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The Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products and How to Tackle It Disclaimer and Statement of Purpose
The Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products and How to Tackle It Disclaimer and Statement of Purpose “The Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products and How to Tackle It” is published by the International Tax and Investment Center (ITIC), a non-profit research and education foundation. ITIC serves as a clearinghouse for information on best practices in taxation and investment policy, and as a training center to transfer such know how to improve the investment climates of transition and developing countries, thereby spurring formation and development of business and economic prosperity. The purpose of this publication is to serve as a resource guide and best practices reference for tax, customs, and law enforcement officials to improve their efforts to combat the illicit trade in tobacco products. ITIC received supplemental contributions from tobacco companies to help underwrite the cost of this publication. However, ITIC retained full editorial control and takes full responsibility for the content and any errors or omissions. The publication is not intended to be a statement of ITIC policies, nor is it intended to endorse the views or policies of any of the contributing organizations or individuals (financially or otherwise), such as the World Customs Organization (WCO), the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) or the tobacco industry. Inputs to this publication, including data and case studies, were provided by tax and customs officials, the World Customs Organization (WCO), industry representatives and various consultants. About the Author Elizabeth -
Building Bridges Thoughts About the Other Russia
Andrei Sakharov Research Center Vytautas Magnus University Building Bridges Thoughts about the other Russia Second Leonidas Donskis Memorial Conference With Vyacheslav Bakhmin, Yevgeni Gindilis, Mikhail Shishkin and Andrew Wood Conference report Organizers Introduction Robert van Voren For more than forty years I have been involved in Soviet – and Russian – affairs and gradually I started to understand the subject of my interest a bit more. But part of that is that I understand there is no way you can understand Russia. You need to stop thinking logically because there is no logic. You need to learn to feel it, you love it and you hate it, and that combination is shared by many if not most Russians themselves. The difference however is that, for a Russian, it is acceptable to make fun of his country, to an extent that many other nationals would not about their homeland. Self-mockery is exceptionally well developed in Russia. But as a foreigner you are always an outsider, and you have to watch your tongue because any critical remark can have a serious backlash. Best is to laugh along when Russians make fun of themselves. So gradually, when I was hiring staff for my foundation, I would carefully listen to their views. If they would start telling me extensively how much they loved Russia, its culture, its people, the hospitality, without anything else, they would not be hired. The moment they would start telling me that they had this morbid conflicting feeling inside of loving and hating the country, a combination of two extremes, I knew I had a good candidate in front of me. -
Martin Heidegger on Humanism 8
Alon Segev Thinking and Killing Alon Segev Thinking and Killing Philosophical Discourse in the Shadow of the Third Reich ISBN 978-1-61451-128-1 e-ISBN 978-1-61451-101-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2013 Walter de Gruyter, Inc., Boston/Berlin Typesetting: Frank Benno Junghanns, Berlin Printing: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Foreword The motivation for writing this book began with my, one might say, naïve belief that critical thinking could have avoided the rise of the Third Reich and the Shoah in World War II. The main culprits were put on trial in Nuremberg, and then came the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem and the Auschwitz trials in Germany. Later on, the compliancy of Heidegger, Gadamer, and others with the Nazi regime was exposed by prominent scholars.1 Thus, the personal and public reputations of Heidegger, Jünger, Schmitt, Gadamer and others were destroyed and then partly rehabilitated. Their teaching, which was essential in consolidating and promulgating the Nazi world-view and in creating and designing the atmosphere of support for the Nazi movement, has, however, mostly remained untouched and continues to be uncritically studied and referred to. As Alain Finkielkraut writes: As Jankélévitch has rightly noted, the extermination of the Jews “was doctrinally founded, philosophically explained, methodically prepared by the most pedantic doctri- narians ever to have existed.” The Nazis were not, in effect, brutes, but theorists. -
Illicit Tobacco Trade in Georgia: Prevalence and Perceptions Megan Little,1 Hana Ross,1 George Bakhturidze ,2,3 Iago Kachkachishvili4
Original research Tob Control: first published as 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054839 on 18 January 2019. Downloaded from Illicit tobacco trade in Georgia: prevalence and perceptions Megan Little,1 Hana Ross,1 George Bakhturidze ,2,3 Iago Kachkachishvili4 ► Additional material is ABSTRact The new government coming to power in 2004 published online only. To view Background In lower- income and middle- income decided to double and triple taxes for imported please visit the journal online filtered and domestic filtered cigarettes, respec- (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ countries, limited research exists on illicit tobacco tobaccocontrol- 2018- 054839). trade and its responsiveness to taxation. Tobacco taxes tively. In preparation for this increase, tobacco are critical in reducing tobacco consumption, thereby companies prepurchased tax stamps (introduced in 1 Economics, Southern Africa improving public health. However, the tobacco industry 1999) with the lower 2004 value, to use in their Labour and Development 2005 sales. This resulted in an artificial tax revenue Research Unit, University of claims that tax increases will increase illicit tobacco Cape Town, Cape Town, South trade. Therefore, research evidence on the size of the increase in 2004 followed by a sharp fall in early Africa illicit cigarette market is needed in Georgia and other 2005, when the new tax came into effect. Tobacco 2 Tobacco Control Research, low- income and middle- income countries to inform companies then asserted that the tax revenue fall FCTC Implementation and tobacco tax policies. was driven by a sharp increase in illicit trade from Monitoring Center in Georgia, 10% in 2003 to 65% in post-2005.3 This persuaded Tbilisi, Georgia Methods In 2017, a household survey using stratified 3Health Promotion Research, multistage sampling was conducted in Georgia with the government to lower taxes by 30%–40% in Georgian Health Promotion and 2997 smokers, to assess illicit tobacco consumption. -
