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Home , Achamana, Badarayana, Dashavatara, Jatakarma, Kaivalya Upanishad, Karnavedha

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(nectar), 211 • Numerics • Amritamanthana (churning the milky 3 worlds, 109–110 ocean), 98, 116–117, 123 5 differences (pancha bheda), 314 ananda in name of swamis, 14 7 cities, 279 Angaraka (Mars), 107 7 Sages (Saptarshi or Sapta ), 115, 134 (fi rst solid food), 256, 261 10 incarnations of . See Anthyeshti (rites upon death), 257, 268 14 worlds, 110 Aranya Kanda ( book), 175 16 ceremonies (samskaras). See life-cycle rites Aranya Parva (Mahabarata book), 186–189 16 offerings (shodasha ), (section of ), 149 55, 218–219 arati ( fl ame), 219–220 108 names of , 233 architecture of temples, 222–226 ( protagonist), 194–195, 196–199, 307 • A • Arjuna Vishaada , 200 Arsha Gurukulam (Saylorsburg, ablutions (ritual cleansing), 17, 54 PA), 130 achamana (procedures using water), , as personal aim of life, 40–41 208–209, 214 (deity), 109 (revered teachers), 23, 135–137 invasion theory, 24, 25–27 Adi Parva (Mahabarata book), 182–185 Aryan people, 23–24 . See ascetic (form of ), 101 Advaita (). See also Ashoka (emperor), 29 basic beliefs (table), 311 , 128–131 described, 310 Ashtanga Yoga, 321. See also devotion in, 314 Ashtoththara Shata Namavali (chanting the introduced by Shankaracharya, 14, 63 108 names), 233 on knowledge as inherent, 313 Ashwins (deities), 109 levels of reality in, 313 Atharva Veda. See also Vedas meaning of the term, 311–312 of, 152 on sheaths of ignorance, 312, 313, 314 categories of hymns (suktas) in, 152 affi rmative action program, 75–76 described, 144 agamas (priestly functions), 127, 227 COPYRIGHTEDon link MATERIAL between individual and world, 145 (fi re god), 51, 108 message of hope in, 146, 147 Agni Kavadi (walking on coals), 252 spells and charms in, 151, 152 (nonviolence), 42 structure and content of, 148 , 168 (sage), 151 Akbar (emperor), 30 atheism, 41, 82 Akshara Yoga, 200 Ati Marga subsect, 61–62 Alagappan, Alagappa (U.S. Hindu leader), 35 atman. See jivatman (individual soul) Alexander the Great, 27–28 Atmanam Viddhi (Know Thyself), 307 in homes, 209–210, 211 Autobiography of a (Yogananda), 330 Amarnath caves, 221, 284 Avantika (one of seven cities), 279 Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (Law Minister), 76

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. See also specifi c avatars key lessons of (table), 200–201 Bhagavad Gita on ’s function as, 112 Krishna in, 97 conditions for incarnation of, 112–113 Krishna’s pledge in, 111, 112 consorts of, 114 Mahabarata chapters comprising, 180 Dashavatara (ten incarnations of Vishnu), as goal of, 202 114–124 overview of the story, 194–199 death of, 114 on paths toward moksha, 47 defi ned, 54, 112 in Prasthanatraya scriptures, 306 descent of the savior, 113–114 Raja Yoga in, 204 evolution of, 114 setting the stage for internal confl ict, plea from devotee for, 113 196–197 Kanda (Ramayana book), 174–175 structure of, 194 Ayodhya (one of seven cities), 279 as suggested reading, 336 Ayyangar (duties), 58 theme of, 194 tolerance promoted by, 49 as author of, 193 • B • on work without concern for results, 345 (Vedanta proponent), 303 Purana, 114 Badrinath, Vishnu temple at, 284 (ferocious form of Shiva), 59, 101 Bala Kanda (Ramayana book), 174 (ferocious form of ), 59 Bali (emperor), 118–119 Yoga, 48, 200, 204, 325 bathing, prayer during, 17 (Mother ), 50 BCE (Before Common Era), 3 bhashyas ( commentaries), 293 bedtime prayers, 216 Parva (Mahabarata book), 189 beliefs, core Bhogi festival day, 238 , 10, 39–40 Bhudevi ( Earth), prayer to, 17, 50 concept of Truth, 10–11, 38 , 50, 226–227 , 11, 39, 40–43 bhur (physical world), 109, 110 immortal soul, 43–44 bhuvas (world of atmosphere), 109, 110 and its consequences, 11, 44–46 black Yajur Veda, 150 moksha as goal of life, 10–11, 46–48 Boden, Joseph (EIC offi cer), 31 summary of, 10–12 body, equation with Self (original time as circular, 11 error), 163 Vedas’ authority, 11, 39, 40, 147–148 Brahma (deity). See also Trinity Bengal renaissance, 31–32 acknowledged by all denominations, 51 (deity), 109 attributes of, 93 Bhagavad Gita Brahman versus, 39 Arjuna’s dilemma, 194–195 consort of (), 12, 63, 93, 94 armies and rule of war, 196 described, 12, 90 in, 200, 204, 325 emergence of, 83 caste system in, 66, 67 in every , 93 conversation with Krishna, 198–199 great sleep of, 115 on death and rebirth, 44 as Lord of Progeny (), 92 described, 16 portrayal of, 92, 93 dharma as basis of, 201–202 temples for, 93 18-day battle, 199 Brahma rishi, 134 importance of, 16–17, 193 Brahma , 306 in, 204, 324–325 Brahmacharya (celibate time of learning), in, 200, 202–203, 324 17, 263

