427 Komponen Teknologi Pengendalian Penyakit

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Prosiding Seminar Nasional Serealia 2009 ISBN :978-979-8940-27-9 KOMPONEN TEKNOLOGI PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT KARAT Puccinia polysora Underw (UREDINALES: PUCCINIACEAE) PADA TANAMAN JAGUNG Burhanuddin Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia Abstrak. Penyakit karat yang disebabkan oleh jamur Puccinia polysora Underw Puccinia sorghi Schweinitz merupakan salah satu jenis penyakit penting pada tanaman jagung yang menempati urutan kedua setelah penyakit bulai di Indonesia. Jamur ini pertama kali dilaporkan di Amerika pada tahun 1891 dan diperkirakan masuk ke Indonesia sekitar tahun 1950-an, telah menyebar di seluruh sentra produksi jagung di Indonesia. Jamur ini menyerang tanaman jagung pada fase pertumbuhan generatif hingga masa panen, terutama pada bagian daun tanaman dan apabila tingkat serangan berat maka serangan mencapai seludang daun dan tongkol, hal ini biasanya terjadi pada varietas jagung yang rentan. Gejala penyakit karat dominan tampak pada daun tanaman jagung dibanding dengan bagian tanaman lainnya. Pada tanaman dewasa yaitu daun yang sudah tua terdapat titik- titik noda yang berwarna kecoklatan seperti karat serta terdapat serbu yang berwarna kuning kecoklatan, serbuk ini kemudian menjadi bermacam-macam bentuk. Kehilangan hasil akibat penyakit karat antara 45%-70%. Pengendalian penyakit karat dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara seperti mananam varietas tahan, pengaturan waktu tanam, dan penggunaan bahan kimia (fungisida). Penggunaan fungisida dalam pengendalian penyakit karat pada tanaman jagung dianjurkan pada saat intesitas serangan lebih besar dari 21% dengan fungisida yang mengandung bahan aktif captafol, triadimefon, mancozeb dan carbendazim. Kata kunci : Jagung, penyakit karat, pengendalian PENDAHULUAN Salah satu faktor penyebab rendahnya hasil jagung di Indonesia adalah serangan hama dan penyakit tanaman. Direktorat Perlindungan Tanaman melaporkan bahwa pada periode 1978-1981 rata-rata areal pertanaman jagung yang rusak oleh hama dan penyakit sebesar 57.871 ha dengan intensitas serangan mencapai 26,5% (Sudjono, 1988). Penyakit karat yang disebabkan oleh jamur Puccinia polysora Underw (Sudjono, 1988) dan Puccinia sorghi Schweinitz merupakan salah satu jenis penyakit penting pada tanaman jagung yang menempati urutan kedua setelah penyakit bulai di Indonesia (BPS, 1989; Sudjono, 1987; Sumartini dan Hardaningsih, 1995). Spesies P. polysora Underw dominan menyerang tanaman jagung di Sulawesi Selatan. Jamur ini menyerang tanaman jagung pada fase pertumbuhan generatif hingga masa panen terutama pada bagian daun tanaman (Sumartini, 1990 dan 1990a), dan apabila tingkat serangan berat maka serangan mencapai seludang daun dan tongkol, hal ini biasanya terjadi pada varietas jagung yang rentan. Di Indonesia, penyakit karat merupakan penyakit yang endemis, sering menjadi penyebab utama rendahnya hasil di beberapa daerah sentra produksi jagung di Indonesia (Sumartini, 1992). Kehilangan hasil akibat penyakit karat cukup besar. Di Amerika Serikat kehilangan hasil mencapai 45% (Roduel et al., 1988), di Nigeria sebesar 50% (van der Plank, 1969; Shurtleff, 1980), dan lebih besar lagi di Afrika mencapai 70% (Holliday, 1980). Pengendalian penyakit karat dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara 427 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Serealia 2009 ISBN :978-979-8940-27-9 seperti menanam varietas tahan, pengaturan waktu tanam, dan penggunaan bahan kimia (fungisida). Dalam tulisan ini akan diuraikan secara singkat tentang sebaran, gejala, inang anternatif, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penyebaran dan komponen teknologi pengendalian penyakit karat pada tanaman jagung. SEBARAN PENYAKIT KARAT Penyakit karat pertama kali dilaporkan di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1891, kemudian pada tahun 1940 ditemukan di Karibia, sembilan tahun kemudian yaitu pada tahun 1949 ditemukan di Afrika Barat (Semangun, 1991). Selanjutnya, pada tahun 1966 jamur P. polysora ini ditemukan di Asia yaitu di Thailand dan Filipina (Kranz et al., 1977). Khusus di Indonesia diperkirakan masuk sekitar tahun 1950-an (Semangun, 1991), dan telah menyebar luas di seluruh daerah yang menanam jagung di Indonesia (Anonim, 1988; Johntson, 1961). Laporan lainnya menyebutkan bahwa penyakit karat ini terdapat di Malaysia, Filipina, Papua Nugini (Benigno dan Quebral, 1977; Giatgong, 1980; Shaw, 1963; Singh, 1980). Berdasarkan laporan-laporan tersebut, maka Shurtleff (1980) menyimpulkan bahwa penyakit karat pada tanaman jagung tersebar luas di semua daerah penanaman jagung di dunia meliputi Eropa, Rusia, Amerika, Afrika, Australia, dan Asia baik yang beriklim tropik maupun subtropik. Wakman (1988) melaporkan adanya serangan penyakit karat pada pertanaman jagung di Kabupaten Jeneponto dan Sinjai Sulawesi Selatan dengan tingkat serangan masih relatif rendah yaitu antara 1-5%. Kemudian pada musim hujan 1989/1990 penyakit karat dilaporkan menyerang pertanaman jagung di Kebun Percobaan Muneng Jawa Timur (Sumartini, 1992), selanjutnya pada tahun 1992 dilaporkan menyerang pertanaman jagung di Kabupaten Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta (Sudjono dan Sukmana, 1995). Selanjutnya, Djafar (1995) menyatakan bahwa penyakit karat ini merupakan salah satu jenis penyakit tanaman jagung yang potensil di Sumatera Selatan. Pada periode tahun 2004-2006, penyakit karat telah dilaporkan menyerang tanaman jagung di Kabupaten Luwu Timur, Bone dan Bantaeng Sulawesi Selatan dengan luas serangan rata-rata 13,33 ha per tahun (BPTPH Sulawesi Selatan, 2005, 2006, dan 2007) . GEJALA PENYAKIT Gejala penyakit karat dominan tampak pada daun tanaman jagung dibanding dengan bagian tanaman lainnya (Gambar 1). Pada tanaman dewasa yaitu daun yang sudah tua terdapat titik-titik noda yang berwarna kecoklatan seperti karat serta terdapat serbu yang berwarna kuning kecoklatan, serbuk ini kemudian menjadi bermacam-macam bentuk. Kranz et al. (1997) mengemukakan bahwa pada permukaan atas dan bawah daun terdapat bercak kecil atau seperti bisul, bentuknya bulat sampai lonjong berwarna coklat kemerahan ukuran 2 mm. Bercak ini menghasilkan spora yang disebut teliospora (Gambar 2), tersebar pada permukaan daun dan akan berubah warna menjadi hitam kecoklatan setelah teliospora berkembang. Karena banyaknya teliospora yang terbentuk menyebabkan permukaan bagian atas daun menjadi kasar. Pada tingkat serangan berat daun menjadi kering. 