Rural Access: Options and Challenges for Connectivity and Energy in Ghana Jonnie Akakpo October 2008 Rural Access: Options and Challenges for Connectivity and Energy in Ghana A study carried out for the International Institute for Communication and Development (IICD) and the Ghana Information Network for Knowledge Sharing (GINKS) by Jonnie Akakpo, Consolidated Solutions Limited (CSL) Jointly published by GINKS and IICD October 2008 GINKS DTD 173 Cantonments Accra Ghana Email:
[email protected] Tel: +233 21 785654 Fax: +233 21 786554 Colophon Author: Jonnie Akakpo, CSL Coordinator: Martine Koopman, IICD Editor: Theresa Stanton, IICD Publisher: GINKS/IICD Contents List of Abbreviations and Acronyms………………………………………………………………………………..5 Purpose of this Report.......................................................................................8 Executive Summary ..........................................................................................9 A Historical Perspective on Connectivity ............................................................. 10 Rural Connectivity: The Challenges ................................................................... 12 Applications and Uses of Connectivity ................................................................ 15 Main Types of Connectivity Available ................................................................. 16 Technical Considerations on Connectivity ........................................................... 19 Geographic Coverage .....................................................................................