. This was a big expe­ Katie Eliza Zahn April 11 1904 dition. We lost some men who were killed by the Indians and had a hard skirmish at Pompey's Pillar Yours truly, on the Yellowstone Gen. Custer lost his artillery. J. Zahn In this expedition Rain-in-the-Face claimed he had killed two white men, for which he was arrested Solemn Memories afterwards, which you will see on another page of The memories of the family of Judge Francis my diary which I think he should ought to ever hang, Zahn of Fort Yates and Bismarck spans 100 years it was cold blooded murder so in the world. and personal recollections of the assassination of three presidents. W. P. Zahn Judge Zahn's father, William Zahn, a trooper in May 12, 1900 — Cannon Ball Custer's Seventh Cavalry, was a boy of 16 in Lafay­ Word has come from Standing Rock that an old ette, Ind., when President Lincoln's train halted timer by the name of Wm. Whitsell, known as Sport, there for the final leg of its journey to Springfield. has just died. He was an old friend of mine. We The elder Zahn often told his son of seeing Lincoln worked together in 1876 and went to the Black Hills in his casket. together in 1878. He was a scout for the government Then in 1901 when President McKinley was mur­ when I was a soldier. He was a good all around dered, the Zahns heard a rumor of it from August man. — W. P. Zahn Ereth who had been in . To confirm it Judge Zahn was sent by his father to the Parkins ranch on May 31, 1901 — Cannon Ball the Cannon Ball river, four miles from their ranch, Came home last night. Was down to Standing where a telegraph station was maintained. There Rock for Decoration Day and it was a good day and the operator, Bob Goodreau, confirmed the sad news. there was a large crowd of soldiers, citizens and En route back home Judge Zahn stopped at Indian Indians. Father Martain gave the oration and is homes along the way to inform them in Sioux that a very able man on such occasion. — W. P. Zahn. the Great Father had been killed.

Page Twenty-seven August 21, 1907 Wead's Store COWBOY SONG One of the stores, started by Pius Uselmann's When I think of the last roundup, uncle was bought by Jim and Joe Wead soon after On the eve of Eternity's dawn. the town of Fort Rice was started. Jim Wead mar­ I think of the host of cowboys ried Dorothy Sheperd in 1912 who passed away in the Who have been with us here and have late 30's. They had one son, Evert, who died in 1948. gone Dorothy (Mrs. Luke Schultz) lives on a farm between And I wonder if any will greet me Robinson and Dawson. The store was sold to Paul, On the sands of the Evergreen shore Jr., and Anton Gartner in 1935. That I've met with so often before I often look upward and wonder If any the wrong trail have taken And fail to "be in" over there For the trail that leads down The perdition is paved all the way with good deeds But in the great roundup of ages But the way to evergreen pastures Through narrow leads straight to the home in the sky. And Jesus will give the passports To the land of sweet Bye and Bye For the Savior has taken the contract To deliver all those who believe? Mr. and Mrs. Jim Wead Evert Wead's Ford in front At the headquarters ranch of his father and son, Evert. of the Wead Store. The The roundup days by the angels smaller building: is the Fort In judgment must pass 'neath his all Rice bank. searching eye No maverick of slick will be tolled In the great book of life in his home. That down through the ages have come The toilings must turn from the gate £** No road brand to gain the admission But the awful sad cry "Too Late," When the rider shall cut the big herd. That the cowboys will be represented In the earmark and hand of the Lord To be shipped to the bright Mystic Regions over there in green pastures To lie and lead by the crystal still waters. In that home in that sweet Bye and Bye. By Henry Zahn

DAKOTA DAYS From Diaries of Early Sojourners Fort Rice, Oct. 13, 1868 — The first civil election ever Wead's store. Willie Wead. held at Fort Rice or in this portion of the territory was held today. Twenty-nine votes were polled. The voters con­ sisted of traders, wood choppers, quartermaster em­ ployes, officers, colored servants, etc. All votes cast were in favor of (Jefferson R.) Kidder as delegate to the congress and others standing on the same ticket. A territorial treasurer, auditor, and superin­ tendent of public instruction were the other officers voted for. Steamer Fanny Barker and a large mackinaw boat came down in the afternoon with a large num­ ber of returning miners. The first store at Fort Rice, Dr. Washington Matthews, put up by Fred Schmidt, a Mrs. Joseph Burns, Mar­ pharmacist. General store garet L. Burns, Larry Fort Rice Post Surgeon also had postoffice in it. Burns, Joseph P. Burns. Page Twenty-eight s Notes from Pioneer Davs Way Back When Ask Everett Tillotson to explain the difference 50 Years Ago — Old Fort Rice was dedicated at between your neighbors hogs rooting up your garden the location of Gwyther on July 27, with a military or your hogs rooting your neighbors garden. program of note. Rev. Flower has blossomed out in a new line •—• The historic landmark of Fort Rice, one of the presiding over the Wead Bros, store during Joe first forts west of the Missouri, was to be deeded to Wead's enforced absence. the state, with Gov. Hanna accepting the deed. Messrs. Schmidt, Wead, Berger, Spaulding and A reproduction of "A Day in Camp 49 Years Ago," Watson took the afternoon train to Mandan Monday. (1864) was to be staged by military companies from There was a heavy rain here Friday and again Mandan and Bismarck, Boy Scouts, Catholic Cadets, Tuesday. and a band from the State Training School. The afternoon program featured speakers, including Gov. From The Slope Advocate Hanna and Senators Gronna and Hanley. Red Tom- April 11, 1912 hawk, who killed Sitting Bull, was also to be on the Mr. and Mrs. Paul Foster left for Mandan on speakers' platform. Thursday. Paul has sold his interest in the pool Two brass cannons, weighing a ton and donated room and will make his home in Mandan. Their by the federal government from the Rock Island, 111. friends regret their departure and wish them every arsenal, were to be mounted on each side of the flag success. pole. The pool hall changed hands on Thursday with Special trains were to leave Mandan, Bismarck Aug. Uselmann assuming the management. He ex­ and Mott in order to bring persons to the site 28 pects to add several new features to the business, miles south of Mandan. and will undoubtedly build the business up. Leona Rambow went to Mandan on Wednesday to 50 Years Ago —• Frank Huncovsky, who has been visit friends. manager of the Bingenheimer Lumber Yard at Fort S. Sims spent a few days this week on business Rice, moved to that point to reside. The Bingen­ in Bismarck and Mandan. heimer Company has purchased the Hawkeye Yard Farming has begun in real earnest and hope is at Fort Rice and renamed it. high for a bumper crop. George Rambow spent a few days last week in The Mandan News, Friday, May 3, 1912 Bismarck and Mandan on business matters. The preliminary hearing of Ord Whiting was held Mrs. E. G. Ballou was a passenger to Bismarck in Mandan Tuesday. The charge is grand larceny and Mandan on Thursday, where she is visiting and he is bound over on both counts. He may begin friends. to think "confession is good for the soul." Dec. 5,1878 — Fort Rice is dismantled. The Sher­ Mr. and Mrs. Robert Corbitt are the proud parents man has returned bringing up 350 tons of commissary of a baby son born April 22. and quartermaster stores. The boat took down one company of the 17th and brought up a company of Arno Tork took the train to Mott Tuesday morn­ the 6th Inf. The expedition was in charge of Col. ing going to Timmer to take the position of time­ E. D. Baker, quatermaster, who says the fast round keeper on the work train. trip was made in 22 hours. Fritz Leuhe of Bismarck spent Monday in our 50 Years Ago — Four acres of land, including the burg. greater portion of the site of old Fort Rice was deeded Paulson Lindeke, Warner's genial salesman, was to the State of North Dakota at impressive cere­ taking orders here Monday. monies held Sunday, July 27. Over 3,000 attended Mr. Brady, the separator man, came in on the the event and special trains were run to the site from morning train Saturday and demonstrated that his Bismarck, Mandan and Mott. An estimated 500 separator would actually separate hard and soft came on the south branch line from Flasher, Elgin, water. Mott, and Carson; another 500 from Mandan and 350 from Bismarck. Miss Rambow and young sister were weekend visitors at Mandan. It was estimated 100 cars from Mandan and 25 from Bismarck were at the grounds. Activities A site for the new school house known as the started at 1:00 p.m. as the white canvas top of an Cannon Ball school, has at last been selected. The emigrant wagon appeared to the west over a range northwest corner of Dr. Sowle's claim was chosen of hills. Presently it was overtaken by a band of and work on the building will begin at once. screeching Indians firing from break-neck' speed on The Fort Yates ferry man offered to bring the horseback. hull of the old Fort Rice ferry boat up for the in­ The settlers in the wagon returned the fire as significant sum of $250. The owners smiled and the mock battle raged. said a few words. (Continued next page) Page Tiventy-nine News Notes W. Martin and son Bruce of Mandan were seen (Continued from preceding page) in our burg last Sunday. Next on the scene were the government troops M. Dahl and Gunder Kjol visited relatives at the from Fort Rice who eventually rescued the settlers section house last Sunday. and captured the Indians. Some of the country boys are seen with broad Fifteen Sioux took part in the sham battle and smiles on nowadays, because the most of them think militia members from Mandan and Bismarck. they are the only ones that can get their girls with­ Among the old timers introduced at the program out riding. were Moses Hyatt and M. E. Urell, veterans of the Quite a number of farmers were seen here last 17th Inf., which served Fort Rice in 1871-1873. Monday to get some feed. Every farmer believes Gov. L. B. Hanna and Dr. A. G. McBeede of they will get a good crop this year, so they feed Fort Yates gave addresses but the most inspiring pretty heavy. talk was given by Sam Clark of Bismarck who spoke The rain is plentiful nowadays •—• it rains every on the love of Old Glory. other day. Last Tuesday afternoon we had a good As the reform school band played, the flags over shower of rain, so the farmers are seen with broad two cannons were hauled up the flag pole. smiles. Well, let us all take the rain while we get it. A singing society was organized here last The cannons were presented to the State Histori­ Tuesday night by the young people. We will soon cal Society by the federal government. have a brass band here, too. Then there'll be music Among old soldiers present who had been with in the air. the 7th Cav. were Sgt. James Flannagan and J. C. Creighton of Mandan, Herman Bindewald of Sweet Briar, M. C. Caddell of Fort Rice and Walter Ster- Fort Rice land and Jacob Horner. You have read that in 1864 Gen. Sully was sent Ladies serving on the reception committee were on a second expedition against the Sioux on the Mrs. Stumpf, Miss Elder and Miss Kate Keegan, all theory that they still have not been punished of Huff, Miss Van Solen of Cannon Ball, Mrs. J. B. enough. Before proceeding west from the Missouri Farsh, Mrs. A. W. Berkner, Mrs. A. C. Diehl, Mrs. he built a fort on the west bank of that river about M. R. Watson and Mrs. Steve Koppy, all of Fort Rice. 25 miles south of Mandan. This was Fort Rice. Included on the Farmers' committee were John Many cottonwood trees grew there, so they used them Ellison, Peter Kolberg, August Ereth, Elwood Clark in building the fort. and George Spaulding. Fort Rice was intended chiefly for the infantry and had room for four companies. Fort Rice served The Mandan News, Friday, May 3, 1912 as a base of operations for the Sully forces on their Huff — An unknown man got off the train here expedition. It also served as a base for supplies for last Friday morning and stayed until Saturday trying the expeditions of soldiers which were sent out to to get a boat to cross the river. He said he wanted protect the railroad surveyors, who in spite of the to see some party on the opposite side. treaty forbidding it, were determining what would be the best route for the railroad to follow. Sometime Saturday afternoon he went to Math Salisbury's place and wanted him to take him across, It was to Fort Rice that Linda Warf ield Slaughter but Math would not attempt it on account of the followed her husband, Dr. Frank Slaughter, post wind. The man then wanted to get the boat him­ surgeon. Linda Slaughter was one of the most self and go across. Mr. Salisbury finally let him talented of North Dakota pioneer women. She was have it. About 5:00 p.m. the stranger started for the a writer, painter, lecturer, nurse, and an excellent river. That was the last that anyone has seen of him. cook. Her writings, published in eastern papers No one thought any more about him before Sun­ and magazines, were much appreciated by the rail­ day morning when the boat was found about three- roads because she told of so many attractive features fourths of a mile down the river laying upside down, of the new country. and the rope which was fastened to the boat was Later, in Edwinton, which subsequently became caught in the river so solidly that it had to be cut Bismarck, she was the leader. She taught the first before they could get the boat on shore. It sure Sunday School in a tent. On July 7,1873, she became looks queer. the first teacher of a public school. When the schools of the county were organized, she became the first Huff baseball players were practicing last Sunday county superintendent of schools. When Bismarck to be well trained. was granted a postoffice, she became the first post­ Parkin's baseball team is going to cross bats with mistress. In honor of all her achievements, when Fort Rice team here next Sunday. telegraph services reached Bismarck, she was se­ The Farmers' Elevator Company received a car of lected to write the first telegram to be sent from feed last Monday. there. John Bassford, our storekeeper, visited at Elders In 1877 Fort Rice was discontinued, and replacing last Sunday. it the following year was Fort Yates, built farther Steve T. Tool made a trip out to his farm last down the river at Standing Rock Indian Agency. In Sunday. 1878 the buildings at Fort Rice were dismantled.

