DOCSLIB.ORG

The Case of Tobacco in Fiji and Vanuatu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Case of Tobacco in Fiji and Vanuatu Navigating conflicting mandates and interests in the governance of the commercial determinants of health: the case of tobacco in Fiji and Vanuatu Dorottya Patay March 2021 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University. © Copyright by Dorottya Patay 2021 All Rights Reserved Declaration of originality I, Dorottya Patay, (11/03/2021) hereby declare that the thesis here presented is the outcome of the research project I have undertaken during my candidacy, that I am the sole author unless otherwise indicated, and that I have fully documented the source of ideas, references, quotations or paraphrases attributable to other authors. i Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the role of Dr Szabolcs Szigeti whose mentoring was the beginning of my academic career in health governance. He planted the idea of doctoral research in my mind during his supervision of my master’s research, and his encouragement was essential to start my 4-year long journey of PhD research. Moreover, I would like to express my biggest thanks to my primary supervisor, Professor Sharon Friel who recognised the potential in me and encouraged my application to the ANU PhD Program and scholarships. While this dissertation carries my name, there are several people whose guidance and support made the completion of my doctoral program possible. I would like to acknowledge all the efforts of the members of my supervisory panel at the School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet, The Australian National University), Professor Sharon Friel, Professor Susan Sell, and Dr Ashley Schram, who have relentlessly read the dozens of versions of my overly long chapters and responded kindly during my numerous PhD ‘break-downs’. I would like to thank Professor Jeff Collin from the University of Edinburgh, who completed my supervisory panel, for providing useful advice and suggestions. I wish to acknowledge that Karin Hosking provided professional copyediting assistance. RegNet has a reputation as a small but nurturing research institute, and the researchers, PhD students, and professional staff certainly made the 4 years of my PhD research most enjoyable and fruitful. Janice Lee, my office roommate, has been my absolute champion all these years. I would also like to thank the friendship and support of Sora Lee, David Naylor, Mary Ivec, Heidi Tyedmers, Johan Van Der Walt, Felicity Gray, Kirsty Anantharajah, Prime Ragandang, Anna Fieldhouse, Nick Frank, Libby Salmon, Ian Zhang, Dr Mel Pescud, Dr Ibi Losoncz, Dr Christoph Sperfeldt, Dr Virginia Marshall, Dr Yandisa Ngqangashe, Dr Christian Downie, Dr Belinda Townsend, Niger Sultana, Danielle Anderson, Hisako Yamauchi, and Veronica Andrianatos. My special thanks go to the professors in RegNet who have never shied away from a quick chat on my project or from reading a longer piece: Professor John Braithwaite, Professor Valerie Braithwaite, Professor Peter Grabosky, Professor Miranda Forsyth, Professor Neil Gunningham, Professor Judith Healy, Professor Kathryn Henne, Professor Veronica Taylor, and Professor Jeroen van der Heijden. I could not imagine a better place to do a PhD than RegNet. ii During this research project I have met several colleagues to whom I wish to express my gratitude for their support. I would like to thank Lana Elliott for her friendship and great conversations, and Dr Owain Williams for all the advice. I would also like to thank the interviewees in Fiji and Vanuatu who took part in this research project and whose participation in the study has been invaluable. Despite all the support of my professors and colleagues, conducting PhD research can often be stressful; the activities of the ANU Mountaineering Club were my best remedy for my worries. I wish to thank all club members who contributed to my mental wellbeing during our adventures in the Australian wilderness, particularly my white water kayaking crew who ensured that I worry about the next rapid rather than the status of my research. This special thanks go to Mel and Peta Stamell, Jess Hudspeth, Will Massey, Jason MacQueen, and our ‘honorary’ ANUMC members, Michael Freeman, Sue Robb, and especially Dr Anna Herring. I would like to express my appreciation to my parents, Ildikó and Gyula, who inspired me to never stop learning. Finally, I would like to thank Ollie, my fiancé (who I met during my fieldwork in Vanuatu), for his never-ending patience, love, and support throughout this journey. Without your morning coffees this dissertation could not have been completed. iii Abstract The consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed foods and beverages is driving the global noncommunicable disease (NCD) crisis. The commercial determinants of health (CDOH) have been recognized as the practices of industries aimed at increasing the availability, affordability, desirability, and consumption of commodities that are risk factors for NCDs. Addressing CDOH requires policy coherence across multiple government sectors; however, the objectives of these sectors do not always align with public health goals, and conflicting mandates can be aggravated by the interference of harmful commodity industries. Pacific small island developing states (PSIDS) face particular difficulties among low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in negotiating such governance dilemmas, due to vulnerabilities arising from their small population and economy, geographic isolation, and being scattered across several islands. This is a major issue, because PSIDS are currently undergoing an NCD crisis, thus it is crucial to improve understanding of how their governments can better govern the harmful commodity industries. This dissertation is focusing on the governance of tobacco, because (i) the ways in which the tobacco industry (TI) influences governments are