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Brahman (Supreme Being). See also castes as lineages of sages, 13–14 (Supreme Soul) class versus caste, 66 Brahma versus, 39 codifi ed by , 29, 72 as common element in all beings, 46 corruption of, 67, 72–74 connection to individual soul, 163–164, counterparts in other societies, 65 309–310 current observance of, 20, 74–78 connection to the universe, 160–162 development of, 28–29 core belief in, 10, 39–40 discrimination justifi ed by, 73–74 described, 39–40, 89–90 ills of, 65 expansive nature of, 90 laws addressing inequalities of, 74, 75 losing yourself in, 165 main castes and subcastes, 68–71 many embodied in the One, 83–84 major castes, 19 moksha as oneness with, 10–11 original purpose of, 67–68 as pantheistic, 81 in Rig Veda, 68 and Prakriti projected from, 83 rigidity of, 72, 77 as Reality, 10, 313 spouse choice in accordance with, 77–78 relationship to individual soul, in superiority justifi ed by, 72 , 317–318 untouchables, 19–20 as silence, 161 Cat School of SriVaishnava, 57–58 Trinity as aspects of, 90 cave shrines, 221, 284 Upanishadic view of, 159 CE (Common Era), 3 (section of Vedas), chakras, 325–326 148, 151, 152, 264 (priestly class). See also caste on Brahman, 89 system core message of, 168 in Bhagavad Gita, 67 on telling the truth, 166 character of, 70 on Thou art That, 165 described, 69 (moon god), 107 Rig Veda depiction of, 68 Chanikya (sage), 348 services of, 19 chanting the 108 names (Ashtoththara subcastes, 71 Shata Namavali), 233 , founding of, 31–32 character, karma linked to, 45 Brahmopadesham (teaching of charity (datta or dana), 166–167 ), 264 Chatterjee, Bankim (“I Salute the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad, 38, 83, 164, Mother”), 50 166–167, 168 chaturvidha phala purushartha (personal Brihaspati (Jupiter), 107 aims), 40–41 British rule of India, history of, 30–32 Cheluva (deity), 251 Brook, Peter (fi lmmaker), 34 childhood rituals, 259–261 Buddha, 121–122, 124 Christian missionaries in India, 31 (Mercury), 107 Chudakarma (fi rst haircut), 255, 256, 261 class versus caste, 66 cleansing (), 217 • C • , breaking at end of worship, 335 Carrière, Jean-Claude (playwright), 34 company, mandate about, 345 caste system. See also specifi c castes (dayaadhwam or daya), 166–167 affi rmative action program, 75–76 The Complete Works of Vivekananda association of birth with, 70, 71 (Vivekananda), 329 Bhagavad Gita as source of, 66

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conception ceremony (Garbhadana), (fi sh), 115–116, 123 256, 258 (man-lion), 117–118, 123 conscience, dharma of following, 42–43 Parashu (Rama with an axe), consciousness, planes of, 159 119, 124 consorts (female companions). See also scriptures describing, 114 specifi c consorts table summarizing, 123–124 of avatars, 114 (dwarf), 118–119, 123 of primary , 12 (boar), 117, 123 of Shiva, 101–102 covered by, 114 of Vishnu, 98–99 dates conventions in this book, 2–3 conventions in this book, 3 conversion to Hinduism, 336 origins of Hinduism, 21–22 core beliefs. See beliefs, core ’ composition, 190 core values, 11, 49–50 Rig Veda’s composition, 40 cows, reverence for, 334–335 uncertainty of historical, 1, 15, 21 cremation, 268, 336 ’ composition, 155–156 cutting the umbilical cord (), Vedas’ composition, 143 256, 260 datta or dana (charity), 166–167 cycle of karmic consequence, 294–296 dayaadhwam or daya (compassion), 166–167 death Anthyeshti rites upon, 257, 268 • D • of avatars, 114 Da Da Da, 166–167 belief in immortal soul, 43–44, 268 Daivaasura Sampad Vibhaaga Yoga, 201 cremation after, 268, 336 period, 236 cycle of death and rebirth, 44 damyata or dama (self-control), 166–167 Kashi pilgrimage at time of, 279 darshan (seeing God), 18, 289 denominations of Hinduism. See also Darshana philosophers, 135 specifi c denominations Darshana schools chart of, 53 bhashyas (sutra commentaries), 293 origin of, 51–53 discovery of Reality as aim of, 290 Shaiva, 59–62 establishment of, 29 Shakta, 63–64 general approach of, 291–293 Smarta, 62–63 Mimamsa, 301–302 unity underlying the complexity of, 64 , 294–298 Vaishnava, 54–58 , 300–301 Destri (form of Saraswati), 109 sutras of, 291 detached dynamism, 47 , 298–299 rishi, 134 Vedanta, 303–304 (mother of Krishna), 120–121 Yoga, 302–303 , (U.S. Yoga pioneer), 330 dasan (servant), 58 Devi (Shiva’s consort), 12, 62–64 Dashavatara (ten incarnations of Vishnu). devotion in Vedanta, 314, 316 See also Krishna ( of Vishnu); Dhannalakshmi (goddess of wealth), 247 Rama (avatar of Vishnu) dharma Buddha, 121–122, 124 avatars’ intervention to restore, 112 evolution of, 114 avoiding the six temptations, 42 illustrated, 115 as basis of Bhagavad Gita, 201–202 , 123, 124 as central to all transactions, 42 (tortoise), 116–117, 123 decline and its consequences, 113