Page Thirty Catholic Outposts handed a telegram announcing the death. The boat's Catholic soldiers came to live in this area when flag was immediately displayed at half mast. various military posts were built along the Missouri. Geographical Points The first was Fort Rice in 1864, followed by Fort Buford, 1866; Fort Stevenson, 1867, and Fort Lincoln, Ambulance Butte — Named by early ranchers. 1873. Reason, supposed to be a story about army ambu­ lance, baby and an eagle. Story not known. Early Before Bismarck was founded in 1872, there was landmark. not a single town in all western Dakota. Hog Back Butte • • Resembles hog's back. Served as landmark. Fort Rice Peace Council Barn Butte —• Names Barn Butte because it some­ Many Catholics were among the five companies what resembles a barn and is by far the largest of soldiers on the Graham as it steamed up the and the most outstanding of surrounding hills. Missouri in 1867. They were pleased to have Father Named by cowboys from the Cannon Ball ranch — DeSmet on board to care for their spiritual needs: Ed Donahue, Jerome Cottonwood and probably H. S. As the ship moved slowly up the stream to the forts Parkin. Used as landmark. in Dakota, the beloved priest spent many hours in­ Clark Hills — Named in 1890 for W. F. Clark, structing them and preaching what was probably rancher located about five miles northwest of Solen, the first "mission" in Dakota. North Dakota. At Fort Rice, Fort Berthold and Fort Buford, he First Coulee, Second Coulee, and Third Coulee —• divided his attention between the Indians and the Named in 1890. Located between Cannon Ball river soldiers. He baptized many adults, over 60 children and Fort Rice creek. Named in order found, begin­ and gave the nuptial blessing to four couples. In all ning with First Coulee north of Cannon Ball river, there were 857 baptisms on the trip of 1867, 46 being by cowboys of Cannon Ball ranch. Landmark. adults. Overton Hill — One mile north of Corners Butte. Father DeSmet's greatest triumph as a peace­ maker came in 1868. Toward the end of May he Corners Butte — Named because located in a arrived at Fort Rice where the peaceful Sioux and corner where two ranes of hills come together. the soldiers claimed his attention. The first four Named in 1882 by ranchers and cowboys. Served as days after his arrival he was employed in the instruc­ landmark. tion of the Indians and in conferring the Holy Sacra­ Palace Butte — Resembles a palace. Named in ment of Baptism upon all their little children, to the 1885. Natural steps leading to the top of the Butte number of 600 or 700. and resemblance of Butte to palace gave rise to name. Used as landmark for ranchers. The 29th, 30th and 31th of May were devoted to the Catholic soldiers (Irish and German). The Signal Butte — Named because of the stone fire­ greater part of them took advantage of the occasion place originally used by the Indians in making their to approach the Tribunal of Penance and the Holy signal fires. In 1885 Butte named by the Indians Table on the solemn day of Pentecost. and the ranchers and used as landmark. Rice Creek — Named by soldiers stationed at Braving the threat of death from Sioux who had military post of Fort Rice, 1864, and because of its sworn to avenge their wrongs by killing the first nearness (less than one-half mile from the fort). white man they should meet, Father DeSmet went Also known as Buckley creek because John P. Buck­ with a band of friendly Sioux to the hostile camp of ley, a Civil War veteran, homesteaded near the creek Black Moon, Sitting Bull, Gall, No Neck, and White in 1886. A few people called it Buckley Creek. Rice Gut on the Powder River. Eminently successful, he Creek is the name most commonly used. persuaded them to come to Fort Rice for a council with Gens. Harvey, Sanborn and Terry. Fort Rice Park — Named for Fort Rice in 1913. Park is located on the exact site of former Fort Rice. Fifty thousand Indians were represented at the Named by the State Historical Society. Land on Great Peace Council of July 2,1868. The Black Robe which Fort Rice was owned by Robert Gwyther of used the occasion to instruct and baptize a number of Fort Rice, N. Dak. In 1913 he donated the land to Indians, some of them adults. the State Historical Society. W.P.A. constructed This was the last trip of Father DeSmet into Fort as it used to be. northern Dakota as ill health confined him to St. Louis. He kept planning missions among the Sioux Frontier Army on the Missouri River and the Fort Berthold tribes. Back at St. Louis, In the spring of 1865, the northern Cheyenne and Father DeSmet's health steadily declined. On May Santee and northern Yanktonai Sioux were hostile 14,1873, he attended the blessing of a new boat named and attacked Fort Rice and the mail carriers and the DeSmet in his honor by his intimate friend, Capt. immigrant trains nearby. Joseph LaBarge. The vessel started up the Missouri The Cheyenne had been driven north from the soon after the ceremony and the missionary returned Platte by the activities of the army in the region. to his bed. As soon as the priest died, on May 23, Scurvy had weakened the garrisons of the Missouri the news was sent to Sioux City, and when the De­ river posts. Eleven percent of the garrison at Fort Smet reached that point, Captain LaBarge was (Continued on page 33) Page Thirty-one Pius Usselmann Store JOE RESSLER Hardware and Groceries BLACKSMITH WELDING SHOP JACK OF ALL TRADES 1917 — 1964 ST. ANTHONY, NORTH DAKOTA FT. RICE, NORTH DAKOTA

HOFFMAN'S BAR HUFF BAR Four Miles South of Beer, Wine and Liquor TWILITE HILLS SKI BOWL

HUFF, N. DAK.

On Hiway No. 6 St. Anthony, N. Dak.

LUMBER MART

gs - r arm Homes

Page Thirty-two News Notes . . A Letter From the Files (Continued from page 31) 723 College Will. Rice died and 207 troops were on the sick list April, Oxford, Alabama 1865. Ex-rebels had been stationed there and they Friday, October 23, 1908 were easy victims to this disease because their con­ finement as prisoners of war had reduced their Capt. vitality. Activities on the Missouri were limited to My Dear Sir: garrisoning the posts and keeping the friendly and It has not been want of interest in my father's the hostile Indians apart. old and valued friend or non-appreciation of your The hostile Indians obtained large quantities of kindly thoughts of me which has delayed my writ­ ammunition and many guns from the half breed ing, but the many worries and troubles attendent traders from Canada. upon my back and serious illness. I have never fully General Sully's planned expedition to Powder recovered and presume it will be some time before River was recalled and the active operations against I can. the Indians west of the Missouri River were post­ (Signed) poned. Lula Pennington Adair

>gr. les eminiscences o. Biography of J. Bancroft Marsh and joined the Union army. He was found by his Born in New York City in 1844; joined Union guardian, who secured his release from the army. army at 17 and served four years. Had two brothers He stayed home just two months and ran away again. in the army at the same time. He joined the army, this time using the name of Lieutenant Arthur Marsh was taken prisoner and Newton J. Pilcher. He was in the army for two died in Libby prison. Mr. Marsh took part in the years and eight months of Civil War and was dis­ charged at the end of the war. He worked his way Battle of Gettysburg and saw action under both to Fort Riley, Kans., where he again enlisted in the Grant and Sherman. army and took part in the Indian campaigns, con­ Went back to New York City for two years and tinuing under the name of Newton J. Pilcher. worked as a carpenter. Married in 1866 to Mary- Fanning of New York City. Joined the army again In 1870 he was discharged from the army and took in 1868 and took part in many Indian campaigns. He a partner to start a wood yard 40 miles north of Pierre, Dakota Territory. They sold wood by the was discharged from the army at Fort Yates in 1881. cord to steamboats on the Missouri River. The work He worked at Fort Yates about a year, painting was dangerous because of Indian bands. His partner and doing carpenter work for the government. was killed in 1872; he got another partner but he, In 1882 he took his family to Fort Lincoln and left too, was killed by the Indians. He decided the life them while he went out to build a house. They had of a wood hawk was too dangerous so in 1875 he went decided to settle in the Fort Rice country and squats to Fort Yates where he worked for five years for ted two miles southeast of the Fort Rice post where Loni Hagaard who had a government contract to they built a three-room log house. This land later supply wood and hay for the post. became a homestead. They raised cattle and horses. John Buckley married a Sioux, Monica Goodrow, Eight children in the family included Josephine, in 1880 and in 1881 moved one mile south of the Victoria, Alfred, Clara, Franklin, Hubert, Evange­ present site and squatted on land that was later his line and Christopher. homestead. He raised cattle, sheep, and horses, and Mr. Marsh died in 1925; Mrs. Marsh died in 1927. seeded 15 to 20 acres into squaw corn each year for They are buried at Fort Rice. feed. Information by He used the name of Pilcher until his marriage Mrs. Frank (Victoria) Wells when he took his own name back. John Buckley Cannon Ball, N. Dak. had trouble getting his Civil War pension because of his two names and had a difficult time proving Biography of John P. Buckley who he really was. He had about given up trying Born at Des Moines, Iowa in 1847. Father's home­ to get his pension when he received a check from the stead later became part of Des Moines. Mother died War Department for $1,616.16 back pension. when he was five years old; father when he was 12. There are seven children — Mandy, John, Harriet, J. Pilcher was appointed his guardian. James, Joe, Charles and Steve. John Buckley quit school at this time and worked Mr. Buckley died Nov. 6, 1917 and is buried in in the guardian's shoe shop. They didn't get along the Fort Rice Union Cemetery. too well so he ran away from home at the age of 16 (Continued on page 35) Page Thirty-three Congratulations

to the

FORT RICE COMMUNITY

on Your 100th Anniversary

Your Full Service Bank

III I I, IIUI Our Best Wishes for a ST NATIONAL BANK of MANDAN Successful Celebration <^?»' Mandan, North Dakota

When Marketing your Livestock Keep in FREE CUSTOMER PARKING Mind the Auction that Keeps You in Mind. Member F.D.I.C.

BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA

Louis A. Tokach Crop Hail — Farm Liability CONGRATULATIONS Life ~ Hospital — Auto — Fire See Us for Complete Coverage from ST. ANTHONY, NORTH DAKOTA

107 First Ave. N.W. (Clinic Building) See Us for AH Your Fencing Supplies and Paints

Mandan, North Dakota

Our Prices Are Right

ST. ANTHONY, NORTH DAKOTA

Page Thirty-four Biographies The railroad station and the townsite at this place (Continued from page 33) were named Gwyther. In 1910 the railroad company Bruch, Harlan Page — Arnly Service merely acceded to a request made in 1914 to change In May, 1864, at Painsville, for the first time, the the name of Fort Rice to conform to the name of the Eighth Regiment was together for the purpose of post office established there. taking part in an expedition against the Sioux. The The above is from Mr. Nelson's letter in answer regiment reached Fort Ridgley, the rendezvous of to an inquiry about Fort Rice. the Minnesota brigade, May 28th, by marching across Robert Gwyther sold land for the townsite to the the country, then without human habitation. The Northern Pacific railroad with clause prohibiting sale Indians had ;been driven across the Missouri River. of liquor on this place. The first postoffice was in They had been worsted in several engagements but the Gwyther home from 1895 to 1910. In 1910 it was were still strong and defiant and openly boasted that moved to the Fred Smith store and he became post­ the white soldiers dare not follow them any further. master. The postoffice was named Fort Rice while General Sully was detailed to command the expe­ the depot retained the name of Gwyther. dition. His immediate command consisted of the Fifth and Sixth Iowa Cavalry, Brachett's Battalion of Some of the old timers like the Davis, Marsh, and Minnesota, the 30th Wisconsin Infantry, the Second Buckley families and many new settlers, thought it Minnesota Cavalry and the Eighth Army Regiment, should be named Fort Rice, as that was the name of two sections of artillery and a company of mixed the fort in 1864. white and Indian scouts. By 1916 Fort Rice had a general store and post- On the fifth day of June, ready for the march, office, Fred Smith; general store, August Uselmann; 2,100 mounted men, 106 mule teams loaded with sup­ hardware store, Paul Gwyther; jewelry store, W. W. plies, two six pound cannons, two mountain howit­ Dwight; hotel, Mrs. George Ward; bank, Robert zers, and 12 ambulances made up the force. The Gwyther; blacksmith, George Colby; elevator, farm­ march went on day after day, an unbroken column ers; newspaper (Fort Rice Slope Advocate), Boyd; without even getting sight of an Indian or a buffalo. livery stable, Paul Gartner, and lumber yard, Times were getting monotonous when at last they Bingenheimer. came to the Missouri River which they crossed July 9 The professional men were Doctor C. Zerley and and Fort Rice was established. Six companies of the Dentist Sowles. 13th Wisconsin were stationed there with instructions to construct the fort. There were three churches: Catholic, Father Isely; Methodist, Rev. Green, and Presbyterian, Rev. E. E. On July 19 the whole command took up the line Mattison. of march up the Cannon Ball River, an unexplored country, and then across to the Heart and up to its Questionnaire for old post office. First one 1864. head, which no white man's eyes had seen before.' Discontinued in 1864. The fort was named Rice for Now a well established railroad is running on that Colonel Rice, officer in the Union army during the trail. Civil War. General Alfred H. Sully, commander of a military expedition against Sioux Indians. Fort July 26 they corralled their train on the Heart Rice was a base of supplies for the military expedi­ River, and leaving it under a strong guard, started tion against Indians. Fort Rice abandoned in 1884. northward in serach of the redskins. They located Town named for abandoned Fort Rice location one the Indians the afternoon of the 28th on the Knife mile south of the township. In 1914 postoffice was River, or rather among the foothills of some moun­ named Fort Rice. The old timers wanted that be­ tains near it. The camp was an extensive one and cause of the fort. embraced 110 bands of Sioux. They had congregated this great force to clean out Sully's command and Fort Rice reached its peak in 1920 with a popula­ appeared to believe they could do it. tion over 300 which has since been going backwards. The command was about three miles from the Questionnaire for old postoffices. First one 1864. Sioux camp when they were discovered by the scouts. Discontinued in 1864. The fort was named Rice for The line of battle was formed by dismounting three Colonel Rice, officer in the Union army during the men out of four, leaving the fourth in charge of the Civil War. General Alfred H. Sully, commander of horses who followed the line in close column. The dismounted men were formed in line as skirmishers, a military expedition against Sioux Indians. Fort about four paces apart, with a reserve cavalry to Rice was a base of supplies for the military expe­ cover the flanks and the artillery within supporting dition against Indians. Fort Rice abandoned in 1884. distance of the line of battle. Town named for abandoned Fort Rice location one mile south of the townsite. In 1914 postoffice was Fort Rice Bibliography named Fort Rice. The old timers wanted that be­ Mr. E. E. Nelson, passenger traffic manager of the cause of the fort. Northern Pacific Railroad, claims that Northern Pacific Railroad officials did not name Fort Rice The Early Settlers — 1873-1889 in North Dakota. The fort was established and In 1871, 1872, and 1873, troops from Fort Rice and named by General Sully in 1864 and was named after Lincoln made expeditions into the dangerous Indian Rice Creek near which it is located. (Continued on page 37) Page Thirty-five For the Best Buy, Always Stop at ohr Photography LEE MOHR Bismarck - Mandan Oliver Snpply

Portrait Artists Oliver tractors, farm machinery Complete parts and Commercial Photography service department Complete line of Murals farm grain augers Farmoijl, grease Candid, Weddings Hydraulic service parts and connection Camera Shop Farm tools Northwestern Foto Service

1 Mile East of Mandan on the Strip PAUL SCHAPF, General Manager 202 Third Avenue N.W. Mandan, N. Dak.

Bismarck Farm Equipment

Your CASE Dealer

Between Mandan and Bismarck on Highway 10 Chase Chevrolet, Inc.

