Introduction

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Notes

Introduction

1. Marcel Proust, In Search of Lost Time I: Swann’s Way,trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. by D.J. Enright (London: Vintage, 2002), p. 43. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid., p. 44. 5. For an account of sexual perversions in the pre-modern, pre- sexological era, see, for example, Julie Peakman, ‘Sexual Perver- sion in History: An Introduction’, in Julie Peakman (ed.), Sexual Perversions, 1670–1890 (New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), pp. 1–49, and other essays in that collection. 6. Michel Foucault, The Will to Knowledge: The History of Sexuality Volume 1, trans. Robert Hurley (London: Penguin, 1998). 7. Roger Griffin, Modernism and Fascism: The Sense of a Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 45–6. 8. Anthony Giddens, The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies (Cambridge: Polity, 1992). 9. Cf. Richard G. Olson, Science and Scientism in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Urbana, IL and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2008), p. 294. 10. Cf. ibid., pp. 294 and 301–2. 11. Cf. Griffin, Modernism and Fascism, p. 90. 12. Max Nordau, Degeneration, trans. George L. Mosse (Lincoln, NE and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), p. 536. 13. Ibid., p. v. 14. Cf. Vernon A. Rosario, The Erotic Imagination: French Histories of Perversity (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 88. 15. Ibid., p. 40. 16. Thomas W. Laqueur, Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturba- tion (New York: Zone Books, 2003), p. 278. 17. Griffin, Modernism and Fascism, p. 54.

268 Notes 269

18. Cf. Harry Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychi- atry and the Making of Sexual Identity (Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2000), p. 252. 19. René Girard, Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore, MD and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977). 20. Ibid., p. 85. 21. The Eulenburg affair (1906–09), Wilhelminian Germany’s biggest domestic scandal, was a politically motivated campaign led by the journalist Maximilian Harden, who publicly accused some of Emperor Wilhelm II’s closest allies, most prominently Prince Phillip zu Eulenburg-Hertefeld and Count Kuno von Moltke, of being homosexuals. For a discussion of the Eulenburg affair, see, for example, Isabel V. Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1919 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 45–145. 22. Cf. Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature, p. 153. 23. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis: With Especial Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct. A Medico-Forensic Study, trans. from the 12th German edition by Franklin S. Klaf (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1998), p. 143. 24. Sigmund Freud, ‘Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality’, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. by James Strachey, 24 vols (London: Vintage, 2001), vol. VII, pp. 123–245; p. 159. 25. John K. Noyes, The Mastery of Submission: Inventions of Masochism (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 9. 26. Ibid., p. 6. 27. Foucault, The Will to Knowledge, p. 154. 28. See, for example, Jens Rydström, who makes this argument in Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880–1950 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003). 29. Lisa Downing, Desiring the Dead: Necrophilia and Nineteenth- Century French Literature (Oxford: Legenda, 2003). 30. Rebecca E. May, ‘Morbid Parts: Gender, Seduction and the Necro-Gaze’, in Peakman (ed.), Sexual Perversions, pp. 167–201. 31. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, p. 130. 32. For discussions of the gendered nature of the perversions and speciﬁcally female perversions, see, for example, Estela V. Welldon, Mother, Madonna, Whore: The Idealization and Den- igration of Motherhood (London: Free Association Books, 1988); 270 Notes

Louise J. Kaplan, Female Perversions: The Temptations of Emma Bovary (New York and London: Doubleday, 1991); and Emily Apter, ‘Maternal Fetishism’, in Dany Nobus and Lisa Downing (eds), Perversion: Psychoanalytic Perspectives – Perspectives on Psy- choanalysis (London and New York: Karnac, 2006), pp. 241–60. 33. Freud, ‘Three Essays’, p. 236. 34. Critics who have written on the perversions in some detail include Emily Apter, Heike Bauer, Lucille Cairns, Ivan Crozier, Jonathan Dollimore, Lisa Downing, Sander L. Gilman, Gert Hekma, Thomas Laqueur, Dany Nobus, John K. Noyes, Robert A. Nye, Harry Oosterhuis, Julie Peakman, Élisabeth Roudinesco, Richard C. Sha and Vernon E. Rosario. See bibliography for a list of works by these and other authors on the subject. 35. Only Apter, Bauer, Downing, Perry Meisel and Rosario have written on this subject in some detail. However, Apter, Down- ing and Rosario look exclusively at the French context, Meisel discusses Freud and his literary inﬂuences as well as Freud as a literary inﬂuence, and Bauer focuses on German and English exchanges, in particular Ellis and Krafft-Ebing. 36. Alfred Binet, ‘Le Fétichisme dans l’amour’, in Études de psychologie expérimentale (Paris: Octave Doin, 1888), pp. 1–85; pp. 5–6. 37. Cf. Heike Bauer, English Literary Sexology: Translations of Inver- sion, 1860–1930 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 19. 38. See, for example, Joanne Winning, ‘Lesbian Modernism: Writ- ing in and Beyond the Closet’, in Hugh Stevens (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Gay and Lesbian Writing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 50–64; Daniela Caselli, Improper Modernism: Djuna Barnes’ Bewildering Corpus (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009); Laura Doan and Jane Garrity (eds), Sapphic Modernities: Sexuality, Women and National Culture (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007); Alex Goody, Modernist Articulations: A Cultural Study of Djuna Barnes, Mina Loy, and Gertrude Stein (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007); Anne Hermann, Queering the Moderns: Poses/Portraits/Performances (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000); Hugh Stevens and Caroline Howlett (eds), Modernist Sexualities (Manchester: Manchester Univer- sity Press, 2000); Diana Collecott, H.D. and Sapphic Modernism, 1910–1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Mary E. Galvin, Queer Poetics: Five Modernist Women Writers (London: Greenwood Press, 1999); Karla Jay, ‘Lesbian Mod- ernism: (Trans)Forming the (C)anon’, in George E. Haggerty and Notes 271

Bonnie Zimmerman (eds), Professions of Desire: Lesbian & Gay Studies in Literature (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1995), pp. 72–83; and Shari Benstock, ‘Expatriate Sapphic Modernism: Entering Literary History’, in Karla Jay and Joanne Glasgow (eds), Lesbian Texts and Contexts: Rad- ical Revisions (New York: New York University Press, 1990), pp. 183–203. 39. Stanley Corngold, Lambent Traces: Franz Kafka (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), p. 203. 40. D.H. Lawrence, Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fanta- sia of the Unconscious, ed. Bruce Steele (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). 41. Richard C. Sha, Perverse Romanticism: Aesthetics and Sexual- ity in Britain, 1750–1832 (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), p. 2. 42. See Victor Shklovsky, ‘Art as Technique’, in Lee T. Lemon and Marion J. Reis (eds), Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays (Lincoln, NE and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1965), pp. 3–24. 43. Georges Bataille, Inner Experience, trans. Leslie Anne Boldt (New York: State University of New York Press, 1988), p. 150. 44. Robert J. Stoller, Perversion: The Erotic Form of Hatred (London: Karnac, 1986).

1 The Birth of a Science: From Masturbation Theory to Krafft-Ebing

1. St Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, vol. 43, Temperance, trans. Thomas Gilby (London: Blackfriars in conjunction with Eyre & Spottiswoode; New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968), 2a2ae, ques. 154, art. 11, p. 245. 2. Ibid., art. 12, p. 247. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid., p. 249. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid., art. 11, p. 245. 9. Anon., Onania; or, the Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution, and All Its Frightful Consequences, in Both Sexes, Considered, with Spiritual and Physical Advice to Those Who Have Already Injur’d Themselves by 272 Notes

This Abominable Practice. To which Is Subjoin’d, A Letter from a Lady to the Author, [very curious] Concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage-Bed, with the Author’s Answer, fourth edition (London: N. Crouch, n.d.), p. 1. 10. See Laqueur, Solitary Sex, pp. 25ff. 11. Anon., Onania,p.1. 12. Ibid., p. 11. 13. Ibid., p. 12. 14. Ibid., p. 8. 15. Ibid., p. 11 (emphasis added). 16. Samuel-Auguste Tissot, Onanism: Or, a Treatise Upon the Disor- ders Produced by Masturbation: Or, the Dangerous Effects of Secret and Excessive Venery, trans. A. Hume, based on the third, revised edition (London: Wilkinson, 1767), pp. vii–viii. 17. Cf. Immanuel Kant, The Doctrine of Virtue: Part II of the Meta- physics of Morals, trans. Mary J. Gregor (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), art. 2. See also Laqueur, Solitary Sex, pp. 58–61. 18. Kant, Doctrine of Virtue, p. 210. 19. Ibid., p. 278. 20. Ibid., p. 306. 21. Cf. Philipp Gutmann, Zur Reifizierung des Sexuellen im 19. Jahrhundert. Der Beginn einer Scientia Sexualis, dargestellt anhand dreier Texte von Hermann Joseph Löwenstein, Joseph Häussler und Heinrich Kaan (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1998), pp. 80–2. 22. Heinrich Kaan, ‘Psychopathia sexualis’, trans. Philipp Gutman et al., in Gutmann, Zur Reifizierung des Sexuellen, pp. 129–230. 23. Ibid., p. 174. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations from German and French sexological texts are mine. 24. Ibid., p. 173. 25. See Sander Gilman, ‘Sexology, Psychoanalysis, and Degener- ation’, in Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 191–216; p. 192. 26. Quoted from and translated by Nordau, Degeneration, p. 16. 27. Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature, pp. 52–3. 28. Ibid., p. 107. 29. Olson, Science and Scientism, p. 281. 30. See Oosterhuis for an excellent analysis of Krafft-Ebing’s position in nineteenth-century psychiatry and the discursive field in which he was operating. Notes 273

31. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, p. 382. 32. Ibid., p. 1. 33. Ibid. 34. Ibid., pp. 52–3. 35. Ibid., p. 34. 36. Ibid., p. 52. 37. Ibid., p. 223. 38. Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature, p. 216. 39. Ibid., p. xxi (translation modified). All references to the German original are based on Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis. Mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung der Conträren Sexualemp- findung. Eine Medicinisch-Gerichtliche Studie für Ärzte und Juristen, 12th, revised and expanded edition, ed. Dr Gugle and Dr Stichl (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1903). 40. Ibid., p. xxi. 41. Ibid., p. 427, n. 91. 42. Ibid., p. xxi (translation modified). 43. Ibid., p. 54. 44. In all of Havelock Ellis’ texts fetishism is also spelled in this semi-French way, perhaps to indicate the French origins of the concept. 45. Ibid., p. 13. 46. Ibid. 47. Ibid. 48. Ibid., pp. 427–8, n. 91. 49. Ibid., p. 134. 50. Ibid., p. 417, n. 15. 51. Ibid., p. 421, n. 48. 52. Ibid., p. 69. 53. Ibid., p. 418, n. 25. 54. Ibid., p. 420, n. 33 (translation modified). 55. Ibid., p. 112. 56. Ibid. Krafft-Ebing here quotes from Lombroso. 57. Ibid., p. 110. 58. Ibid., p. 111. 59. Ibid. 60. Ibid., p. 87. 61. Cf. Bauer, English Literary Sexology,p.33. 62. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, p. 43. 63. Ibid., p. 100. 64. See Laqueur, Solitary Sex. 65. Rosario, The Erotic Imagination, p. 28. 274 Notes

66. Ibid., p. 33 (Rosario’s emphasis). 67. Ibid., p. 421. 68. Ibid., p. 422 (Krafft-Ebing’s emphasis). 69. Ibid. (translation modiﬁed). 70. See Emily Apter, Feminizing the Fetish: Psychoanalysis and Narra- tive Obsession in Turn-of-the-Century France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), and Bauer, English Literary Sexology.See also Downing, Desiring the Dead. 71. Rosario, The Erotic Imagination, p. 110. 72. See, for example, Robert A. Nye, ‘The Medical Origins of Sexual Fetishism’, in Emily Apter and William Pietz (eds), Fetishism as Cultural Discourse (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 13–30; p. 14. 73. See Thomas F. Gieryn, Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line (Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 1999), for a discussion of ‘epistemological authority’, ‘boundary work’ and ‘credibility contests’ in the realm of science. 74. Albert Moll, Handbuch der Sexualwissenschaften. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kulturgeschichtlichen Beziehungen, third, revised edition, two vols (Leipzig: F.C.W. Vogel, 1926). 75. See William H. Master and Virginia Johnson, Human Sexual Response (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1966). 76. Ivan Crozier, ‘Pillow Talk: Credibility, Trust and the Sexological Case History’, History of Science, 46/4: 154 (2008), 375–404; 375. 77. Ibid., p. 376. 78. Ibid., p. 396.

2 The French Scene: Degeneration Theory and the Invention of Fetishism

1. Cf. Robert A. Nye, ‘The History of Sexuality in Context: National Sexological Traditions’, Science in Context, 4:2 (1991), 387–406. 2. Ibid., p. 392. See also Sylvie Chaperon, Les Origines de la sexologie 1850–1900 (Paris: Louis Audibert, 2007), p. 69. 3. See Chaperon, Les Origines de la sexologie, pp. 5–60, for a detailed account of the French Penal Code and the perversions. 4. Cf. Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature, p. 37. 5. Cf.ibid.,p.58. 6. Cf. Chaperon, Les Origines de la sexologie, p. 65. Notes 275

7. They include Claude-François Michéa, ‘Des déviations maladives de l’appétit vénérien’ (1849); Ambroise Tardieu,Étude médico-légale sur les attentats aux mœurs (1857); Jacques-Joseph Moreau (de Tours), La Psychologie morbide dans ses rapports avec la philosophie de l’histoire ou de l’inﬂuence des névropathies sur le dynamisme intellectuel (1859); Paul Moreau (de Tours), Des aberrations du sens génésique (1877); Jean-Martin Charcot and Valentin Magnan, ‘Inversion du sens génital’ (1882); Valentin Magnan, ‘Des anomalies, des aberrations, et des perversions sexuelles’ (1885); Julien Chevalier, De l’inversion de l’instinct sexuel au point de vue médico-légal (1885); Alfred Binet, ‘Le fétichisme dans l’amour. Étude de psychologie morbide’ (1887); Benjamin Ball, La folie érotique (1888); Emile Laurent, L’amour morbide. Étude de psychologie pathologique (1891); Gabriel Tarde, ‘L’amour morbide’ (1891); Paul-Émile Garnier, Les Fétichistes, pervertis et invertis sexuels. Observations médico-légales (1896); Marc-André Raffalovich, Uranisme et unisexualité. Étude sur différentes manifestations de l’instinct sexuel (1896); and Dr Laupts, Tares et poisons. Perver- sion et perversité sexuelles (1896). Important journals include the Annales médico-psychologiques, the primary outlet of the Société Médico-Psychologique, founded in 1843, and the Archives de l’anthropologie criminelle et des sciences pénales, which Alexandre Lacassagne founded in 1886 in Lyon. 8. Claude-François Michéa, ‘Des déviations maladives de l’appétit vénérien’, Union médicale. Journal des intérêts scientiﬁques et pra- tiques, moraux et professionnels du corps médicals, 3:85 (1849), 338–9; 339. 9. Gert Hekma, ‘A History of Sexology: Social and Historical Aspects of Sexuality’, in Jan Bremmer (ed.), From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), pp. 173–93; pp. 176–7. 10. Cf. Edward Shorter, A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac (New York and Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), p. 76. 11. Cf. Paul Moreau (de Tours), Des Aberrations du sens génésique, fourth edition (Paris: Asselin & Houzeau, 1887), p. 158. 12. Valentin Magnan, ‘Des anomalies, des aberrations, et des perversions sexuelles’, Annales médico-psychologiques, 7:1 (1885), 447–74. 13. Cf. Rosario, The Erotic Imagination, p. 86; and Chaperon,Les Origines de la sexologie, p. 117. 276 Notes

14. See Rosario, The Erotic Imagination, p. 88. 15. Ibid., p. 88. 16. Jean-Martin Charcot and Valentin Magnan, ‘Inversion du sens génital’, Archives de neurologie. Revue des maladies nerveuses et mentales, 3:7 (1882), 53–60; and 3:10 (1882), 296–322. 17. Ibid., p. 298. 18. Ibid., p. 305. 19. Ibid., p. 320. 20. Cf. Chaperon, Les Origines de la sexologie, p. 204. 21. Émile Zola, ‘Preface to the Second Edition (1868)’, in Thérèse Raquin, trans. Robin Buss (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2004), pp. 3–8; p. 4. 22. Ibid., pp. 4 and 7. 23. Ibid., p. 4. 24. Ibid., p. 6. 25. Olson, Science and Scientism, p. 286. 26. Émile Zola, Nana, trans. Douglas Parmée (Oxford: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 2009), p. 190. 27. Douglas Parmée, ‘Introduction’, in ibid., pp. vii–xxvi; p. xxiii. 28. Dr Laupts, Tares et poisons. Perversion et perversité sexuelles (Paris: G. Carré, 1896). 29. For a discussion of Zola and Dr Laupts’ text, see also Rosario, The Erotic Imagination, pp. 89–98. 30. Émile Zola, ‘Préface’, in Tares et poisons, pp. 1–4; pp. 3–4. 31. Jan Goldstein, Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profes- sion in the Nineteenth Century, second, revised edition (Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 5. 32. See ibid. 33. Cf. Rosario, The Erotic Imagination, p. 148. 34. Jorge Luis Borges, ‘John Wilkins’ Analytical Language’, in Selected Non-Fictions, ed. Eliot Weinberger, trans. Esther Allen, Suzanne Jill Levine and Eliot Weinberger (New York: Viking, 1999), pp. 229–32; p. 231. 35. Benjamin Tarnowsky, The Sexual Instinct and Its Morbid Mani- festations: From the Double Standpoint of Jurisprudence and Psy- chiatry, trans. W.C. Costello and Alfred Allinson (Paris: Charles Carrington, 1898), p. 6. 36. Benjamin Ball, La Folie érotique (Paris: J.-B. Baillière et Fils, 1888), p. 29. 37. Ibid., p. 89. 38. Ibid., p. 114. 39. Ibid., p. 117. Notes 277

40. Ibid., p. 140. 41. Ibid., p. 147. 42. Ibid., p. 149. 43. Ibid., pp. 150–1. 44. Foucault, The Will to Knowledge, p. 101. 45. See Tarnowsky, The Sexual Instinct, pp. 172ff. 46. Binet, ‘Le Fétichisme dans l’amour’, pp. 5–6. 47. Foucault, The Will to Knowledge, pp. 153–4. 48. Freud, ‘Three Essays’, p. 159. 49. Foucault, The Will to Knowledge, p. 104. 50. Cf. Nye, ‘The Medical Origins of Sexual Fetishism’, p. 14. 51. Apter, Feminizing the Fetish, p. 16. 52. Cf. Binet, ‘Le Fétichisme dans l’amour’, p. 42. 53. See Apter, Feminizing the Fetish, pp. 36–7. 54. Binet, ‘Le Fétichisme dans l’amour’, p. 36. 55. Ibid., p. 58. 56. Ibid., p. 30. 57. Ibid., pp. 55–7. 58. Rosario, The Erotic Imagination, p. 151. 59. Binet, ‘Le Fétichisme dans l’amour’, p. 79. 60. Ibid., p. 80. 61. Ibid., p. 81. 62. Ibid., p. 82. 63. Ibid., pp. 84–5. 64. Bruce Clark, ‘Introduction’, in Bruce Clark and Wendell Aycock (eds), The Body and the Text: Comparative Essays in Literature and Medicine (Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press, 1990), pp. 1–8; p. 2.