the most documented among the harmful commodity industries; (ii) the responsibilities of governments to control tobacco are the most binding compared to other harmful commodities; and (iii) there has been increased recognition that the ultra-processed food and beverage and alcohol industries globally have adopted similar strategies and arguments used by the TI, thus there is a growing interest in understanding the transferability of governance approaches from the tobacco control domain. The literature points towards the importance of interests, ideas, and institutions in shaping the ways governments manage multisectoral work on the regulation of tobacco. However, little empirical evidence is available to examine how these conditions influence PSIDS. This gap is critical, because these countries have a remarkably different social, political, cultural, and economic context than other LMICs, which makes the implementation of practices recommended by health experts to regulate harmful commodities particularly challenging. This research aims to improve understanding of the conditions that influence how governments in PSIDS address the commercial determinants of NCDs in relation to tobacco. This aim was achieved by applying iv a qualitative methodology with an exploratory case study approach, with a focus on agenda setting and policy making in tobacco governance. This dissertation expands the evidence base and scholarly knowledge of the interests, ideas, and institutions which influence the way PSIDS governments – more specifically, those of Fiji and Vanuatu – address the commercial determinants of NCDs, with a focus on tobacco. Two key insights have emerged from the findings of this research. Firstly, the vulnerabilities of PSIDS must be taken into account and addressed as major structural drivers in order to successfully govern the commercial determinants of NCDs in these countries. Secondly, the dominant causal ideas must be altered to support the governance of commercial determinants of NCDs. This research has started to build the necessary empirical evidence and academic knowledge to help inform the ways a shift in interests, ideas, and institutions can be realised to enable the control of CDOH in PSIDS. v Members of Supervisory panel Professor Sharon Friel (Primary Supervisor and Chair of Panel) Professor Susan Sell (Associate Supervisor) Dr Ashley Schram (Associate Supervisor) Professor Jeff Collin (Associate Supervisor) vi Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................ IV TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................................. VII LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................................ IX ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................... X CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW: THE GOVERNANCE OF COMMERCIAL DETERMINANTS OF NONCOMMUNICABLE
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products and How to Tackle It Disclaimer and Statement of Purpose
    The Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products and How to Tackle It Disclaimer and Statement of Purpose “The Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products and How to Tackle It” is published by the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC), a non-profit research and education foundation. ITIC serves as a clearinghouse for information on best practices in taxation and investment policy, and as a training center to transfer such know how to improve the investment climates of transition and developing countries, thereby spurring formation and development of business and economic prosperity. The purpose of this publication is to serve as a resource guide and best practices reference for tax, customs, and law enforcement officials to improve their efforts to combat the illicit trade in tobacco products. ITIC received supplemental contributions from tobacco companies to help underwrite the cost of this publication. However, ITIC retained full editorial control and takes full responsibility for the content and any errors or omissions. The publication is not intended to be a statement of ITIC policies, nor is it intended to endorse the views or policies of any of the contributing organizations or individuals (financially or otherwise), such as the World Customs Organization (WCO), the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) or the tobacco industry. Inputs to this publication, including data and case studies, were provided by tax and customs officials, the World Customs Organization (WCO), industry representatives and various consultants. About the Author Elizabeth
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    HNP DISCUSSION PAPER Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Economics of Tobacco Control Paper No. 23 Russia (Moscow) 1999 Global Youth Tobacco Survey: About this series... This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank’s Human Development Network. The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Economic Aspects debate. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Citation and the use of material presented in this series should take into account this provisional character. For free copies of papers in this series please contact the individual authors whose name appears on the paper. Hana Ross Enquiries about the series and submissions should be made directly to the Editor in Chief Alexander S. Preker ([email protected]) or HNP Advisory Service ([email protected], tel 202 473-2256, fax 202 522-3234). For more information, see also www.worldbank.org/hnppublications. The Economics of Tobacco Control sub-series is produced jointly with the Tobacco Free Initiative of the World Health Organization. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized manner to the World Health Organization or to the World Bank, their affiliated organizations or members of their Executive Boards or the countries they represent.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimating Illicit Cigarette Trade in Argentina the Research