107 3rd Avenue, N. W. PART SALES SERVICE MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

Wisconsin Parts and, Service

Phone Bis. CA3-107S — Mandan 8254

Page Thirty-six Biographies Two large boxes of family treasures were packed (Continued from page 35) for travel. There were two children, Bertie, 5, and Ivor, 3. They went to London first to say farewell lands west of the Missouri to protect surveying parties to friends and then on to Liverpool where they for the Northern Pacific railroad. It seemed that boarded an Atlantic liner for New York. On landing the unofficial chaplain on these expeditions was at New York they took a westbound train to Bis­ Father Valentine Sommerheisen, who made a yearly marck, where two of Mrs. Gwyther's brothers helped visit from Yankton to the forts on the upper Missouri. them get established in a house on the corner where In 1873 he arrived at Fort Rice too late to join Hoskins-Meyer now stands. the expedition to the Yellowstone River. What he then did was considered so extraordinary that one Gwyther crossed the Missouri to Mandan and of General Stanley's officers, writing from expedition west to look for a ranch. He bought a team and covered wagon in Bismarck, and cattle from Bill headquarters on the Yellowstone, sent this report to Wade. His wife's brothers helped him build a two- the New York Herald: room log house 25 miles south. In the spring he "This morning quite a sensation was created in brought his wife and two children out. Michael camp. I had been over the river with Colonel Hart Caddell came to see them one day from across the and Lieutenant Braden, and was waiting for the boat Missouri to ask them to move over where there was to return to take us across, when a couple of officers a school. Michael was formerly sergeant under came galloping down to the landing to inform us that Custer and escaped the massacre by the Indians at a little while before a small white-topped buggy, the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Later he married drawn by a single horse, was observed making its the widow of Sgt. Mclllargic who was killed by an way down the hills in the direction of the camp. No arrow while carrying a message from Major Reno one could surmise what its business was or where it to Custer. Sgt. Mclllargie's widow at Fort Lincoln could have come from, as no such vehicle was with had two children, Rosalie, 3 and Archibald, 1V2. the command. Soon it came up and it was seen that After her marriage to Caddell they went by that it contained a single man, who was enveloped in a name. There was a third child, Thomas, when they black gown. He alighted, introduced himself as the finally moved to fort military reserve. Rev. Father Sommerheisen, a Roman Catholic Mis­ sionary, and stated that he had left Fort Rice on the Baby Robert was born in September so next 19th, following our trail for 260 miles in the inter­ spring, 1884, they crossed the shiny ice by wagon and vening six days. This seemed incredible, but when camped in an empty house until Gwyther and his he produced letters from friends at Fort Rice, dated brother-in-law, George Smith, built a house of logs the 19th of July, we were forced to believe it. The less than a mile south of Caddells. In 1885 a school brave old gentleman had actually traveled alone was built of logs on the bank of a ravine between the over an Indian country a distance of over 250 miles, two families. Miss Bessie Smith, a sister of Mrs. when it was considered necessary to send a force of Gwyther, was the first teacher. Soon the Buckleys 1,500 soldiers to protect a party of engineers going and the Marshes settled south of the fort. A larger over the same route. He told his story with modesty, school was built. Even later a large frame school and evidently felt relieved to find himself safe in a was built. friendly camp. He had traveled during the cool A bachelor, Dennis O'Laughlin, moved north of portions of the day, and subsisted entirely on cold the school and worked for Gwythers, Kennedys and food, ham, bread, etc. His horse is in good condition, J. B. Smiths and settled a few miles north of Cad­ notwithstanding the fact that he had driven so far dells. The second teacher was Ella Schermohom. without a particle of forage. He had not seen an Indian on the road, or any signs of any. Perched M. J. Caddell carried mail to Livona by horseback on top of his wagon was a black cross, the emblem of and by boat. his profession, faith in which he said had brought In the 80's and early 90's Parkin grazed cattle on him through safely. Father Sommerheisen is an old the range along with Fort Rice herds. Indian missionary, having been on the frontier since The railroad was built in 1910. 1854 and is known to nearly all the Indians of this region. Other Old Timers Jim Harrison, who was called Buckskin because Pioneer Days On he always wore buckskin clothes. Fort Rice Military Reserve By Annie R. Gwyther Late in the year 1882 a farmer in Wales, Great Britain, decided to emigrate to North Dakota, U.S.A. His wife's sister had previously crossed the Atlantic. Two of the brothers, William and Ben Smith, went to the gold digging in the Black Hills. Their sister, Bessie, accompanied them as housekeeper. George and Stephen Smith remained at Bismarck. So to please his wife, Robert Gwyther decided to sell his The Robert Gwyther Home property and cross the ocean. (Continued on page 39) Page Thirty-seven llkll FARM INSURANCE COMPACT It's Fun MILO W. KEIGLEY, Local Agent to Shop at the

Auto - Life - Fire and. Casualty

100 Vi 1st Ave. N. W. Mandan, North Dakota 58544

BETWEEN BISMARCK ANB MANPAN PHONE: Off. 4003 - Res. 4005

BILL'S LIQUOR STORE

MANDAN. NORTH DAKOTA TONY'S CAFE

MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

MANDAN CIRCLE FOOD TEN SPOT BOWLING LUES STORE 107 11th Ave. N. E. Mandan, N. Dak.

FRANK WETCH - WENZEL CERMAK 210 EAST MAIN PHONE 3262 Mandan, N. Dak. Good, Luck on Your 100th Anniversary

[ARIANNE'S LTD. MANDAN SHEET METAL WORKS Women's Ready to Wear 103 East Main Mandan, North Dakota MANDAN, N. D. PHONE 2240

Heating and Ventilating — Air Conditioning MEN'S MART General Sheet Metal Mens Clothing MANDAN, N. D.

Page Thirty-eight Biographies . moved to Fort Rice so that Hazel might enter school. (Continued from page 37) With the exception of the school terms spent in vari­ Kelly — don't know what his first name was; ous cities where Hazel received her high school and everybody called him Kelly. college education, they lived in Fort Rice until 1944. These two men were in partnership stealing cattle At this time Hazel began to teach in Bismarck, and from the Indians. One lived just south of the fort they made their home there until the passing of Mrs. and the other one on the north side. They would Hammond in February of 1961. Hazel still teaches in pick up Indian cattle, drive them to the fort and the Bismarck schools. George moved to Wisconsin butcher them. Then they hauled the dressed beef where he now lives with his family, his wife Laura, to Bismarck and sold it to butcher shops there. and daughters Evelyn and Clara both now in high When they were caught, 24 quarters of beef were school. George operates a large dairy farm at Rich­ found concealed in cisterns at the then-abandoned land Center, Wisconsin. fort. Mrs. Hammond experienced many of the hard­ Other early timers were Willie Birchfield, Ben ships, as well as the joys of those early days in the Singletree, Charlie Martin, Elwood Rider, Jim Mo- Fort Rice area, as did the other pioneer residents. lash, Tom Givens, Tom Douglas, Fred Eastagen, Mrs. Hammond has told of various amusing inci­ Angevine (don't know his first name), J. B. Marsh, dents. One of them being of the long trips made with Pete and Ole Bendickson, Ed Donehue, John Leach, her father, Mr. Dwight, by wagon to Mandan from Tom Short, Henry Galpin, Bob Brown, Johnson the homestead near Fort Rice. She said they would (don't know his first name but he ran the Cannon start the trip in summer about two o'clock in the Ball ranch before H. S. Parkin who served the first morning, and would arrive in Mandan about nine. North Dakota legislature). They would then go to a hotel where the hotel owner would let them heat the coffee on the hotel stove, Michael O'Laughlin filed on 160 acres of land and eat the lunch which they had brought with them. which joins the northeast corner of Ft. Rice village. This would surely be humorous to the point of being Then there was Major McLaughlin, well known by unthinkable in these modern times. early settlers; also Jim Tye. North of Fort Rice were M. C. Caddell, Ed Tim, In winter, the trip to Mandan was anything but Dunbar (I believe his first name was Charlie), John comfortable. Winters were severe, and the sleigh Kennedy, College Brown, J. B. Smith, Woodhead had to be warmed with hot stones or bricks to keep (don't know his first name), Harry Smee, Chaddeen their feet from freezing. Stops were necessary along (don't know his first name either), and in later years, the way. They would stop at farms, sometimes over John Ellison (don't recall the year he settled here). night, where neighbors were most hospitable and ac­ commodating. In those days people had but little There were also many others before 1900. in the way of worldly goods, but they shared that Mrs. Hammond, An Early Fort Rice Settler little with any who were in need of a helping hand. Mrs. Pearl Hammond, the former Pearl Eunice There were prairie fires and droughts, and the Dwight, came to Fort Rice in the early 1900's with usual hardships of the pioneer, but any of those her father, Mr. F. E. Dwight, who was a Nebraska pioneers will tell you that there were also happy high school professor. times. Friends and relatives would gather together Along with her came her for parties and dances, coming for the happy gather­ brothers and sisters, and ings from miles around, and hardships were for the later her uncles and aunts, time forgotten in the merriment. all of whom settled in the Mrs. Hammond has related one such an event, a nearby Fort Rice commu­ Christmas party and dance on the plains of North nity. Her mother had pas­ Dakota. They were living on a rather large cattle sed away in Nebraska be­ ranch at the time, and as she anticipated the large fore their coming to North group to come, she baked numerous mince meat Dakota. They homesteaded pies, and a cream or milk can full of rich rice pud­ • about seven miles south ding with raisins. The mince pies were frozen in ^!Kp*^ • and west of Fori Rice. Mother Nature's deep freeze. Pearl Dwight was later During the course of the Christmas party, a married to William Ham­ severe blizzard arose, and the guests were compelled mond, having two chil­ to remain at the ranch until the storm abated. In dren, Hazel and George those days, a blizzard could continue for several days. Mrs. Pearl Hammond Hammond. They were All the guests laughingly vowed that they would not and Hazel married at the old court leave until the last of those mince pies and rice house on the hill at Mandan. Mr. Hammond passed pudding had been eaten! away while the children were yet very small. Hazel Mrs. Hammond had two sisters and two brothers, continued to live with her mother, while George was who also lived at Fort Rice during the earlier years, raised and educated by the senior George Hammond, before finally moving to other places. an uncle in Nebraska, and later of Fort Rice. One sister, Anna, was married to Edward Balder- After the death of Mr. Hammond, Mrs. Hammond ston who was a Fort Rice carpenter, and her sister lived on the homestead for some years, and then (Continued on page II)

Page Thirty-nine Ernie's Friendly Service T. J. GUSTIN

Motor Tune Up — Brake Service — Tires MOBIL OIL COMANY Batteries — Accessories — Wrecker Service

P. O. Box 617 Mandan, North Dakota 814 W. Main, Mandan, North Dakota

Sullivan Furniture Co. We Specialize in Furniture Moving General Hauling — Road, Gravel and. Coal "Quality Furniture — Budget Prices" Washed, Sand- and Gravel 116 EAST MAIN PHONE 8122

OFFICE PHONES: MANDAN-786 Mandan, North Dakota BISMARCK - ENTERPRISE 4000

Money to Lend Money to Lend LOANS - LOANS 1. NEW OAR FINANCING - USED CAR FINANCING THREE OPERATORS 2. AUTO LOANS - NEW AND USED At Your Beauty Service 3. AUTO REFINANCING Three Expert Barbers 4. FURNITURE LOANS 5. WE PURCHASE CONDITIONAL SALES CONTRACTS Service and Satisfaction Is Our Motto NORTHWEST FINANCE All Types of Permanent — Personality Hair Cuts 212 West Main Mandan 300 Main West, Mandan Phone 2268 Our 25tJi Year of Friendly Financing in This Community

"Congratulations" Old-timers and New-timers of Banquets — Parties — Catering Chicken and. Steaks Visit Our Store the Next Time You're in Bismarck

SEARS, ROEBI CALL PETE AT 902 317 Main Avenue Bismarck, N. Dak.

Page Forty Biographies (Continued from page 39) Grace, who married Noah Harris. The Belderstons moved to McLaughlin, S. Dak., and the Harris's to Mandan, where Mr. Harris was an embalmer with the Kennelly Funeral Home for many years. Mrs. Balderston is now dead, and Mrs. Harris resides at Sacramento, Calif., where she maintains an apart­ ment near a son, Roy Harris and family. Mr. Harris passed away in 1960. Mrs. Hammond's brothers, Wilbur and Preston Picture taken of the Fort Rice ladies at the Gwy­ also resided at Fort Rice on homesteads. Wilbur ther home after a Methodist Ladies Aid Society became a Fort Rice watch repairman and jeweler, meeting about 1936 or 1937. Some of the ladies, front later working for jewelers in Bismarck. Preston row left to right: Evelyn Rebenitsch, Mrs. Evert is still living in Salem, Ore. Wead, Mrs. Tom Hubbard, Mrs. Pius Uselmann, Mrs. Steve Bendish, Sr., Mrs. Dorothy Wead, Mrs. Frank Mrs. Hammond's uncles and aunts, Mrs. Melvin Kuntz, Frances Huncovsky, Mrs. Clara Foster, Mrs. Foster, Mrs. Amanda Dwight, Mrs. Ellen Coe Hughes, John Rebenitsch, Sr., Mrs. John George, Mrs. John Mr. Stanley Dwight, and Mr. Edward Dwight, all Bendish, Mrs. John Lockner, Mrs. Paul Rebenitsch, lived in Fort Rice until their eventual deaths. They Mrs. Earl Knox, and Miss Roberta Gwyther. The came to Fort Rice from Iowa, where Mrs. Hammond children are Nona Mae Uselmann, Lockner children's also was born. They were a source of company and relatives, and Carol Baudien. help to Mrs. Hammond and Hazel in later years.

In Memoriam — Mrs. Pearl E. Hammond W Deceased February 5, 1961 T W* m I remember, Mom n When you pulled me From a swollen stream, And carried me to safety ***!!!fc k "> •' "*•' In your arms. And the long night You watched over me, Until my burning fever Broke, just as the dawn Appeared across The eastern sky. Ladies Aid, taken in front of the Ward hotel at Fort Rice. You bowed your head, And whispered low, Mandan Paper Headlines, Friday, December 19, 1915 "Thank God." It mattered not Village of Fort Rice Prospering What tragedy came to me, Rich Soil Surrounds Trading Point 27 Miles Around Broken doll, broken heart, You mended everything Bank Has Capital of $10,000 With your open arms, And wondrous, magic words, The Ward Brothers General Merchandise Store Here for Five Years "Don't cry, darling, Your Mother's here." H. H. Davis, Postmaster — Hazel J. Hammond Busy Day

Fort Rice Settlers Are Filing Their Claims Miss Blue got very sick one day while visiting at Henry Koch came to Fort Rice as a regular North­ the George Balling home in 1909, and had to stay in ern Pacific depot agent in March, 1918. He was bed for six weeks. At that time houses were small stationed there until June, 1953, shortly after the and beds were not as plentiful in homes as today so tornado destroyed the depot and most of the town while she was in this bed, a member of the family the afternoon of May 29, 1953. had to sleep on the floor. (Continued on page 43) Page Forty-one 100 yrs. ago the Fort Rice Mili­ tary Reservation was founded on the Missouri River. Best wishes to the Committee and Fort Rice area residents on the celebration of this memorable event.