3 Sexology in England: Ellis, Carpenter and Lawrence

1. Ivan Crozier, ‘Nineteenth-Century British Psychiatric Writing about Homosexuality before Havelock Ellis: The Missing Story’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 63:1 (2008), 65–102; 74. 2. Ibid., p. 67. 3. See ibid. 4. Julius Krueg, ‘Perverted Sexual Impulses’, Brain, 4 (1881), 368–76. 278 Notes

5. Cf. Crozier, ‘Nineteenth-Century British Psychiatric Writing’, p. 100. 6. Anon., ‘Review of Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis’, trans. C.G. Chaddock (Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1893), Journal of Men- tal Science, 39 (1893), 251–2; 51. 7. Conolly Norman, ‘Sexual Perversion’, in Hack Tuke (ed.), ADic- tionary of Psychological Medicine, two vols (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1892), vol. 2, pp. 1156–7. 8. Bauer, English Literary Sexology, p. 19. 9. Crozier, ‘Pillow Talk’, p. 391. 10. For a detailed analysis of the nature of Ellis’ and Symonds’ collaboration, see Joseph Bristow, ‘Symonds’s History, Ellis’s Heredity: Sexual Inversion’, in Lucy Bland and Laura Doan (eds), Sexology in Culture: Labelling Bodies and Desires (Cambridge: Polity, 1998), pp. 79–99. 11. Cf. Ivan Crozier, ‘Introduction: Havelock Ellis, John Addington Symonds and the Construction of Sexual Inversion’, in Havelock Ellis and John Addington Symonds, Sexual Inver- sion: A Critical Edition, ed. Ivan Crozier (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 1–86; p. 59. 12. Ellis and Symonds, Sexual Inversion, p. 91. 13. Ibid., p. 195. 14. Ibid., p. 201. 15. Ibid., p. 201, n. 3. 16. Ibid., p. 204. 17. Ibid., p. 106. 18. Ibid., p. 109. 19. Ibid., p. 110. 20. Ibid., p. 111. 21. Ibid., pp. 111–12. 22. Cf. ibid., p. 160. 23. Ibid., p. 214. 24. Ibid., p. 223. 25. Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex: Complete in Two Volumes (New York: Random House, 1936), vol. 2, p. v. 26. Ibid. 27. Havelock Ellis, Erotic Symbolism, in ibid., pp. 1–114; p. 11. 28. Ibid., p. 70. 29. Ibid., p. 48. 30. See ibid., p. 3, n. 1. The work he refers to is Karl Groos’ Der Aesthetische Genuss (Gießen: Ricker, 1902). 31. Ibid., p. 3. Notes 279

32. Ibid., p. 105. 33. Ibid., pp. 44–5. 34. Ibid., p. 70. 35. Ibid., p. 9. 36. Ibid., p. 111. 37. See Emile Delavenay, D.H. Lawrence and Edward Carpenter: A Study in Edwardian Transition (London: Heinemann, 1971), pp. 21–32; p. 238. 38. Edward Carpenter, Love’s Coming of Age (New York: The Modern Library, 1911), p. 140. 39. Edward Carpenter, The Intermediate Sex: A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1908), pp. 114–15. 40. See D.H. Lawrence, ‘A Propos of “Lady Chatterley’s Lover” ’, in Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 303–36; p. 323. 41. Ibid., p. 326. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid., p. 327. 44. Ibid. 45. Jonathan Dollimore, Sexual Dissidence: Augustine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), p. 271. 46. D.H. Lawrence, WomeninLove, ed. David Farmer, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 314. 47. See, for example, Magnus Hirschfeld, Sappho und Sokrates. Wie erklärt sich die Liebe der Männer und Frauen zu Personen des eigenen Geschlechts?, second edition (Leipzig: Max Spohr, 1902), p. 35. 48. Cf. Paul H. Gebhard and Alan B. Johnson, The Kinsey Data: Marginal Tabulations of the 1938–1963 Interviews Conducted by the Institute for Sex Research (Philadelphia, PA and London: Saunders, 1979), pp. 634–6. 49. Cf. D.H. Lawrence, The Letters of D.H. Lawrence, vol. II, ed. G.J. Zytaruk and J.T. Boulton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 80. 50. Bruce Steele, ‘Introduction’, in D.H. Lawrence, Psychoanaly- sis and the Unconscious and Fantasia of the Unconscious,ed. Bruce Steele (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. xix–liv; p. xxviii. 51. Cf. ibid., pp. xxix and xxxii. 52. Lawrence, Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fantasia of the Unconscious, pp. 8–9. 280 Notes

53. Lawrence, Fantasia, p. 66 (emphasis added). 54. Cf. Fiona Becket, ‘Lawrence and Psychoanalysis’, in Anne Fernihough (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to D.H. Lawrence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 217–34; p. 220. 55. Lawrence, Psychoanalysis, p. 20. 56. Cf. Steele, ‘Introduction’, p. xxxvi. 57. Lawrence, Psychoanalysis, p. 40. 58. Lawrence, Fantasia, p. 147. 59. Ibid., p. 148. 60. Ibid., p. 146 (emphasis added). 61. Ibid., p. 196. 62. Ibid. 63. Ibid., p. 160. 64. Cf. Becket, ‘Lawrence and Psychoanalysis’, p. 222.

4 The Golden Age of Sexology in Germany: Activism, Institutionalization and the Anthropological Turn

1. See Volkmar Sigusch, Geschichte der Sexualwissenschaft (Frankfurt and New York: Campus, 2008), pp. 81–120, for a detailed discussion of these. 2. Hirschfeld, Sappho und Sokrates, p. 33. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid., p. 17. 5. On Ellis and eugenics, see Ivan Crozier, ‘Ellis, Eugenicist’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences,39 (2008), 187–94. 6. See Rainer Herrn, ‘Magnus Hirschfeld’, in Volkmar Sigusch and Günter Grau (eds), Personenlexikon der Sexualforschung (Frankfurt and New York: Campus, 2009), pp. 284–94. 7. Foucault, The Will to Knowledge, p. 118. 8. See also Élisabeth Roudinesco, who in Our Dark Side: A His- tory of Perversion (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009) establishes a direct link between the objectiﬁcation of perverse subjects in sexological discourse and the perversion of science which led to the Holocaust. 9. Tzvetan Todorov, Imperfect Garden: The Legacy of Humanism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 23. 10. Marius Turda, Modernism and Eugenics (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 120–1. Notes 281

11. Foucault, The Will to Knowledge, p. 125. 12. Moll, Handbuch der Sexualwissenschaften, vol. 2, p. 764. 13. Ibid. 14. Hirschfeld, Sappho und Sokrates, p. 35. 15. Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, second edition (Berlin: Louis Marcus, 1920). 16. Ibid., p. xiv; see also p. 378. 17. Ibid., p. 493. 18. Ibid., p. 354. 19. Ibid., p. 357. 20. Ibid. 21. Cf. Gunter Schmidt, ‘Alfred C. Kinsey (1894–1956)’, in Sigusch and Grau (eds), Personenlexikon, pp. 350–9. 22. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, p. 968. 23. Ibid., p. 1015. 24. Ibid., pp. 1020–2. 25. Ibid., p. 1017. 26. Ibid., p. 1018. 27. Ibid., pp. 1024–5. 28. For a discussion of Freud’s borrowings from Moll and their bitter rivalry, see Volkmar Sigusch, ‘Freud und die Sexualwissenschaft seiner Zeit’, in Ilka Quindeau and Volkmar Sigusch (eds), Freud und das Sexuelle. Neue psychoanalytische und sexualwissenschaftliche Perspektiven (Frankfurt and New York: Campus, 2005), pp. 15–35. 29. Moll, Handbuch der Sexualwissenschaften, vol. 1, p. 238. 30. Hekma, ‘A History of Sexology’, p. 187. 31. Moll, Handbuch, vol. 1, p. 242. 32. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 739. 33. Ibid. 34. Ibid., pp. 791–2. 35. Ibid., p. 799. 36. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 590. 37. Ibid., p. 593. 38. Ibid., p. 674. 39. Ibid., p. 677. 40. Ibid., p. 680. 41. Ibid., p. 679. 42. Ibid., p. 684. 43. There is disagreement about who ﬁrst used the term. Bauer argues that the American religious reformer Elizabeth Willard was the ﬁrst to deploy the term ‘sexology’, in 1867. See Bauer, English Literary Sexology, p. 3. Sigusch and Grau maintain that it 282 Notes

was Freud who ﬁrst used the term ‘Sexualwissenschaft’, in ‘Die Sexualität in der Ätiologie der Neurosen’ (1898). See Sigusch and Grau, ‘Einleitung’, in Personenlexikon, pp. 10–16; p. 11. 44. Iwan Bloch, Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit in seinen Beziehungen zur modernen Kultur, 10th to 12th, revised edition (Berlin: Louis Marcus, 1919); Iwan Bloch, Beiträge zur Aetiologie der Psychopathia sexualis. Erster Teil (Dresden: H.R. Dohrn, 1902); and Iwan Bloch, Beiträge zur Aetiologie der Psychopathia sexualis. Zweiter Teil (Dresden: H.R. Dohrn, 1903). 45. Eugen Dühren (pseudonym for Iwan Bloch), Neue Forschungen über den Marquis de Sade und seine Zeit. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sexualphilosophie De Sade’s auf Grund des neuentdeckten Original-Manuskriptes seines Hauptwerkes ‘Die 120 Tage von Sodom’ (Berlin: Max Harrwitz, 1904), p. 237. 46. Bloch, Beiträge. Zweiter Teil, pp. 93–4. 47. Dühren, Neue Forschungen,p.xv. 48. Ibid., p. 405. 49. Ibid., p. 414. 50. Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialektik der Aufklärung. Philosophische Fragmente (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1969), p. 101. 51. Dühren, Neue Forschungen, p. 439. 52. Bloch, Beiträge. Zweiter Teil, pp. 188–9. 53. Dühren, Neue Forschungen, p. 438. 54. Ibid., p. 368. 55. Ibid., p. 374. 56. Ibid., p. 375. 57. Bloch, Beiträge. Erster Teil, p. 190.

