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Fra Mare Nostrum Til Mare Liberum En Studie Av Konflikten Mellom Danmark-Norge Og England I Perioden 1553-1625

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Fra Mare Nostrum Til Mare Liberum En Studie Av Konflikten Mellom Danmark-Norge Og England I Perioden 1553-1625 Institutt for historie og religionsvitenskap, Universitetet i Tromsø – Norges Arktiske Universitet Fra Mare Nostrum til Mare Liberum En studie av konflikten mellom Danmark-Norge og England i perioden 1553-1625 Annikken Steinbakk Masteroppgave i historie mai 2014 Side 1 av 138 ~Takk til ~ Min fantastiske veileder, førsteamanuensis Rune Blix Hagen, for entusiasme, interesse, uvurderlige faglige diskusjoner og tro på ideen. Og for evnen til å gjøre meg trygg på at jeg ville komme i havn til slutt! Førstebibliotekar Per Pippin Aspaas, som gjorde en utrolig flott jobb med å oversette latinske dokumenter, og gjennomgå sitatene i ettertid – oppgaven hadde ikke vært mulig uten dette. Min familie – Magne, Ihne og Julian, for å ha holdt ut disse årene. Gode venner for gjennomlesning, diskusjoner, korrektur og, ikke minst, for at de fremdeles snakker med meg. Og, ikke minst, medstudenter som har gitt kommentarer og innspill underveis. Side 2 av 138 Innholdsfortegnelse Kapittel 1 Innledning ............................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Fra «Mare Nostrum» til «Mare Liberum» ................................................................... 6 1.2 Problemstillinger og oppbyggingen av oppgaven ........................................................ 7 1.3 Begreper .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Kilder ............................................................................................................................. 15 1.4.1 Primærkilder ........................................................................................................... 15 1.4.2 Sekundærkilder ...................................................................................................... 18 1.5 Tidligere forskning på området................................................................................... 18 1.6 Metoder .......................................................................................................................... 21 1.6.1 Kildekritisk metode ................................................................................................. 21 1.6.2 Komparativ metode ................................................................................................. 25 Kapittel 2 Det historiske bakteppet 1553-1600 .................................................................... 28 2.1 Jakten på Nordøstpassasjen ........................................................................................ 28 2.2 Hvorfor valgte man å reise mot nord? ........................................................................ 31 2.3 Danmark-Norge og havet ............................................................................................. 34 2.3.1 Øresund og Bussesundet ........................................................................................ 34 2.3.2 Østersjøen ............................................................................................................... 35 2.3.3 Havet utenfor Norge ............................................................................................... 35 2.3.4 Danmark-Norges begrunnelse for Mare Nostrum ................................................ 35 2.4 Fra København til England og tilbake igjen .............................................................. 40 2.5 Forholdet til Russland .................................................................................................. 43 2.6 “…continue peace and friendly relations between the two Kingdoms…” .............. 44 2.7 «Gudene give, at jeg aldrig mer komme tilsøs» ......................................................... 49 Kapittel 3 Forhandlinger ....................................................................................................... 53 3.1 Dåden overgår ryktet; tale kan ikke yte gjerningene rettferdighet ......................... 55 3.2 Juridiske forberedelser ................................................................................................ 57 Side 3 av 138 3.2.1 Om handel og fiske ................................................................................................. 58 3.2.2 Om jurisdiksjon ...................................................................................................... 60 3.2.3 Om havets stilling ................................................................................................... 62 3.2.4 Betydningen av nærhet til havområdet.................................................................. 64 3.2.5 “Kong Fredrik II edikt må svekkes og oppheves fullstendig” .............................. 