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defi ned, 11 elephant festival, 248–249 following your conscience, 42–43 Ellora, rock-cut temples in, 221 Krishna’s pledge to restore, 111 Enlightenment Without God (Rama), 330 kshatra dharma, 198 epics. See Mahabarata; Ramayana mandate to protect, 346 evil, explanation for, 299 as performance of duty, 41 as personal aim of life, 40 Sanatana Dharma (eternal law), 22 • F • translation diffi cult for, 41 faith, importance of, 208, 346 women as gatekeepers of, 343 family Dharma , 16 joint family system, 48, 49 Dharmakshetra battlefi eld, 193 tradition as driver of festival scope, 235 “Dharmo rakshati rakshitaha” whole world seen as, 10, 347–348 (Srinivasan), 41 family godhead (grhadevata), 217 Dhatar (deity), 109 family priests, 127 Dhyaana Yoga, 200 on Ekadeshi, 212 dialogue, teaching by, 293 festivals. See also specifi c festivals diamond crown (Vairamudi) festival, 250 categories of, 235 Divine Life Society, 140 celebrated throughout India, 235–247 festival, 99, 236, 240, 246–247 for , 105 doubting everything, 292–293 family tradition as driver for, 235 Dualism. See Dvaita for Ganapati, 103 Dujryodhana (Kaurava prince), 197 overview, 18 Durga Devi, 63, 104–105 regional, 247–253 Dutta, Narendranath. See Vivekananda, timetable of (table), 236 Swami underlying theme of, 235 Dvaita (Dualism). See also Vedanta fetus, protective rites for basic beliefs (table), 311 (Simanthonnayana), 256, 258–259 categories of individual souls in, 315–316 fi rst haircut (Chudakarma), 255, 256, 261 described, 310 fi rst lesson (Vidyarambha), 256, 262 devotees as servants of God in, 316–317 fi rst outing (Nishkraman), 256, 260 difference principle in, 317 fi rst solid food (Annaprashana), 256, 261 icons in, 316–317 fi ve differences (pancha bheda), 314 introduced by , 14, 55 fourteen worlds, 110 liberation through devotion in, 316 pancha bheda (fi ve differences) in, 314 Samkhya approach leading to, 301 • G • Dwapara , 15, 90, 124 Ganapati or (deity) Dwaraka (one of seven cities), 279 creation by , 102 Dwashada Lingas legend, 285 described, 18 festival for, 103 • E • festival on birthday of, 236, 242–243 as Hindu Temple Society deity, 35 ear piercing (), 256, 261 as Mahabarata stenographer, 181 early Modern Period, 30 other names for, 102 East India Company (EIC), 30–31 prayer to, 18, 217 Eight Steps to Yoga (Yeats-Brown), 330 as Shiva’s son, 60 Ekadeshi, 212 story of gaining elephant head, 103 elders, respect for, 49 worship traditions of, 102–103

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Gandhi, Mahatma, 20, 42, 73, 167 festival, 236, 242–243 • H • River, 237, 275, 283, 286 haircut, fi rst (Chudakarma), 255, 256, 261 Gangotri, pilgrimage to, 286 (monkey god), 96, 97 garbha griha (main sanctum), 222, 224 Harappa (ancient city), 24, 26 Garbhadana (conception ceremony), Hardwar, 117, 282–283 256, 258 Hare subsect, 56 Purana, 114 Harijans (God’s people), 20, 73 Gautama (Buddha), 121–122, 124 , 302, 303, 327–329 Gaya, pilgrimage to, 282 (demon), 116 Gaya the , 282 heaven worlds, 110 , 150, 209, 264 hells, 110 Genesis, Rig Veda parallels with, 149 , pilgrimage destinations in, genuine pilgrims (pucca ), 276 282–284 (), 56 Hindu and Hinduism, origin of terms, Gnothi Seauton (know thyself), 164 21, 22, 334 . See also specifi c goddesses Hindu Monastery (Kauai, HI), 130 association with shakti, 104 A Hindu Primer: Prashna, 38 consorts of the primary gods, 12 Hindu Stories icon, 5 support for male deities by, 104 Hindu Temple Society, 35 village goddesses, 106 (king), 118 gods (demon), 117 boons given by, 113 categories of, 13 Aryan invasion theory, 24, 25–27 markings of, 91–92 Bengal renaissance, 31–32 perceptions in the Vedas, 145–146 British rule, 30–32 pictures or sculptures of, 91–92 challenges for pinning down details, 15 planetary, 13, 107 Darshana schools’ establishment, 29 primary, 12 date of origin, 21–22 realm of (svar), 109, 110 dates uncertain in, 1, 15, 21 Gombe Habba (festival of the dolls), early Indus Valley civilization, 245–246 24–25, 26, 32 gopurams (temple towers), 224, 225, 226 early Modern Period, 30 Goswami, Rajiv (protester), 76 Hindu temple movement in U.S., 34–35 Gotama (Nyaya Sutras author), 294 invasion by Alexander the Great, 27–28 (lineage sage), 166 Mahabarata fi lm’s success, 34 greeting with palms folded, 335 Mughal invasion, 30 grhadevata (family godhead), 217 Newsweek article, 35 Griffi th, T. H. (Vedas translator), 144 origin of terms, 21, 22 Grihya Sutras, 147, 255 puranic period, 30 groundbreaking ceremony (Bhumi puja), reform period, 29 226–227 start of Hinduism, 333 festival, 236, 240 Transcendental Meditation Guna Traya Vibhaaga Yoga, 201 popularized, 33 . See spiritual leaders; swamis and , 28–29 gurus Vivekananda’s Chicago address, 32–33 gymnosophists, Alexander’s interrogation festival, 236, 240 of, 27–28

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holydays. See festivals Hindu belief in, 43–44 (fi re ceremony), 258 relationship to Supreme Soul, in hope, message of the Vedas, 146–147 Vishishtadvaita, 317–318 horoscopes, 261 uniqueness of, 334 Hymn of Creation (Rig Veda), 149 Jnaana Vijnaana Yoga, 200 Jnaana Yoga, 200 Jnana Yoga, 47–48, 204, 324–325 • I • Johnson, Lyndon B. (vice president), 34 “I Salute the Mother” (Chatterjee), 50 joint family system, 48, 49 icons in Dvaita, 316–317 Jois, Krishna Pattabhi (Yoga teacher), 330 icons in this book, explained, 5–6 ignorance as root of suffering, 292 • K • sheaths of, in Advaita, 312, 313, 314 Kaala (form of Shiva), 101 illusion (), 308–309 (poet), 30 immigration to U.S., 34–35 Pada, 322 India , 168 as Bharat Mata (Mother India), 50 (goddess), 63, 105 origin of name, 22–23 , 2, 90, 124 Indian Constitution, 75 Kalki (avatar of Vishnu), 123, 124 Indian national motto, 38 (lust and desire), 42 Indra (rain and thunder god), 51, 106–107 kama (personal aim), 41 Indus River, 22–23, 25–26 (tyrant), 120–121 Indus Valley civilization, 24–25, 26, 32 (Vaisheshika proponent), 298 initiations. See life-cycle rites (samskaras) Kanchi (one of seven cities), 279 Integral Hatha Yoga (Satchidananda), 330 Kanda rishi, 134 , 161, 162, 167 Kanu Pongal festival day, 238 Isherwood, Christopher (U.S. Yoga Kanyakumari, pilgrimage to, 280 pioneer), 330 subsect, 62 (history of the people), 170 (Samkhya proponent), 300 Iyengar, B. K. S. (Light on Yoga), 330 karma Iyengar (duties), 58 character and willpower linked to, 45 cycle of karmic consequence, 294–296 defi ned, 11 • J • infl uence of, 45 (form of Vishnu), 96, 253, 254 moksha as freedom from, 46 Jagannath Rath festival, 253 Yoga, 47 (Mimamsa proponent), 301–302 Karma Yoga, 47, 200, 202–203, 321, 324 Jatakarma (cutting the umbilical cord), Karnavedha (piercing the ears), 256, 261 256, 260 festival, 248–249 jatis (subcastes), 70–71 Kashi (), pilgrimage to, 278–279 Jayadeva (Gita Govinda), 56 , 157, 161, 167 jivatman (individual soul) Kaurava army, 195, 196 categories in Dvaita, 315–316 Kavadi festival, 251–252 connection to Supreme Soul, 163–164, Kaveri River, pilgrimage to source of, 286 309–310 , 167 Kennedy, John F. (president), 34