5 Freud, Literature and the Perversiﬁcation of Mankind

1. Jeri Johnson, ‘Introduction’, in Sigmund Freud, The Psychology of Love (London: Penguin, 2006), pp. vii–xxvi; p. vii. 2. Binet and Krafft-Ebing developed these notions before him. 3. See Sigusch, ‘Freud und die Sexualwissenschaft seiner Zeit’ for an exploration of Freud’s position within and his borrowings from sexology. On Freud and sexology, see also Frank J. Sulloway, Freud: Biologist of the Mind. Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend, second edition (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 277–319. Notes 283

4. Freud, ‘Three Essays’, p. 135, n. 1. 5. Ibid., p. 171 (emphasis added). 6. Ibid., p. 149. 7. Ibid., p. 150. German original in Sigmund Freud, ‘Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie’, in Studienausgabe,ed. Alexander Mitscherlich, Angela Richards and James Strachey, 10 vols (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1982), vol. v, pp. 37–146; p. 142. All subsequent references to the German original are from this source. 8. Freud, ‘Three Essays’, p. 153. 9. Ibid., p. 156. 10. Ibid., p. 157. 11. Ibid., p. 159. 12. Ibid., p. 158. 13. Ibid., p.156. 14. Ibid., p. 157, n. 2. 15. Ibid., p. 169. 16. Ibid., p. 146, n. 1. 17. Ibid., p. 145, n. 1 (Freud’s emphasis). 18. Ibid., p. 152. 19. Ibid., p. 155, n. 2. 20. Ibid., pp. 182–3. 21. Ibid., p. 165 (Freud’s emphasis). 22. Ibid., p. 171. 23. Ibid., p. 238. 24. Ibid. 25. Dollimore, Sexual Dissidence, p. 105. 26. For analyses of Freud’s conceptions of sadism and masochism, and further developments of his theories by his descendants, see Noyes, The Mastery of Submission, especially pp. 140–222; Michael Gratzke, Liebesschmerz und Textlust. Figuren der Liebe und des Masochismus in der Literatur (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2000); and Suzanne R. Stewart, Sublime Surren- der: Male Masochism at the ﬁn-de-siècle (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1998). 27. Sigmund Freud, ‘On the Universal Tendency to Debasement in the Sphere of Love (Contributions to the Psychology of Love II)’, in The Standard Edition, vol. XII, pp. 177–90; pp. 188–9. 28. Ibid., p. 189. 29. Ibid., p. 190. 30. Sigmund Freud, ‘The Question of Lay Analysis’, in The Standard Edition, vol. XX, pp. 177–258; p. 212. 284 Notes

31. Sigmund Freud, ‘Female Sexuality’, in The Standard Edition, vol. XXI, pp. 221–43; p. 232. 32. Ibid., pp. 228–9. 33. Sigmund Freud, ‘A Child is Being Beaten’, in The Standard Edition, vol. XVII, pp. 175–204; p. 193. 34. Sigmund Freud, ‘Fetishism’, in The Standard Edition, vol. XXI, pp. 149–157; pp. 152–3. 35. Ibid., p. 154. 36. Ibid., p. 157. 37. Perry Meisel, The Literary Freud (New York and London: Routledge, 2007), p. 115. 38. Graham Frankland, Freud’s Literary Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 3. 39. Ibid., p. 4. 40. Quoted in Freud, ‘Brief an Dr. Alfons Paquet’, in Sigmund Freud, Der Moses des Michelangelo. Schriften über Kunst und Künstler (Frankfurt: Fischer, 2008); pp. 195–6; p. 195, n. 1. 41. Sigmund Freud, ‘Dostoevsky and Parricide’, in The Standard Edition, vol. XXI, pp. 175–96; p. 178. 42. Ibid., pp. 178–9. 43. The psychoanalyst Otto Rank (1884–1939) goes even further in this respect, in works such as The Incest Theme in Literature and Legend (1912) and The Double (written in 1914, published 1925). 44. Freud, ‘Dostoevsky and Parricide’, p. 188. 45. Sigmund Freud, ‘On the Sexual Theories of Children’, in The Standard Edition, vol. IX, pp. 205–26; p. 217. 46. Ibid., p. 221, n. 1. 47. Sigmund Freud, ‘Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho- Analytic Work’, in The Standard Edition, vol. XIV, pp. 309–33; p. 331. 48. Sigmund Freud, ‘The Uncanny’, in The Standard Edition, vol. XVII, pp. 217–52; p. 249. 49. Ibid. (Freud’s emphasis). 50. Sigmund Freud, ‘Psychopathic Characters on the Stage’, in The Standard Edition, vol. VII, pp. 305–10; p. 305. 51. Sigmund Freud, ‘Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming’, in The Standard Edition, vol. IX, pp.141–53; p. 153. 52. Ibid. (Freud’s emphasis). 53. Sigmund Freud, ‘A Special Type of Choice of Object Made by Men (Contributions to the Psychology of Love I)’, in The Standard Edition, vol. XI, pp. 163–75; p. 165. 54. Ibid. Notes 285

55. Quoted in Ernest Jones, TheLifeandWorkofSigmundFreud, 3 vols (London: The Hogarth Press, 1953–57), vol. 1, p. 289. 56. Meisel, The Literary Freud,p.7. 57. Cf. ibid. 58. Sigmund Freud, ‘Letter to Wilhelm Fliess, September 21, 1897’, in The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887– 1904, ed. and trans. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson (Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 264–6; p. 264 (Freud’s emphasis). 59. Meisel, The Literary Freud,p.8. 60. Ibid., p. 37. 61. Lionel Trilling, ‘Freud and Literature’, in The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), pp. 33–55; p. 50. 62. Ibid., pp. 50–1. 63. For a discussion of French engagements with and revaloriza- tions of Freud, see, for example, the chapters on Lacan and Derrida in Meisel, The Literary Freud. For Lacan’s con- ception of the perversions, see, for example, Judith Feher- Gurewich, ‘A Lacanian Approach to the Logic of Perversion’, in Jean-Michel Rabaté (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Lacan (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2003), pp. 191–207. 64. Cf. Victor Shklovsky, ‘Art as Technique’, in Lee T. Lemon and Marion J. Reis (eds), Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays (Lincoln, NE and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1965), pp. 3–24. 65. Ibid., p. 12. 66. See Ben Hutchinson, Modernism and Style (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).

6 Homosexuality: Thomas Mann and the Degenerate Sublime

1. See Lisa Downing, ‘Perversion, Historicity, Ethics’, in Nobus and Downing (eds), Perversion, pp. 149–63; pp. 153–4. 2. Ibid., p. 162. 3. Ibid. 4. For a discussion of Kafka and psychoanalysis, see, for example, Thomas Anz, ‘Psychoanalyse’, in Manfred Engel and Bernd Auerochs (eds), Kafka-Handbuch. Leben – Werk – Wirkung (Stuttgart: Metzler, 2010), pp. 65–72. 286 Notes

5. Cf. ibid. 6. Georges Bataille, ‘R. von Krafft-Ebing’, in Œuvres complètes I. Premiers écrits 1922–1940 (Paris: Gallimard, 1970), pp. 275–6. 7. For studies that explore Mann’s relationship to psychoanalysis, see, for example, Hans Wysling, ‘Thomas Manns Rezeption der Psychoanalyse’, in Benjamin Bennett, Walter Sokel, Anton Kaes and William J. Lillyman (eds), Probleme der Moderne. Studien zur deutschen Literatur von Nietzsche bis Brecht (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1983), pp. 201–22; and Manfred Dierks, ‘Thomas Mann und die Tiefenpsychologie’, in Helmut Koopmann (ed.), Thomas-Mann- Handbuch (Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner, 1989), pp. 284–300. 8. Mann’s responses to Freud are collected in the volume Freud und die Psychoanalyse. Reden, Briefe, Notizen, Betrachtungen, ed. Bernd Urban (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1991). 9. The following critics discuss Mann’s own homosexuality and homosexual motifs in his literary works in detail: Ignace Feuerlicht, ‘Thomas Mann and Homoeroticism’, Germanic Review, 57 (1982), 89–97; Gerhard Härle (ed.), Heimsuchung und süßes Gift. Erotik und Poetik bei Thomas Mann (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1992); Gerhard Härle, Männerweiblichkeit. Zur Homosexualität bei Klaus und Thomas Mann (Berlin: Philo, 2002); Anthony Heilbut, Thomas Mann: Eros and Literature (London: Macmillan, 1996); Karl Werner Böhm, Zwischen Selbstzucht und Verlangen: Thomas Mann und das Stigma Homosexualität. Untersuchungen zu Frühwerk und Jugend (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 1991), pp. 17–57; and Andrew J. Webber, ‘Mann’s Man’s World: Gender and Sexuality’, in Ritchie Robertson (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Mann (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 64–83. 10. See, for example, Dierks, ‘Thomas Mann und die Tiefen- psychologie’, and Wysling, ‘Thomas Manns Rezeption der Psy- choanalyse’. 11. See Helmut Koopmann, ‘Krankheiten der Jahrhundertwende im Frühwerk Thomas Manns’, in Thomas Sprecher (ed.), Literatur und Krankheit im Fin-de-Siècle. Thomas Mann im Europäischen Kontext (Frankfurt: Klostermann, 2002), pp. 115–30; and Volker Roelcke, ‘Psychiatrische Kulturkritik um 1900 und Umrisse ihrer Rezeption im Frühwerk Thomas Manns’, in ibid., pp. 95–113. 12. Roelcke, ‘Psychiatrische Kulturkritik um 1900’, p. 110. 13. Böhm, Zwischen Selbstzucht und Verlangen, p. 108. 14. Thomas Mann, Buddenbrooks, trans. H.T. Lowe-Porter (London: Vintage, 1999), p. 214. Notes 287

15. Ibid., p. 264. 16. Webber, ‘Mann’s Man’s World: Gender and Sexuality’, p. 71. 17. Mann, Buddenbrooks, p. 575. 18. Ibid., p. 603. 19. Ritchie Robertson, ‘Classicism and Its Pitfalls: Death in Venice’, in Robertson (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Mann, pp. 95–106; p. 97. 20. Mann, Buddenbrooks, p. 425. 21. Ibid. 22. Mann discusses the link between homosexuality, sterility, death and the artistic sublime explicitly in a number of non- ﬁctional texts, most importantly in ‘Über die Ehe. Brief an den Grafen Hermann Keyserling’, in Reden und Aufsätze I (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1965), pp. 128–44; in his ‘Brief an Carl Maria Weber, 4 July 1920’, in Briefe 1889–1936 (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1962), pp. 176–80; and in ‘Von Deutscher Republik’, in Reden und Aufsätze II (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1965), pp. 9–52.

