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Pyrenidium Aggregatum, a New Species from North America

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Pyrenidium Aggregatum, a New Species from North America Opuscula Philolichenum, 8: 71-74. 2010. Pyrenidium aggregatum, a new species from North America 1 2 KERRY KNUDSEN & JANA KOCOURKOVÁ ABSTRACT. – Pyrenidium aggregatum is described from eastern North America on Phaeophyscia species and Physcia atrostriata. It is gall-forming, has shorter ascospores than Pyrenidium actinellum s. l., and consistently has eight ascospores per ascus. KEYWORDS. – Lichenicolous fungi, parasymbionts. INTRODUCTION The lichenicolous fungus genus Pyrenidium Nyl. has dark brown perithecioid ascomata, pseudoparaphyses, distinct periphyses often with a bluish-green hue, and usually 3-septate dark brown ascospores with center pores (frequently visible), melanized septa, and apices hyaline to subhyaline (Hawksworth 1983, 1986; Matzer 1996; Navarro-Rosinés & Roux 2007). Pyrenidium is placed in the Dacampiaceae Körb. which is among the families incertae sedis in the Dothideomycetes (Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2007). The type of the genus is P. actinellum Nyl., which was described from England on Leptogium teretiusculum s.l. (Hawksworth 1983) and has been recognized as occurring on 21 different crustose, foliose and fruticose lichen species (Galloway 2007). Pyrenidium actinellum appears to be the only species in the family that is not host specific (Halıcı & Hawksworth 2008) and is thus almost certainly heterogeneous. The genus is comprised of seven species (Robert et al. 2005) including P. cryptotheciae Matzer (Matzer 1996), P. hetairizans (Leight.) D. Hawksw. (Hawksworth 1986), P. hyalosporum Alstrup, D. Hawksw. & R. Sant. (Alstrup & Hawksworth 1990), P. santessonii Lücking (Lücking 1998), P. sporopodiorum Matzer (Matzer 1996), and P. zamiae (Müll. Arg.) Matzer (Matzer 1996). The genus is currently in revision by Navarro-Rosinés and Roux. They are expected to transfer Leptosphaeria crozalsii Vouaux to Pyrenidium (Matzer 1996), segregate some taxa from P. actinellum, and transfer P. hyalosporum to a new genus (Navarro-Rosinés & C. Roux 2007). In this paper we describe a new species of Pyrenidium from North America on Phaeophyscia adiastola (Essl.) Essl., P. rubropulchra (Degel.) Essl. (Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina), and Physcia atrostriata Moberg (Florida). It is characterized by consistently smaller ascospores than the currently accepted range for P. actinellum s.l. (Triebel 1989; Navarro-Rosinés & Roux 2007), consistently having 8 ascospores per ascus and being gall-forming. METHODS Specimens were examined using standard microscopical techniques. Hand-made sections were studied in water and 10% KOH [K]. All measurements were made on material mounted in water. Amyloid reactions were tested in Lugol’s iodine [I] with and without pre-treatment with 5% KOH [K/I]. Ascospore and asci measurements were made with an accuracy of 0.5 μm and given in the form “(minimum–) mean minus standard deviation–mean–mean plus standard deviation (–maximum)” and followed by the number of measurements (n); the length/breadth ratio of ascospores is indicated as l/b and given in the same way. Images of the infection were captured using an Olympus DP20 digital camera using Microsuite Special Edition. 1 KERRY KNUDSEN — Herbarium, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, River- side, CA 92521, U.S.A. – e–mail: [email protected] 2 JANA KOCOURKOVÁ — Department of Ecology, University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic – e–mail: [email protected] 71 THE NEW SPECIES Pyrenidium aggregatum K. Knudsen & Kocourk. sp. nov. Mycobank #518068. Similis Pyrenidio actinello differt ascosporis (15-)16.1-17.8-19.5(-21) x (6.5-)6.7-7.3-7.8(-8.5) μm et gallas formanti. TYPE: U.S.A. PENNSYLVANIA. LYCOMING CO.: Tiadaghton State Forest, N-facing slopes above S shore of unnamed tributary to Francis Branch of Slate Run, along Francis Rd., 41°32’50”N 77°32’55”W, 1000 ft, on Phaeophyscia rubropulchra on Acer, 15.v.2009, J.C. Lendemer 17222 (NY, holotype; UCR, UGDA, hb. Kocourková, isotypes) DESCRIPTION. – Galls convex, up to 1 mm wide, concolorous with or paler than host thallus, containing numerous ascomata, not becoming necrotic. Vegetative hyphae, light brown, 1-2 μm in diam., irregular and septate, cells to 7 μm long, often swollen at septa or at apices of hyphae, penetrating medulla of host, haustoria not observed, but development probably same as observed in Pyrenidium actinellum in Peltigera (de los Ríos & Grube 2000). Ascomata perithecioid pseudothecia 150-250 μm in diam., globose to subglobose, immersed, ostiolate, aggregated in galls. Ascomatal wall dark brown, pseudoparenchymatous of several layers, 15-25 μm thick in section, often thicker in ostiole region, cells various from globose, 4-5 μm in diameter, to elongate, 4-6 x 2-4 μm. Hamathecium I-, KI-. Periphyses