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Why Flowers Matter in a Dry Place the Position of Entrepreneurs in an Informal Neighbourhood in Lima, Perú

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Why Flowers Matter in a Dry Place the Position of Entrepreneurs in an Informal Neighbourhood in Lima, Perú Why Flowers Matter in a Dry Place The position of entrepreneurs in an informal neighbourhood in Lima, Perú Erwin Jansen Radboud University Master’s Thesis Human Geography April 2019 Map 2: Lima 1960Erwin Jansen Radboud University i Why Flowers Matter in a Dry Place The position of entrepreneurs in an informal neighbourhood in Lima, Perú Title Why flowers matter in a dry place. The position of entrepreneurs in an informal neighbourhood in Lima, Perú Author Erwin Jansen S4055519 Master’s Thesis Human Geography: Globalisation, Migration & Development Nijmegen School of Management Radboud University Nijmegen April 2019 Thesis supervisor Radboud University Dr. Ir. Lothar Smith Research internship supervisor CEDLA Dr. Ir. Christien Klaufus Cover photo by Author ii iii Contigo Perú – Arturo ‘Zambo’ Cavaro & Oscar Avilés (https://open.spotify.com/track/06vLMHuc5ak4M8WrJ4e9Ei?si=IAr0-rA4S32IJBWFo05ZIQ) (https://youtu.be/UmycnTOqAF0) Cuando despiertan mis ojos y veo When my eyes awaken and I see Que sigo viviendo contigo Perú That I still live with you, Peru Emocionado doy gracias al cielo Touched, I express my gratitude to heaven Por dar me la vida contigo Perú For giving me life with you, Peru Tu eres muy grande You are very big y siempre lo seguirás siendo And you will always be Pero si todos estamos contigo Perú But if we are all with you, Peru Sobre mi pecho On my chest Yo llevo tus colores I carry your colours Y están mis amores contigo Perú And my loves are with you, Peru Somos tus hijos We are your children Y nos uniremos And we are united Y seguro que triunfaremos contigo Perú And surely that we will be succeed with you, Peru Unida la costa Binding the coast Unida la sierra Binding the mountain range Unida la selva Binding the jungle Contigo Perú With you, Peru Unido el trabajo Binding the work Unido el deporte Binding the sport Unidos el norte, el centro y el sur Binding the north, centre and south A triunfar peruanos To triumph Peruvians Que somos hermanos That we are brothers Que sea la victoria nuestra gran gratitud May victory be our great gratitude Yo si puedo darte mi vida If I can give you my life Y si yo muriera And if I died Tendría la dicha de unirme en la tierra contigo I would have the joy of joining the earth with you Contigo Perú With you, Peru Ojala pudiera darte mi vida I wish I could give you my life Y cuando yo muera unirme en la tierra And when I die joining the earth Contigo Perú With you, Peru iv v Preface On a cloudless day, somewhere at the end of September 2016 I stepped into Lothar Smith’s office at the Thomas van Aquinostraat in Nijmegen to have the first conversation about the topic of my master’s thesis. Apart from ‘something related to the informal economy’ did I have no idea what I wanted to write my thesis about. One thing I was certain about, I wanted to remain in the Netherlands; I had just returned from a 7-month world trip and preferred to be in The Netherlands for a longer period. Moreover, if I would go abroad for the research at all, I would like to go to Latin America and I only spoke some basic Spanish, which was not an ideal starting point for interviews and conversations to collect data. When I left Lothar’s office three quarters later however, I was certain about one thing: my intention of remaining close to home was gone. The arguments: “You can learn Spanish” and “In six months you will probably think differently about not wanting to go abroad” had made the difference. I was going back to Latin America and after some conversations with Christien Klaufus at the Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation (CEDLA) in Amsterdam, I knew it was going to be Lima, to do research after flower vendors at the largest cemetery of Latin America. A short year later, I landed in Lima. After a long journey, I arrived early in the morning at Aeropuerto Jorge Chavez. My host parents picked me up and we drove in a Mercedes through the slums of Callao towards Miraflores. I immediately started to see informality and the differences within the city everywhere around me. The five months that followed brought me to all different places in Lima and in contact to different kinds of interesting people. Living in Miraflores and researching in Villa Maria del Triunfo brought me valuable insights in the way wherein cities work. Nothing is more valuable than experiencing this in first hand, in the middle of the orderly chaos of Lima. Lima is not the most beautiful city in the world, but the more I knew about her and the