^S8fe. *g%w

114-116 2nd Ave. N.W. Phone 4487

Other Offices At: Wishek, Mott, Beulafo, Dickinson, Watford City

Our Military Fort Is 100 Years Old Are Proud to be a Part of It

GARTNER'S BAR

ANTON AND MARY

Where the North and South Friends Meet

Fort Rice, North Dakota

Page Forty-two Biographies Axel Bendikson (Continued from page 41) Born in Hans, Norway, August 8, 1895 Mrs. Koch was a school teacher for some years. My father came to America from Norway in 1882. They are living in Bismarck now. He worked at the brick yards when he first came to Mandan. He also went to Fort Benton on the Milo Davis steamboat, along with his brother Ivar P. Bendikson Milo Davis came to Fort Rice in April, 1905, and and Anton Olson. He was their guardian as they pitched a tent where the family made its home just were younger than my father. My father worked under the hill but above the June high water. After for the Parkins on the Cannon Ball ranch. a few months he built a house of logs taken from an My mother and my family came to America in old abandoned building. My mother said she was 1901. We were at Liverpool, England when Presi­ very glad to have better protection than a tent dent McKinley was assassinated. I was six years old offered. at that time. We landed at and from there took the train to St. Paul, Minn, then to Mandan, The only home my mother ever had there was where we stayed with E. K. Hanson until we could the small log house which dad sold to Gwythers in go out to the country. 1911 and then moved to Shell City, Mo., 75 miles south of Kansas City. The railroad was built 1910. I farmed near Shields, Fort Yates, and near Huff, and now west of Fort Rice where I live at the present John Buckley had a log house on Rice creek just time on the farm that once belonged to my uncle, south of the old cemetery on the flat. They were of Iver P. Bendikson. much assistance during the first hard years. The Parkins Lutheran Church is located about one In 1908, when I was 21 years old, I homesteaded mile south of where I live. a 30-acre plot just east of Father's south "40". This In 1918 my father, an older sister and a younger plot included a good portion of the old fort. brother passed away. Two brothers, Art and John, A cavalry man whose name was Short, home- and two sisters and myself, are the remaining mem­ steaded about 1907 a few miles west of Fort Ricej bers of our family. My mother passed away in 1954 He came up from Iowa to see his daughter, married, at the age of 88. I believe, to a man named Cessna. He was one of I have a son, David Bendikson. the first to get off the steamer to establish the post. During my years there, 1906 to 1918, I saw but Fort Rice one steamer come up the river loaded with unas­ (Tune: Shenandoah) sembled wagons for Indians farther up above Man­ By Mrs. Axel Bendikson dan someplace. Close to the banks of the Missouri The first store was put up by Fred Schmidt, a With its swift and muddy waters registered pharmacist. I got a job there for the Where the Indians and the buffalos wandered winter of 1909. Pius Uselmann's brother had an On the plains of the Dakotas. interest in it and I was a general helper at $40.00 a The white men were moving westward month, very good pay for that time. Many army forts were started One morning just after I arrived, a bunch of In their struggles with the red men Indians from the Standing Rock came in and bought Their safety had to be guarded. a big order, several coats, paying $40.00 in cash. Mr. The years have passed away so swiftly Schmidt came in after the customers left, at once Till they number just a hundred noticed the coats were gone and asked what hap­ So old Fort Rice we do salute you pened to all the coats? I told him I had sold them As we mark your anniversary. and showed him the money. The coats ranged from $8.00 to $12.00 each and were heavy fall coats. Fort Rice Military Cemetery I believe it was the old cavalry man who told Fort Rice Military Cemetery is located one-half mile west of the fort and is surrounded by a picket me about 1909, the story of an early soldier who, fence. Crosses of wood marked the graves. The when he saw a rattlesnake go in a mouse hole caught bodies of soldiers were dug up a detail of soldiers in the snake's tail. The snake turned in the hole and 1906, the remains placed in a square box with the suddenly appeared to bite the finger of his tormenter. names of soldiers printed thereon, then sent to Custer Whiskey in stock at the post was allowed to drip Park in Montana for reburial. Relatives of soldiers on the incision and the soldier's life was saved. He also buried here, were not moved. may have diverted a nip internally which may have In 1864 white settlers living nearby used this helped to accomplish the desired end. cemetery to bury their dead. Oh yes, my informant, for an old man, rode very In 1905 the land was bought by Robert Gwyther well and looked the part of a mounted soldier as he who donated the cemetery to the Catholic, Methodist wore a flaring moustache and goatee. and Presbyterian churches in 1910. It is now called the Union Cemetery. By HARRY DAVIS, Age 76 (Continued on page -1;')) Pane Foriu-ihrcc Compliments of

ill Unfetter

Best Wishes

Bismarck Grocery Co.

Buck Distributing Co.

McQuade Distributing Co.

Northwest Beverages, Inc.

Ed Phillips & Sons

Page Forty-four Biographies . . , escapes from snakes for they were plentiful. They (Continued from page 43) would crawl into blankets or food boxes left open. Mike Pitzer, Sr. and Mike Pitzer, Jr. Families Usually a large rope was spread on the ground into Michael Pitzer, Sr., was born Sept. 28, 1856, in a circle where belongings were kept, as snakes did Austria-Hungary, the son of Math and Katherine not crawl over a rope. (Geiss) Pitzer. His marriage to Elizabeth Weigle In November, 1889, he took up a homestead near occurred in Austria-Hungary. With his family he his father's ranch. He married Caroline Weinhandl, emigrated to the United States in 1881 residing in the daughter of George and Mary (Gruber) Wein­ Omaha, Nebr. He went to work at Council Bluffs handl, Nov. 18, 1901. She was born Dec. 25, 1880 in at a packing plant. The following year they moved Austria-Hungary. At the age of 16 she emigrated to to Spring Hill, Minn., where he met his brothers-in- America with same of her friends. Most of her law, Joseph H. Schmidt and Math Weigle. After friends called her "Lena." She decided to make her working a year they decided to move further west. home in Mandan and sought employment there. They started out, packing their belongings into a She began working for Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Win- covered wagon, drawn by two oxen. They crossed bauer at Winbauer's Hotel, presently the Pioneer the Missouri River at Bismarck by ferry in the fall Tavern. She performed most tasks, but mainly of 1885 and settled in Mandan in the southeast end cooking. near the Heart River, then known as "Dogtown." He was employed in the railroad roundhouse for two For two years they lived with his parents, then years, shortly after its establishment. moved onto their homestead, which in later years was developed into more land. They lived in a log They were still not at ease in being settled, so in shack for six years, consisting of living quarters, the fall he took up a claim 16 miles south of Mandan hen house, horse barn and hog house. Mr. Pitzer's on the old telegraph road between St. Anthony and folks gave them four chickens, two horses, two hogs, Schmidt. Through purchase of adjoining land he and one cow with which they got their start and developed his homestead into a ranch, amounting to prospered. three sections. In later years more land was added. He had prospered in his farming operations and was They had very few neighbors at the time, but had rated one of the wealthiest farmers in the county many interesting experiences with the Indians, as at the time of his retirement. Retiring to the city of they had their share of Indians camped near the Mandan in 1918, he purchased several pieces of city creek where water was plentiful, and not very far real estate, and developed his property holdings from their land. On baking days they would come both in city and rural communities. to the house and "Lena" gave them fresh bread and whatever baked goods were on hand, and they in Shortly after settling in Mandan, Mrs. Pitzer be­ turn gave trinkets, robes and moccasins. came ill and passed away. He then made his home with his children, until he remarried and then lived Many a morning they'd wake to find a hungry "hobo" or "bum" lying on a pile of hay in the barn. in town again. To this union nine children were After a hearty breakfast, he gave his thanks and born, four sons and one daughter are now deceased. walked off into the hills, probably spending the next Three sons and one daughter are living. The daugh­ night in a neighbor's barn. Gypsies would also come ter is Mrs. Katherine Graner, Mandan and the sons into the yard and swipe anything they could lay are Mike, Tacoma, Wash.; John, Colorado Springs, their hands on, especially chickens, which furnished Colo., and Andrew of rural Mandan. them food. Mr. Pitzer made two visits to his old home in Austria-Hungary, visiting a brother and other rela­ During those six years, three children were born tives. His death came at the age of 81. to them, two of whom passed away in infancy. In Mike, the eldest of his sons, was born in Austria- the spring of 1908 they built a four-room house with Hungary, March 18, 1879. At the age of two years the help of neighbors. Until 1913 three girls and two he came to America with his parents. He was a great boys were born to them. Their work day started horseman. At the age of 14 with the aid of Ira early in the morning and lasted late into the night. Butler, Julius Rose, John Kohovik, Charley Thomp­ Winter months found them gathering wood into piles son, Martin Fiele, and August Bethke, they ranched to keep their stoves furnished; their home was always his father's cattle and horses near the Louise Creek warm and comfortable as long as a good fire was between Flasher and Timmer. His mother saw that raging. they had food and clothes, for a week's supply, which Mike would leave at 3:00 a.m. with a sled and team was brought by saddle horse or buggy. That was a for the woods, chop wood all day in below zero 30 mile trip. They slept out on the open range, weather, bring home a load and leave the next morn­ using the long prairie grass and a blanket for their ing for Mandan where he sold wood to homes. The bed and the saddles served as pillows. A few would net was $3.00 per load, cut in stove length, and usual­ always keep watch over the cattle and horses while ly carried a fight of 30 steps or more with a bushel the rest slept. basket. When a drought occurred during the sum­ One morning they discovered a mountain wolf mer, causing a failure of crops, it meant additional chewing on a two-year-old steer. They fired several work for the winter. shots but it got away and ran into the "Dog Teeth Paul Unsted and his helper, Charley Wall, erected Hills," near Flasher, where the wolves had their dens an eight-room house for them in 1915. In 1916 ''"^ and young ones. The men also had several narrow (Continued on page '17) Page Forty-five (F*** ^ 66 'St at the FIRST!'1 hm NATIONAL BANK BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA Affiliated with First Bank Stock Corporation Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation \^

"Look for the Time and Temperature Sign5'

MAIN OFFICE ARROWHEAD OFFICE 322 E. Main Arrowhead Plaza

Bismarck

AUT \ 1 H

r-ir\-TT N

Page Forty-six Biographies . . . days, one old neighbor put his blanket on the horse (Continued from page 4")) and froze his leg so that it had to be amputated 1920 they were blessed with two fine boys. Mrs. afterwards. Pitzer's was in poor health for several years, and He was a senator and representative for 28 years. bedridden for one year. She passed away Sept. 14, He was 89 years old when he passed away. They 1940 and was laid to rest in St. Anthony cemetery had eight children, four boys and four girls. with a large circle of neighbors and friends mourning her death. The first post office was Dabson. People by the name of Gipp, then Melzner run it. They closed The Pitzer farm at this time consisted of 2,000 Dabson and moved it to Huff. acres with 500 under cultivation. In 1945, Mr. Pitzer retired and bought a home in Mandan, leaving his Parkin was started by John Ellison in 1903. Marie farm in the care of his son Martin for three years. Rovik was postmaster in 1904. This was the halfway It was rented out for two years and after that sold place on the freight line from Fort Yates to Mandan. to Fred Kist, manager of the Mandan Livestock Sales Bill Martin managed that. They called that the Old Ring. Rocky Road. Among the old settlers were Jos. Schmidt, Irene Melzner, Kline, Opitz, Wilkes, Frank- Mr. Pitzer moved to the west coast Oct. 1, 1956. el, John Leach and James B. Mulhern were old His hobbies are woodcraft and gardening, and he has timers. Ed Dunahue was a foreman for Mrs. H. S. made an exact replica of his farm, including the Parkin. John Riselever, Chaska Parkin were cow­ house, big red barn and windmill. He still grieves boys for Mrs. Parkin, Robert and George Welsch are for the farm and loves to roam the hills on his North some of the old timers. Dakota visits as he did in the early days with his dog Rusty, and a gun. Ed was the first man to start the old creamery, known as Bondy's place. That is where John Mike Pitzer was 85 years old March 18, 1964. His Briener got shot. oldest daughter, Mrs. Genard (Mary) Olson lives in Rice Lake, Wise, and is in the nursing profession; John, Louis, and Fred Harms and some girls lived Mrs. Jack C. (Eva) Leingang, Tacoma, Wash., her south of St. Anthony. Mike Pitzer, Sr., settled out hobby is child care; Julia in Tacoma, is also in the around Fort Lincoln, south of Mandan. nursing field. Clarence and Roy live in Tacoma and Adams was here a long time. are construction workers; Edmund lives on McNeil I was a railroad man, cowboy, and farmer in my Island, Wash, is a maintenance guard for the prison, life. Was in Canada for a while with my father's and Martin lives in Mandan and works for Gamble- horses. Robinson, Inc. There are 22 grandchildren and 30 Talalies, Regans and Musinstad lived between great grandchildren. here and Mandan. There were very few ranchers. Neil Edwards was the only place I can remember. Ben Martin Angheny and Millers were old timers too. Frank Senator W. E. Martin, Ben Martin's dad. Bruggen lives on the old Angheny place. Born in Mandan, March 20th, 1889; married to Clark lived down on the Chanta Pete Creek. Cecelia Smith. They have four children. Alkali Flat by the Clark place. Bill Martin, Sr. 1887 — Send kids and Mrs. Martin The first time Ben Martin worked out he worked home and then got caught in a blizzard for three for I. P. Bendikson. Ole B. worked for my dad (W. W. Martin) old Singletanty and Charlie Martin cut hay where Krois lived. If you cut hay in a big circle nobody else should cut hay in this circle. Badger and Parkins had cattle on open range. In early days, the people that didn't have brands in an association, used to be advertised in the weekly papers along with the general location of the cattle. Sleton, Elmer had the first place where Suchy lived. Broderick, Gozzard, Briner, Dad and Mr. Sheppard hauled freight for the soldiers took him 13 days to go from Mandan to the Caddell place at Fort Rice. My father lived for quite a while at Riverside Ranch. John Ellison worked there and Pete Bendik­ son worked there; also Ed Egger, Riverside Ranch Cattle Co. Capital $250,000 —1890. Address, Man­ dan, Morton County. John Ellison family homesteaded in the easy 1900's, also Martin and Nels Dahl. In 1909 I helped my father haul the wheat to the elevator in Mandan with teams. There were very few places between here and Mandan at that time. There are quite a few changes in the country since then. Senator W. E. (Bill) Martin (Continued on page 49)

Page Forty-seven For the Best Buy, Always Stop at MANBAN SUPPLY andaii Security Bank A Complete Banking Service inn JLkJ

Authorized Sales - Paris - Service Complete Diesel Service for All Makes of Mandan's Locally Owned. Community Bank Tractors - Farm Equipment - Motor Trucks Hardware - Wire - Poles - Paint MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA Automotive Supplies and Tools Complete Line of Mayrath Augers and Parts

Bismarck Customers Call 223-7906 Member of F.D.I.C. 801 E. Main Mandan

PAUL SCHAFF, General Manager

Buehler Funeral Home Service

MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

WARREN BUEHLER, Manager-Director

Area Code 701 Telephone 630

Fuse Fortu-eisJit Biographies (Continued from page 47) Pius Uselmann Pius Uselmann came to this country in 1910. He worked in Mercer until spring then went to work for his uncle Christ Uselmann near Stanton, along the Knife River. During harvest he worked for George Krem near Hazen. That fall he homesteaded about three miles west of Fort Rice (1912); he farmed the George Colby farm and did some breaking on Pius Uselmann store after twister. his homestead. In 1914 he rented his land to Joe Koppy, a neigh­ bor, and went to work for Paul Gwyther in a store at Solen for six months of the year as he had to spend six months on his own land in order to claim it. While he farmed, George Rambow took his place in the store. Paul Gwyther bought the Solen store from Jim Wells. Paul owned the Solen store and the Gwyther at Fort Rice until he became the county agent in Hettinger County in 1916. He then sold the Solen store to Frank Wetsch and the Fort Rice store to Pius Uselmann. On Jan. 1, 1917, Pius took over and has been busy ever since. May 29, 1953, a tornado struck Fort Rice, taking the store plus many other buildings. Pius was in It took a room off the Uselmann house. his store at the time and was picked up by the wind and carried out of the building. He found himself on the ground quite a distance from his store. He did not give up like many people would have done. He built another store and went right back to work. In fact, he never stopped, as he operated the store from his basement until the new building was done. This is 1964 and Pius is still going strong. He opens his store every day of the week, even Sundays after church he is there to serve the people ^ and most nights until late. He has no hired help, just he and Mrs. Uselmann, and most of the time he makes his own sausage as can be seen in one of these pictures. The Uselmann's have six children. All are mar­ ried and have families of their own. Few people can say they were in business in the same location for 47 years. Pius Uselmann store.