7 Anal Sex: D.H. Lawrence and the Back Door to Transcendence

1. Lawrence, Women in Love, p. 206. 2. Ibid., p. 481. 3. Ibid., p. 501. 4. Ibid., p. 502. 5. Ibid., p. 504. 6. Linda Ruth Williams, Sex in the Head: Visions of Femininity and Film in D.H. Lawrence (New York and London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993). 7. Lawrence, Women in Love, pp. 273–4. 8. Ibid., p. 270. 9. Cf. Genesis 2:24 and Mark 10:8. 10. See, for example, Mark Kinkead-Weekes, ‘Eros and Metaphor: Sexual Relationship in the Fiction of Lawrence’, in Anne Smith (ed.), Lawrence and Women (London: Vision Press, 1978), pp. 101–21; James Wood, ‘Introduction to D.H. Lawrence, The Rainbow’, in D.H. Lawrence, The Rainbow (London: Penguin Classics, 2007), pp. xi–xxxii; and David J. Gordon, ‘Sex and Language in D.H. Lawrence’, Twentieth-Century Literature, 27:4 (1981), 362–75. 288 Notes

11. D.H. Lawrence, ‘Foreword to WomeninLove’, in WomeninLove, pp. 485–6; p. 486. 12. Kinkead-Weeks, ‘Eros and Metaphor’, p. 102. 13. Lawrence, Women in Love, p. 272. 14. Ibid., p. 273. 15. Ibid., p. 445. 16. Hugh Stevens, ‘Sex and the Nation: “The Prussian Ofﬁcer” and WomeninLove’, in Anne Fernihough (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to D.H. Lawrence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 49–66; p. 63. 17. Lawrence, Women in Love, p. 423. 18. Ibid., p. 427. 19. Ibid., p. 428. 20. Ibid., p. 153. 21. Ibid., p. 150. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid., p. 111. See also Linda Ruth Williams’ analysis of that chapter in Sex in the Head, pp. 40–70. 24. Lawrence, Women in Love, p. 113. 25. Ibid., p. 141. 26. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, p. 247. 27. Lawrence, The Rainbow, p. 220. 28. Ibid., p. 156. 29. Ibid., p. 142. 30. Ibid., p. 170. 31. Ibid. 32. Ibid., p. 219. 33. Ibid., p. 220. 34. Lawrence, Women in Love, p. 307 (Lawrence’s emphasis). 35. Ibid., p. 308. 36. Ibid., p. 353 (Lawrence’s emphasis). 37. Ibid., pp. 313–14. 38. Ibid., p. 314. 39. Jeffrey Meyers, Homosexuality and Literature, 1890–1930 (London: The Athlone Press, 1977), p. 149. 40. Dollimore, Sexual Dissidence, p. 274. 41. Ibid., p. 275. 42. Lawrence, Women in Love, p. 413. 43. Stevens, ‘Sex and the Nation’, p. 61. 44. Cf. ibid., pp. 59–61. 45. Lawrence, Women in Love, p. 253. 46. Ibid. Notes 289

47. Ibid. 48. Both Kinkead-Weekes, in ‘Eros as Metaphor’, and Kingsley Widmer, in The Art of Perversity: D.H. Lawrence’s Shorter Fictions (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1962), argue this point convincingly and in more detail. 49. D.H. Lawrence, ‘Review (manuscript version) of Gifts of Fortune, by H. M. Tomlinson’, in Introductions and Reviews,ed.N.H. Reeve and John Worthen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 285–90; p. 290. 50. Widmer, The Art of Perversity, p. 39. 51. Ibid., p. 170. 52. Kinkead-Weeks, ‘Eros as Metaphor’, p. 110.

8 Sadism: Marcel Proust and the Banality of Evil

1. Marcel Proust, In Search of Lost Time VI: Time Regained and A Guide to Proust, trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. by D.J. Enright (London: Vintage, 2000), p. 236. 2. Julius Edwin Rivers, Proust and the Art of Love: The Aesthetics of Sexuality in the Life, Times and Art of Marcel Proust (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), p. 24; pp. 145–50. 3. Marcel Proust, In Search of Lost Time III: The Guermantes Way, trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. by D.J. Enright (London: Vintage, 2000), p. 345. 4. See Marcel Proust, In Search of Lost Time IV: Sodom and Gomorrah, trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. by D.J. Enright (London: Vintage, 2000), p. 24, for an example of Ulrichs’ notion as adapted by Proust. 5. Cf. Rivers, Proust and the Art of Love, p. 157. 6. Cf. Robert Vigneron, ‘Genèse de Swann’, Revue d’Histoire de la Philosophie et d’Historie Générale de la Civilisation, 5 (1937), 67–115. 7. Cf. Rivers, Proust and the Art of Love, p. 158; and Hendrika C. Halberstadt-Freud, Freud, Proust, Perversion and Love (Amsterdam and Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1991), p. 48. See also Milton L. Miller, Nostalgia: A Psychoanalytic Study of Marcel Proust (Boston, MA: Houghton, 1956), p. 148, n. 6. 8. Rivers, Proust and the Art of Love, p. 158. 9. Proust, Sodom and Gomorrah, p. 225. 10. Ibid., p. 227. 290 Notes

11. Ibid., pp. 267–8. 12. Ibid., p. 17. 13. Ibid., p. 21. 14. Lucille Cairns, ‘Homosexuality and Lesbianism in Proust’s Sodome et Gomorrhe’, French Studies, LI:1 (1997), 43–57; 50. 15. Ibid. 16. Proust, Sodom and Gomorrah, p. 18. 17. Proust, Swann’s Way, pp. 371–2. 18. Proust, The Guermantes Way, p. 174. 19. Proust, Time Regained, p. 184. All references to the original are from Marcel Proust, À la recherche du temps perdu,ed.Jean-Yves Tadié, 4 vols (Paris: Gallimard, 1987–89). 20. Proust, Swann’s Way, pp. 277–8. 21. Ibid., p. 284. 22. Rivers, Proust and the Art of Love, p. 167. 23. Ibid., p. 216. 24. Marcel Proust, In Search of Lost Time V: The Captive and the Fugi- tive, trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. by D.J. Enright (London: Vintage, 2000), p. 265. 25. Douglas B. Saylor, The Sadomasochistic Homotext: Readings in Sade, Balzac and Proust (New York and Paris: Peter Lang, 1993), p. 106; p. 120. 26. Cf. Rivers, Proust and the Art of Love, pp. 29–30, pp. 74–7. 27. Proust, Sodom and Gomorrah, p. 266. 28. Proust, The Captive and the Fugitive, p. 449. 29. Proust, Swann’s Way, p. 232. 30. Marcel Proust, In Search of Lost Time II: Within a Budding Grove, trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. by D.J. Enright (London: Vintage, 2002), p. 602. 31. Proust, The Guermantes Way, p. 679. 32. Proust, Time Regained, p. 160. 33. Proust, Swann’s Way, p. 145. 34. Ibid. 35. Ibid. 36. Ibid., p. 146. 37. Proust, Sodom and Gomorrah, p. 34. 38. Ibid., p. 345. 39. See Girard, Violence and the Sacred, passim. 40. Proust, Sodom and Gomorrah, pp. 384–5. 41. Halberstadt-Freud, Freud, Proust, Perversion and Love, p. 118. 42. Ibid., p. 42. 43. Ibid., p. 22. 44. Cf. ibid., p. 69. Notes 291

45. See Proust, Time Regained, p. 244. 46. Proust, The Captive and the Fugitive,p.72. 47. Ibid., p. 96. 48. J.E. Rivers, ‘Proust and the Aesthetic of Suffering’, Contemporary Literature, 18:4 (1977), 425–42; 426. 49. Proust, Swann’s Way, p. 196. 50. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, p. 58. 51. Ibid., p. 85. 52. Rivers, Proust and the Art of Love, p. 77. 53. Proust, Swann’s Way, p. 196. 54. Ibid. 55. Proust, The Captive and the Fugitive, p. 295. 56. Georges Bataille, ‘Proust’, in Literature and Evil,trans.Alastair Hamilton (New York and London: Marion Boyars, 1985), pp. 131–48; p. 140. 57. Ibid., p. 142. 58. Ibid., p. 143 (emphasis added). 59. Proust, Swann’s Way, p. 197. 60. Ibid., pp. 197–8. 61. Proust, The Guermantes Way, p. 195. 62. Proust, The Captive and the Fugitive, p. 361. 63. Ibid., p. 296.