67 3.3 Bremen ........................................................................................................................... 68 3.4 Recessus colloquii Bremensis ....................................................................................... 69 Kapittel 4 En ny konge – en ny tid? ...................................................................................... 78 4.1 Én konge – to kongedømmer: Én historie? ................................................................ 78 4.2 “…most serene Prince, brother-in-law, and dearest companion…” ....................... 80 4.3 James I/VIs holdning til konfliktene mellom statene ................................................ 81 4.4 “…to each and every one whom this declaration shall reach…” ............................. 83 4.5 To konger, to stater – mange avtaler .......................................................................... 87 Kapittel 5 Fra Mare Nostrum til Mare Liberum? .............................................................. 89 5.1 Hvilke havrettslige oppfatninger lå til grunn for konflikten, og hvorledes ble utviklingen i konflikten påvirket av andre elementer i forholdet mellom statene? ..... 90 5.2 Hvilken utvikling fant sted i forholdet mellom statene, og hvordan endret de havrettslige oppfatningene seg over tid? .......................................................................... 92 5.3 I hvilken grad er forhandlingene premissleverandører for Grotius? ...................... 96 5.3.1 Iure gentium quibusvis ad quosvis liberam esse navigationem ............................ 98 5.3.2 Hvilke felles grunnleggende ideer gir kildene uttrykk for? ................................ 101 5.4 Hvor var vi – og hvor er vi nå?.................................................................................. 103 5.5 Det var en gang en konge, som hadde et hav… ....................................................... 108 Kilder og litteratur ............................................................................................................... 110 Vedlegg .................................................................................................................................. 118 Side 4 av 138 Side 5 av 138 Kapittel 1 Innledning For om lag 460 år siden satt man i England og planla hvordan man skulle komme seg til de nye og presumptivt lukrative handelsmarkedene i Østen. Verden var delt – èn del til Spania, èn del til Portugal; det hadde paven bestemt. Engelskmennene hadde riktignok tilgang på markeder rundt Østersjøen, i dagens Baltikum, men adgangen til disse var styrt av Danmark-Norge, hvis rike i denne perioden omfattet begge sider av Øresund. Tollen og avgiftene for å seile gjennom sundet hadde lenge vært ett irritasjonsmoment. I 1553 dro noen modige menn ut fra England på jakt etter Nordøstpassasjen. Ferden tok dem utenfor kysten av Norge, rundt Nordkapp og etter hvert helt inn til Hvitesjøen. Plutselig hadde man fri tilgang til det russiske markedet – uten å måtte betale Sund-tollen til Danmark-Norge. Årene gikk, land skiftet ledere, og i 1596 kom Christian IV til makten i Danmark-Norge. Tre år senere, i 1599, legger skipet «Victor» ut fra København. Om bord er Christian IV selv. De er på vei mot Norge, herunder Nordkapp, og Nord-Russland. Hensikten er å synliggjøre Danmark-Norges suverenitet over området, etter mange års diskusjoner med England om retten til å ferdes her, og på hvilke vilkår slik ferdsel i så fall skulle finne sted. Christian IVs reise aktualiserte konflikten, og medførte at partene så nødvendigheten av å komme til forhandlinger. Først søkte man å løse konflikten i Embden i 1600, deretter i Bremen i 1602. Klarer man å se gjennom diplomatiet og det forsiktige språket utsendingene var opplært til å bruke, er det ingen tvil om at konflikten var både dyp og alvorlig. Dette er historien om hvordan, om hvorfor – og litt om hva som kom i ettertid. Dette er et forsøk på å sette en konflikt inn i sin historiske kontekst. Men kanskje er det mest av alt historien om en konge, som hadde et hav, og det ville han ha for seg selv … 1.1 Fra «Mare Nostrum» til «Mare Liberum» Like mye som denne avhandlingen handler om en historisk konflikt, handler den om utviklingen innenfor havretten. Havretten er et eget felt som innenfor jussen tilhører folkeretten. Som innenfor all juss, har begreper også her en sentral betydning. «Fra Mare Nostrum til Mare Liberum – fra vårt hav, til åpent hav.» I moderne tid kjenner vi fra litteraturen disse begrepene brukt for å synliggjøre en juridisk kontekst, nesten uavhengige av den historiske bakgrunnen som gjorde begrepene til noe mer enn ord. Side 6 av 138 Mellom disse to ytterpunktene, mare nostrum og mare liberum, ligger en utvikling som rommer mange spørsmål og problemstillinger - for mange til at en avhandling som dette kan gi alle svarene.
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