Inside of Pius Uselmann store. Pius and hitching poles. Pius Uselmann Store. (Continued on page 51) Page Forty-nine BILL'S SUPER VALU Consign Your Cattle Where There Are More of the Bigger and Better Buyers at Ringside

Where You Go for the Brands you Know

PHONE 575

109 Fifth Avenue N.W. Mandan, N. Dak. IIST LIVESTOCK AUCTION MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

QUALITY BUILDERS, Inc.

BERGSTRO: Lumber, Hardware and, All Leading Supply Co. Brands of Building Material

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

Everything for the Farm and Home

BISMARCK MANDAN 2200 EAST MAIN CA3-7113

Bismarck, North Dakota

Page Fifty Biographies Mr. and Mrs. John Rebenitsch, Sr. (Continued l'nun page 1!)) Mr. and Mrs. John Rebenitsch, Sr., came to Fort Charley Rambow Rice in the early 1900's and homesteaded about four miles west of here where they lived until they retired Charley Rambow came to Morton County in 1898 and moved to Fort Rice. Mrs. Rebenitsch lost her from Pollock, South Dakota. He married Miss Louise life in the tornado of 1953 and Mr. Rebenitsch died in Meisner and they had ten children. He bought the 1960. They had ten children, all living except Agnes, old Buckley place and lived there until the time of who died in 1936. They are John, Jr., Mandan; his death. Both Mr. and Mrs. Rambow are buried at Theresa Bauer, Fort Rice; Katie Thaur, St. Paul, the Fort Rice Union cemetery. These pictures were Minn.; Paul, Mandan; Joe, Huff; Anna Bendish, Fort taken 50 years ago. Rice; Carl, South Dakota; Mike, Wisconsin, and Lenard, Bismarck.

Anna and Agnes Rebenitsch in the '30s. Carl Rebenitsch on tractor.

Mr. and Mrs. Charley Rambow and family (all but George.)

Mr. Rebenitsch threshing grain in the '30s.

Steve Bendish Steve Bendish came to the United States some­ time in 1911. The rest of the family came in 1912. Their children were Rose, married in Wallern, Ger­

: j»* many; Steve, Jr., who died in 1963; John, who farms v'H the old Buckley (Rambow) farm just south of Fort WBBL. Rice; Julius, who lives in Fort Rice; Frank, who lives at Colorado Springs, Colo., and Mary, who is married .»j& ^ -., -.... and lives in Fort Rice. '•'"••' WssM'*** In 1916 the family moved to Fort Rice and farmed until 1935, when Mr. and Mrs. Bendish moved to town. Mrs. Bendish died in 1941 and Mr. Bendish The Charley Rambow farm. in 1959. Their house in Fort Rice, was built of logs by Mr. Bendish and neighbors.

Mr. and Mrs. Steve Bendish. Steve Bendish, Jr. Charley Rambow's horses — his pride and joy. (Continued on paflB ">^)1 Page Fifty-one K. C. CLUB

J. P. GRAY COUNCIL NO. 2760

Club Rooms Are Open from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 Midnight STANDARD OIL AGENT MONDAY through SATURDAY

PHONE 3997 BOX 337 The Club Is Air Conditioned,

Mandan, North Dakota

MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

8& W[

[ASSEY-FERGUSON, Inc.

MASSEY-FERGUSON Congratulations

FORT RICE on its

Sales and Service 100th ANNIVERSARY Tune to KBOM

MUTUAL RADIO \ SEIWICE TO INDEPENDENT STATION!* Phone Mandan 2123 Bismarck CA 3-7090

Highway 10 Mandan, North Dakota NEWS - SPORTS - MUSIC

"Everybody Listens to KBOM Radio"

Page Fifty-two Biographies Paul Balling (Continued from page 51) Paul Balling remembers how his father and Bill Carl A. Betz Frederick had to go for miles to get a doctor for Julia I am a native of North Dakota, born a few miles Frederick when she was very ill. Doctor Karanz south of Mandan, near old Fort Lincoln from which came out from Mandan by livery team. On the way area my folks moved in 1897 to a distant state. My back a big snowstorm came up and they were forced father died there in 1903 and the following year the to stay over night at the Swartzbauer farm, about rest of the family moved to New York to the area eight miles from home. Mr. Balling did not get back where I now reside. In 1906 my mother, with her home for a couple of days. three youngest children, left this town and set out In those days people kept lights burning all night for North Dakota and landed at Fort Rice in late just in case someone was on the trail. In this way April of that year. My oldest brother, Fred, had people would be able to tell where they were and been there since the previous year and taken up a if need be, could stop for help. In the winter a storm homestead. My mother later took up a piece of land could come up; many times the old timers would adjoining and retained both tracts after my brother follow a fence to get to where they were going. died in 1908. She later sold the entire holding to The fence and the light left burning saved many Charles Rambow in 1912 and we went back to New lives. York where I still live. During the years I lived at Fort Rice I formed many acquaintances with the people who then lived there, the Gwythers, Caddells, Marshs, Buckleys, Watsons, and no doubt, others whose names I can't think of right now. Add to these the many who moved into the area during the ensuing years_ among them the immediate ancestors of you and your hus­ band, immigrants from Europe. Nothing for you to be ashamed of. My father and two half-sisters of mine were also immigrants back in the early '70's. My mother's people were also immigrants but my mother was born in the United States. Mrs. George Balling, Miss Senty, Mrs. Weisenborn Getting back to something on the modern side. Jones, Paul Balling- and Balling's sod house. It was during the period between 1906 and 1909 that plans were being laid to build a railroad through the Missouri Valley both north and south from Man- day. The initial surveys were made in 1906 and early in 1909 construction was started and the follow­ ing year the tracks were laid both ways. Although the grade was completed south of Cannon Ball to Fort Yates the track was never completed. I might also add that during a period from April, 1907, to early in June, 1910, I did not come anywhere near Mandan and therefor didn't catch a view of a railroad train for about three years until the track-laying machine appeared that year. You can be sure it was a thrill to hear the whistles of the locomotives when the trains began running on regular schedule later on. The last ride I had on a railroad was on that same The old Parkins store; later became Roviks home. south branch when I was on a trip to that part of the Arthur Rovik standing outside. land in 1960. I hope to make it once more. — Carl A. Betz, Box 52, Warsaw, N. Y.

Nita Ouern, niece of Mrs. John Zearly, taken Too much snow this winter; had to reload coal from Harry Dafinroad. before 1900. truck into a sled to deliver coal in the country. (Continued on page 55) Page Fifty-three I LET'S WIM! rOT.f CONGRAULATIONS Win useful free prizes jSeUPS'

Community Service and . Coupons BEST WISHES Best Wishes from

YOUR FRIENDLY [ANDAN CREAMERY CO. American Legion Club

3rd and Rosser

"Where Home Folks Serve Home Folks" BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA

SINCE 1899 A. W. LUCAS CO. MEET YOUR FRIENDS Bismarck's Shopping Center at the G. P. HOTEL

3 FLOORS OF FASHIONS

NORTH DAKOTA'S ACTION CENTER

Air Conditioned for Your Comfort BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA Your Brand Name Merchandise Headquarters

MEMBER OF PARK AND SHOP

Page Fifty-four Biographies . . . (Continued from page 53) Albert Van Nuland Albert Van Nuland came to this country in 1888 from Schaagen, North Holland. It took thirteen days by steamer with his parents, two sisters and four brothers. He worked in Chicago for the Pullman Company, went to school. He picked up scrap iron to earn money — about a dollar a day. Van Nuland came to North Dakota with his par­ ents, sisters and brothers in 1904. (Don't remember if his mother came.) His father took up five homesteads in the Odense community (about eight miles west of Fort Rice). Albert farmed there. His father raised cattle and sheep. Albert and his father were gardeners by trade. Albert still uses the garden seeder purchased by his father in Chicago in the 1800's. Albert is still gardening (Nov. 19, 1963) and still has tomatoes in his garden today, covered with leaves and grass to keep them from freezing.

What's left of the bar after twister.

What was left of the trailers at Fort Rice.

Albert J. Van Nuland, who's lived in the Fort Rice area 60 years, still remembers the 1953 tornado which flattened the town. "I was only half alive," Van Temporary postoffice quarters, day after the tornado, Nuland, who was getting a haircut at the time the May, 1953. Rural carrier Kenneth O'Neill in fore­ storm struck, recalls. He uses the bucket to carry his ground. In back Ben G. Gwyther patiently waiting groceries home. for U. S. mail. I Continued on pa Page Fifty-five Schultz Machinery Co. "Your Caterpillar Dealer" KEN'S SNACKS

Sales — Parts — Service All Bar Snacks

BISMARCK —MINOT 906 4th Ave. N.W. Mandan, N. Dak.

HULM ELECTRIC Inc. RURAL CONGRATULATIONS RESIDENTIAL from COMMERCIAL ELECTRIC HEATING MANDAN EAGLES "Your Call Is Our Command" AERIE 2451 BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA

GILBERT S. FURNESS Post No. 40 Jerry's Super Service American Legion CInb

Minnows — Tackle — Ice

Completely Air Conditioned MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

CENTRAL DRUG GEO. F. DINYER, Ph.G.

»ar Walgreen Agency MANDAN, N. DAK.

Phone 777

MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

Page Fifty-six Biographies . . . (Continued from page 55) John Zearley Born Sept. 11,1884, at Ripley, West Virginia. Went to Hecla, S. D. and came to this part of the state in 1905. Filed on my homestead in 1908 about seven miles west of Fort Rice. When I got here there was just a prairie road from Mandan to my homestead. I walked to town many times from my homestead. Once in a while I would catch a ride with someone going to town with a team of horses and wagon. There were not too many places to stop on the way to Mandan. The halfway house for us was the John Wenger place, north of St. Anthony, where you could get something to eat and rest and feed your horses. The Joe Zentner place on the Little Heart was also a stopping place. People who hauled freight from Bismarck, Man­ dan, to Fort Yates and Cannon Ball stopped at the John Ellison place also. My cousin Ben Woodall filed on a homestead west of the Iver Bendikson place. I helped him build his shacks. In 1909 I helped organize the Parkin ball team and played on that team until 1916. After that I played with the Fort Rice team for several years. Waiting at the station — A railroad station, even in a small town like Fort Rice, attracts children like the I was married to Anna Johnson and there were ever-present cream cans draw flies. Stevie Metzner, seven children born to us. Mrs. Zearley passed away left, his brother, Russell, center, and Joe Gartner are in 1962. no exceptions. My son, John L. Zearley, lives on what was the Pius Martin homestead. My homestead is a mile north of this place. At the present time I make my home with my son Miner Zearley in Mandan. A man by the name of Calvin Spencer stayed with me for a long time after he got his old age pension. I knew him from the time he came from Minnesota.

This is what was left of the depot after the twister.

Country Storekeeper — Pius Uselmann, who operates John Zearley, Joe Schultz, Fort Rice's only store, has been in business here since Harry Corbit. Calvin Spencer 1917. Here he poses beside his sausage grinder. Page Fifti/seven Moose Lodge No. 425 lll-llth Ave. N.E. Mandan, N. Dak. HOENIG FUNERAL HOME

Dakota Moose Association Convention AUG. 21-22-23 24-HOUR AMBULANCE SERVICE

TELEPHONE 2351

CONLIN'S

* HOME PLANNING

* DECORATING 309 4th Ave. N.W. Mandan, North Dakota

BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA

L and H MFG. Co.

|g==iE3E5 Q and JL on "Company %i% Distributor for

ENCO PRODUCTS MIS iLECTRIC BRANI and

gr - decker Atlas Tires, Tubes codi Batteries

Telephone 8668 ALUMINUM AND BRONZE CASTINGS MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

Mandan Box 629 N. Dak.

Page Fifty-eight Biographies . . . Making Apple Cider (Continued from page 57) John Lockner John Lockner came to the United States in 1902 and worked as a florist in St. Paul, Minn, for three years. He came to Fort Rice and took up a homestead, where he farmed and raised cattle. He married Mrs. Paul Gartner on Nov. 28, 1916. They had three children born to them: Joe, who farms about two miles south of Fort Rice; Catherine, postmaster at Fort Rice for the past 22 years; Joseph­ ine, married (Mrs. Kenneth O'Neil), lives about a mile west of Fort Rice. Mr. Lockner passed away Sept. 11, 1961. Mrs. Lockner and Catherine reside at Fort Rice. Left to right, Catherine Left to right, Ferdinand Lockner, Mike Lockner, Lockner, Mike Lockner As you see from the picture she is still quite active, Mrs. John Lockner, putting and son, Mrs. Anton Lock­ and her hobby is cooking. apples through chopper in­ ner and Mrs. John Lock­ Today, as it has been all these years, when you to extractor. ner and grandchildren, come to her house she has to fix you something to sampling the cider. eat. She is called mother or grandmother by many people who know her. She is always ready to help, and has helped many.