9 Masochism: Franz Kafka and the Eroticization of Suffering

1. Various critics have written on the signiﬁcance of the image and other intertextual references to Sacher-Masoch’s work; see, for example, Ruth V. Gross, ‘Kafka and Women’, in Richard T. Gray (ed.), Approaches to Teaching Kafka’s Short Fic- tion (New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1995), pp. 69–75; Franz Kuna, Kafka: Literature as Corrective Punishment (Bloomington, IN and London: Indiana University Press, 1974); Mark Anderson, ‘Kafka and Sacher-Masoch’, Journal of the Kafka Society of America, 7 (1983), 4–19; and R.K. Angress, ‘Kafka and Sacher-Masoch: A Note on The Metamorphosis’, MLN, 85:5, German Issue (1970), 745–6. 2. Cf. Robert S. Leventhal, who focuses on the agency of the cruel women in this story. Robert S. Leventhal, ‘ “Versagen”: Kafka und die masochistische Ordnung’, German Life and Letters,48 (1995), 148–69; 164–5. 292 Notes

3. For further discussions of sado-masochistic motifs in Kafka’s oeuvre, see Sander L. Gilman, Franz Kafka: The Jewish Patient (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. 21–40; Margaret Norris, ‘Sadism and Masochism in Two Kafka Stories: “In der Strafkolonie” and “Ein Hungerkünstler” ’, MLN, 93:3, German Issue (1978), 430–47; and Richard T. Gray, Ruth V. Gross, Rolf J. Goebel and Clayton Koelb, A Franz Kafka Encyclopaedia (London: Greenwood Press, 2005), pp. 241–2. For discussions of Sacher-Masoch’s influence on Kafka, see Peter Bruce Waldeck, ‘Kafka’s “Die Verwandlung” and “Ein Hungerkünstler” as Influ- enced by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch’, Monatshefte, 64 (1972), 147–52; F.M. Kuna, ‘Art as Direct Vision: Kafka and Sacher- Masoch’, Journal of European Studies, 2 (1972), 237–46; Mark Anderson, ‘Kafka and Sacher-Masoch’, Journal of the Kafka Soci- ety of America, 7 (1983), 4–19; Sabine Wilke, ‘ “Der Elbogen ruhte auf dem Kissen der Ottomane”. Über die sado-masochistischen Wurzeln von Kafkas Der Process’, Journal of the Kafka Society of America, 21 (1997), 67–78; and Holger Rudloff, Gregor Samsa und seine Brüder. Kafka – Sacher-Masoch – Thomas Mann (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 1997). For a general discussion of sexuality in Kafka’s texts, see Frank Möbus, Sünden-Fälle. Die Geschlechtlichkeit in Erzählungen Franz Kafkas (Göttingen: Wallstein, 1994). 4. John Zilcosky, Kafka’s Travels: Exoticism, Colonialism, and the Traffic of Writing (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 103–22. 5. Elizabeth Boa, Kafka: Gender, Class, and Race in the Letters and Fictions (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), p. 185. 6. Ibid., p. 225. 7. Ibid., p. 228. 8. See, for example, the entry for 4 May 1913. Franz Kafka, Tagebücher 1909–1923 (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1997), p. 431. 9. Franz Kafka, Briefe an Milena (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1986), pp. 290–1. 10. Cf. Noyes, The Mastery of Submission, passim. 11. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, p. 137 (emphasis added). 12. Michel Foucault, ‘An Interview: Sex, Power and the Politics of Identity’, Advocate, 400 (1984), 26–30. Cf. Noyes, The Mastery of Submission, p. 219. 13. Cf. ibid., p. 175. 14. Boa detects racial connotations in the subjugation of the merchant Block, and interprets the chapter as a critique of Notes 293

Jewish assimilation, which is metaphorically likened to creep- ing and crawling, doglike, servile, effeminate behaviour. Boa, Kafka: Gender, Class, and Race, p. 233. Ritchie Robertson in contrast interprets Block’s humiliation as a criticism of the Catholic doctrine of intercession, the reliance on mediators. See Ritchie Robertson, Kafka: Judaism, Politics, and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 114. 15. Franz Kafka, The Trial, trans. Breon Mitchell (New York: Schocken Books, 1998), p. 195. 16. Franz Kafka, Der Proceß (Frankfurt: Fischer, 2002), pp. 264–5 (emphasis added). 17. Kafka, The Trial, p. 231. 18. In the essay in which she establishes Sacher-Masoch’s Venus im Pelz as a potential pre-text to The Trial, Sabine Wilke argues that being like a dog in The Trial corresponds to being a masochist. Wilke, ‘ “Der Elbogen ruhte” ’, 67–78. 19. Zilcosky, Kafka’s Travels, p. 105. 20. Cf. David Constantine, ‘Kafka’s Writing and Our Reading’, in Julian Preece (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Kafka (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 9–24; p. 22. 21. Franz Kafka, ‘In the Penal Colony’, in Kafka’s Selected Stories, ed. and trans. Stanley Corngold (New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007), pp. 35–59; p. 39. 22. Ibid, p. 40. 23. Cf. Zilcosky, Kafka’s Travels. 24. Gray et al., A Franz Kafka Encyclopaedia, p. 28. 25. Franz Kafka, ‘The Burrow’, in Kafka’s Selected Stories, pp. 162–89; p. 184. 26. Ibid., pp. 173–4. 27. Ibid., p. 163. 28. Ibid., p. 172. 29. Franz Kafka, ‘Der Bau’, in Nachgelassene Schriften und Fragmente II, ed. Jost Schillemeit (Frankfurt: Fischer, 2002), pp. 576–632; p. 599. 30. Cf. Zilcosky and his discussion of Stanley Corngold’s interpreta- tion in Kafka’s Travels, p. 186. 31. Sigmund Freud, ‘The Economic Problem of Masochism’, in The Standard Edition, vol. XIX, pp. 157–70; pp. 169–70. 32. Quoted from Walter Benjamin ‘Franz Kafka’, in Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Harry Zohn (London: Fontana Press, 1992), pp. 108–35; p. 113. 294 Notes

33. Theodor W. Adorno, Prismen. Kulturkritik und Gesellschaft (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1955), p. 304. 34. See Roland Barthes, The Pleasure of the Text, trans. Richard Miller (New York: Hill and Wang, 1975).

10 Fetishism: Georges Bataille and Sexual-Textual Transgression

1. Georges Bataille, Eroticism, trans. Mary Dalwood (London and New York: Marion Boyars, 2006), p. 55. 2. Ibid., p. 11. 3. Ibid., p. 17. 4. Ibid., p. 16. 5. Ibid., p. 18. 6. Ibid., p. 63 (Bataille’s emphasis). 7. Bataille, ‘Proust’, p. 139. 8. Bataille, Eroticism, p. 108. 9. See Georges Bataille, ‘The Notion of Expenditure’, in Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927–1939, ed. Allan Stoekl, trans. Allan Stoekl with Carl R. Lovitt and Donald M. Leslie, Jr (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1985), pp. 116–29; pp. 118ff. 10. Georges Bataille quoted in Michel Surya, Georges Bataille: An Intellectual Biography, trans. Krzysztof Fijalkowski and Michael Richardson (London and New York: Verso, 2002), p. 386. 11. Surya, Georges Bataille, p. 386. 12. Georges Bataille, ‘The College of Sociology’, in Visions of Excess, pp. 246–53; p. 250. 13. Georges Batailles, Story of the Eye, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (London: Penguin, 1979), p. 42. 14. Ibid., p. 30. 15. Ibid., p. 51. 16. Ibid., pp. 65–6. 17. Ibid., p. 66. 18. Ibid., pp. 66–7 (Bataille’s emphasis). 19. Roland Barthes, ‘The Metaphor of the Eye’, in Story of the Eye, pp. 119–27; p. 120 (Barthes’ emphasis). 20. Ibid., p. 123. 21. Ibid., p. 124. 22. Ibid., pp. 125–6. Notes 295

23. Patrick ffrench, The Cut/Reading Bataille’s ‘Histoire de l’Oeil’ (Oxford: The British Academy/Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 40–1. 24. Ibid., p. 94 (ffrench’s emphasis). 25. Bataille, Story of the Eye, pp. 34–5 (Bataille’s emphasis). 26. Ibid., p. 42. 27. Bataille, Inner Experience, p. 150. 28. Bataille, Eroticism, p. 25. 29. ffrench, The Cut, p. 54. 30. Bataille, Inner Experience, p. 135. 31. Ibid., p. 136 (Bataille’s emphasis). 32. Ibid. 33. Cf. ffrench, The Cut, p. 169. 34. Bataille, Story of the Eye, p. 70. 35. Ibid., p. 72 (Bataille’s emphasis). 36. Ibid., p. 73. 37. Ibid. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid., p. 74. 40. Jonathan Boulter, ‘The Negative Way of Trauma: Georges Bataille’s Story of the Eye’, Cultural Critique, 46, ‘Trauma and Its Cultural Aftereffects’ (2000), 153–78. 41. ffrench, The Cut, p. 168. 42. Georges Bataille, ‘W.C.’ (Preface to Story of the Eye from Le Petit, 1943), in Story of the Eye, pp. 75–8; p. 78. 43. Apter, Feminizing the Fetish,p.xv. 44. Ibid., p. 10.

Conclusion

1. See Grifﬁn, Modernism and Fascism. 2. As already mentioned, Turda makes a similar case for eugenics. See Turda, Modernism and Eugenics. 3. Foucault, The Will to Knowledge, p. 125. 4. Robert A. Nye, ‘Introduction: On Why History Is So Impor- tant to an Understanding of Human Sexuality’, in Robert A. Nye (ed.), Sexuality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 3–15; p. 7. 5. Judith Butler, ‘Preface (1999)’, in Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, Routledge Classics Edition (London: Routledge, 2006), pp. vii–xxviii, p. xv. 6. Ibid., p. 4. 296 Notes

7. Ibid., p. 34. 8. Ian Hacking, ‘Making Up People’, in Edward Stein (ed.), Forms of Desire: Sexual Orientation and the Social Constructivist Contro- versy (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 69–88, p. 78. Cf. also Nye, ‘Introduction’, pp. 7–8. 9. Dany Nobus, ‘Locating Perversion, Dislocating Psychoanalysis’, in Nobus and Downing (eds), Perversion, pp. 3–18; p. 15. 10. See, for example, Alfred Kinsey, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia, PA and London: Saunders, 1948) and Sex- ual Behavior in the Human Female (Philadelphia, PA and London: Saunders, 1953). 11. See, for example, Masters and Johnson, Human Sexual Response. 12. See Nobus and Downing (eds), Perversion, for excellent insights into the ﬁeld. See also Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel, Creativity and Perversion (London: Free Association, 1985); Bela Grunberger and Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel (eds), Les Perversions. Les chemins de traverse. Les grandes découvertes de la psychanalyse (Paris: Tchou, 1980); Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel, ‘Devil’s Religions: Some Reﬂections on the Historical and Social Meanings of the Perversions’, in Nancy and Roy Ginsburg (eds), Psychoanalysis and Culture at the Millennium (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1999), pp. 313–36. 13. See, for example, the Freudo-Marxist studies by Wilhelm Reich, The Mass Psychology of Fascism, trans. Vincent R. Carfagno (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975); and Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud (London: Ark, 1987). Reich and Marcuse advocate the socially transformative, revolutionary power of a liberated libido. 14. Stoller, Perversion,p.4. 15. Masud Khan, Alienation in Perversions (London: The Hogarth Press and The Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1979), p. 22. 16. See, for example, Reimut Reiche, ‘Das Rätsel der Sexualisierung’, in Quindeau and Sigusch (eds), Freud und das Sexuelle, pp. 135–52; pp. 142–5. 17. Welldon, Mother, Madonna, Whore. 18. Ibid., p. 8. 19. On the topic of female perversions, see also Kaplan, Female Perversions: The Temptations of Emma Bovary; Sophinette Becker, ‘Weibliche Perversionen’, texte. psychoanalyse. ästhetik. kulturkritik. Das Perverse in Klinik und Kultur, 25:2 (2005), 84–111; and Apter, ‘Maternal Fetishism’. 20. Roudinesco, Our Dark Side, p. 141. Notes 297

21. Both Roudinesco and Sigusch also suggest ‘neo-bestiality’, a sex- ualized attachment to pets, as a common form of perversion today. See ibid. and Volkmar Sigusch, Neosexualitäten. Über den kulturellen Wandel von Liebe und Perversion (Frankfurt: Campus, 2005). 22. Roudinesco, Our Dark Side, p. 142. 23. Ibid. 24. Dollimore, Sexual Dissidence, p. 33. 25. Downing, ‘Perversion, Historicity, Ethics’, p. 162. 26. Proust, Time Regained, p. 254. Bibliography

[This bibliography only lists works referred to explicitly in this study.]