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Ketu (comet god), 108 Lancer at Large (Yeats-Brown), 330 Keyt, George, trans. (Song of Love: The Gita Langayats subsect, 62 Govinda), 56 Laws of Manu (Manu Smrti), 347 king’s crown (Rajamudi) festival, 251 Laya Yoga, 325 Kanda (Ramayana book), leaders, religious, 13–14. See also specifi c 175–177 kinds know thyself, 164, 307 learning, initiation into (Vidyarambha), Krishna (avatar of Vishnu). See also 256, 262 Bhagavad Gita liberation. See moksha in Bhagavad Gita story, 194, 195, 196, lies, mandate about, 346–347 198–199 life, sacredness of all, 49–50 birth story of, 120–121 life-cycle rites (samskaras) caste system proclaimed by, 66, 67 childhood, 259–261 festival on birthday of, 236, 241 death, 268 Gita Govinda about, 56 described, 19 Gopala or Govinda form (cowherd), 97 marriage, 265–267 pledge given by, 97, 111, 112 prenatal, 257–259 portrayal of, 96 preparations for adulthood, 262–265 stories of, 97 retirement, 267 subsects based on worship of, 56–57 table summarizing, 256–257 Vaishnava worship of, 54 Light on Yoga (Iyengar), 330 Krishna Dwaipayana (later Vyasa), 181 lila (play), 308 festival, 236, 241 (stone pillar) Krishna Yajur Veda, 150 Dwashada Lingas legend, 285 Krita Yuga, 90, 123 Shiva worshipped in form of, 60, 100, Kriya Yoga, 321. See also Karma Yoga 101, 239 krodha (anger), 42 Lives of a Bengal Lancer (Yeats-Brown), 330 Ksetra Yoga, 200 Living with the Himalayan Masters kshatra dharma, 198 (Rama), 330 (warrior class). See also caste lobha (greed), 42 system Arjuna as member of, 195, 198 in Bhagavad Gita, 67 • M • described, 69 (egotistic pride), 42 Parashu Rama’s vengeance on, 119 Madhvacharya (sage), 14, 55, 137, 314–315 Rig Veda depiction of, 68 Madhvas subsect, 55 services of, 19 (mother of ), 184 Mela festival, 237, 275 Maha rishi, 134 , 325–326 (legendary king), 252 Kundalini Yoga (Shivananda), 326, 330 Mahabarata (epic). See also Bhagavad Gita (mother of Pandavas), 184 Amritamanthana story, 98, 99, Kurma (tortoise avatar of Vishnu), 116–117, 123 116–117, 123 Bhagavad Gita within, 180 Kurukshetra battlefi eld, 193, 307 blue throat of Shiva recounted in, 99 books of, 180 brahmin character described in, 70 • L • brief summary of, 34, 169 (Vishnu’s consort), 12, 98–99, current role of, 190 217–219, 247 extended summary of, 181–189

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Ganapati as stenographer for, 181 marriage good versus evil theme of, 170–171 caste and spouse choices, 77–78 invocation to Saraswati in, 94 Vivaha/Shadi (wedding ceremony), 257, as (history of the people), 170 265–267, 293 Krishna in, 97 Marshall, John (archeologist), 24 meaning of title, 34, 180 Maruts (storm gods), 107 narrative style of, 171–172 Matarisvan (deity), 109 celebration linked to, 242–243 Maths of Shankarachary, 312 on path of salvation, 125 Mathura (one of seven cities), 279 Prabhasa, Vasishta, and Nandini story, 46 Mathura, pilgrimage to, 281–282 as remembered text (smrti), 16 matsarya (jealousy), 42 scope of, 171 Matsya (fi sh avatar of Vishnu), as suggested reading, 6, 41, 336 115–116, 123 Vyasa as author of, 169, 181 festival day, 238 on who is happy, 211 Maugham, W. Somerset (British author), 161 Mahabarata (fi lm by Brook), 34 Maurya, Chandragupta (emperor), 28, 29 Mahalakshmi Devi, 63, 98. See also Lakshmi maya (illusion), 308–309 (Vishnu’s consort) Maya (one of seven cities), 279 (TM founder), mealtime worship, 211–212 33, 131 temple, 225 Maharishi University of Management, 131 Megasthenes (Greek ambassador to mahavakyas (great sayings), 304, 307 ancient India), 28 Mahishasuramardini (deity), 244 mehendi (patterns on hands and feet), 248 festival, 236–238 memorization, teaching by, 293 male heir, prayers for (), 256, 258 Miller, Lisa (“We Are All Now”), 36 Manasarovar (lake of the mind), 277 Mimamsa Darshana, 301–302 Manava Dharma or Manu Smrti Mimamsa Sutras, 291 (law book), 72 mind, Self not in, 163 mandapas (pillared structures), 224 missionaries in India, 31 mandates, traditional, 343–348 (deity), 109 , 168 moha (delusion via attachment), 42 (Mars), 107 Mohenjo-daro (ancient city), 24, 26 Mantra Marga subsect, 62 moksha (liberation) as freedom from karma, 46 Gayatri, 150, 209, 264 as goal of Bhagavad Gita, 202 in Grihya Sutras, 150 as goal of life, 10–11, 41, 46–47, 311 Mimamsa emphasis on, 302 human birth required for, 335 Shanti, 220 path of devotion toward, 48 for Namaskar, 329 path of duty toward, 47 Manu (lawgiver), caste system codifi ed by, path of knowledge toward, 47–48 29, 72 as release from cycle of death and Manu Smrti (Laws of Manu), 347 rebirth, 44 markings through devotion, in Dvaita, 316 dot on women’s foreheads, 335–336 Moksha Sanyaasa Yoga, 201 mehendi (patterns on hands and feet), 248 monasteries, 131 in , 59–60 Monier-Williams, Monier (Boden chair of Shiva on male gods, 92 holder), 31, 64 in , 54–55 Monism. See Advaita (Nondualism); of Vishnu on male gods, 91–92 Vishishtadvaita (qualifi ed Nondualism)

