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Teknik Settlement Pattern Model at Riverside

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Teknik Settlement Pattern Model at Riverside INFO – TEKNIK Volume 9 No. 2, Desember 2008 (161 - 173) SETTLEMENT PATTERN MODEL AT RIVERSIDE (A Case Study of Martapura River) Nurfansyah1 Abstract .- The Martapura River is the watercourse from Barito River. Cultural of the ordinary society that used to life around the riverside caused to expand the settlement along the riverside. This research purposed synthesis the settlement characteristics along riverside and make the settlement model. The methods used at this research was rationalistic, where the research object consisted of three village and analysis based on research parameters, settlement pattern, form, circulation and infrastructure. The result of this research are linear settlement pattern expand along the riverside Martapura River unorganized. At the curve area, there is cluster settlement pattern where the building grown from the main road to the riverside. There are pillar house and floating house that have grown at some spots along the riverside and alley are the circulation of the area where both interconnected. Wooden bridge represent to access of the circulation. The area infrastructure consisted of floating MCK. The MCK was a communal place for the riverside society doing activity, bath, cleaning and wasting. The floating MCK also used as dock by river transportation passenger. Domestic waste a lot still thrown to the river and not places for temporary waste place so the river become dirty by the garbage. Key words: settlement pattern, housing pattern and infrastructure PENDAHULUAN penataan kawasan tepian sungai Banjarmasin adalah permukiman dan pariwisata. Latar Belakang Dari perumusan masalah, timbul pertanyaan penelitian yaitu: (1) faktor apa saja Perkembangan kota tepian air di Indonesia yang berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik merupakan potensi yang harus ditangani secara permukiman? dan (2) bagaimana mensintesakan lebih seksama. Banjarmasin dikenal dengan karakter permukiman tepian sungai Martapura sebutan —Nota seriEu sungai“, dengan ciri sungai sebagai dasar perancangan dan model pasang surut, dimana sungai digunakan sebagai penataannya?. alat transportasi menghubungkan antara daerah Sedangkan tujuan penelitian adalah satu dengan daerah lain. mendapatkan karakter permukiman tepi sungai di Sungai Martapura merupakan anak sungai Sungai Martapura dan mendapatkan keterkaitan yang terbesar di Banjarmasin. Sungai ini terletak pola permukiman dan infrastruktur tepian sungai. di tengah-tengah kota, pada tepian sungai terdapat Penelitian tentang model penataan permukiman permukiman penduduk. Sungai lebih berfungsi tepian sungai Martapura akan dilakukan di sebagai daerah belakang (backyard), fungsi hanya Kelurahan Pasar Lama, Kelurahan Surgi Mufti, sebagai tempat mandi, cuci dan tempat dan Kelurahan Seberang Mesjid. Pada Penelitian, pembuangan sampah. Akibatnya identitas sungai lebih ditekankan pada arahan model penataan hanya sebagai tempat service atau teritori kawasan tepi Sungai Martapura. belakang. Bahkan, pada beberapa bangunan ada Untuk kepentingan ilmu pengetahuan, yang menjorok ke tengah sungai. penelitian ini bermanfaat bagi wawasan bidang Sebagai embrio perkembangan kota, tidak arsitektur, khususnya konsepsi pertumbuhan dan mengherankan jika kawasan tepian air memiliki perkembangan permukiman di tepian sungai. daya tarik arsitektur unik dan dinamis berikut Penelitian ini juga bermanfaat bagi budaya tradisional masyarakatnya ternyata pengembangan perencanaan dan perancangan mampu menciptakan lingkungan binaan dengan lingkungan binaan di tepian sungai. karakter yang khas yaitu permukiman tepian Penelitian ini juga dapat digunakan sungai. Keunikan ini merupakan suatu peluang sebagai bahan pertimbangan bagi pemerintah untuk menampilkan citra pada arsitektur ruang daerah untuk mengambil kebijakan (guideline) kota. Ada dua hal utama yang mendasari dalam penataan bangunan dan lingkungan tepian 1 Staf pengajar Fakultas Teknik Unlam Banjarmasin 161 162 INFO TEKNIK, Volume 9 No.2, Desember 2008 sungai, khususnya di Kota Banjarmasin. Landasan Teori Landasan teori dari penelitian ini KAJIAN TEORITIS berdasarkan tinjauan pustaka adalah: 1. Permukiman tepian sungai merupakan Pemukiman Tepian Sungai. sekelompok bangunan yang berada di tepian Karakteristik lingkungan pemukiman sungai terorganisir dalam suatu sistem tatanan tepian sungai dipengaruhi oleh latar belakang fisik dan bangunan serta sosial budayanya. penghuni untuk menghuni tepian sungai dalam 2. Pola permukiman tepian sungai berbentuk membangun, beraktivitas bersifat incremental sejajar atau tegak lurus (linier) dengan sungai (pertumbuhan hunian yang semakin meningkat), serta bentuk permukiman yang berkelompok sehingga menciptakan tipologi fisik lingkungan di