A Role for Fibroblasts in Mediating the Effects of Tobacco-Induced Epithelial Cell Growth and Invasion
A Role for Fibroblasts in Mediating the Effects of Tobacco-Induced Epithelial Cell Growth and Invasion Jean-Philippe Coppe,1 Megan Boysen,2 Chung Ho Sun,2 Brian J.F. Wong,2 Mo K. Kang,3 No-Hee Park,3 Pierre-Yves Desprez,1 Judith Campisi,1 and Ana Krtolica1 1Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California; 2University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; and 3School of Dentistry, Center for the Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California Abstract Introduction Cigarette smoke and smokeless tobacco extracts Approximately one-third of cancer deaths in the United contain multiple carcinogenic compounds,but little States are directly linked to tobacco use, and an unknown is known about the mechanisms by which tumors additional number of cancers are linked to environmental develop and progress upon chronic exposure to carcinogens in general. In the case of tobacco use, cigarette carcinogens such as those present in tobacco smoke has been identified as the major cause of cancers of the products. Here,we examine the effects of smokeless lung, oral cavity, larynx, and esophagus. Moreover, smokeless tobacco extracts on human oral fibroblasts. We show tobacco use has been linked primarily to oral cavity cancers, that smokeless tobacco extracts elevated the levels of particularly cancers of the cheek and gum (1, 2). intracellular reactive oxygen,oxidative DNA damage, Cell culture, animal, and human studies indicate that and DNA double-strand breaks in a dose-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage manner. Extended exposure to extracts induced are critical for the pathologies induced by tobacco and other fibroblasts to undergo a senescence-like growth arrest, environmental carcinogens (3-6). -
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the RECONSTRUCTION of CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented In
NEW CITIZENS: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alison Clark Efford, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Doctoral Examination Committee: Professor John L. Brooke, Adviser Approved by Professor Mitchell Snay ____________________________ Adviser Professor Michael L. Benedict Department of History Graduate Program Professor Kevin Boyle ABSTRACT This work explores how German immigrants influenced the reshaping of American citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. It takes a new approach to old questions: How did African American men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments? Why were those rights only inconsistently protected for over a century? German Americans had a distinctive effect on the outcome of Reconstruction because they contributed a significant number of votes to the ruling Republican Party, they remained sensitive to European events, and most of all, they were acutely conscious of their own status as new American citizens. Drawing on the rich yet largely untapped supply of German-language periodicals and correspondence in Missouri, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., I recover the debate over citizenship within the German-American public sphere and evaluate its national ramifications. Partisan, religious, and class differences colored how immigrants approached African American rights. Yet for all the divisions among German Americans, their collective response to the Revolutions of 1848 and the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870 and 1871 left its mark on the opportunities and disappointments of Reconstruction. -
World Bank Document
HNP DISCUSSION PAPER Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Economics of Tobacco Control Paper No. 23 Russia (Moscow) 1999 Global Youth Tobacco Survey: About this series... This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank’s Human Development Network. The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Economic Aspects debate. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Citation and the use of material presented in this series should take into account this provisional character. For free copies of papers in this series please contact the individual authors whose name appears on the paper. Hana Ross Enquiries about the series and submissions should be made directly to the Editor in Chief Alexander S. Preker ([email protected]) or HNP Advisory Service ([email protected], tel 202 473-2256, fax 202 522-3234). For more information, see also www.worldbank.org/hnppublications. The Economics of Tobacco Control sub-series is produced jointly with the Tobacco Free Initiative of the World Health Organization. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized manner to the World Health Organization or to the World Bank, their affiliated organizations or members of their Executive Boards or the countries they represent. -
Cigarette Smoking-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches
Cigarette Smoking-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Tamer M. Abdelghany Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Jay L. Zweier, MD, Advisor Dr. Arthur Strauch III, PhD Dr. Amal Amer, MD PhD Copyright by Tamer M. Abdelghany 2013 Abstract Cigarette smoking (CS) remains the single largest preventable cause of death. Worldwide, smoking causes more than five million deaths annually and, according to the current trends, smoking may cause up to 10 million annual deaths by 2030. In the U.S. alone, approximately half a million adults die from smoking-related illnesses each year which represents ~ 19% of all deaths in the U.S., and among them 50,000 are killed due to exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The crucial event of The CVD is the endothelial dysfunction (ED). Despite of the vast number of studies conducted to address this significant health problem, the exact mechanism by which CS induces ED is not fully understood. The ultimate goal of this thesis; therefore, is to study the mechanisms by which CS induces ED, aiming at the development of new therapeutic strategies that can be used in protection and/or reversal of CS-induced ED. In the first part of this study, we developed a well-characterized animal model for chronic secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE) to study the onset and severity of the disease. -