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Monkey School of SriVaishnava, 57–58 original error, 163 monks, 14 Oxford University, chair at, 31 morning prayer, 17, 212–213 , 117 Mueller, Max (German scholar), 31 • P • Mughal invasion, 30 pancha bheda (fi ve differences), 314 , 38, 161, 165, 167 (collection of fables), Murugan (Shiva’s son), 60, 103 344–345 army, 196 Pandavas (children of the gods), 184 • N • pantheism, 40, 64, 81–84 Nadar, Kamaraj (Chief Minister of Param rishi, 134 Tamilnadu), 76 Paramatman (Supreme Soul). See also Nama (forehead marks), 54 Brahman (Supreme Being) (naming ceremony), 256, 260 connection to individual soul, 163–164, names, identical and alternate, 15 309–310 naming ceremony (Namakarana), 256, 260 defi ned, 159 Nandini the cow, 46 Hindu belief in, 43 (sage), 135, 173 Upanishads on, 162–164 Narasimha (man-lion avatar of Vishnu), Parashu Rama (Rama with an axe), 119, 124 117–118, 123 Parvati (Shiva’s consort), 101–102, 249 Narasimhan, C. V. (U.S. Hindu leader), 35 Pashpupatas subsect, 61 Narayana (form of Vishnu), 95 (Shiva as lord of animals), Nasik, nectar of the gods hidden in, 117 59, 101 (Shiva as lord of dance), 60, 101 passivity, 334 nature gods, 13, 51 Pasupata (Shiva’s staff), 100 (heavenly bodies), 231 (Yoga Sutras author), 302, 320 Navaratri festival, 236, 243–246 Peethams of Shankarachary, 312 Newsweek article, 36 penance, 132–133 Nishkraman (fi rst outing), 256, 260 piercing the ears (Karnavedha), 256, 261 non-brahmin castes, 69, 71. See also caste pilgrimage (yatra). See also specifi c system destinations Nondualism. See Advaita; Vishishtadvaita genuine pilgrims (pucca Warkari), 276 nonviolence, 347 to locations in sacred texts, 274 Northern School of SriVaishnava, 57–58 major centers for (table), 271–273 Nyaya Darshana, 294–298 map of destinations, 271 Nyaya Sutras, 291 mode of transportation for, 275 to mountains, 274 reasons for, 275 • O • to rivers and bodies of water, 273–274 offerings (upacharas), 218–219 to seven cities, 279 symbol, 88 Teertha Yatra, 269 Om Tat Sat, 165 times for, 276 festival, 252 tour example, 277–286 Onasadhya feast, 252 varieties of, 269–270 108 names of God, 233 world’s biggest religious meet, 275

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planetary gods, 13, 107 Purandhi (deity), 109 poetic sophistication of the Vedas, 147 puranic period, 30 polytheism, 81, 84–88 Purusha (male projection of Brahman), 83 Pongal festival in Tamilnadu, 238 Purusha pattern in temples, 223 poornakumbham (silver vessel), 250 purusha (spirit), 300–301 Prabhasa, 46 Yoga, 201 Prabhavananda, Swami, 330 Pusan (deity), 109 (son of Harianyakashipu), 118 Pushkar Fair, , 277–278 Prajapati (lord of progeny), 92, 166 Prakriti, 83, 300, 301 Pratishtapan ceremony, 227 • Q • pranayama (procedures using air), 209, 326 qualifi ed Nondualism. See Vishishtadvaita prasad (offered food), 220 Prasad, Rajendra (fi rst president of India), 76 , 167, 333 • R • Prasthanatraya scriptures, 306 Raajavidya Raaja Guhya Yoga, 200 Prayag, nectar of the gods hidden in, 117 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli (philosopher- prayers. See also rituals statesman), 76, 155 bedtime, 216 Rahu (eclipse god), 108 to Bhudevi, 17, 50 Raja rishi, 134 at fi rst haircut, 261 Raja Yoga, 204, 291, 320–323 to Ganapati, 18, 217 Rajamudi (king’s crown) festival, 251 Gayatri mantra, 150, 209, 264 qualities, 300 invoking Lakshmi, 218 Rajasthan (“land of kings”), 249 for male heir (Pumsavana), 256, 258 Ram Parivar, 96, 239 morning, 17, 212–213 Rama (avatar of Vishnu). See also for mother, fetus, and delivery, 259 Ramayana (epic) for newborn baby, 260 Diwali celebrating return of, 247 procedures using air (pranayama), 209 festival on birthday of, 236, 239–240 procedures using water (achamana), portrayal of, 96 208–209, 214 story of, 119–120 at puja conclusion, 220 Vaishnava worship of, 54 reasons for, 208 Rama Rajya, 179–180 sandhya vandanam, 17, 213–216 Rama, Swami (U.S. Yoga pioneer), 330 Shanti Mantra, 220 Mission, 33, 140 to Shiva, 217 Ramakrishna Paramahansa, 138 ten most common, 337–341 , 140, 161 preachers, 14 Ramanavami festival, 236, 239–240 prenatal rituals, 257–259 Ramanujacharya (sage), 14, 57, 136–137, priests ( or purohits), 14, 127 317, 318 pucca Warkari (genuine pilgrims), 276 Ramayana (epic) pujaris or purohits (priests), 14, 127 books of, 173 pujas (forms of worship), 216, 234. See also brief summary of, 119–120, 169 worship current role of, 190 Pumsavana (prayers for male heir), 256, 258 extended summary of, 174–180 puranas, 16, 169, 190–191 good versus evil theme of, 170–171