I. Primary Sexological Sources

Anon., Onania; or, the Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution, and All Its Frightful Consequences, in both Sexes, Considered, with Spiritual and Physi- cal Advice to Those Who Have already Injur’d Themselves by this Abominable Practice, fourth edition (London: N. Crouch, n. d.). Anon., ‘Review of Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis’, trans. C.G. Chaddock (Philadelphia: F.A. Davis and Co., 1893), Journal of Mental Science, 39 (1893), 251–2. Aquinas, St Thomas, Summa Theologiae, vol. 43, Temperance,trans. Thomas Gilby (London: Blackfriars in conjunction with Eyre & Spottiswoode; New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968). Ball, Benjamin, La Folie érotique (Paris: J.-B. Baillière et Fils, 1888). Binet, Alfred, ‘Le Fétichisme dans l’amour’, in Études de psychologie expérimentale (Paris: Octave Doin, 1888), pp. 1–85. Bloch, Iwan, Beiträge zur Aetiologie der Psychopathia sexualis. Erster Teil (Dresden: H.R. Dohrn, 1902). ———, Beiträge zur Aetiologie der Psychopathia sexualis. Zweiter Teil (Dresden: H.R. Dohrn, 1903). ———, Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit in seinen Beziehungen zur modernen Kultur, 10th to 12th revised edition (Berlin: Louis Marcus, 1919). Carpenter, Edward, The Intermediate Sex: A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1908). ———, Love’s Coming of Age (New York: The Modern Library, 1911). Charcot, Jean-Martin and Valentin Magnan, ‘Inversion du sens géni- tal’, Archives de neurologie. Revue des maladies nerveuses et mentales, 3:7 (1882), 53–60 and 3:10 (1882), 296–322. Dühren, Eugen (pseudonym for Iwan Bloch), Neue Forschungen über den Marquis de Sade und seine Zeit. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sexualphilosophie De Sade’s auf Grund des neuentdeckten Original- Manuskriptes seines Hauptwerkes ‘Die 120 Tage von Sodom’ (Berlin: Max Harrwitz, 1904).

298 Bibliography 299

Ellis, Havelock, Studies in the Psychology of Sex: Complete in Two Volumes (New York: Random House, 1936). Ellis, Havelock and John Addington Symonds, Sexual Inver- sion: A Critical Edition, ed. Ivan Crozier (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). Freud, Sigmund, The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887–1904, ed. and trans. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson (Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1995). ———, Der Moses des Michelangelo. Schriften über Kunst und Künstler (Frankfurt: Fischer, 2008). ———, The Psychology of Love, trans. Shaune Whiteside (London: Penguin, 2006). ———, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey, 24 vols (London: Vintage, 2001). ———, Studienausgabe, ed. Alexander Mitscherlich, Angela Richards and James Strachey, 10 vols (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1982). Garnier, Paul-Emile, Les Fétichistes, pervertis et invertis sexuels. Obser- vations médico-légales (Paris: J.-B. Baillière et fils, 1896). Hirschfeld, Magnus, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, second edition (Berlin: Louis Marcus, 1920). ———, Sappho und Sokrates. Wie erklärt sich die Liebe der Männer und Frauen zu Personen des eigenen Geschlechts?, second edition (Leipzig: Max Spohr, 1902). Kaan, Heinrich, ‘Psychopathia sexualis’, trans. Philipp Gutmann et al., in Gutmann, Zur Reifizierung des Sexuellen im 19. Jahrhundert, pp. 129–230. Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, Psychopathia Sexualis. Mit Besonderer Berücksichtigung der Conträren Sexualempfindung. Eine Medicinisch- Gerichtliche Studie für Ärzte und Juristen, 12th revised and expanded edition, ed. Dr Gugle and Dr Stichl (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1903). ———, Psychopathia Sexualis: With Especial Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct. A Medico-Forensic Study, trans. Franklin S. Klaf, based on the 12th edition (New York: Arcade, 1998). Krueg, Julius, ‘Perverted Sexual Impulses’, Brain, 4 (1881), 368–76. Dr Laupts (pseudonym for Georges Saint-Paul), Tares et poisons. Perversion et perversité sexuelles (Paris: G. Carré, 1896). Magnan, Valentin, ‘Des anomalies, des aberrations, et des perversions sexuelles’, Annales médico-psychologiques, 7:1 (1885), 447–74. 300 Bibliography

Master, William H. and Virginia Johnson, Human Sexual Response (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1966). Michéa, Claude-François, ‘Des déviations maladives de l’appétit vénérien’, Union médicale. Journal des intérêts scientiﬁques et pra- tiques, moraux et professionnels du corps médicals, 3:85 (1849), 338–9. Moll, Albert, Handbuch der Sexualwissenschaften. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kulturgeschichtlichen Beziehungen, third, revised edition, 2 vols (Leipzig: F.C.W. Vogel, 1926). Moreau (de Tours), Paul, Des aberrations du sens génésique, fourth edition (Paris: Asselin & Houzeau, 1887). Nordau, Max, Degeneration,trans.GeorgeL.Mosse(Lincoln,NEand London: University of Nebraska Press, 1993). Norman, Conolly, ‘Sexual Perversion’, in Hack Tuke (ed.), A Dictio- nary of Psychological Medicine, 2 vols (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1892), vol. 2, pp. 1156–7. Tarnowsky, Benjamin, The Sexual Instinct and Its Morbid Manifes- tations: From the Double Standpoint of Jurisprudence and Psychi- atry, trans. W.C. Costello and Alfred Allinson (Paris: Charles Carrington, 1898). Tissot, Samuel-Auguste, Onanism: Or, a Treatise upon the Disorders Produced by Masturbation: Or, the Dangerous Effects of Secret and Excessive Venery, trans. A. Hume, based on the third, revised edition (London: Wilkinson, 1767).

II. Primary Literary Sources

Georges Bataille, Œuvres complètes I. Premiers écrits 1922–1940 (Paris: Gallimard, 1970). ———, Story of the Eye, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (London: Penguin, 1979). Kafka, Franz, Briefe an Milena (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1986). ———, Der Proceß (Frankfurt: Fischer, 2002). ———, Kafka’s Selected Stories, ed. and trans. Stanley Corngold (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007). ———, Nachgelassene Schriften und Fragmente II, ed. Jost Schillemeit (Frankfurt: Fischer, 2002). ———, Tagebücher 1909–1923 (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1997). ———, The Trial, trans. Breon Mitchell (New York: Schocken Books, 1998). Bibliography 301

Lawrence, D.H., ‘A Propos of “Lady Chatterley’s Lover” ’, in Lady Chatterley’s Lover, pp. 303–36. ———, Introductions and Reviews, ed. N.H. Reeve and John Worthen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). ———, Lady Chatterley’s Lover, ed. Michael Squires (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). ———, The Letters of D.H. Lawrence, vol. II, ed. G.J. Zytaruk and J.T. Boulton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). ———, Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fantasia of the Uncon- scious, ed. Bruce Steele (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). ———, The Rainbow, ed. Mark Kinkead-Weekes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). ———, Women in Love, ed. David Farmer, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Mann, Thomas, Briefe 1889–1936 (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1962). ———, Buddenbrooks, trans. H.T. Lowe-Porter (London: Vintage, 1999). ———, Buddenbrooks. Verfall einer Familie (Frankfurt: Fischer, 2007). ———, Freud und die Psychoanalyse. Reden, Briefe, Notizen, Betrachtungen, ed. Bernd Urban (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1991). ———, Reden und Aufsätze I (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1965). ———, Reden und Aufsätze II (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1965). Proust, Marcel, À la recherche du temps perdu, ed. Jean-Yves Tadié, 4 vols (Paris: Édition Gallimard, 1987–89). ———, In Search of Lost Time I: Swann’s Way, trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. by D.J. Enright (London: Vintage, 2002). ———, In Search of Lost Time II: Within a Budding Grove,trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. by D.J. Enright (London: Vintage, 2002). ———, In Search of Lost Time III: The Guermantes Way, trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. by D.J. Enright (London: Vintage, 2000). ———, In Search of Lost Time IV: Sodom and Gomorrah,trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. by D.J. Enright (London: Vintage, 2000). ———, In Search of Lost Time V: The Captive and the Fugitive,trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. by D.J. Enright (London: Vintage, 2000). 302 Bibliography

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III. Secondary Sources and Theory

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Note: The letter ‘n’ followed by the locators refers to endnotes.

