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THE NORMALIZATION of SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS John P. Dececco and Michael G. Shively

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THE NORMALIZATION of SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS John P. Dececco and Michael G. Shively THE HETEROSEXUAL AND HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITIES: THE NORMALIZATION OF SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS John P. DeCecco and Michael G. Shively Center for Research and Education in Sexuality (CERES) San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA ©1984 Contact Information: Email: [email protected] THE HETEROSEXUAL AND HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITIES: THE NORMALIZATION OF SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. OBJECTIVES, DEFINITIONS, AND GENERAL APPROACH...........39 CHAPTER 2. THREE COSMOLOGICAL VIEWS OF SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS. 57 CHAPTER 3. FROM SODOMY TO DEGENERACY...............................................81 THE BIOLOGICAL SEXUAL IDENTITY CHAPTER 4. CREATION OF THE IDEA OF SEXUAL IDENTITY...........................95 CHAPTER 5. SEXUAL IDENTITY AND DEGENERACY THEORY.......................111 CHAPTER 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY.....................129 CHAPTER 7. DETOXICATION OF THE HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITY:....................151 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SEXUAL IDENTITY CHAPTER 8. THE CREATION OF THE HETEROSEXUAL IDENTITY.................172 CHAPTER 9. FROM PERVERSION TO NEUROSIS............................................205 CHAPTER 10. DETOXICATION OF THE HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITY: PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY.................................................................................234 CHAPTER 11.PATHOLOGIZERS VERSUS DETOXICATORS: THE PSYCHIATRIC DEBATE.................................................................................................................259 THE SOCIO-CULTURAL SEXUAL IDENTITY CHAPTER 12. THE CULTURAL IDENTITY:..........................................................281 CHAPTER 13. THE BEHAVIORAL IDENTITY: SURVEY APPROACH.................303 CHAPTER 14. THE SUBCULTURAL IDENTITY: ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACH ...............................................................................................................................335 CHAPTER 15. THE SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED IDENTITY: SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM................................................................................................367 CHAPTER 16. THE DEMISE OF LABELING THEORY: THE POST-KINSEY SOCIOLOGISTS....................................................................................................399 CHAPTER 17. THE COLLECTIVE HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITY: I - MINORITY, COMMUNITY, AND LIFESTYLE.............................433 CHAPTER 18. THE COLLECTIVE HOMOSEXUAL IDENTITY: II - HOMOPHOBIA AND THE GAY AND LESBIAN IDENTITY......459 THE RECRUDESCENCE OF THE BIOLOGICAL SEXUAL IDENTITY CHAPTER 19. THE HORMONAL AND GENETIC SEXUAL IDENTITY: PSYCHOMEDICAL AND SOCIOBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES...........................486 CHAPTER 20. IDENTITY AS PHYSIOLOGY........................................................531 CONCLUSION CHAPTER 21. FROM SEXUAL IDENTITY TO SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS: A LONG LOOK BACK AND A SHORT LOOK AHEAD.........................................................561 PREFACE The idea of the heterosexual and homosexual identities, as adumbrated in medicine, psychiatry, and the social sciences, has had a history of at least one-hundred-thirty years. Its conceptual existence has been chameleonic. Sometimes sexual identity was depicted as a biological entity, at other times a psychological essence, and at still others a personal mirroring of society and culture. Viewed as a whole the discourse on sexual identity can be described as a theoretical labyrinth with strange and fortuitous twists and turns. This monograph attempts to provide a conceptual map of the largely uncharted terrain occupied by the idea of the heterosexual and homosexual identities. We believe our treatment is comprehensive in that it distinguishes all the major conceptual variations. However, it is not an exhaustive survey of the relevant, available materials; this would require several volumes equal or greater in size. To discern the contours of this immense theoretical forest it has been necessary to step back from a veritable overgrowth of trees. In two ways our study is broadly historical in tone. First, the presentation of the several conceptualizations of sexual identity roughly follows a chronological order so that later formulations can be seen as the consequences of earlier ones. We departed from a strictly chronological presentation, however, when we were interested in fully developing a particular conceptualization. Second, the roots of each formulation are traced to the