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Ramayana (epic) (continued) . See sages Hanuman in, 97 rites of passage. See life-cycle rites importance of, 180 (samskaras) as itihasa (history of the people), 170 rituals. See also life-cycle rites meaning of title, 172 (samskaras); worship meters used in, 173 childhood, 259–261 narrative style of, 171 eating as ritual, 211 Navaratri celebration linked to, 243 prenatal, 257–259 number of couplets in, 173 preparations for adulthood, 262–265 read during Ramanavami, 239 simple and elaborate, 210 as remembered text (smrti), 16 of temple construction and sanctifi cation, scope of, 171 226–227 as suggested reading, 6, 41, 336 Vedas integrated into, 154 as author of, 172, 173 wedding for temple deity, 226 Rameshwaram, pilgrimage to, 280 yagna (sacrifi cial offering), 150–151, 158 pattern, 214 rivers, sacred Ratnakara (later Valmiki), 173 invocation during bathing, 17 Reality invocation during shuddhi, 217 Brahman as, 10, 313 Kumbha Mela festival at confl uence of, discovery as aim of Darshana schools, 290 237, 275 as eternal and unchanging, 38, 290 Makara Sankranti festival along, 237 Truth as, 38, 290 as pilgrimage sites, 273–274 rebirth, cycle of death and, 44 pilgrimages to source of, 286 reform period, 29 rock-cut temples in Ellora, 221 reformers, 14 (Shiva as storm god), 59, 107 Remember icon, 6 beads (prayer beads), 100 remembered texts (smrti), 16, 52, 62–63. See also specifi c texts renunciation, 133 • S • retirement (), 257, 267 Saankhya Yoga, 200 revealed texts (shruti), 16, 144, 155. See Sabarimalai, pilgrimage to, 285–286 also specifi c texts Sabha Parva (Mahabarata book), 185–186 Rig Veda. See also Vedas Sacred Books of the East (Mueller, ed.), 31 Aryan invasion theory countered by, 26–27 sacred texts. See also specifi c texts caste system in, 68 pilgrimage to locations in, 274 date of composition, 40 remembered (smrti), 16, 52, 62–63 described, 144 revealed (shruti), 16, 144, 155 Gayatri mantra in, 150 Sacred Texts icon, 5 Hymn of Creation from, 149 sacredness of all life, 49–50 message of hope in, 146 sacrifi ce, need for, 348 parallels with Genesis, 149 Pada, 321 poetic sophistication of, 147 sages (rishis). See also spiritual leaders quoted in “We Are All Hindus Now” castes as lineages of, 13–14 (Miller), 36 defi ned, 13 spread of Vedic culture, 28–29 mythological and ancient saints, 133–135 structure and content of, 148 recent saints, 135–140 tolerance promoted by, 49 Seven Sages, 115, 134 on truth, 38 titles of, 134 types of hymns in, 149–150 Vedas revealed to, 144

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saints. See spiritual leaders service by renunciates, 133 salvation. See also moksha (liberation) seven cities, 279 as focus of renunciates, 133 Seven Sages (Saptarshi or Sapta Rishi), in Shaivism, 59 115, 134 in Vaishnavism, 54 Shadi/Vivaha (wedding ceremony), 257, Sama Veda, 144, 148, 151. See also Vedas 265–267, 293 Pada, 321 Shaiva Upanishads, 156 Samavartana (returning home), 257, 265 Shaivism. See also specifi c subsects (section of Vedas), 148 followers as Shaivites or Shaivas, 52 Samkhya Darshana, 300–301 subsects of, 61–62 Samkhya Sutras, 291 Vaishnavism compared to, 52–53 samskaras (16 ceremonies). See life-cycle worship traditions of, 59–60 rites Shakta Upanishads, 156 Sanatana Dharma (eternal law), 22, 333 Shaktas, 63–64 sanctums, temple, 224 shakti (creative strength and power), 104 sandhya vandanam, 17, 213–216 (Saturn), 107 (Bhagavad Gita reporter), 195 Shankaracharya sankalpam, 108 as Advaita proponent, 14, 63, 312 Sankranti, 236–238 life of, 136 Sanskrit, 2–3, 31 on reaching Brahman, 314 Sanyaasa Yoga, 200 travels of, 270 Saptarshi or Sapta Rishi (Seven Sages), Shanti Mantra, 220 115, 134 Shastras, 16 Saraswati (Brahma’s consort), 12, 63, 93, 94 Shilpa Shastra (temple sculpture Saraswati River, 25–26, 237, 275 manual), 222 Satchidananda, Swami (Integral Hatha shishya (disciple), 128 Yoga), 330 Shiva (deity). See also Trinity (Shiva’s consort), 102 acknowledged by all denominations, 51 qualities, 300 blue throat of, 99 (progenitor), 116 consorts of, 12, 62–64, 101–102 Satyanarayana (deity), 54 dance of creation ( ), 239 Satyanarayana temple, Middletown, CT, described, 12, 90 227, 228–231, 234 emergence of, 83 Science of Breath (Rama), 330 festival celebrating, 236, 239 scriptures. See sacred texts; specifi c texts forms of, 59, 100–101 sculptures, temple Karva Chauth festival worshipping, 249 northern versus southern, 226 portrayal of, 100 Prana Pratishtapan ceremony for, 227 prayers to, 217 for Satyanarayana temple, Middletown, regenerative power of, 99 CT, 227, 228–231 Shaiva denomination worshipping, 59–62 Shilpa Shastra (manual), 222 Smarta denomination worshipping, 62–63 varieties of, 224 sons of, 102–103 seeds, retention during Brahma’s sleep, 115 worship traditions of, 100 self, the. See jivatman (individual soul) Shivaloka (Shiva’s heaven), 59 Self, the. See Paramatman (Supreme Soul) Shivananda Saraswathi (sage), 140, 283, self-control (damyata or dama), 166–167 305, 326, 330 self-realization, 307, 311. See also moksha Shivaratri festival, 236, 239 (liberation) shodasha upacharas (16 offerings), senses, Self not equated with, 163 55, 218–219