Mrs. John Lockner home after tornado of 1953. Mr. and Mrs. John Lockner

Children and grandchildren and a few friends celebrating Mrs. John Lockner's 70th birthday at her home. Page Fifty-nine 7 elk. Steel Co. Inc. Compliments of Steel Warehouse & Fabricators 0 Structural Shapes 0 Steel Joists and Deck R K Electronic Service o Sheet, Plate, Floor Plate ° Styrofoam "PETE" - "TED" ° Bars, Angles, Shafting ° Fuel Oil Tanks, Basement ° Expanded Metals Tanks and Underground F.C.C. Licensed ° Reinforcing Steel and Mesh Storage Tanks ° Expansion Joint Materials, ° Bennet Gas Pumps 507 1st Street, N.E. — Phone 2331 Concrete Curing Compounds ° B F Goodrich Hose and Floor Hardeners CA3-1917 8356 MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA BISMARCK MANDAN Box 442 Memorial Highway If It's Electronic We Do It Between Mandan and Bismarck — W. of Bismarck

Alvin Rasch Larry Tabert RAMBLER Box 75 Phone 8741 Mandan, N. Dak. SERVICE MOTOR SALES Offering FARMOWNERS - LIFE HOMEOWNERS - HOSPITALIZATION FARM LIABILITY - DISABILITY INCOME 106 Collins Mandan, North Dakota CROP HAIL Phone 2425 Fire Insurance at the Lowest Possible Price

Congratulations to Fori Rice MIDWAY VETERINARY CLINIC NEUEN'S WESTERN SHOP T. F. ORCHARD, D.V.M. - CA 3-3265 RODEO HEADQUARTERS D. H. HASTINGS, D.V.M. - CA 3-3036 J. E. WHEELER, D.V.M. -Mandan 8951 Anything Western

0. BOX 911 BISMARCK, N. DAK. WALT and EVELYN NEUENS PHONES CA.3-4235 — MANDAN 4042 309 - 3rd Street Phone BL5-0162 BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA

BONDY'S BAR :XCAVATING & WILL DRILLING

On Hiway 6 Free Estimates

MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA Phone 8197 MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

Page Sixty Biographies . . . Paul Gartner (Continued from page 59) Born in Illmitz, Austria, Dec. 14, 1875. Married Katherine Koppy in Wallern in 1910. They came to Steve Koppy America in 1903 and had five children. John, living in Mandan, worked for N. P. railroad for about 30 years. Louise, married (Mrs. George Schartzbauer), lives at St. Anthony. Paul, lives in St. Paul, works for American Hoist Co., St. Paul, Minn., for over 20 years. Anton, living at Fort Rice, farms and has been in the bar for twenty years. Mary, married and lives at St. Anthony (Mrs. George Wienhandle). The family lived in St. Paul, Minn., for a short Steve Koppy family and friends. time, then moved to Eden, S. Dak. Farmed there, then came to Fort Rice in 1905. In 1906 they home- steaded about two miles west of Fort Rice. Run the livery stable for years before his death. He died Nov. 24, 1915. ¥ Mrs. Gartner and the children moved back on &» &A*$*ik+& the farm after his death.

A Sunday afternoon at the Steve Koppy farm after they moved across the Missouri River. Koppy family and neighbors.

Anton Gartner, going farming in 1935.

Mr. Steve Koppy taking a drop. Steve Haider watching Mr. and Mrs. Nels Dahl. the two bottles on ice. This piece of ice came from the Henry Angermen and (Mrs. Joe Buckley's Missouri River. People did not have electricity in sister, Christie. parents) those days. (Continued on page 63) Page Sixty-one MARY'S HARDWARE MANDAN FARMERS UNION GRAIN'ASSOCIATION

GRINDING - ROLLING - CLEANING FERTILIZER - FEED - SEED - BUYING GRAIN Frigidaire — Speed, Queen ELMER RICHTER, Mgr. Phone 3100 Phone 663-9735 MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

Ray's Bootery MUSHK SHOE STORE The Family Shoe Store in Mandan Shoes and Western Wear for the Whole Family Offers a Guaranteed Fit in Shoes for: • MEN WOMEN CHILDREN RAND TRIM TRED POLL PARROT We Guarantee the Fit on All Kids' Shoes CONNOLLY MOXEES SCAMPEROOS ACME GLOV-ETTES ACME RED WING ENNA JETTICS BLUE STAR STAR BRAND HUSH PUPPIES HUSH PUPPIES 112 E. Main Mandan, N. Dak. HUSH PUPPIES PHONE 4656 Corrective "Vito-Pedic" Shoes Expertly Fitted and Corrections Custom made by Qualified Personel

B AND B FRIENDLY SERVICE SERVING YOU! REINIE MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA Grade A Dairy Products 302 East Main Street Phone 2097 FOREMOST DAIRIES Free Pick Up and Delivery — Tune Ups Brake Work — Tires — Batteries and Accessories Mandan 533 Bismarck CA3-8110 Gold Band Stamps with Every Purchase

GOOD DEALS ON TIRES SUB'S SHOE REPAIR

S &- II Green Stamps MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

Phone 4656 PHONE 925 700 West Main Mandan, N. Dak.

Page Sixty-two Biographies . . . over the altar fell to the ground and did not have (Continued from page (il) a crack on it. It, too, is now in the Huff church. Early Churches The cross was twisted into a pretzel and tossed Rev. B. Samuels served one year as Episcopalian 500 feet in the weeds. One pew was buried about minister. First services were held in 1887 at the four feet in the ground. The green cloth that is used schoolhouse. Services were held once a month in to cover the altar was draped over a pile of lumber the school or in the homes. Twenty-four attended. that was once our little church we were so proud of. Congregation: Gwythers, Watsons, Weads, Buck­ Vestments and many other things were found all leys, and Markshaws. Rev. Flowers served two years. over the town and for miles around. Methodist Church In 1911 th-^ first church was built by the Meth­ odists. Land was donated by the Northern Pacific Railroad Co. Cost of the church, built of lumber, was f A $500.00. The first minister was Rev. Green. Presbyterian Church J^" This church was bought by the Catholics in the s middle 20's. May 29, 1953, the night before Memorial Day, a tornado came along and took it and a lot of 11 other buildings in Fort Rice. The church bell was not broken and is now in the Huff church. A statue „* ..-. of the Blessed Virgin which was standing on a canopy Methodist Church Presbyterian Church

Baseball Team of Fort Rice in the Middle 3()'s

Standing: Joe Lockner, Urben Krug, John Bendish, Ben Gwyther, Lenard Rebenitsch, Mike Rebenitsch, Leo Balkowitch, Paul Rebenitsch. Sitting: George Krug, Paul Gartner, Jess Schoonover, Joe Rebenitsch, Bat Boy Mervin Gwyther.

Page Sixty-three Lewis and Clark Hotel "Where the West Renins" TAYLOR DRUG Co. GIFTS VITAMINS PRESCRIPTIONS VETERINARY SUPPLIES

108 W. Main St. Mandan, N. Dak.

Heart of the Barley County MANDAN DRUG Co. The REXALL Store DAKOTA BEER MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

MCDONALD AGENCY MANDAN CO-OP • ACCOUNTING Quality Meats and Groceries •INSURANCE

DOUGLAS S. WALERY

Service With a Smile Box 216 — Phone 746 307 First St. N.W. Mandan, N. Dak.

FARMERS UNION OIL COMPANY Coca-Cola Bottling Co. G. J. KOSTELECKY, Mgr.

CARL H. BOUSTEAD, Pros.

BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA Phone 663-6401 MANDAN, NORTH DAKOTA

Page Sixty-four Early Day Schools This school burned down in 1926. A new two- In 1885 classes were held in the Gwyther and room school was built about 1927. May 29, 1953, the Caddell homes. The two homes were about a mile tornado took most of that schoolhouse and a new apart. There were six pupils. Three of them were one was built the same year. Caddells and three were Gwythers. The school term Mr. and Mrs. Earl Knox now live in Bismarck. was three months in the fall and three months in the spring. The books were furnished by the parents. The first teacher was Miss Elizabeth Smith, now of Los Angeles. Salary was $20.00 a month, paid by Gwythers and Caddells. She spent one month at each home. In 1886 the first board was formed. Members were Robert Gwyther, James Caddell and R. Laughlin. Laughlin now lives in Boston, Mass. The first school house was built in 1886 out of logs with a sod roof, windows and board floor. Cost was about $20.00. Located one-half mile south of Gwythers. Tables and benches were hand made. Wood burned in a large cistern was the stove. School was used one year and burned down. The first school on the townsite was a tarpaper shack built in 1911. Mrs. Earl E. Knox was the first This is the school before the twister. teacher. In 1913 a two-room consolidated school was built. Mrs. E. E. Knox again was the first teacher. fjr

This is the school after the twister.

This is a picture of the school, Mrs. Knox on the porch, and the children are, back row, Henry Soules, John Gartner, Levi Boheister, Harold Ward, Paul Gartner, Willard Boheister, Hazel Hammond, Mildred Matte- son, Myrtle Rambow, Louise Gartner. In front row, Jackie Froelick, Frankie Froelick, Frances Huncovsky, Dorothy Wead, Florence Wead.

Mike Pitzer, Jr. home. Taken in 1916. Years later many changes were made. House was built in 1915. Mr. and Mrs. Mike Pitzer, Additions were added to the barn on both sides. Mike Pitzer, Sr. Jr. Taken year of 1930. Page Sixty-five MIDWAY LANES © BOWLING ° CAFE ° BILLIARD LOUNGE

Air Conditioned Popular Prices BISMARCK — MANDAN

• .^.,.:a..I W\.'"'v,&.'\ mf.l,.^1-,'. '.V.".,

Mandan's Home-Owned Dept. Store The Home of Good, Shoes

"Always Friendly Service"

Congratulations and Rest Wishes Riedinger Motors, Inc. You Know Vantines Will Serve You Best Automotive Sales and Service VANTINES CHRYSLER - PLYMOUTH VALIANT - IMPERIAL - DODGE TRUCKS

BISMARCK — DICKINSON 110 5th Ave. N.W. Mandan, N. Dak. MANDAN — WILLISTON Telephone 516

Greetings and Rest Wishes ED TIBESAR MOR-GRAN-SOU Welding and Machine Co. ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE ° General Machine Work A Locally-Owned,, ° Steel Fabricating Locally-Built, ° Light Manufacturing Locally-Controlled Cooperative PORTABLE GAS and ARC WELDING

In the Fort Rice Community ED TIBESAR, Owner Phone CA 3-1321 to Serve You. 901 Front Street Bismarck, N. Dak.

Page Sixty-six North Dakota's only winter sports area is located north of Ft. Rice and represents a national trend in Twilight Hills the conversion of agriculture lands to recreation. Where once hostile Indian forces gathered to conduct warfare on white settlers now skiers gather to enjoy the exhilarating benefits of North Dakota's winter climate. Included in the development of Twilight Hills are seven runs that range from the beginners ability to expert runs that challenge the ability of most. Buildings include a comfortable chalet that pro­ vides a cafeteria, ski shop, ski rental shop and specta­ tor facilities. A maintenance building houses snow making equipment that is capable of providing man- made snow which is necessary during many snow- less winters that the state has. Instead of the Sioux Indian tepee the visitor to the area is greeted by a small long sided building that provides a ticket booth for admittance to the sport center. This development is just one step in the overall ^•""-:-'::::il:-:- new programs for making Ft. Rice the center of sum­ mer and wintertime recreation. The Oahe Dam will ; soon create a large lake located near Ft. Rice and '--s^^^fl * HI instead of buffalo boats the reservoir will contain North Dakota's newest and only major ski area, Twi­ sail boats, power craft, and houseboats. The shores light Hills, where skiers line up by the score to use the tows. Many stopped at The Tire Mart after seeing will have beaches, cabin sites, horse trails and camp­ their poster on display at the ski chalet. ing grounds.

Congregation of the Parkins Lutheran church; Rev. Fylling and Mr. and Mrs. Ole Dahl on extreme right. Page Sixty-seven •4 :-#i ,.HJi-::' .. .~:^^^^^PIP*?

•%

Mike Pitzer, Sr. home. Taken in 1902. Pictured left to right are: Mike Pitzer, Sr., Mrs. Mike Pitzer, Sr., d^ Helen (with her dog), daughter Katherine (Mrs. Katherine Graner), Mrs. Mike Pitzer, Jr., Mike Pitzer, Jr., st with black horse, George and Frank on loads of hay, Joe on hay rake. John and Andrew to the right of the 1 but not visible.

8ISMARCK-K4K0RN CHANNEL 12

TWIN CITY IMPLEMENT BETWEEN MANDAN and BISMARCK

DEICHERT CHEVROLET CO. FLASHER, NORTH DAKOTA

ALLIS CHALMERS FARM MACHINER GLEANER BALDWIN COMBINES

Sales — Parts — Service 567 707

Page Sixty-eight Index prepc. ?cd by member:; of the Bismarck-Mandan Uictorical Society -1974