    Estimating illicit cigarette trade in Argentina The research: The objective of this research is to estimate the volume of illicit cigarette trade in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The method used in this study involves collecting littered cigarette packs from the streets of the city. In a randomly-selected sample of 180 census tracks, investigators walked along previously-determined routes. They collected all littered cigarette packs found along these routes – a Message for cancer organizations: total of 4906 packs. Researchers then examined One of the primary arguments used by characteristics of the packs to determine the prevalence the tobacco industry to oppose new of illicit cigarettes. tobacco control regulations, including especially tobacco tax, is that those new regulations will cause a dramatic increase The context: Argentina introduced a large increase in in cigarette smuggling. However, most of tobacco taxes in May 2016. Soon after the tax was the estimates of illicit cigarette trade introduced, the tobacco industry launched a come from the industry itself. Growing propaganda campaign, claiming that the illicit cigarette evidence suggests that these industry- prevalence in Argentina increased to 14% of the market, commissioned studies typically overstate with a potential of further increases to over 20%. No the extent of the illicit cigarette trade industry-independent data were available to counter problem. these industry arguments. Partially due to these concerns over illicit cigarette trade, the government Tobacco industry-independent studies of decreased the tobacco tax rates in December 2017. This illicit cigarette trade, such as the one project, a partnership between Fundación conducted in Argentina, are needed to Interamericana del Corazón – Argentina (FIC Argentina) generate credible evidence to support and the American Cancer Society, aims to answer tobacco control policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Tobacco Industry Data on Illicit Tobacco Trade
    Review Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054295 on 22 August 2018. Downloaded from Tobacco industry data on illicit tobacco trade: a systematic review of existing assessments Allen W A Gallagher, Karen A Evans-Reeves, Jenny L Hatchard, Anna B Gilmore ► Additional material is ABStract global accountancy firms such as KPMG, Deloitte published online only. To view, Objective To examine the quality of tobacco industry- and PricewaterhouseCoopers.25 28 32 At least one of please visit the journal online (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ funded data on the illicit tobacco trade (ITT) through a these firms has expressed concern that the TTCs tobaccocontrol- 2018- 054295). systematic review of existing assessments of industry- have used their research findings in a misleading funded data on ITT. manner.36 TTCs use such self-funded data and Tobacco Control Research Data sources Papers and reports assessing tobacco the threat of the ITT in efforts to oppose tobacco Group, University of Bath and industry-funded data on ITT were obtained via searches control policies,1 37 38 arguing that tobacco control UK Centre of Tobacco and Alcohol Studes, Bath, UK of 8 academic databases, Google searches and measures will increase ITT and its associated crim- correspondence with ITT experts. inality.1 37–44 Correspondence to Study selection Inclusion criteria identified 35 English- As a consequence of TTCs' use of self-funded Mr. Allen W A Gallagher, language papers containing an original assessment of data, a growing number of independent studies have Department for Health, tobacco industry-funded data. scrutinised the quality of these data in Australia,45 University of Bath, Bath, BA2 Data extraction Using a coding framework, Europe,46 Asia47 and South Africa,48 levelling a 7AY, UK; 31 46 a.
    [Show full text]
  • 14 December 2007 JT International S.A. JT International Holding BV
    14 December 2007 JT International S.A. JT International Holding BV and the European Community and the Participating Member States COOPERATION AGREEMENT Page 1 THIS AGREEMENT is made on 14 December 2007. BETWEEN JT International S.A. (JTI) and JT International Holding BV (JTH), on their own behalf and for and on behalf of all subsidiaries of JTH existing at the date of this Agreement (together Japan Tobacco Companies) and The European Community (the EC) represented by the European Commission (the Commission) and the Member States of the European Union participating in this Agreement (the Participating Member States). 1. RECITALS WHEREAS (A) illicit traffic in Cigarettes is a growing problem for the EC, for Member States and for legitimate trade in tobacco products. It takes the form of trade in both counterfeit Cigarettes and genuine products, which are smuggled into the EC without payment of any applicable EC or Member State tax or duty, or unlawfully introduced from low-tax jurisdictions into higher-tax jurisdictions; (B) illicit traffic in Cigarettes is against the public interest in tax collection, transparent markets, and the protection of lawful competition. As such, illicit traffic in Cigarettes is against the interests of the EC, the Member States, as well as Japan Tobacco Companies and their stakeholders, including employees, customers, business partners and shareholders; (C) the problem of illicit traffic in Cigarettes calls for binding cooperative efforts between the tobacco industry, the Member States and the EC aimed at eliminating the flow of contraband and counterfeit and consequent loss of revenues; (D) Japan Tobacco Companies recognise that creating a system to provide the EC and Member States with the effective and timely ability to track and trace sales of Japan Tobacco Cigarettes is an important component of their commitment to fight the trade in Illegal Product.