Adorno, Theodor W., 132, 234 Brouardel, Paul, 199 anal sex, 13, 19, 27, 33, 64, Butler, Judith, 257 78–9, 105–7, 117, 139, 141, 170, 182, 190–7 Carpenter, Edward, 20, 23, 91, Andreas-Salomé, Lou, 152 93, 103–5, 171 Aquinas, Thomas, 33–5, 78 Casper, Johann Ludwig, 69, 90 Augustine, 33, 78 Charcot, Jean-Martin, 15, 19, 62, 65, 68–70, 80, 85, 90, Ball, Benjamin, 19, 77–8, 202 172, 199 Balzac, Honoré de, 98 Cocteau, Jean, 13 Barnes, Djuna, 14, 25 coprophilia, 100, 102, 133–4, Barthes, Roland, 234, 244–5 238 Bataille, Georges, 24, 26, 28, 171–2, 215–16, 236–53 Darwin, Charles, 6, 66 Baudelaire, Charles, 24, 48, 52, Daudet,Alphonse,98 120 D’Aurevilly, Jules Amédée Bauer, Felice, 220 Barbey, 82 Belot, Adolphe, 84–5, 98 degeneration, 7–8, 12, 21–2, 24, Benjamin, Walter, 29, 226 43–7, 59, 66–72, 78, 115, bestiality, 8, 13, 16, 33–4, 41, 124, 127, 134, 138, 174–6, 65–6, 123, 133, 139, 263 178, 255 Binet, Alfred, 10, 15, 19, 21, 23, Derrida, Jacques, 55, 163 46, 53, 57, 65, 68–9, 74, Diderot, Denis, 98 79–88, 94–5, 99, 101, 120, Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 152, 154–5 131, 134, 136, 164, 202, Dühren, Eugen, see Bloch, Iwan 246, 252 Dumas,Alexandre,82 biopolitics, 115, 255 Bloch, Iwan, 10, 20–1, 23, 57, Ellis, Havelock, 10, 12, 20–1, 23, 113, 117, 126–36, 138 57, 89–104, 114–15, 123, Borel, Adrien, 249 138, 154, 171, 178, Borges, Jorge Luis, 74–7 199–200 Bourget, Paul, 98 erotomania, 67, 77, 202 Bretonne, Rétif de la, 15, 23, eugenics, 13, 92, 115–16, 123 128, 155 Eulenburg, Albert, 138

312 Index 313

Eulenburg-Hertefeld, Prince Grillparzer, Franz, 51 Phillip zu, 13, 199, 269 n.21 Gross, Otto, 107, 172 exhibitionism, 2, 10, 16, 77, 99, 124, 139–41, 238, 262–3 Hall, Radclyffe, 14, 25 Hardy, Thomas, 91 female perversions, 16–18, 29, Hauptmann, Gerhard, 120 52, 97–8, 118, 123, 149–52, H.D., 14, 25, 152 223, 260–1 Heine, Heinrich, 50, 91 fetishism, 2, 8, 10, 14–16, 19, Herrick, Robert, 100 28, 46, 50, 56–7, 62, 65, 67, Hirschfeld, Magnus, 10, 12, 20, 69, 74, 77, 79–86, 99, 79, 112–22, 128, 138 101–2, 124, 133, 135, 139, Hoffmann, E.T.A., 152, 157 142, 151–2, 164, 166, 170, homosexuality, 2, 10, 13–15, 27, 173, 183, 198, 202, 237, 41, 47–8, 64, 68–9, 80, 240–7, 251–3, 260, 262, 264 89–90, 92, 95, 97, 99, Flaubert, Gustave, 120, 171 103–4, 113–14, 117–21, Fliess, Wilhelm, 160–1 123, 128, 139, 164, 170, Forel, August, 13, 114–15 173–82, 193–4, 198–204, Forster, E.M., 13, 104, 173 210–11, 262, 265 Foucault, Michel, 5, 15, 36, 50, Horkheimer, Max, 132 75–6, 78–80, 115–16, 223, Horney, Karen, 223 255–7, 262 Huysmans, Joris-Karl, 24, 100, Freud, Sigmund, 2, 10, 14, 120 16–17, 21, 23, 45–8, 55–8, hysteria, 17–18, 68, 150, 154, 67–8, 74, 79–81, 86, 103, 160–1 107–8, 111, 121, 124, 126, 137–65, 171, 173–4, 178, Ibsen, Henrik, 155 210, 216, 224, 227, 232–3, Isherwood, Christopher, 13, 173 246, 250–2, 259–60, 264 Jakobson, Roman, 27, 164 Garnier, Paul-Émile, 74 James, Henry, 13–14, 173 Gautier, Théophile, 98 Jean Paul, 55 gender, 11, 15, 17–18, 26, 29, Jesenská, Milena, 220 109–11, 150–1, 181, 223, Johnson, Virginia E., 60 257, 264 Jung, Carl Gustav, 107 George, Stefan, 120 gerontophilia, 123 Kaan, Heinrich, 41–3 Gide, André, 13, 120, 173 Kafka, Franz, 24, 26–7, 171–2, Girard, René, 11–13 203, 218–35 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, Kant, Immanuel, 39, 252 100, 153 Kertbeny, Károly Mária, 13 Griesinger, Wilhelm, 66 Khan, Masud, 260 314 Index

Kinsey, Alfred, 61, 107, 118–19 Masters, William H., 60 Kleist, Heinrich von, 49, 52 masturbation, 8–9, 19, 26, Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, 2, 10, 35–41, 43, 45, 46, 54–6, 66, 12, 14, 17, 19, 21–2, 45–58, 78, 105–6, 133, 154, 182, 65, 67, 69, 76, 78–84, 87–8, 262, 264–5 90, 94–5, 114, 119–21, 127, Maupassant, Guy de, 98 130–1, 134, 138, 154, 160, Mendès, Catulle, 98 164, 172, 174–80, 199, Michéa, Claude-François, 19, 213–14, 216, 222–3, 246, 65, 70 252 Mirbeau, Octave, 24, 120 Moebius, Paul Julius, 138 Lacan, Jacques, 163 Molière, 50 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 6, 66 Moll, Albert, 20, 57, 59, 65, 90, Lamartine, Alphonse de, 98 104, 113, 116–17, 119, Lang, Fritz, 265 121–6, 129, 138, 172 Lasègue, Charles, 77 Moreau (de Tours), Paul, 66 Laupts, Dr, 72–3 Morel, Bénédict Augustin, 43–4, Lawrence, D.H., 14, 20, 23–4, 46, 66, 70–1 26–7, 103–11, 149, 171, Musil, Robert, 120, 173 173, 182–97, 204 lesbianism, 14, 16, 25–6, 105, Nabokov, Vladimir, 265–6 182, 195, 199, 212–14, 261 necrophilia, 16, 41, 66–7, 77–8, Linnaeus, 41 123, 133, 238, 241, 263 Lombroso, Cesare, 44, 90 neurosis, 10, 18, 139, 143–4, Lorca, Federico García, 14, 173 149–50, 156, 161, 261 Löwenfeld, Leopold, 138 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 91, 222 Nordau, Max, 7–8, 23, 45, 59, Magnan, Valentin, 19, 65–70, 67, 127, 175–6 80, 199 nymphomania, 16, 66–7, 77, Mann, Thomas, 14, 24, 48, 152, 261 171–81, 201 Mansﬁeld, Katherine, 14, 25 paedophilia, 13, 41, 69, 123, Marcuse, Herbert, 296 n.13 139, 262–6 Marlowe, Christopher, 95–6 Proust, Marcel, 1–2, 14, 24, 68, Marx, Karl, 6, 16, 252 171–3, 198–217, 266–7 masochism, 2, 10, 14–17, 22, 26–7, 51–7, 80, 82–3, 92, Rachilde, 24, 120 123, 133–5, 139–41, 146–7, Ramien, Th., see Hirschfeld, 151, 154, 164, 170, 173, Magnus 182, 186, 188, 190, 192, Régnier, Henri de, 100 195–6, 201–2, 204, 208, Reich, Wilhelm, 296 n.13 214, 218–35, 262 Reik, Theodor, 171–2 Index 315

Rimbaud, Arthur, 120 Strindberg, August, 120 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 7–8, 22, Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 48, 53, 55, 59, 82–3, 110, 98, 120 132 Symonds, John Addington, 20, 23, 91–4, 96, 104, 114, 200 Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, Symons, Arthur, 91 22, 48, 54–5, 120, 218 Sade, Marquis de, 15, 21–3, 48, Taine, Hippolyte, 44–5 52, 128, 130–6, 215, 220, Tardieu, Ambroise, 199 245 Tarnowsky, Benjamin, 76–7, 79, sadism, 2, 10, 14, 22, 50, 52, 55, 90 74, 80, 92, 123, 133, Tissot, Samuel-Auguste, 8, 22, 139–41, 145–6, 154, 164, 38–9, 43 170, 173, 198, 204–17 Todorov, Tzvetan, 116 sado-masochism, 26, 182, 186, transvestism, 114, 118 188, 190, 195–6, 204, Trilling, Lionel, 162 219–28, 231, 233–5 Saint-Paul, Georges, see Laupts, Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich, 12, 23, Dr 69, 104, 117–18, 199 satyriasis, 66, 77 Unruh, Fritz von, 120 Schiller, Friedrich, 49–51 urolagnia, 92, 100, 238 Schnitzler, Arthur, 152 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 179, 204 Schrenck-Notzing, Albert Verlaine, Paul, 97, 120 Freiherr von, 114, 138 voyeurism, 2, 10, 15–16, 133, Shakespeare, William, 49–51, 139–42, 145, 198, 201, 213, 95–6, 98–9, 152–3, 155 262 Shklovsky, Victor, 165 sodomy, 13, 16, 33–4, 64, 79, Welldon, Estela V., 260–1 128, 133, 194 Westphal, Carl, 69, 90 Sophocles, 11, 153, 155 Whitman, Walt, 91, 95–8, 120 Stein, Gertrude, 14, 25 Wilde, Oscar, 13, 72, 93 Stekel, Wilhelm, 171 Woolf, Virginia, 14, 25, 152 Stendhal, 102 Stoller, Robert J., 29, 211, 259 Zola, Émile, 7, 24, 45, 70–3, 98, Strachey, James, 152 120