Fore Rice S—I

A & L Oil Company 58 A.W.- Lucas Co. 54 Adair, Lieut, Lewis P. 7,24 Adair, Lulu Penning toil • 33 Adams, Capt Enoch George. 5,11-14 Afraid of His Horses 6 Alexander 3 Alkali Fla t ; 4 7 All Over Black • 6 • Ambulance Butte 31 America 43,45,61 American Hoist Co. . 61 American Legion Club 54 American Legion Club #40 56 Angermen, Chris tie 61 Ar.germen, Henry . 61 Anger ine 39 Angheny 47 Arickarees • : 18 ,20,23 Army 8,23,24,31,35 Arrowhead Plaza ; 46 Assiniboine Indians '• 18 Austria-Hungary • ' 45 B & 3 Friendly Service : 62 Badger • '• 47 Badlands • 3 ,17,27 Balling, Mrs. George ' r 53 Balling, Paul •— 53 Ballow, Mrs. E. .G. • 29 Baker, Col E. P.' 29 Haiders ton,' Edward 39,41 Balkowitch, Leo : 63 Balling, George ' r—• 41 Barber, Amherst W. ; 10 ' Barn Butte 31 Barney's Standard Service 62 Bass ford, John —30 Battle of Gettysburg 33' Battle of Little Bighorn ' 37 Battle of Wilderness ; 3 Battle of Williamsburg 11 Baudien, Carol 41 Bauer, Theresa of Ft Rice r- 51 Bears Rib '• ' 4,6 Bendikson, Mrs. Axel 2 Bennett Capt C. A. 15,22 Bendikson, Art 43 Bendikson, Axel • 43 Bendikson, David —: — 43 Bendikson, Iver P. 43,47-,57 Bendikson, John '• •• 43 Bendikson, Mrs. Axel . 43 Bendickson, Ole '• : 39,47 Bendickson, Pete •» 3Q 47 Be.ndi.sh, Anna of Ft. Rice' ; • 51 Bendish, Frank of Colordo Springs CO 51 iio.ndish, John 51, 63 Bend ish, Mary 51 Bendish , Mrs . John 41 Bend i.sh, Mrs. Steve Sr. 41- Bendish , Rose 51 Bendish, Steve 51 Bendish, Steve Jr. 51 Bcrger, Messr. ; ; 29' Bergs from Supply Co. r 50 Berkner, Mrs. A". W. 30 Botiike, Angus t 45 Betz, Carl A. 53 Beulah • : 42 Bighorn •—: 4 ,8 Bilden, George P. • ~: 26 "Billie" (dog) 23 Bill's Liquor Store 38 Bill's Super Vaiu : 50 Bendewald, Herman of Sweet Briar 30 Bingenheimer Lumber Yard 29 ,35 Birchfield, Willie ' 39 Bismarck 7,8 .,20,26-40,41,43,45,48,50,52,54,56,57,58,60,62,64,65,66,68 Bismarck Auto Bcdiers Association : 46 Bismarck Beer Wholesalers Association ' 44 Bismarck Gro eery Co. 4 4 Bismarck Buck Distributing Co, McQuade Distributing Co., Northwest Beverages Inc44 Bismarck Farm Equipment 36 Bismarck-Mandan Oliver Supply • 36 Biackfood - Sioux 6 Black Hawk 25 Black Hill's, 8,23,27,37 Black Moon •• ' 6,31 Black Robe 31 Blue, Miss 41 Boheister, Leui 65 Boheister, Willard — • 65 Bondy' s Bar —• 60 Bondy' s Place ; 47 Bos ton, Mass 65 Boustead, Carl H. 64 Bowman County • 17 Boy Scouts 29 Boyd Livery Stable 35 Bozeman Trail ; 6 Brachett's Battalion of Minnesota 35' Braden, Lieutenant 37 Brady, Mr. : 29 Briner 47 Broderick 47 Brown, College : —r ' 39 Bruch, Harlan Page ,—• 35 Bruggen, Frank : 47 Brule, Sioux- : 6 Buckley, Charles 33 Buckley Creek • . ?—. 31 Bv.ck."; ey', Harriet 33 Buck l.e.v , J amcs --33 Biicic.:. ey , .; oe ~ — _>3 Back ley, John Jr. . 33 Buckley, John P. : 31,33,35,37,43,51,53,63 Buckley, Mnndy 33 Buckley, Mrs. doe 61 Buckley, Steve 33 Buckler Funeral Home • 43 Buckler, Warren ; 48 Burns , Joseph P 28 Burns, Larry 28 Burns, Margaret L. 28 Burns, Mrs. Joseph L 28 Butler, Ira : 45 Caddell, James 65 Caddell, Michael C 30,37,39,47,53,65 Caddell, Thomas 37 Camp Hancock 7 Canada 33,47 Canadians 3 :Cannonball 27., 29 ,31,33,35,39 ,53,57 Cannonball River . 2,11,12,17,19,26,31 Carry, George 27 Carson 29 Catholic Cadets • ; 29 Central Drug : 56 Cermak, Wenzel '• --• 38' Cessna • 43 Chaddeen 39 Chance, Lieut 23 Chanta Pete Creek : :47 Chap in, William :— 26 Chase, Chevrolet, Inc. 36 Cheyenne - 31 Cheyenne River 15,18 Cheyenne River • Agency-- 6, 24 Chicago • 55 Civil War '• 5 ,33 ,35 Clark, Edward . 27. Clark Col John C. :- ' 10,11 Clark, Elwood • • 30 Clark Hills— : 31 Clark Place 47 Clark W. F. 31 Clarke, Capt '• 22 Clark, Sam 30 Coco Cola Bottling Co 64 Colby, George 35 ,49 Commissioner of Pensions 11 Co. G 6th Iowa Cavalry • 5 Confederate '• 5 Conlins 5S Cooke, J.- & Company 7 Corbitt, Harry . 57 Corbitt, Mr. and Mrs. Robert — 29 Cor.I in , (km 24 Corners Butte 31 Co team des Prairies 3 Cottonwood, Jerome 31 Council Bluffs . 45 Creigkton, J.C. of Mandan 30 Cres" 18 Crittenden, Col ']'. L. 7,23,24 Cr If. Condon, Mrs. Glen 2.3 Crosby , Lieut Ebon 7,24 Curtis, Con. S.P. : -6 Caster's Black Hills Expedition • 7 Custer, Gen George A. 8,17,24,26,27,37 Custer Massacre • 24 Cus Cer Park 43 Dabson 47 Do finrud, Harry 53 Dahl, Martin 30,47 Dahl, Mrs. Kels 61 Dahl, Nels • 4 7,61 Dahl, Mr. and Mrs. Ole ' 67 Dakota 3,6,7,12,13,31,43 Dakota Beer : 64 Dakotas : 18 Davis : '35 Davis, • Harry 11 41,43 Davis , Milo 43 Dawson 28 Dei chert Cheverolet : 68 DeSmet, Father Pierre J. 6,31 Des Moines, Iowa : 33 Devils Lake — 3,5 ,10,15,18 Dickinson ; 44 , 66 Diehl, Mrs. A. C. 30 Dill, Col Daniel J. 3,4,17 Dilts, Jefferson ; 4 Dimon, Col CA. R. •—: 4,5,11 Dinyer, Geo F. phG ; • 56 Dog Teeth Hills • . • 45 Dogtown 45 Donahue, Ed • 31,39 Donovan, Col 23 Douglas, C. F. : 12 Douglas , Tom . 39 Dunahue, Ed ; Dunbar, Charlie -= ' 39 Durfee & Peck 18' Dwight, Mrs . Amanda 41 Dwight, Anna '—39 Dwight, Edward, . 41 Dwight, F. E. 39 Dwight, Grace : • ' 41 Dwight, Pearl Eunice ' • : 39 Dwight, Stanley • 41 Dwight, Tim •—• 11 Dwight, W. W. : • . ; 35 En,--, tugan, Vred • 39 Eastman , Allen 19 , 22 , 24 Eokelson 24 Ed Tibcsar Welding & Machine Co. . 66 Eden, SD 61 Edward Emineth Bar - 56 Edwards, Governor Newton 6 Edwards, Neil 47 EdwinCon ' 30 Eggor, Ed 47 Eighth Army Regiment 35 Eighth Infantry 7,24,35 Elder, Miss of Huff : 30 Elgin - 29 Ellison, John 30,39,47,57 Engelter, Bill 44 Ereth, August • 27,30 Ernies Friendly Service. 40 Europe '• 53 Fanning, Mary 33 Farmers Elevator Company 30 Farmers Union Oil Company ; 64 Farmers Union Insurances '• 60 Farsh, Mrs. J. B. : 30 Fiele, Martin _ 45 Fifth Iowa Cavalry 35 ' 50th Wisconsin. Volunteers 6 ,10,19 • First Coulee 31 1st Infantry 7,8,11,12 First National Bank of Bismarck, ND 46 First National Bank of Mandan 34 1st U.S. Volunteers . 4,6 Fisk, Captain James L. ' 4,17,26 Flannagan, . Sgt James '• • 30 Flasher , • •- 29,45,68 Flower, Rev — . L : —29,63 :': Foremost Dairies 62 Fort Abercrombie : 18,22 Fort Abraham Lincoln ; 7,8,10,17,24,25,26,31,33,35,37,47,53 Fort Benton -l •--• 19 ,43' Fort Berthold 3,4,6,16,18,31 Fort Buford ; 3,6 18,31 Fort Clark : ~ 19 Fort Dilts > 17 Fort Dilts State Park 4 • Fort Laramie 6 Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 =• 6 Fort.Leavenworth 3 Fort McKecn • 7 ,24 Fort Military Reservation 8 Fort Randal • 3,18,23,25 Fort Rice . 3-67 Fort Rice Military Cemetery 43 Fort Rice Military Reserve . •—-.—: 37,42 Fort Rice Park • ^ • Fort Rice Slope Advocate • 35 Fort Rice Union Cemetery ; 33,43,51 VorC Ri.ageiy, MM 4,35 [• o re i\L.!.ey , ivansns : ->-> Fort Stevenson 6,7 ,18 ,19 , 23, 31 Fore Su i ly 3,4,6,7,1.9 , 21, 22 core .i. o C c o a J-J > iu Fore En:ion : 3,4,6,12,18 Fort Wausworeh • 7,23 Fort Yaces . 8,19,27,29,33,47,53,57 Fortress Co Farm . : 18,20,21,23 Foster, Mrs. Clara Foster, Mrs Mo.lv in 41 Foster, Mr. and Mrs. Paul " • Four Horns 6 Fourth of July 1865 ; 5 4th U.S. Volunteer Infantry 5,6 Frankel -? : 47 Fredericks, Bill : 53 Fredericks, Julia : 53 Frontier Scout 4,5,11,12 Froelick, Frankie : 65 Froelick, Jackie • 65 .Fylling, Rev. 67 G.P. Hotel : 5'4 Gall 6,31 Gamble Robinson, Inc. 47 Gapiin, Henry 39 Gartner, Anton ; 28 ,42 Gartners' Bar : 41 Gartner, Anton :— ' 61' Gartner, Joe '.-; " ; J7 Gar tner, John —; 61, .65 Gartner, Louise . 61 > 65 Gartner, Mary • 42,61 Gartner, Mrs. Paul —. 59,61 Gartner, Paul • - :- : : 61 Gartner, Paul Jr. • • • —28,35,61,63,65 Gartner, Russell • 57 The Gaul : 24 General Sherman Steamer 8 George, Mrs. John. = 41 Gipp -• 47 Givens , Tom ' : 39 Glendive . • • 7,8 Godard, Doctor 25 Goodreau, Bob : 27 Goodrow, Monica • 33 Goose 25 Goplin, Major 13 Gozzard • ' 47 Grand River 8,20, 25 Grand River Indian Agency ' 6, 7,8,27 Graner, Mrs. Katherine .—• 45,68 Grant : —• • 33' Grant County • 26 Grass ; — 6 Gray, J. P. . -—— 52