historic polytheistic, monotheistic, and scientific cosmologies as central ingredients in western views of sexual relationships. The treatment is also broadly philosophical. Our basic argument is that the discourse on sexual identity has been a moral disquistion on the permissible boundaries of sexual relationships, dressed up in scientific trappings. This position is elucidated in two general themes. One is that the various ways in which the homosexual identity was pathologized, medicalized, and detoxicated contributed to shoring up the belief in a normative heterosexual identity and in the biological sex of partners as the basic determinant of the structure of sexual relationships. The other is that the several conceptualizations of both the heterosexual and homosexual identities unwittingly served to normalize sexual relationships by containing them within the morally prescribed boundaries of the monotheistic cosmology. In the present volume we have not attempted to describe the historical contexts within which the idea of sexual identity developed. Social, political, and economic circumstances, to be sure, as well as the apparent accidents of personality and genius, contributed to this development and the favoring of some formulations over others. Drawing an intelligible conceptual map has been complicated enough. An analysis of historical influences, however, would be a significant advance in our knowledge of sexual identity. The scientific discourse on sexual identity has been rife with political and moral advocacy. To avoid piling another layer of judgment on top of existing layers, we have provided detailed summaries of the contributions made by the major participants in the discourse, frequently quoting their own words. For the most part our commentaries follow the summaries. Occasionally we have placed critical comments in footnotes, particularly when we felt we were dealing with a specific paradox or idiosyncrasy in an author's theoretical approach apart from its general contribution to the discourse on sexual identity. We hope this mode of presentation and analysis will allow readers some independence of judgment. Besides guiding the reader through the conceptual labyrinth of sexual identity, we hope our book makes other contributions to the field of sexology. We hope that it will alert the student to the need to scrutinize other areas of research on sexual practices and relationships and to discern their tacit moral assumptions and unwitting normative influences. We also hope that it will redirect empirical studies on sexual identity by showing how the failure to examine the theoretical assumptions upon which they are based condemns them to ceaseless duplication of efforts and forestalls any genuine advance in knowledge. Our major hope is that the book will contribute to a shift in the sexological research in the social sciences from a focus on the individual as an isolated unit to the study of sexual relationships. We believe this shift would constitute a major step in overcoming the biological determinism that has pervaded social science research on human sexuality and would open the way to knowledge about the rich, emerging textures of sexual relationships. Besides the sexologist and social scientist, we hope the book is illuminating for the general reader who may well be puzzled by popular presentations and discussions of the heterosexual and homosexual identities in the electronic and print media and even bedazzled by the depiction of more exotic sexual identities, such as bisexuality, pedophilia, sadomachochism, transsexuality, and transvestism. After perusing this treatise, the reader can well infer that all sexual identities are names of ideas rather than individuals, and largely scientific homilies on the moral acceptability of particular types of sexual practices and relationships. In an enterprise of this scope it is hardly possible to recognize all of our theoretical mentors. Most of all we are indebted to F. A. Hayek, the political and economic theorist and philosopher. Hayek drew for us the clear distinction between the study of things, as pursued in the natural sciences, and the study of the relations of individuals, as undertaken in the social sciences and humanities. In Hayek's view, the latter disciplines focus on the growth of the human mind and on individuals as part of a social process to which they spontaneously contribute, which cannot be planned or directed, and which is understood only through retrospective, rational inquiry. In the introductory chapter we have acknowledged our debt to Freud's notion of unconscious knowledge, to Foucault's idea of the implantation of perversions by nineteenth-century sexology, Jeffrey Weeks' historical locus for the idea of the homosexual identity, and Robert Padgug's and Stephen Jay Gould's demarcation of biology and society. To this we gratefully add the contribution of Richard Hoffman, from whom we borrowed the idea of the polytheistic and monotheistic cosmologies as overarching modes of thought that formed sexual attitudes. Without these seminal ideas this book would have taken a radically different form. We are also indebted to the National
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