The Tobacco Source Book Data to Support a National Tobacco Control Strategy
Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia The Tobacco Source Book Data to support a National Tobacco Control Strategy March 2004 The Cover One day, a santri (student) was found to have been smoking in the toilet where he threw his cigarette butt to the floor, causing a small explosion and minor burns to his bottom. “What a commotion it caused, to be sure,” says Lily Qurrotul Ishaqiyah, the wife of Abdullah Munif, deputy head of the pesantren (boarding school). Lily can relate the incident in detail not only because it took place less than one year ago but also because it has now become a legend. A smoking ban has been in place for more than six years at the Langitan Islamic Boarding School in the village of Wedangan. The young man—who shall not be named here—has since stopped smoking, says Abdullah Munif. “He was not badly hurt, but he was really embarrassed.” The santri (student) was reduced to smoking in the toilet because there was no other place inside the school compound for him to do so. Smoking has been prohibited by the pesantren’s charismatic leader, Abdullah Faqih. Today, even the food stalls and small cafes outside of the boarding school have notices that say “we do not sell cigarette” plastered across their walls. Established in 1852, the pesantren is the oldest in Indonesia and stands on the bank of Bengawan Solo. Every year the school produces thousands of graduates--many of whom go on to higher education both here and overseas, or to work as da'i (preachers) in various parts of the country. -
Early Postnatal Nicotine Exposure Causes
UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Early postnatal nicotine exposure causes hippocampus-dependent memory impairments in adolescent mice: Association with altered nicotinic cholinergic modulation of LTP, but not impaired LTP. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0s7896bg Journal Neurobiology of learning and memory, 118 ISSN 1074-7427 Authors Nakauchi, Sakura Malvaez, Melissa Su, Hailing et al. Publication Date 2015-02-01 DOI 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.12.007 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 118 (2015) 178–188 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neurobiology of Learning and Memory journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ynlme Early postnatal nicotine exposure causes hippocampus-dependent memory impairments in adolescent mice: Association with altered nicotinic cholinergic modulation of LTP, but not impaired LTP Sakura Nakauchi 2, Melissa Malvaez 1,2, Hailing Su 2, Elise Kleeman, Richard Dang, Marcelo A. Wood, ⇑ Katumi Sumikawa Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4550, USA article info abstract Article history: Fetal nicotine exposure from smoking during pregnancy causes long-lasting cognitive impairments in off- Received 6 October 2014 spring, yet little is known about the mechanisms that underlie this effect. Here we demonstrate that early Revised 15 December 2014 postnatal exposure of mouse pups to nicotine via maternal milk impairs long-term, but not short-term, -
Nicotine Aversion Is Mediated by Gabaergic Interpeduncular Nucleus Inputs to Laterodorsal Tegmentum
ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04654-2 OPEN Nicotine aversion is mediated by GABAergic interpeduncular nucleus inputs to laterodorsal tegmentum Shannon L. Wolfman1, Daniel F. Gill1, Fili Bogdanic2, Katie Long3, Ream Al-Hasani4, Jordan G. McCall4,5,6, Michael R. Bruchas5,6 & Daniel S. McGehee1,2 1234567890():,; Nicotine use can lead to dependence through complex processes that are regulated by both its rewarding and aversive effects. Recent studies show that aversive nicotine doses activate excitatory inputs to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) from the medial habenula (MHb), but the downstream targets of the IPN that mediate aversion are unknown. Here we show that IPN projections to the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDTg) are GABAergic using optoge- netics in tissue slices from mouse brain. Selective stimulation of these IPN axon terminals in LDTg in vivo elicits avoidance behavior, suggesting that these projections contribute to aversion. Nicotine modulates these synapses in a concentration-dependent manner, with strong enhancement only seen at higher concentrations that elicit aversive responses in behavioral tests. Optogenetic inhibition of the IPN–LDTg connection blocks nicotine condi- tioned place aversion, suggesting that the IPN–LDTg connection is a critical part of the circuitry that mediates the aversive effects of nicotine. 1 Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. 2 Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. 3 Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. 4 St. Louis College of Pharmacy, Center for Clinical Pharmacology and Division of Basic Research of the Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. -
Plain Packaging and the Interpretation of the TRIPS Agreement Daniel J
Vanderbilt University Law School Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 2013 Plain Packaging and the Interpretation of the TRIPS Agreement Daniel J. Gervais Susy Frankel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/faculty-publications Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons, and the International Trade Law Commons Recommended Citation Daniel J. Gervais and Susy Frankel, Plain Packaging and the Interpretation of the TRIPS Agreement, 46 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 1149 (2013) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/faculty-publications/841 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Vanderbilt Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This article was originally published as: Daniel Gervais and Susy Frankel Plain Packaging and the Interpretation of the Tripps Agreement 46 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 1149 (2013) 1 +(,121/,1( Citation: 46 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 1149 2013 Provided by: Vanderbilt University Law School Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Mon Feb 22 13:39:51 2016 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text