Great Father : '• ~ --1 „7 Crone Peace Council. -31 Groat Porcupine Green, Rev -- -35,63 Green, 0 ?. 23 Gronnn, Sena Cor 29 Gros ventres ~ -18,19 Guernsey, Orrin 6 Custiin, T. J. ;- 40 Cwyce.er ,29,35 Wvehcr, Ann R. 37 Gwyther Ben G. 55,63 Gwyther Bertie 37 Gwyther home 41,65 Gwyther Ivar — 37 Gwyther Mervin 63 Gwythcr Miss Roberta 41 Gwyther Paul -35,49 Gwytner Robert 31,35,43,53,63 Gwyther Robert Jr. — 37,65 11a guard Loni 33 i i a i o e r, Steve 61 Hammond Clara 39 Hammond Evelyn 39 Hammond George 39 Hammond Hazel 39,41,65 Hammond Laura 39 Hammond Mrs. Pearl — -• 39,41 Hammond Preston . 41 Hammond. Wilbur 41 Hammond William 39 Hancock Maj Gen . 23 Hanley, Senator ; 29 Hanna, Governor L. B. 29,30 Hans, Norway 43 Harms , Fred ' .; 47 Harms, John 47 Harms, Louis 47 Harney, Gen William S. — 6,18,31 Harris, Noah 41 Karris, Roy 41 Harrison, Jim "Buckskin"- 37 Hart, Colonel —37 Hastings, D.H — • 60 Hawkeye Yard = 29 Hazen — 49 Heap, Capt D.P. 23 Heart River 3,17,19,35,45 Kecla, SD 57 Hettinger County 49 Hill, Capt Geo W. — 7 Hoenig Funeral Home 58 Hoffman's Bar 32 Hog Back Butte 31. Hokes . 18 Horner, Jack 13 Horner, Jacob 30 Horschead Bottom . 26 Hoskins-Meyer 37 Hubbard, Mrs. Tom : • 41 Huff — ~~ 30,32,47, 63 Hu;" i: Bar — 32 Hughes, Mrs. Ellen Coc ^ 41 Hulm' Electric, Inc. 56 Humbert, 1st Lt. James 7,23 iluncovsky, Frances 41, 65 Huncovsky, Frank ' 29 Hunkpapas 6,25 Hyaec , Moses 30 Idaho • • 3,4,17 Indian John : 25 . Iowa '• 41 Isiah : ' 21 Isely, Father . 35 James River 3 Jamison, Carporal of Co C — ; Jennings Lumber Co., Inc. 36 Jerry's Super Service 56 Johnson 39 Johnson, Anna 57 Jones, Mrs. Wcisenborn 53 KBOM ~ : 52 K. C. Club 52 KXMB TV 68 Kansas City 43 Karanz, Dr. 53 Keegan, Miss Kate • : 30 Keigley, Milo W. 38 Kennedy,. John ^ .: 39 Kennelly Funeral Home ' . : 41 Ken's Stacks ; .- 56 Kidder, Jefferson R. 28' Killdeer .Mountains . 3 Kist, Fred • .—47 Kist Livestock Auction 50 Kjol, Gunder 30 Knife River 35 ,49 Knox, Earl E. 65 Knox, Mrs. Earl 41,65 Koch, Henry 41 Koch, Mrs . : 43 Kohovik, John • • : 45 Kolberg, Peter -30 Koppy, Joe 49 Koppy, Katherine .— •• 61 Koppy, Mrs. Steve --30. Koppy, Mr. Steve 61 Kostelecky, G.J. : 64 Krem, George 49 Krois • • 47 Krug, George • 63 Krug, Urben -: 63 Kuntz, Mrs. Frank ; 41 L & K Mgf Co. , 58 LaBarge, Joseph Capt. . • 31 Lafayette, Ind. - .—27 Laughlin, R. ' . . Loach , John 39 ,47 I.,eingang , Mrs. Jack C r • 47 Lou ho, Fr.it:: 29 Lewis & Clark Hotel 64 Li.bby , Mary x: "~11 Lib by Prison 33 Lincoln, Abraham 5 , 27 Lindeke, Paulson 29 Lindsley, D. G. 24 Li ctl.e B i.g Horn • 7 1,11Cle Dog 6 Little Heart . : 22,57 Little Missouri . 3,17 Little Missouri Badlands • 4 Liverpool ' 37 Livona 37 Lock, Hugh : ' • 25 Lockner, Catherine 59 Lockner, Ferdinand 59 Lockner, Joe 59 , 63 Lockner, John —59 Lockner, Josephine • ; 59 Lockner, Mike . 59 Lockner, Mrs. Anton . ' 59 Lockner, Mrs. Joan — 41 London '• •• 37 Long Lake 3 Los Angeles —: 65 Lousekny, Col from Washington D.C. • • Louise Creek : 45 Lumber Mart • • 32 Mandan Circle Food Store. • 38 Mandan Coop ' - 64 Mandan Creamery 54 Mandan Drug Co. • 64, Mandan Eagles • Mandan Farmers Union Grain Association -62 Mandan Livestock Sales Ring 47 Mandan Security Bank : 47 Mandan Sheet Metal Works '—-—. 38 Mandan Supply Mandan Transfer & Storage,,Inc 40 Mandans 18,19 xlarcott , Capt. ' 27 Marianne ' s Ltd. •• • 38 Markshauis • 63 Mannar th ; • 4,17 Marsh, Alfred • 33 Marsh, Chrisopher— 33 • Marsh, Clara : ~ -33 Marsh, Evangeline 33 Marsh, Franklin 33 Marsh, Joseph Bancraft 33,37,35,39,53 Marsh, Grant 33 Marsh, Jos ephine 33 Marsh, Arthur Leiut . • - ' 33 Marsh, Victoria —• - : 33 Neuen,'Evelyn 60 Neuen , Walt • 60 Neuen's' Western Shop 60 New York • 53 New York City 33,37 New York Herald 37 Ninth Cavalry 7 No Neck 6 ,31 NorCh Platte, Neb. . 6 Northwest Finance 40 N -thwest Fur Co. 18 Norway 43 Oahe Dam 3,67 Oahe Reservoir 3 Odense • 55 Oglalas r -6 0' Laughlin, Dennis — •- 37 0' Laughlin, Michael -. 39 Old Rocky Road 47 Olson, Mrs. Genard (Mary) 47 Oman, Nebr. 45 0'Neil, Kenneth —— '55 O'Neil, Mrs. Kenneth . 59 Onknapas 19 Op it z 4 7 Orchard, T. F. -60 • Otis, Lt. Col. E. S. : 6,7 Quern, Nit a •---•: ' 53 Overton, Hill < •—31 Pacific Coast 26 Painsville • 35 Painted Woods 7 Palace Butte 31 Parker, Gen. E. S. : 5 Parkin : ' 47 Parkin, Chaska 47 Parkin, Honorable H. S. '• 27,31,39 Parkin, Mrs. H. S. " '—47 Parkins Baseball Team 30,57 Parkins Lutheran Church 43,67 Parkins Ranch 27, 37 Parkins Store 53 Parks, Ordia N. • 26. Pierre, Dakota Territory •— 33 Pilcher, J. 33 Pilcher, Newton, J. '• '• 33 Pioneer Tavern ' 45 Pius, Usselmann Store 32- Pitzer, Andrew 45 ,68 Pitzer, Clarence of Tacoma 47 Pitzer, Edmund 47 Pitzer, Frank 68 Pitzer, George . : • -68 Pitzer, Helen 68 Pitzer, Joe '. ;. 68 Pitzer, John •-' • 45 53' MarCain, Father ' 27 Marten , Ben 47 Ma,re i.n , Bruce. 30 Mare i n , Chnr.l es 39 ,47 Mare in, Mrs. Bi.il 47 Martin, P i.us 57 MarC:in, W. E. "Bill" 30 Marus' Hardware : 62 Massey Ferguson, Inc. 52 MaCChews, Washington 3 Matthews, Dr. Washington 28 Mattcson, Myrtle 65 Mattison, Roy 1-1. 3 Mattison, Rev. E. E. — 35 Mc3ee.de, Dr. A. G. 7 30 McDonald Agency 64 Mclllargic, Archibald 37 Mclllargic, Rosalie '• 37 Mclllargic, Sgt 37 McKinley '• T ; 27 McLaughlin, Maj "Jim Tye" 39 McLaughlin, South Dakota — - 41 McMartric, C. 12 Meigs, Messr. ; 22 Meisner, Louise 51 Melzner 47 Melzner, Irene 47 Men' s Mart .38 Methodist Church --.- • 63 Methodist Ladies Aid .Society : 41 Metzer, Steve — - 57 Midway Lanes '• -'— 66 Midway Veterinary Clinic 60 Milk River 18 Mino t 5 6 Minnesota • ' • = 3,4,6,18,19,26,57 Minnesota Brigade : 35 Missouri - 3,10 Missour Slope Livestock Auction, Inc. •• 10 Missouri Valley 53 Mobil Oil Company - 40 Mohr, Lee - 36> Mohr, Photography ' 36 Molash, Jim 39 Moose Lodge #425 58 Mor-Gran-Sou Electric Cooperative 66 Morton County •- 19 ,25,47,51 Mott ' 29 ,42 Mouse River 5,16 Mulhern, James B. • 47 Mushik Shoe Store 62 Musinstad . ' 47 Musselshell River S N.P. Lunch Room : 40 National Park Service : 3 Nebraska • ' 6,39 Nelson, Mr. E. E. • ~ 35 Pitzer 47 Pitzo.r Katherine : 45 I'itzer Martin _ : 47 Piczer Martin — 47 Pitzer Math 45 Pi Czer Michael Jr. 45,47,65,68 P . ;:oi Mrs. Michael Jr. • 68 iHrs. Michael ' 47 68 i.'itzer Michael Sr. 45,47,65,68 Pitzer Roy 47 Point Lookout, Va - 4,5 Poland, Capt. J. S. 7 Pollock, SD 51 Pompey's Pillar 8,17,27 Poale, W. F. Pep, General John 3,4 'ost Office Dapt. 6 6,7,17,24,31,33

Presbyterian Church 63 Production Credit Association of Mandan 42 Pullman Company — 55 Quality Builders, Inc. 50 R. K. Electronic Service : 60 Rain-in-the Face 27 Rambler ••- Rambow, Charley 51,53 Rambow, George - -29,49,51 Rambow, Leon'a — —1—129 Rambow, Miss — ; 29 R Limb o w, My r 11 e - 65 Rasch, Alvin 60 Ray's Bootery — 62 Rebel -10,12 Rebenitsch, Evelyn 41 Rebenitsch, Agnes 51 Rebenitsch, Carl 51 Rebenitsch, Joe —51,63 Rebenitsch, John Jr. 51 Rebenitsch, John Sr. 51 Rebenitsch, Leonard -51,63 Rebenitsch, Mike : —51,63 Rebenitsch, Mrs. John Sr. -41,51 Rebenitsch, Mrs. Paul 41 Rebenitsch, Paul -51,63 Red Cloud 6 Red Hail : 25 Red Tomhawlc 29 • Ree Indians 25 Reed, Rev. Henry W. 6 Regans — 47 Reichert Insurance & Accounting Service 34 Reno, Maj 37 Ressler, Joe : 32 Returning Ghost 6 Rice, Brig Gen Clay 3 Rice, Colonel 35 Rice Creek -31,35,43 Richcer, Elmer 62 Rider, Elwood 39 Riedinger,Motors, Inc. 66 Riscleucr, John 47 Riverside Ranch -47 Riverside Ranch Cattle Co. 47, Robinson : 28 Rock Island, 111. 29 Bo so., Julius • ; 45 Rosser, General Thomas S. 7,22,24,27 Ron lie, Arthur : 53, Rouik, Marie 47 Ruggles, Col G. D. : 8 Running Antelope, 6 Rusty dog ; 47 S & S Barber & Beauty Shop ' : 40 Sacramento , CA 41 Salem, Oregon 41 Salisbury, Math • 30 Samuels, Rev. B. 63 Sanborn, John B. : . 6,31 Santee : - : 31 Santee Scouts 27 Schaagen, North Holland : 55 Schaf£, Paul 36,47 Schartzbauer, Mrs. George 61 Schermohom, Ella 37 Schmidt . 45 Schmidt, Fred 28,29 ,43 Schmidt, Joseph IT. ' 45,47,57 Schoonover, Jess 63 Schultz Machinery Co. —'• 56 Schultz, .Mrs. Luke (Dorothy) 28 Sculley, Capt J. W. 23 Sears, Roebuck & Co. 40 Second Coulee 31 Second Minnesota Cavalry ; 35 Sentry, Miss 53 7th Cavalry — • : •—- •--. ' 7,8,17,27,30 17th Infantry , —7,8, 22, 24,27 , 29,30 Shell City, MO ; 43 Shepard, Mr. • '•— 47 Shepard, Dorothy . . . 28 Sherman 33 Sherman Peace Commission. 6 Sherman Treaty 6, 7 Shoe Mart 66 Short, Tom • 39 ,43 Signal Butte — 31 Singletree, Ben : .— 39 Sims, S . ;— 29 Singletanty 47 Sioux City, IA 3y6,18,19 ,22,31 Sioux City Register —; ' 11 Sitting Bull : •• 6,29,31 Sitting Crow . 6 6th Cavalry '—: ; : 7,19 6th Infantry 29 Be!; Iowa . Cavalry 4 ,15 ,16,35 Skogmos 66 Slaughter, Dr. B. F. 8,23,30 Slaughter,' Linda Warfel ; 18 , 20, 31 Sleton, Elmer 47 Slope County • 17 Smee , Harry 39 Smith, Ben . 37 Smrtii, Bessxe • • * —* • "3 / Smith, Cecelia ' 47 Smith, Elizabeth : 65 Smith, Fred ; ' ' 35 Smith, George 37 Smith, J. B. '• : 37,3.9 Smith, Stephen • : 37 Smith, William 37 Solon '• —• 31,47,49 Sommerheisen, Father Valentine 37 Soules, Henry . : 65 South Dakota . 6 Soueles, Dentist : 35 Souile, Dr. —-—' 29 Spaulding, George 30 Spaulding, Messr. 29 Spencer, Calvin , 57 Spooncr, Capt. John G. ; - 11 Spotted Tail • . ' 6 Spring hill, Minn •—• 45 Springfield 27 Spring Rock 16 St. Anthony — —32,34,45,47,57,61 St. Louis, MO 18,19,31 St. Paul, MN 7,18,21,22,59,61 Standing Rock 8,27,43 Standing Rock Agency ' —8,25,30 Stanley, Gen David S. . 7,17,23,24,27,37 Stanley Stockade • ' 17 Stanton 49 State Farm Insurance Company • 38 State Historical 'Society 30,31 State Training School 29 Steamer Belle • 15 Steamer Effice' Deans •• 15 Steamer Fanny Barker 28 Steamer Fanny Ogden . : • 15 Steamer Firelight —; • : -~ 15 Steamer G.W. Graham • • —• 15,31 Steamer Hettie May , • 15 Steamer Lillie Martin ; 15 Steamer Sherman 29 Stephen, Father • 17 Sterland, Walter . 30 Steve, Gen Stanley's Colored Servant -' 7 Stumpf, Mrs. • 30 Subs Shoe Repair r ~ 62 :-y 47 .1 i.van ' Ku mi Cure Co . • 40 Sul.l.ey, neru.L Alfred ' 3-6 ,11,15,16,18,19,30,33,35 'Inhere, Larry 68 Tu Lilies 47 Taylor Drug Co. 64 Terry Gen Alfred II. 6,31 To.Con Sioux . 18 Thaur, Kate 51 The Log 6 3rd Battalion 13th Infantry. r 6 Third Coulee • 31 13th Wisconsin Infantry 8,35 30th Regiment of Wisconsin Infantry 19,35 30th Wisconsin Volunteers . ; 3,4,8,12 31st Infantry • 6 Thompson, Charley • ; -45 Tilford, J. G. Major ' '• . 7 Tillotson, Everett ' Tim Ed ' 3 9 Timmer : 29 ,45 Tokach Insurance Agency ;— 34 Tokach, Louis A. .- • 34 Tony' s Cafe - ' 38 Tool, Steve T. — 30 Trombois, Frank : 13 Turnock, Lieut 22 20th Infantry . 7, 24 22nd Infantry 7 ,8,22,27 Twighlight Ski Hills < : 67 Twin City Implement —• 68 Two Bears r ' • 4,6,12,13 Un's tad, Paul 45 Upper Missouri 3 Urell, M. E. : 30 Uselmann, Aug -29 .35 Uselmann, Christ 49 Uselmann, Nona Mae 41 Usselmann, Mrs. Pius 41,49 Uselmann, Pius 28 ,43,49 , 57 Van Nuland, Albert 55 Van Solen, Miss '• 30 Vantines 66 Vivian, Surgeon 10 Wade, Mrs. 0. M. —— • 26 Wade, William 25,26, 37 Walery, Douglas S. : . 64 Wales, Great Britain • 37 Wall, Charley 45 Wallern _ , 61 War Department of the Interior • 8,33 Ward Brothers 'General Merchandise Store 41 Ward, Harold • . 65 Ward Ho tel — : ' 41 Ward, Mrs. George • • '• 35 Warsaw, NY ~ . 53 Washington :: • 56 Washington, George 5 Watford City 42 Watson, Messr. 29,53,63 Watson, Mrs. M. K. 30 Wead, Dorothy 65 Wead, liverC 58 Wead, Florence 65 Wead, Jim — • 28 Wead, Joe ' 28 Wead, Messr. — 29 ,63 Wead's Store 28 Wead,- Mrs. Dorothy 41 Wead, Mrs. Evert > 41 Wead, Willie : 28 Weber, Hardware •• 34 Weigle, Elizabeth ; 45 Weigle , Math : 45 Weinhandl, Caroline 45 Weinhandl, George 45 Weinhandl, Mary 45 Weinhandle, Mrs. George 61 Welk Steel Co. Inc. 60 Wells, Jim : =- < ' 49 Welsch, George ; '• • 47 Welsch, Robert • : 47 Wells, Mrs. Frank •. '• -33 Wenger, John : 57 Wetch, Frank • 38 Wetch Plumbing Heating Excavating & Well Drilling • .-. 60 Wheeler, J. E. DVM : 60 Whistler, Colonel J.'N.G. : 6,7,17,22,24,27 White Earth : 18 White Gut • —: 31 Whiting, Ord ; .—• — 29 Whit sell, Wm 27 Wilkes •— 47 Williston -— 66 Winbauer Hotel : 45 Winbauer, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph 45 Wishek —— 42 Wisconsin, Richland Center —'• —• 39 Woodall, Ben — ' ' 57 Woodhead 39 Wyoming 6 Yankton 5,6,10,18,19,37 Yanktonnias Tribe : — - : 6,18,31 Yellowstone 3-8,17 ,18 , 22,24 ,37 Yellowstone Expedition 7,17 Yellowstone River ' 3,12,18,24,27 Zahn, George • • .—• 27 Zahn, Henry 28 Zahn, Josephine . • 27 Zahn, John '• '• • 27 Zahn, Judge Francis •—• — .-- • 27 Zahn, Katie Eliza • — 27 Zahn, Robert — • '• 27 Z.'ihn, W. B. -• 27 Zahn, • Villiarn 27 Zo ii iaK.i", Joe - 57 .'JC' ir.l.cy, John 57 lrley, John L 57 irley, Miner 57 ir.ley, Mrs. John -53,57 Zerley, Doctor C. 35 -J iP -

- _ *

n

(-A