tepi sungai serta didirikan di atas tonggak- pemukiman yang organik. Lingkungan tepian tonggak kayu. sungai memiliki karakteristik yang terisolir, 3. Pemukiman yang layak adalah tersedianya dengan tepian sungai sebagai teritorial fasilitas lingkungan pendukung, kondisi wilayahnya. bangunan yang layak dan memenuhi standar Berdasarkan eksistensi historisnya, maka kesehatan, tersedianya fasilitas lingkungan pola permukiman tersebut dapat dibedakan atas: yang baik, akses dan jalan lingkungan yang permukiman tradisional dan non-tradisional jelas. (urban). Berdasarkan karakteristik topografinya, maka pola permukiman tersebut dapat dibedakan atas perumahan di atas sungai, laut, danau atau rawa. Pola Aktivitas Permukiman Bangunan Tepian Sungai Struktur bangunan rumah di atas air dapat dibedakan dalam 2 (dua) tipe, yaitu : Infrastruktur a. Bangunan panggung, yaitu bangunan dengan konstruksi di daerah perairan Gambar 1. Hubungan Pola Permukiman- (sungai/laut/danau/rawa) dan mempunyai lantai Infrastruktur-Aktivitas dasar berada di atas permukaan air. Bangunan ini merupakan tipologi mayoritas rumah di atas air yang tradisional dengan berbagai variasi sebagai kekhasannya. b. Bangunan rakit (raft); yaitu bangunan dengan konstruksi bawah berbentuk rakit (raft,) terapung di atas perairan (sungai/laut/danau/rawa). Bangunan ini diperkirakan merupakan bagian transisi dari evolusi rumah di atas air dari rumah perahu menjadi rumah panggung di atas air. Tabel 1. Pola Permukiman tepi sungai. Sumber : Suprianto Irwan, 2000 Pola permukiman tradisional pola permukiman non tradisional (urban) di atas air di atas air a. Homogenitas dalam pola bentuk dan a. Heterogenitas dalam pola bentuk dan ruang, serta fungsi ruang, serta fungsi rumah/bangunan. rumah/bangunan. b. Adanya nilai-nilai tradisi tertentu yang b. Tidak ada nilai-nilai tradisi tertentu yang dianut berkait dianut berkait dengan huniannya, dengan huniannya. Arsitektural bangunan dibuat dengan seperti orientasi, ornamentasi, kaidah tradisional maupun modern, sesuai dengan latar konstruksi dll. belakang budaya dan suku/etnis masing-masing.Segala c. Pola persebaran perumahannya hal didasarkan atas dasar kepraktisan dan kemudahan. cenderung membentuk suatu cluster c. Pola persebaran perumahannya cenderung menyebar dan berdasarkan kedekatan keluarga atau linier atau dapat membentuk suatu cluster yang lebih kekerabatan. didasarkan atas pertimbangan ekonomis, seperti kedekatan dengan pelabuhan, pasar terapung, dll. Nurfansyah, Settlement 3attern 0odel At Riverside… 163 METODE setiap bagian kota serta dekat dengan pusat pemerintahan. Lingkup Wilayah Penelitian. Penentuan wilayah penelitian berdasarkan Penentuan Kasus Wilayah Penelitian. pada RUTRK Kota Banjarmasin 2001-2011 Penentuan area kasus penelitian didasarkan tentang arah pengembangan strategi Kota pada beberapa pertimbangan : Banjarmasin Raya yaitu pembenahan wilayah 1. Merupakan permukiman di tepi Sungai, tepian sungai dalam menciptakan waterfront city, berada di tengah kota, memiliki karakter fisik Lingkup wilayah pengamatan, peneliti mengambil dan tatanan yang organis. spot amatan pada wilayah administratif yang yang 2. Telah terbentuk sejak lama atau merupakan berada ditengah kota dan berdekatan pada satu kampung tua. kawasan yaitu Kelurahan Pasar Lama, Kelurahan 3. Memiliki kedekatan langsung dengan elemen- Surgi Mufti dan Kelurahan Seberang Mesjid. elemen fisik kawasan dan pemerintahan. Pertimbangan lokasi penelitian yang berada di tengah-tengah kota dan mudah dijangkau dari Gambar 2. Lingkup Wilayah Penelitian. Sumber : Telkom Kalimantan, 1997 164 INFO TEKNIK, Volume 9 No.2, Desember 2008 Berdasarkan kriteria penentuan kasus Jalannya Penelitian wilayah penelitian dan fenomena kawasan serta Penelitian ini dimulai dengan didukung oleh RUTRK dan RDTRK Banjarmasin mengumpulkan data-data sekunder, berupa yaitu mengenai permukiman di tepian sungai, literatur, peta Kota Banjarmasin dan peta lokasi maka temuan wilayah penelitian berada di 3 penelitian serta data dari instansi terkait. Langkah kelurahan yang saling berdekatan dalam satu penelitian selanjutnya adalah mengidentifikasi kawasan yaitu: Kelurahan Pasar Lama, Kelurahan adanya pola-pola permukiman dengan bantuan Surgi Mufti dan Kelurahan Seberang Mesjid. peta skala 1:1000 (yang memuat blok bangunan, jalan dan sungai). Identifikasi pola permukiman Variabel Penelitian. dengan data pemetaan tahun 1997 dan Terdapat 2 variabel penelitian untuk disesuaikan di lokasi survey pada waktu penataan kawasan permukiman tepian sungai pelaksanaan penelitian. yaitu: variabel yang mengikat adalah pola permukiman tepian sungai, sedangkan variabel Metode Analisis bebasnya adalah infrastruktur kawasan tepian Metode analisis secara deskriptif dari hasil sungai. pemetaan obyek fisik spasial berupa peta-peta tematik. Metode tersebut memudahkan Langkah-langkah Penelitian pemahaman
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