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Species Composition and Functional Traits of Macrofauna in Different Mangrove Habitats in the Persian Gulf

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Species Composition and Functional Traits of Macrofauna in Different Mangrove Habitats in the Persian Gulf fmars-07-575480 September 23, 2020 Time: 16:38 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 25 September 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.575480 Species Composition and Functional Traits of Macrofauna in Different Mangrove Habitats in the Persian Gulf Parima Hajializadeh1, Mohsen Safaie1,2, Reza Naderloo3, Mehdi Ghodrati Shojaei4, Johanna Gammal5,6, Anna Villnäs5,7 and Alf Norkko5,7* 1 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran, 2 Mangrove Forest Research Center, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran, 3 School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, 4 Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran, 5 Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland, 6 School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand, 7 Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Edited by: Macrofauna play a key role in the functioning of mangrove ecosystems. Nevertheless, Heliana Teixeira, our understanding of the diversity and functional structure of macrofaunal communities University of Aveiro, Portugal across different habitats in the mangrove forests of the Persian Gulf is limited. In this Reviewed by: Marina Dolbeth, study, we investigated species diversity and biological trait patterns of macrofauna in University of Porto, Portugal different mangrove-associated habitats, i.e., encompassing actual mangrove forests, Helena Verissimo, and adjacent Beaches and Creeks, which exhibit different levels of habitat heterogeneity. University of Coimbra, Portugal Samples were collected from the different habitats in five different locations, over four *Correspondence: Alf Norkko seasons. A total of 122 macrofauna taxa were identified. The diversity of species was alf.norkko@helsinki.fi higher in summer than in winter. In the Beach habitats, species diversity showed an increasing trend from land toward the mangrove, whereas in Creek habitats diversity Specialty section: This article was submitted to decreased from the Creek toward the mangrove. Multivariate community analysis Marine Ecosystem Ecology, showed differences in the distribution of abundant species and biological traits across a section of the journal Frontiers in Marine Science all habitats. Deposit-feeding, crawlers, medium-size, and free-living were the dominant Received: 23 June 2020 trait modalities in all habitats. The similarities within habitats over the four seasons had Accepted: 03 September 2020 the same specific pattern of species and biological trait abundance in the Beach and Published: 25 September 2020 the Creek, increasing from the non-covered habitat into the mangrove trees. Although Citation: many species shared similar traits, the abundance-driven differences in trait expression Hajializadeh P, Safaie M, Naderloo R, Shojaei MG, Gammal J, between habitats showed the importance of habitat filtering. The results of this study will Villnäs A and Norkko A (2020) be useful in the conservation of mangrove forests and they give a deeper understanding Species Composition and Functional Traits of Macrofauna in Different of the ecological patterns and functions of benthic macrofaunal communities in the Mangrove Habitats in the Persian Persian Gulf. Gulf. Front. Mar. Sci. 7:575480. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.575480 Keywords: mangrove ecosystems, macrofauna, biological traits, habitat complexity, Persian Gulf Frontiers in Marine Science| www.frontiersin.org 1 September 2020| Volume 7| Article 575480 fmars-07-575480 September 23, 2020 Time: 16:38 # 2 Hajializadeh et al. Macrofaunal Functional Traits in Mangroves INTRODUCTION for understanding how mangrove ecosystem functions might change due to different pressures. Moving beyond measures of Habitat complexity in vegetated areas is a key factor influencing basic taxonomic diversity to also consider the functional trait the abundance and distribution patterns of macrofauna (Heck characteristics of macrofaunal communities is important for and Orth, 1980; Choat, 1982). Complex habitats provide different evaluations of potential ecosystem functions. Biological traits kinds of shelter and food resources for organisms (Willis can describe the functions of an organism in the ecosystem et al., 2005), which facilitate high biodiversity (Kelaher, 2003), (Shojaei et al., 2015), and biological trait analysis (BTA) thus functional diversity, and stability in ecosystems. Mangrove explores information regarding the life cycle, morphological and forests are good examples of such complex habitats, since they behavioral characteristics of species present in a