Introduction
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Notes Introduction 1. Marcel Proust, In Search of Lost Time I: Swann’s Way,trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, rev. by D.J. Enright (London: Vintage, 2002), p. 43. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid., p. 44. 5. For an account of sexual perversions in the pre-modern, pre- sexological era, see, for example, Julie Peakman, ‘Sexual Perver- sion in History: An Introduction’, in Julie Peakman (ed.), Sexual Perversions, 1670–1890 (New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), pp. 1–49, and other essays in that collection. 6. Michel Foucault, The Will to Knowledge: The History of Sexuality Volume 1, trans. Robert Hurley (London: Penguin, 1998). 7. Roger Griffin, Modernism and Fascism: The Sense of a Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 45–6. 8. Anthony Giddens, The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies (Cambridge: Polity, 1992). 9. Cf. Richard G. Olson, Science and Scientism in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Urbana, IL and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2008), p. 294. 10. Cf. ibid., pp. 294 and 301–2. 11. Cf. Griffin, Modernism and Fascism, p. 90. 12. Max Nordau, Degeneration, trans. George L. Mosse (Lincoln, NE and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), p. 536. 13. Ibid., p. v. 14. Cf. Vernon A. Rosario, The Erotic Imagination: French Histories of Perversity (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 88. 15. Ibid., p. 40. 16. Thomas W. Laqueur, Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturba- tion (New York: Zone Books, 2003), p. 278. 17. Griffin, Modernism and Fascism, p. 54. 268 Notes 269 18. Cf. Harry Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychi- atry and the Making of Sexual Identity (Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2000), p. 252. 19. René Girard, Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore, MD and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977). 20. Ibid., p. 85. 21. The Eulenburg affair (1906–09), Wilhelminian Germany’s biggest domestic scandal, was a politically motivated campaign led by the journalist Maximilian Harden, who publicly accused some of Emperor Wilhelm II’s closest allies, most prominently Prince Phillip zu Eulenburg-Hertefeld and Count Kuno von Moltke, of being homosexuals. For a discussion of the Eulenburg affair, see, for example, Isabel V. Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1919 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 45–145. 22. Cf. Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature, p. 153. 23. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis: With Especial Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct. A Medico-Forensic Study, trans. from the 12th German edition by Franklin S. Klaf (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1998), p. 143. 24. Sigmund Freud, ‘Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality’, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. by James Strachey, 24 vols (London: Vintage, 2001), vol. VII, pp. 123–245; p. 159. 25. John K. Noyes, The Mastery of Submission: Inventions of Masochism (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 9. 26. Ibid., p. 6. 27. Foucault, The Will to Knowledge, p. 154. 28. See, for example, Jens Rydström, who makes this argument in Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880–1950 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003). 29. Lisa Downing, Desiring the Dead: Necrophilia and Nineteenth- Century French Literature (Oxford: Legenda, 2003). 30. Rebecca E. May, ‘Morbid Parts: Gender, Seduction and the Necro-Gaze’, in Peakman (ed.), Sexual Perversions, pp. 167–201. 31. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, p. 130. 32. For discussions of the gendered nature of the perversions and specifically female perversions, see, for example, Estela V. Welldon, Mother, Madonna, Whore: The Idealization and Den- igration of Motherhood (London: Free Association Books, 1988); 270 Notes Louise J. Kaplan, Female Perversions: The Temptations of Emma Bovary (New York and London: Doubleday, 1991); and Emily Apter, ‘Maternal Fetishism’, in Dany Nobus and Lisa Downing (eds), Perversion: Psychoanalytic Perspectives – Perspectives on Psy- choanalysis (London and New York: Karnac, 2006), pp. 241–60. 33. Freud, ‘Three Essays’, p. 236. 34. Critics who have written on the perversions in some detail include Emily Apter, Heike Bauer, Lucille Cairns, Ivan Crozier, Jonathan Dollimore, Lisa Downing, Sander L. Gilman, Gert Hekma, Thomas Laqueur, Dany Nobus, John K. Noyes, Robert A. Nye, Harry Oosterhuis, Julie Peakman, Élisabeth Roudinesco, Richard C. Sha and Vernon E. Rosario. See bibliography for a list of works by these and other authors on the subject. 35. Only Apter, Bauer, Downing, Perry Meisel and Rosario have written on this subject in some detail. However, Apter, Down- ing and Rosario look exclusively at the French context, Meisel discusses Freud and his literary influences as well as Freud as a literary influence, and Bauer focuses on German and English exchanges, in particular Ellis and Krafft-Ebing. 36. Alfred Binet, ‘Le Fétichisme dans l’amour’, in Études de psychologie expérimentale (Paris: Octave Doin, 1888), pp. 1–85; pp. 5–6. 