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products in the ASEAN Region: a Review of the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products Gryphon Sou and Rob Preece
    World Customs Journal Reducing the illicit trade in tobacco products in the ASEAN Region: a review of the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products Gryphon Sou and Rob Preece Abstract In November 2012, the fifth session of the Conference of Parties (COP) to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) adopted the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco. This paper examines the Protocol in the context of the illicit trade in tobacco products across South East Asia and highlights those areas of the Protocol which can be effective in reducing that illicit trade, and how the region could approach a coordinated implementation of those key provisions. Details of the current extent of illicit trade in the region, and of the main modus operandi of those active in that trade, are provided by the World Customs Organization’s (WCO) Regional Intelligence Liaison Office for Asia and the Pacific (RILO AP). This sets the context from which the key elements of the Protocol are analysed for their potential value as mechanisms to directly address regional risks. The paper then examines the question of implementation and discusses those Articles of the Protocol which will require a degree of regional coordination to be fully effective. This regional examination also includes the need for some degree of standardised or consistent approach to implementation of the key Articles to eliminate ‘weak points’ in the regional supply chains for tobacco. The current situation in South East Asia The nature of the illicit trade in any product means that those involved in that trade will seek to ‘hide’ their dealings and leave little or no trace of their activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Travel Guide
    TRAVEL GUIDE Traces of the COLD WAR PERIOD The Countries around THE BALTIC SEA Johannes Bach Rasmussen 1 Traces of the Cold War Period: Military Installations and Towns, Prisons, Partisan Bunkers Travel Guide. Traces of the Cold War Period The Countries around the Baltic Sea TemaNord 2010:574 © Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 2010 ISBN 978-92-893-2121-1 Print: Arco Grafisk A/S, Skive Layout: Eva Ahnoff, Morten Kjærgaard Maps and drawings: Arne Erik Larsen Copies: 1500 Printed on environmentally friendly paper. This publication can be ordered on www.norden.org/order. Other Nordic publications are available at www.norden.org/ publications Printed in Denmark T R 8 Y 1 K 6 S 1- AG NR. 54 The book is produced in cooperation between Øhavsmuseet and The Baltic Initiative and Network. Øhavsmuseet (The Archipelago Museum) Department Langelands Museum Jens Winthers Vej 12, 5900 Rudkøbing, Denmark. Phone: +45 63 51 63 00 E-mail: [email protected] The Baltic Initiative and Network Att. Johannes Bach Rasmussen Møllegade 20, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. Phone: +45 35 36 05 59. Mobile: +45 30 25 05 59 E-mail: [email protected] Top: The Museum of the Barricades of 1991, Riga, Latvia. From the Days of the Barricades in 1991 when people in the newly independent country tried to defend key institutions from attack from Soviet military and security forces. Middle: The Anna Akhmatova Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. Handwritten bark book with Akhmatova’s lyrics. Made by a GULAG prisoner, wife of an executed “enemy of the people”. Bottom: The Museum of Genocide Victims, Vilnius, Lithuania.
    [Show full text]
  • Offer Help to Quit Tobacco Use
    WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC, 2019 Offer help to quit tobacco use fresh and alive Chances of quitting tobacco can more than double with the right support. 2 WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC, 2019 Quitting tobacco has major and immediate health benefits. We will not reach global targets to reduce tobacco use and related deaths if we do not help people to quit now. Helping people to quit has more impact when efforts are combined with other tobacco Monitor Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies Protect Protect people from control strategies. tobacco smoke Ofer Ofer help to quit tobacco use Warn Warn about the dangers of tobacco Enforce Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship Raise Raise taxes on tobacco WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2019: Ofer help to quit tobacco use is the seventh in a series of WHO reports that tracks the status of the tobacco epidemic and interventions to combat it. WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEMIC, 2019 WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2019 ISBN 978-92-4-151620-4 Offer help to quit tobacco use © World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services.