428 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Serealia 2009 ISBN :978-979-8940-27-9 Gambar 1. Gejala serangan P. sorghi Gambar 2. Teliospora P. sorghi (CPC, (CPC, 2005) 2005) INANG ALTERNATIF Penyakit karat, selain menyerang tanaman jagung juga dapat menyerang Teosinte (Euclaena mexicana), Tripsacum lanceolatum, T. pilosum, Erianthus alopecoroides (Laundon and Waterson, 1964; Schieber, 1975; Shurtleff, 1980; Bushnell and Roelfs, 1984). Tanaman-tanaman tersebut dapat menjadi tempat bertahan penyakit karat selama tanaman jagung belum ada di lapangan dan berpotensi sebagai penyebar penyakit pada musim tanam berikutnya. Apabila ditemukan tanaman-tanaman tersebut di atas disekitar pertanaman jagung maka segera dimusnahkan. FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENYEBARAN PENYAKIT Penyebaran penyakit karat dipengaruhi oleh terbetuknya urediospora. Jamur ini tidak dapat bertahan hidup pada jaringan mati karena tidak dapat hidup sebagai saprofit. Berkembang sangat baik pada suhu 27-280 C dan kelembaban udara yang tinggi serta jenis varietas/tanaman tertentu. Kelembaban udara yang tinggi akan meningkatkan serangan penyakit karat (Sudjono dan Sukmana, 1995). Hal ini sejalan dengan yang dilaporkan Pakki (1998) bahwa intensitas serangan penyakit karat lebih tinggi di Batukaropa yang kelembaban udaranya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan di Lanrang yang relatif lebih rendah kelembaban udaranya. Faktor lainnya adalah perbedaan topografi. Pada ketinggian di atas 1.220 meter dari permukaan laut, perkembangan penyakit terhambat dan sebaliknya perkembangan penyakit sangat baik pada ketinggian di bawah 900 meter dari permukaan laut (Anonim,1977). KOMPONEN TEKNOLOGI PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT KARAT Pengendalian penyakit karat dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara seperti menanam varietas tahan, pengaturan waktu tanam, dan penggunaan bahan kimia (fungisida). 429 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Serealia 2009 ISBN :978-979-8940-27-9 Menanam Varietas Tahan Pengendalian penyakit dengan menanam varietas tahan merupakan cara yang mudah penerapannya bagi petani, biayanya murah dan ramah terhadap lingkungan. Menanam varietas tahan dimaksudkan untuk menekan serangan penyakit sehingga tidak menimbulkan kerugian secara ekonomi atau kehilangan hasil relatif kecil. Schieber (1977) menyatakan bahwa menanam varietas tahan adalah merupakan satu-satunya cara pengendalian penyakit karat. Russel (1978) memandang cara ini adalah paling efektif dan efisien dari cara pengendalian lainnya, asalkan sifat ketahanannya tidak berkaitan dengan produktivitas dan kualitas hasil rendah. Selama periode tahun 2003-2009 telah dilepas varietas jagung bersari bebas dan jagung hibrida tahan terhadap penyakit karat (Tabel 3). Varietas-varietas tersebut dianjurkan untuk digunakan dalam pengendalian penyakit karat pada tanaman jagung, dan juga dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber gen ketahanan dalam perakitan varietas unggul tahan penyakit karat di masa yang akan datang. Tabel 3. Varietas-varietas jagung bersari bebas dan hibrida tahan penyakit karat yang dirilis tahun 2000-2008 di Indonesia Tahun Umur Rata-rata Potensi Reaksi Varietas dirilis (hr) Produksi hasil terhadap (t/ha) (t/ha) karat BERSARI BEBAS Palakka 2003 95-100 6,0 8,0 T Sukmaraga 2003 110 6,0 8,5 T Srikandi Putih-1 2004 105-110 5,9 8,1 T Srikandi Kuning-1 2004 105-110
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    Acta biol. Colomb., Vol. 14 No. 1, 2008 41 - 56 GENERALIDADES DE LOS UREDINALES (Fungi: Basidiomycota) Y DE SUS RELACIONES FILOGENÉTICAS Fundamentals Of Rust Fungi (Fungi: Basidiomycota) And Their Phylogentic Relationships CATALINA MARÍA ZULUAGA1, M.Sc.; PABLO BURITICÁ CÉSPEDES2, Ph. D.; MAURICIO MARÍN-MONTOYA3*, Ph. D. 1Laboratorio de Estudios Moleculares, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Colombia. [email protected] 2Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Colombia. [email protected] 3Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Colombia. [email protected] *Correspondencia: Mauricio Marín Montoya, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín. A.A. 3840. Fax: (4) 4309332. [email protected] Presentado 31 de mayo de 2008, aceptado 15 de agosto de 2008, correcciones 15 de septiembre de 2008. RESUMEN Los hongos-roya (Uredinales, Basidiomycetes) representan uno de los grupos de microor- ganismos fitoparásitos más diversos y con mayor importancia económica mundial en la producción agrícola y forestal. Se caracterizan por ser patógenos obligados y por presentar una estrecha coevolución con sus hospedantes vegetales. Su taxonomía se ha basado fundamentalmente en el estudio de caracteres morfológicos, resultando en muchos casos en la formación de taxones polifiléticos. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se han tratado de incorporar herramientas moleculares que conduzcan a la generación de sistemas de clasificación basados en afinidades evolutivas. En esta revisión se ofrece una mirada general a las características de los uredinales, enfatizando en el surgimiento reciente de estudios filogenéticos que plantean la necesidad de establecer una profunda revisión de la taxonomía de este grupo.
  • The Rusts of Puerto Rico. Luis A