37. Cf. Heike Bauer, English Literary Sexology: Translations of Inver- sion, 1860–1930 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 19. 38. See, for example, Joanne Winning, ‘Lesbian Modernism: Writ- ing in and Beyond the Closet’, in Hugh Stevens (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Gay and Lesbian Writing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 50–64; Daniela Caselli, Improper Modernism: Djuna Barnes’ Bewildering Corpus (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009); Laura Doan and Jane Garrity (eds), Sapphic Modernities: Sexuality, Women and National Culture (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007); Alex Goody, Modernist Articulations: A Cultural Study of Djuna Barnes, Mina Loy, and Gertrude Stein (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007); Anne Hermann, Queering the Moderns: Poses/Portraits/Performances (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000); Hugh Stevens and Caroline Howlett (eds), Modernist Sexualities (Manchester: Manchester Univer- sity Press, 2000); Diana Collecott, H.D. and Sapphic Modernism, 1910–1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Mary E. Galvin, Queer Poetics: Five Modernist Women Writers (London: Greenwood Press, 1999); Karla Jay, ‘Lesbian Mod- ernism: (Trans)Forming the (C)anon’, in George E. Haggerty and Notes 271 Bonnie Zimmerman (eds), Professions of Desire: Lesbian & Gay Studies in Literature (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1995), pp. 72–83; and Shari Benstock, ‘Expatriate Sapphic Modernism: Entering Literary History’, in Karla Jay and Joanne Glasgow (eds), Lesbian Texts and Contexts: Rad- ical Revisions (New York: New York University Press, 1990), pp. 183–203. 39. Stanley Corngold, Lambent Traces: Franz Kafka (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), p. 203. 40. D.H. Lawrence, Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fanta- sia of the Unconscious, ed. Bruce Steele (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). 41. Richard C. Sha, Perverse Romanticism: Aesthetics and Sexual- ity in Britain, 1750–1832 (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), p. 2. 42. See Victor Shklovsky, ‘Art as Technique’, in Lee T. Lemon and Marion J. Reis (eds), Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays (Lincoln, NE and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1965), pp. 3–24. 43. Georges Bataille, Inner Experience, trans. Leslie Anne Boldt (New York: State University of New York Press, 1988), p. 150. 44. Robert J. Stoller, Perversion: The Erotic Form of Hatred (London: Karnac, 1986). 1 The Birth of a Science: From Masturbation Theory to Krafft-Ebing 1. St Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, vol. 43, Temperance, trans. Thomas Gilby (London: Blackfriars in conjunction with Eyre & Spottiswoode; New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968), 2a2ae, ques. 154, art. 11, p. 245. 2. Ibid., art. 12, p. 247. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid., p. 249. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid., art. 11, p. 245. 9. Anon., Onania; or, the Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution, and All Its Frightful Consequences, in Both Sexes, Considered, with Spiritual and Physical Advice to Those Who Have Already Injur’d Themselves by 272 Notes This Abominable Practice. To which Is Subjoin’d, A Letter from a Lady to the Author, [very curious] Concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage-Bed, with the Author’s Answer, fourth edition (London: N. Crouch, n.d.), p. 1. 10. See Laqueur, Solitary Sex, pp. 25ff. 11. Anon., Onania,p.1. 12. Ibid., p. 11. 13. Ibid., p. 12. 14. Ibid., p. 8. 15. Ibid., p. 11 (emphasis added). 16. Samuel-Auguste Tissot, Onanism: Or, a Treatise Upon the Disor- ders Produced by Masturbation: Or, the Dangerous Effects of Secret and Excessive Venery, trans. A. Hume, based on the third, revised edition (London: Wilkinson, 1767), pp. vii–viii. 17. Cf. Immanuel Kant, The Doctrine of Virtue: Part II of the Meta- physics of Morals, trans. Mary J. Gregor (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), art. 2. See also Laqueur, Solitary Sex, pp. 58–61. 18. Kant, Doctrine of Virtue, p. 210. 19. Ibid., p. 278. 20. Ibid., p. 306. 21. Cf. Philipp Gutmann, Zur Reifizierung des Sexuellen im 19. Jahrhundert. Der Beginn einer Scientia Sexualis, dargestellt anhand dreier Texte von Hermann Joseph Löwenstein, Joseph Häussler und Heinrich Kaan (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1998), pp. 80–2. 22. Heinrich Kaan, ‘Psychopathia sexualis’, trans. Philipp Gutman et al., in Gutmann, Zur Reifizierung des Sexuellen, pp. 129–230. 23. Ibid., p. 174. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations from German and French sexological texts are mine. 24. Ibid., p. 173. 25. See Sander Gilman, ‘Sexology, Psychoanalysis, and Degener- ation’, in Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 191–216; p. 192. 26. Quoted from and translated by Nordau, Degeneration, p. 16. 27. Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature, pp. 52–3. 28. Ibid., p. 107. 29. Olson, Science and Scientism, p. 281. 30. See Oosterhuis for an excellent analysis of Krafft-Ebing’s posi- tion in nineteenth-century psychiatry and the discursive field in which he was operating.