with light greenish-blue tint in ostiole region, non-branching, 15-20 x 3-4 μm, 3-5 cells, 4-5 μm in length. Paraphysoids hyaline, 1-2.5 μm in diam., apices sometimes wider, occasionally branched. Asci subcyclindrical, stipitate, 8-spored, irregularly uniseriate to biseriate, 85-95 x 17-20 μm. Ascospores hyaline when immature in asci, becoming light to dark brown in maturity, the septa melanized a darker brown, with tips or whole end cells hyaline to subhyaline and smaller than central cells, broadly ellipsoid to broadly ovoid, rarely curved, rounded at apices, regularly 3-septate, slightly constricted or not at center septa, often with a single oil drop in two central cells, (15-)16.1-17.8-19.5(-21) x (6.5-)6.7-7.3-7.8(-8.5) μm, l/b (2.11-)2.16-2.4-2.7(-3.0) (n=20). Conidiomata pycnidia common in holotype in the very youngest warts, ± globose, ca. 75 µm in diam. Conidia broadly ellipsoid, ca. 3.8-4.2 x 1.8-2 µm. ETYMOLOGY. – The name refers to the aggregation of ascomata in galls on the thallus of the host. ECOLOGY AND SUBSTRATE. – On Phaeophyscia rubropulchra, often on Acer, P. adiastola on sandstone, and on Physcia atrostriata, in well-established mesic forests, freshwater swampland, and in a mangrove swamp. Not pathogenic. DISTRIBUTION. – Eastern North America, from Pennsylvania to Florida. Probably sympatric with distribution of hosts, and possibly on other related species. One possible sterile specimen collected by R.C. Harris was seen from Wisconsin on Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (NY). Pyrenidium actinellum was reported on a specimen of Phaeophyscia from the Sonoran Desert region (Navarro-Rosinés & Roux 2007), which may be P. aggregatum. The report of P. actinellum on Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr. from Minnesota may also be P. aggregatum (Cole & Hawksworth 2001). Hawksworth (1983) cited a specimen on Phaeophyscia cf. hispidula (Ach.) Essl. from Zambia (Africa) with ascospores 19-24 x 9-11 μm; they appear to be both longer and wider than in P. aggregatum and the material may represent a different taxon. DISCUSSION. – Pyrenidium aggregatum is similar to P. actinellum in the size of ascomata, but differs in having smaller ascospores ((15-)16.1-17.8-19.5(-21) x (6.5-)6.7-7.3-7.8(-8.5) vs. (20-)21-25(-31) x (7-)8-9(-10) μm). Hawksworth (1986) has a wider ascospore range for P. actinellum ((19-)20-30(-23) x 8-11(-12)). The ascospores of P. aggregatum occasionally overlap the lowest measurements of Hawksworth’s circumscription too, but are usually shorter and narrower. The current broad concept of P. actinellum includes specimens gall-forming or not, with 4 to 8 ascospores per ascus, on at least 21 hosts (Galloway 2007). Pyrenidium aggregatum has 8 ascospores per ascus and is consistently gall-forming on three related hosts. Pyrenidium aggregatum differs from P. hetairizans growing on Verrucaria hydrela Ach. which has larger ascospores (24-26 x 6-9 μm) and a different unrelated host genus (Hawksworth 1986). 72 Plate 1. Pyrenidium aggregatum (all from holotype). Figure 1, galls of Pyrenidium aggegratum (scale = 0.5 mm). Figure 2, geographic distribution as presently known. Figure 3, conidia (scale = 20 µm). Figure 4, ascospores (scale = 20 µm). Four other species of Pyrenidium occur on foliicolous lichens (Matzer 1996; Lücking 1998). Three of these species differ from P. aggregatum in having smaller ascospores on different hosts: P. cryptotheciae on Cryptothecia candida (Kremp.) R. Sant. (9-10.7-12(-13) x 4-5.0-6 μm), P. santessonii on Bacidia psychotriae (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr. (13-15 x 4-4.5 μm), and P. sporopodiorum on Sporopodium species ((12-)13-15.8-18 x 5-5.6.-6 μm). The fourth species, P. zamiae, occurs on Porina epiphylla (Fèe) Fèe and P. lucida R. Sant., and is common from Jamaica and Mexico to South America. It also occurs in the Philippines. It has ascospores overlapping the size of P. aggregatum (15-18.0-21 x 4-4.8-5(-6) vs. (15-)16.1-17.8-19.5(-21) x (6.5-)6.7-7.3-7.8(-8.5) μm). Pyrenidium zamiae has narrower ascospores and differs in l/b from P. aggregatum (3.8 vs. (2.11-)2.16-2.4-2.7(-3.0); Matzer 1996). Both P. zamiae and P. aggregatum are gall-forming, but P. zamiae appears to suppress ascomata development of the host, making it infertile, while P. aggregatum is a parasymbiont. Navarro-Rosinés and Roux (2007) have rejected the inclusion of Pyrenidium hyalosporum in Pyrenidium. Nonetheless, P. aggregatum has darker smaller ascospores than the hyaline ascospores of P. hyalosporum which are the largest in the genus (31-49 x 7.5-14 μm). Leptosphaeria croszalsii Vouaux from Europe, has an ascospore range (16-24 x 7-11 μm) and 4 ascospores per ascus. It is probably heterogeneous as it has been reported from two unrelated host genera, Aspicilia and Caloplaca (Clauzade et al. 1989). Since the family appears to be host specific (Halıcı & Hawksworth 2008) we doubt if L. croszalsii s.l.
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