longer I was there, the more I started appreciating her. My time in Lima has become a wonderful experience. I have met nice and interesting people; I have seen a fascinating and diverse city and country and I have developed myself both as a researcher and as a geographer. The writing of this thesis was a challenging process, wherein I have learned a lot about myself, but I am glad that I have taken the decision to go to Lima and took the challenge. I would like to thank everyone who supported me in this process, but some people deserve special attention. Thanks to my family and friends, who were always there for me. vi Thanks to Bubbeltjessport for helping me through this process and for always having the right solution for my problems. Thanks to my host family and friends in Lima, and especially to Sonia and Charito, who made me feel at home in their city. Even despite the zapatazo. Thanks to my supervisors Lothar Smith and Christien Klaufus for their expertise, by helping me see certain processes and giving me the right directions when I needed them. And thanks to the CEDLA for giving me the opportunity to do a research internship with them. Thank you for taking the time to read it. Enjoy! Erwin vii Summary The 21st century will be the century of the city as, for the first time in the history of mankind, more people will be living in the city than on the countryside (UN, 2016, p.38). This urban growth will mainly occur in cities in the Global South, with people from the lower socioeconomic strata, both by natural growth and by immigration. Many of these cities already contain millions of people, and so will the pressure on available land and resources increase. Two of the most important themes around the (future) liveability of cities are the informal economy and public space, as the former is for many people the most important source of income, whereas the latter is the main space of recreation for the lower socioeconomic strata. Latin America is the most urbanised region in the world (Angotti, 2013, p.5); processes where other regions are going through (or will be in the near future) have often already occurred on this continent. Therefore, it is very interesting to see how those places deal with processes around the informal economy and public space, so lessons may be drawn. This research has been focussing on these two themes against a history of immigration in Villa Maria del Triunfo, one of the outer neighbourhoods in Lima, Perú. At the entrance of the largest cemetery of Latin America, a group of flower vendors is making use of public space to make a living. They form the agents of the informal economy in this thesis. The outer neighbourhoods of a major city are interesting places since the (labour) opportunities are limited here, compared to the central places. The cemetery, however, attracts people towards this place, so a suboptimal place is created, where the flower vendors are actively making use of. The migration history has had severe consequences for the available public space in Lima; by the time millions of people came to Lima, there was barely any urban planning by the authorities. People had to build their own houses, which created the situation wherein all available land was urbanised. This makes that there is nowadays insufficient public space is available – especially in a place like Villa Maria del Triunfo. Also, there was insufficient work available for the mass influx of people, so people found alternatives in the informal sector: which is still the most important source of income for the urban poor in Lima. Informality is present throughout and used by the entire city, it is not only there for the urban poor and it is very flexible. As the flower vendors will show could the informal economy be seen as the purest form of capitalism, is it never completely formal nor informal and is it heterogeneous – there are enormous differences in income, even among an apparent homogeneous group as the flower vendors. Like street vendors in other places in the city as well do also the flower vendors have an important secondary function as well: with their social control, they provide safety around the place they are vending. The flower vendors are selling from public space on which they are tolerated by the authorities. But, to prevent the situation from happening wherein they are forced to leave, either by another political viii wind or a more powerful party who buys the land, have the flower vendors the desire to buy the land their selves. They have been in this process for many years now – without success. The official reason from the authorities is that they have not met the criteria, but actually, the authorities are waiting for a powerful party who buys the land, becoming each year more valuable.
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