    [Show full text]
  • Controlling Illicit Tobacco Trade: International Experience
    Controlling Illicit Tobacco Trade: International Experience Hana Ross, Economics of Tobacco Control Project, University of Cape Town May 28, 2015 (Draft – subject to change) Introduction The last section summarizes the lessons learned This report presents a series of case studies on the and proposes the most effective approach to efforts of various governments to address illicit reducing illicit tobacco trade. trade in tobacco. The countries for the case studies were selected based on meeting the following set of criteria: Case Studies Brazil ! an explicit, and in many cases a comprehensive, effort to deal with tobacco tax evasion and tax Brazil has been successful in bringing down tobacco avoidance; consumption, including illegal consumption. This ! the size of the tobacco market (both licit and was done with a combination of legislation and illicit); technology. ! the availability of data Between 1988 and 1998, Brazil’s cigarette exports increase more than 8000-fold,1 but the majority of The case studies illustrate a variety of approaches exported cigarettes made their way back to Brazil as implemented over time, demonstrate their varying contraband.2 To deal with this illicit re-import, the degree of effectiveness, and consider factors government imposed an export tax of 150% on modifying the success rate. Each case study begins cigarettes sent to neighboring countries in 1999. with an initial assessment of the degree of the problem and then follows the chronological path At the same time, the cigarette excise tax was each government took to deal with the problem. To reduced from approximately 40% of retail price to the extent that the data is available, the case studies about 25% of retail price in order to stimulate the demonstrate the impact of each distinct set of development of cheaper brands to compete with the policies on a set of outcomes, including the degree illegal lower-priced brands.3 of penetration of illicit products and tobacco use prevalence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Plain Packaging on the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
    The Impact of Plain Packaging on the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products Professor Peggy Chaudhry Professor Alan Zimmerman June 29, 2012 CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 1 SECTION I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 4 PROFESSOR PEGGY CHAUDHRY ....................................................................................................... 4 PROFESSOR ALAN ZIMMERMAN ...................................................................................................... 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT.............................................................................................................. 5 SECTION II. THE ILLICIT TRADE PHENOMENON .................................................................... 8 SECTION OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................... 8 DEFINITIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 9 SIZE AND MEASUREMENT ............................................................................................................... 10 TYPES OF PRODUCTS TRADED ......................................................................................................... 12 SOURCES OF AND DESTINATIONS FOR ILLICIT PRODUCTS .............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tackling Cigarette Smuggling with Enforcement: Case Studies Reviewing the Experience in Hungary, Romania and the United Kingdom János Nagy
    World Customs Journal September 2012 Volume 6, Number 2 International Network of Customs Universities World Customs Journal Published by the University of Canberra, Australia and the University of Münster, Germany in association with the International Network of Customs Universities (INCU) and the World Customs Organization (WCO). The World Customs Journal provides a forum for customs professionals, academics, industry researchers, and research students to contribute items of interest and share research and experiences to enhance its readers’ understanding of all aspects of the roles and responsibilities of Customs. The Journal is published electronically and in print twice a year. The website is at: www.worldcustomsjournal.org. Guidelines for Contributors are included at the end of each issue. More detailed guidance about style is available on the Journal’s website. Correspondence and all items submitted for publication should be sent in Microsoft Word or RTF, as email attachments, to the Editor-in-Chief: [email protected]. ISSN: 1834-6707 (Print) 1834-6715 (Online) Volume 6, Number 2 Published September 2012 © 2012 University of Canberra, Australia and University of Münster, Germany Both universities are founding members of the INCU, an association that provides the WCO and other organisations with a single point of contact with universities and research institutes that are active in the field of customs research, education and training. Copyright. All rights reserved. Permission to use the content of the World Customs Journal must be obtained from the copyright owner. Please apply to the Editor-in-Chief. Disclaimer. The views expressed in the World Customs Journal are those of individual contributors and are not necessarily those of the Editorial Board, the INCU, the World Customs Organization or its individual membership, or the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies 40Th
    American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies 40th National Convention November 20–23, 2008 Philadelphia Marriott Downtown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies 8 Story Street, 3rd fl oor Cambridge, MA 02138 tel.: 617-495-0677, fax: 617-495-0680 e-mail: [email protected] web site: www.aaass.org iii CONTENTS Convention Schedule Overview ................................................................. iv List of the Meeting Rooms at the Philadelphia Marriott Downtown ............ v Diagrams of Meeting Rooms at the Philadelphia Marriott Downtown.....vi-ix Exhibit Hall Diagram ...................................................................................x Index of Exhibitors, Alphabetical................................................................ xi Index of Exhibitors, by Booth Number .......................................................xii 2008 AAASS Board of Directors ...............................................................xiii AAASS National Offi ce .............................................................................xiii Program Committee for the 2008 Convention ..........................................xiii AAASS Affi liates .......................................................................................xiv 2008 AAASS Institutional Members ......................................................... xv Program Summary ...................................................................................xvi Important Meeting Notes ......................................................................xxxvi
    [Show full text]