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Shraddhaa Traya Vibhaaga Yoga, 201 Srinivasan, Amrutur (author of this book) shrines. See temples and shrines “Dharmo rakshati rakshitaha,” 41 Shruta rishi, 134 Gombe Habba remembered by, 246 shruti (revealed texts), 16, 144, 155. See temple project of, 87 also specifi c texts temples of worship during childhood, 85 shuddhi (cleansing), 217 SriVaishnavas subsect, 54–55, 57–58, 86, 250 Shuddhodhana (father of Buddha), 121 stambha (decorative pillar), 224 (agricultural/labor class), 19, 67, strength, mental and physical, 344 68, 70. See also caste system subhashitams (mandates), 343–348 Shukla Yajur Veda, 150 suktas of the Atharva Veda, 152 ( of demons), 119 Sundara Kanda (Ramayana book), 177–178 Shukra (Venus), 107 chant, 232 Siddhanta philosophy, 62 Supreme Soul. See Brahman; Paramatman Siddhartha (Buddha), 121–122, 124 Surya Namaskar, 328–329 silence, 161 Surya or Soorya (sun god), 51, 62–63, Simanthonnayana (protection of fetus in 107, 236 womb), 256, 258–259 Surya Pongal festival day, 238 (form of Devi), 63, 96 suttee, 102 16 ceremonies (samskaras). See life-cycle svar (realm of gods), 109, 110 rites Svetasvatara Upanishad, 168 16 offerings (shodasha upacharas), (Vaishnava leader), 56 55, 218–219 Swaminarayans subsect, 56–57 Smartism swamis and gurus. See also spiritual based on smrti (remembered texts), 52, leaders 62–63 establishment by, 128 worship traditions of, 63 concept of master and disciple, 128 smrti (remembered texts), 16, 52, 62–63. defi ned, 14 See also specifi c texts meaning of titles, 127 (moon god), escort of, 108–109 monasteries of, 131 Song of Love: The Gita Govinda (Keyt, prayers to, 217 trans.), 56 role of, 323 soul. See jivatman (individual soul); study at ashrams, 128–129 Paramatman (Supreme Soul) U.S. centers, 129–131 Southern School of SriVaishnava, 58 spiritual leaders characteristics of, 131–132 • T • Mahabarata on following, 125 , 38, 168 mythological and ancient saints, 133–135 qualities, 300 penance under, 132–133 Tandava nritya (Shiva’s dance of personality of, 132 creation), 239 priests, 14, 127 tank (temple pool), 224, 225 recent saints, 135–140 Tantric cults in Shaivism, 59 renunciates, 133 Tantric Yoga, 326–327 swamis and gurus, 14, 127–131 Technical Stuff icon, 6 types of interactions with, 126 Teertha Yatra, 269. See also pilgrimage Sricharanam (forehead mark), 54 (yatra)

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temples and shrines. See also specifi c Truth temples Chandogya Upanishad on, 166 architectural manuals, 222 as foundation of Hindu beliefs, 38 architecture of, 222–226 as goal of life, 10–11 for Brahma, 93 Om Tat Sat, 165 Brahma in every Hindu temple, 93 as Reality, 38, 290 cave shrines, 221, 284 Twain, Mark (American author), 278 Hindu temple movement in U.S., 34–35 history of, 221 key areas and structures, 224–225 • U • multiple gods at, 86–87 uddharana (ceremonial spoon), 208 northern versus southern, 226 (Mahabarata book), 189 overall structure of, 222–223 Ujjian, nectar of the gods hidden in, 117 rituals for construction and umbilical cord cutting (Jatakarma), sanctifi cation, 226–227 256, 260 rock-cut temples in Ellora, 221 unity in diversity, 308 rules for conduct in, 232 unity, merging versus, 54 of SriVaishnavas subsect, 57 universe wedding ritual for presiding deity, 226 connection to Brahman, 160–162 worship in, 18–19, 232–234 defi ned, 159 temptations, six, 42 reality versus illusion of, 308–309 ten incarnations of Vishnu. See Vishnu as pervader of, 94 Dashavatara untouchables, 19–20, 72, 73. See also caste Thoreau, Henry David (Walden author), 144 system Thou art That (Tat tvam ), 164–165, 304, upacharas (offerings), 218–219 305, 306, 307 Upanayanam (thread ceremony), thread ceremony (Upanayanam), 150, 256, 150, 256, 262–264 262–264 Upangas (subbranches of the Vedas), 264 three worlds, 109–110 Upanishads. See also specifi c texts Tilak, Lokamanya Balgangadhar (father of basic questions addressed by, swaraj movement), 242 158–159, 160 time on connection between Brahman and the cyclical concept of, 2, 11 universe, 160–162 festivals timetable, 236 core messages of, 167–168 for pilgrimage, 276 date of composition, 155–156 yugas, 2, 11, 90, 114 focus of, 155, 157–158 Tip icon, 6 key concepts of, 159–160 , pilgrimage to, 280–281 major, 156 tolerance, 11, 41, 49 parables from, 164–167 towers, temple, 224, 225, 226 in Prasthanatraya scriptures, 306 Transcendental Meditation (TM), 33, 131 Radhakrishnan on, 155 transmigration, 43, 44 as revealed texts (shruti), 155 , 90, 123–124 sages not the only source of, 307 Trinity (), 51, 54, 83, 90. See also on the Self, 162–164 Brahma (deity); Shiva (deity); Shaiva, 156 Vishnu (deity) Shakta, 156