community are among the most diverse and productive habitat types in (Bremner et al., 2006; Petchey and Gaston, 2006; Cadotte et al., coastal areas (Alongi, 2008; Nagelkerken et al., 2008). The 2011; Violle et al., 2014). The trait composition of benthic mangrove ecosystems are, however, under increasing threat due communities can help to understand community dynamics to human activities that reduce habitat complexity therefore also and their effects on ecosystem functions such as nutrient erode associated species and functional diversity (Alongi, 2008; cycling, primary and secondary production, changes in sediment Doney et al., 2009). properties, and also the dynamics and stability of the ecosystem The mangrove ecosystems are one of the most productive (Norkko et al., 2013; Goswami et al., 2017; Gammal et al., 2019). coastal ecosystems globally (Lee, 1999; Kathiresan and Bingham, In recent years, many investigations have utilized a combination 2001), and are concentrated in the tropical and subtropical of taxonomic and functional trait diversity, which has developed intertidal zones (Giri et al., 2011). These ecosystems experience our understanding of ecosystem function and supported efforts high salinity, high temperatures, and extreme tides (Kathiresan for better ecosystem management and conservation (Bremner and Bingham, 2001). Their unique characteristics make them an et al., 2003; Rodil et al., 2013; Villnäs et al., 2019). Many important provider of many ecosystem services. For example, studies on species diversity of macrofaunal communities in they function as breeding grounds and nursery sites for many mangrove ecosystems have been conducted globally (Morrisey commercial fish and shrimp species (Carugati et al., 2018), et al., 2003; Pravinkumar et al., 2013; Al-Khayat et al., 2019; provide shelter for many species during their seasonal migration, Vahidi et al., 2019). There have also been many studies on provide food for many species and thus indirectly affect the macrofauna diversity of mangrove forests in the Persian Gulf feeding of other animals (Samidurai et al., 2011; Thilagavathi (Soleimanirad et al., 2011; Keshavarz et al., 2012; Safahieh et al., 2013). Mangrove ecosystems are very important to et al., 2012; Vahidi et al., 2019), as well as on the diversity humans for aquaculture, forestry, and coastal erosion prevention of Mollusca (Ghasemi et al., 2011; Kabir et al., 2014), and (Nagelkerken et al., 2008), but are increasingly threatened by Polychaeta (Soleimanirad et al., 2014). Studies on functional over-exploitation and pollution (Alongi, 2002). traits of macrofauna in mangrove habitats are, however, scarce Marine benthic invertebrates dominate the soft muddy (Leung, 2015; Chen et al., 2018), and to date, such studies sediments of the mangrove forests. The three-dimensional have not been conducted in the Persian Gulf. Given that habitat results in distinct horizontal and vertical distributions mangroves are such an important and diverse coastal habitat, of macrofauna in the mangrove ecosystem (Sivasothi, 2000), but concurrently threatened by natural and anthropogenic as they can live in the surface sediment (infauna) or on the pressures, such studies are needed to further develop our sediment (epifauna; Carvalho et al., 2006), as well as around understanding of their biodiversity and functioning. Therefore, the pneumatophores and on the trunk of the mangrove trees. our aim was to investigate species diversity and functional traits The distribution of macrofauna is affected by hydrological of macrofaunal communities in a mangrove ecosystem in the properties of the area (tides), water chemistry (e.g., temperature, Persian Gulf. Specifically, we explored the potential differences pH, and salinity), sediment texture, competition, and human between mangrove-associated habitats having different habitat activities (Lee, 2008; Sihombing et al., 2017). The macrofauna complexity. We sampled sediments in bare areas, areas with play an important role in nutrient cycling, they are an important pneumatophores and then also areas in the mangrove forests food source for larger organisms, and hence they constitute an from adjacent Beaches, and Creeks, respectively, to assess important link between primary detritus at the base of the food potential differences in structural and functional diversity of chain and the consumers at higher trophic levels (Macintosh, associated macrofaunal communities. Moreover, due to the 1984). They also enhance organic matter decomposition, by potential for seasonal variations in environmental drivers (e.g., enhancing sediment oxygen penetration and by stimulating primarily temperature and evaporation) affecting both the the activities of the microbial communities (Constable, 1999; structure and function of mangrove ecosystems we also sampled Bremner, 2005). Any changes in the benthic communities
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