    The Rusts of Puerto Rico. Luis A

    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1962 The Rusts of Puerto Rico. Luis A. Roure Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Roure, Luis A., "The Rusts of Puerto Rico." (1962). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 755. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/755 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been 62-6323 microfilmed exactly as received ROURE, Luis A., 1923- THE RUSTS OF PUERTO RICO. Louisiana State University, Ph.D., 1962 Botany University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE RUSTS OF PUERTO RICO A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Botany and Plant Pathology by Luis A. Roure B .S ., University of Puerto Rico, 1948 M .S., Louisiana State University, 1951 June, 1962 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writer wishes to express his sincere gratitude to Dr. Bernard Lowy, under whose direction these studies were conducted, for his assistance and encouragement during the course of the investigations. Thanks and appreciation are also extended to Dr. S. J. P. Chilton for his encouragement. The writer is also grateful to the University of Puerto Rico for sending him to undertake graduate work in the Louisiana State University.
  • Biology of Zea Mays (Maize)

    Biology of Zea Mays (Maize)

    CONTENTS Foreword Preface Prologue 1. General Description......................................................................................... 01 2. Taxonomy, Geographic Origin and Genetics Evolution..................................... 02 2.1 Taxonomy...................................................................................................... 02 2.2 Relatives of maize and their distribution ......................................................... 03 2.3 Geographical origin and distribution............................................................... 05 2.4 Germplams diversity ...................................................................................... 05 3. Reproductive Biology....................................................................................... 06 3.1 Growth and development............................................................................... 06 3.2 Floral biology................................................................................................. 07 3.3 Pollination and fertilization ............................................................................ 08 3.4 Seed dispersal ................................................................................................ 08 3.5 Mating systems .............................................................................................. 08 3.6 Methods of reporductive isolation .................................................................. 09 4. Crossability between Zea spp. and Hybridization ............................................