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Upanishads (continued) Vedanta. See also specifi c schools spiritual journey of, 156–157 basics of, 306–310 teacher needed for understanding, 157 on connection between individual and Vaishnava, 156 Brahman, 309–310 Vedas compared to, 155, 158 happiness through enlightenment as Vedas connected to, 167–168 message of, 309 UpaVedas (subsidiary texts), 264 Prasthanatraya scriptures of, 306 Kanda (Ramayana book), 179–180 on reality of the universe, 308–309 period, 236 schools of, 305, 306, 310–311 self-realization as goal of, 307, 311 unity in diversity concept of, 308 • V • Vivekananda’s message of, 33 Vaikunta (Vishnu’s heaven), 54 Vedanta Darshana, 303–304 Vairamudi (diamond crown) festival, 250 Vedanta Sutras, 291 Vaisheshika Darshana, 298–299 Vedarambha (beginning Vedic studies), Vaisheshika Sutras, 291 257, 264–265 Vaishnava Upanishads, 156 Vedas. See also specifi c texts Vaishnavism. See also specifi c subsects beginning study of (Vedarambha), followers as Vaishnavites or 257, 264–265 Vaishnavas, 52 belief in authority of, 11, 39, 40, 147–148 Shaivism compared to, 52–53 continuing oral tradition of, 154 subsects of, 55–58 core ideas of, 145–147 worship traditions of, 54–55 date of origin, 143 Vaishno Devi cave, 221 described, 11, 143–144 (trade/commerce class), 19, 67, Griffi th translation of, 144 68, 69. See also caste system on link between individual and world, 145 Vallabhacharya (Vaishnava leader), 56 meaning of the term, 143 subsect, 56 message of hope in, 146–147 Valmiki (Ramayana author), 172, 173 perceptions of God in, 145–146 values, core, 11, 49–50 poetic sophistication of, 147 Vamana (dwarf avatar of Vishnu), preservation of, 153–154 118–119, 123 referred to as Brahman, 143 Vanaprastha (retirement), 257, 267 in religious practices, 147 Vande Mataram (“I Salute the Mother”), 50 retention during Brahma’s sleep, 115 Varaha (boar avatar of Vishnu), 117, 123 returning home after studying Varanasi (Kashi), pilgrimage to, 278–279 (Samavartana), 257, 265 Varshapirapu festival, 236, 240 as revealed texts (shruti), 16, 144 (divine law), 109 rituals integrating, 154 Varuna (lord of the waters), 107 roots of word, 23 Vasishta, 46 sections of, 148–149 (temple architecture as seen (drishi), 144 manual), 222 stolen during Brahma’s sleep, 116 (father of Krishna), 120–121 structure and content of, 148 (wind god), 51, 107 Thoreau on, 144 (branches of the Vedas), Upanishads compared to, 155, 158 153, 264 Upanishads connected to, 167–168

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Vedangas (limbs), 153 infl uence on U.S. spirituality, 329 Vishnu in, 94 on life after death, 44 Veer Shaivas subsect, 62 life of, 139–140 Venkateshwara (form of Vishnu), 87, 95 on need for strength, 344 Vibhhoti Yoga, 200 photo of, 138 Vibhooti (face markings), 59–60 Ramakrishna Mission founded by, 33, 140 Pada, 321 Viyadashami festival, 243, 244–245 Vidyarambha (fi rst lesson), 262 Vyasa (scriptures’ author), 169, 181, 193 Vighnaraja (lord of obstacles), 102. See also Ganapati or Ganesha (deity) village goddesses, 106 • W • Vishishtadvaita (qualifi ed Nondualism). “We Are All Hindus Now” (Miller), 36 See also Vedanta wedding ceremony (Vivaha/Shadi), basic beliefs (table), 311 257, 265–267, 293 described, 310 wedding ritual for temple deity, 226 devotees as servants of God in, 316 white Yajur Veda, 150 introduced by Ramanujacharya, 14 willpower, karma linked to, 45 personal, loving God in, 317 Wodeyar, Krishnadevaraya, IV (maharaja positive attributes of God in, 318 of Mysore), 277 relationship between individual soul and Wodeyar, Raja, 251 Supreme Soul in, 317–318 women Vishnu (deity). See also avatars; Trinity dot on foreheads of, 335–336 acknowledged by all denominations, 51 worship of, 343–344 attributes of, 94–95 work ethic, 344–345 consorts of, 12, 98–99, 217–219, 247 worlds described, 12, 90 fourteen, 110 devotion to, in Dvaita, 316 three, 109–110 divinities related to, 95–97 worldview of Hinduism, 9–10 emergence of, 83 worship. See also prayers; rituals as pervader of the universe, 94 arrangement, 209–210, 211 Smarta denomination worshipping, faith as critical element of, 208 62–63, 94 formal, of a deity, 216–220 ten incarnations of (Dashavatara), of Ganapati, 102–103 114–124 key components of, 17–19 Vaishnava denomination worshipping, of Lakshmi, 98–99, 217–219 54–58, 94 mealtime, 211–212 in the Vedas, 94 as priority for Hindus, 207 Roopa Darshana Yoga, 200 sandhya vandanam, 17, 213–216 Vivaha/Shadi (wedding ceremony), 257, Satyanarayana puja, 234 265–267, 293 Shaiva traditions of, 59–60, 100 Vivekananda, Swami shodasha upacharas (16 offerings), on brahmin ideal, 70 218–219 on Buddha’s will, 45 Smarta traditions of, 63 Chicago address of, 6, 32–33, 44, 139 in temples and shrines, 18–19, 232–234 The Complete Works of Swami Vaishnava traditions of, 54–55 Vivekananda, 329 of women, 343–344

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Yoga Darshana, 302–303 • Y • Yoga Explained (Yeats-Brown), 330 yagna (sacrifi cial offering), 150–151, 158 , 291, 320–322 yagna shala (temple hall), 224 Yogananda, Paramahansa (Autobiography Yajur Veda. See also Vedas of a Yogi), 330 Brahmana of, 151 Yogaville (Buckingham, VA), 129–130 described, 144 Yogi , 326, 330 message of hope in, 146, 147 Yogic tripod, 323–325 Shukla and Krishna versions, 150 , 28 structure and content of, 148 Yuddha Kanda (Ramayana book), 178–179 yagna approaches in, 150–151, 158 Yudhishtira (warrior), 70 Yamuna River, 237, 275, 286 Yugadi festival, 236, 240 Yamunotri, pilgrimage to, 286 yugas, 2, 11, 90, 114 yantras (sacred diagrams), 326 yatra. See pilgrimage Yeats-Brown, Francis (U.S. Yoga pioneer), 330 Yoga Ashtanga, 321 in Bhagavad Gita, 200–201, 202–204, 323 Bhakti, 48, 200, 204, 325 guru’s role in, 323 Hatha, 302, 303, 327–329 Jnana, 47–48, 204, 324–325 Karma, 47, 200, 202–203, 324 Kriya, 321 Kundalini, 325–326 Raja, 204, 320–323 Tantric, 326–327 teacher needed for, 319 in the United States, 329–330

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