sign in sign up
<<
Home , Metallurgy, Metals of antiquity

MME101 Introduction to and Materials

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ

Bursa Technical University, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department

Office Hours: Tuesday, 16:00-17:00 [email protected], [email protected]

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ References

1) ―Materials and Engineering: An Introduction‖, William D. Callister

2) Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği, Nobel Yayınları, Çevirenler: Cuma Bindal, Kenan Genel, Mehmet Demirkol, Recep Artır, Mustafa Bakkal, S. Ahmet Parasız, 8. Basımdan Çeviri, 2015

3) ―Essentials of Materials For Science And Engineering‖, Donald R. Askeland, Pradeep P. Phule

4) ―Introduction to Material Science for Engineering‖, James F. Shackelford

5) ―Introduction to and Engineering‖, Elliot P. Douglas

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ GRADING

1. Mid Term Exam: 25 %

2. Mid Term Exam: 25 %

FINAL EXAM : 50 %

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials drive our society

. . Age . Age

Now? . Age? . Polymer Age?

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials drive our society

Ages of ―Man‖ we survive based on the materials we control:

. The Stone Age (>10,000 BC) –naturally occurring materials •Special rocks, skins, wood, ceramics and glasses, naturalpolymers and composites . The (4000 BC-1000 BC) • and . The (1000 BC-1620 AD) • High furnaces; (1620's) established the dominance of inengineering . Age (1859 and up) • High strength alloys . Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age (light (1940's) and special alloys) • Aluminum, and (super-alloys) – aerospace • Silicon – Information • and Composites –food preservation, housing, aerospace and higher speeds . Exotic Materials Age? • Nano-Material and bio-materials – they are coming and then…

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ . Important to understand capabilities and limitations of materials

. Design better components, parts, devices, etc. • how do you make something stronger or lighter? • how do elements come together to form alloys? • why do some materials have vastly different properties than others?

. It is interesting and helps to make you a more informed person

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Introduction to Metallurgy and Materials Engineering

Materials are probably more deep seated in our culture than most of us realize.

Transportation, housing, clothing, , recreation, and food production— virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials.

Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective

The materials of (before 10,000 BC, the Stone Age) were ceramics and glasses, natural polymers, and composites.

Weapons—always the peak of technology—were made of wood and flint; buildings and bridges of stone and wood.

Naturally occurring and were available locally and, through their rarity, assumed great influence as currency, but their role in technology was small.

The development of rudimentary thermo- allowed the extraction of, first, and bronze, then iron (the Bronze Age, 4000–1000 BC and the Iron Age, 1000 BC–1620 AD), stimulating enormous advances in technology. Cast iron technology (1620s) established the dominance of metals in engineering; since then the evolution of (1850 onward), light alloys (1940s), and special alloys has consolidated their position. By the 1950s, ―engineering materials‖ meant ―metals‖. were given courses in metallurgy; other materials were barely mentioned.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective

There had, of course, been developments in the other classes of material. Improved cements, refractories, and glasses; and rubber, Bakelite, and polyethylene among polymers; but their share of the total materials market was small.

Since 1950 all that has changed.

The rate of development of new metallic alloys is now slow; demand for steel and cast iron has in some countries actually fallen.

The polymer and composite industries, on the other hand, are growing rapidly, and projections of the growth of production of new high- performance ceramics suggests continued expansion here also.

Alloy : Metallic material consisting of a base and one or more alloying elements partially or completely dissolving in the base metal. Alloys are frequently denoted by symbols of their components, the symbol of the base metal being usually underlined, as, e.g., Cu–Zn for brasses.

Brass : Cu alloy where is the main alloying element. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

• Throughout the history of man, countries that produced metals of exceptional quality became wealthy lands. For example, Britain learned to produce high-quality steel that enabled it to conquer 1/5 of the world.

• A country was often invaded because of the metal that were known to exist there. For example, Rome invaded Britain for its mines.

• Kings spent fortunes trying to find the secret of the Philosopher’s stone where could be turned into Gold with the transmutation agent being able to right bodily imperfections, cure all illnesses and confer long life. For a long time, (Hg) was thought to be this agent.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials STONE AGE

Flint

Metals are the oldest elements known and in the past, the AGES are named after metals… I. Copper II. Bronze III. Iron Flint Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

The development of civilisation has relied heavily on the discovery of metals.

Prehistoric man used metals to build tools and weapons and as our knowledge of metallurgy has developed, metals have played an essential role in the advancement of agriculture, transport and arts and – forging the path to today’s modern society.

The first seven metals which mankind identified and used in the past are:  GOLD (6000 BC)  Jewelery  COPPER (4200 BC)  Weapons  SILVER (4000 BC)  Ornaments, Jewelery  LEAD (3500 BC)  Container, Pipes METALS of  TIN (1750 BC)  Bronze, Adding to Cu  Weapons ANTIQUITY  IRON (1500 BC)  Weapons  MERCURY (750 BC)  Tombsdissolve Ag and Au

Why not the other metals give names to the AGES!!!

Until the end of the 17th century only 12 metals are known; (As), Antimony (Sb), Zinc (Zn), Bismuth (Bi) [13-14th] and (Pt), 16th

http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

SO, what is the answer for GOLD not being a NAME for an AGE?

It was not used as a WEAPON

WHY NOT USE as a WEAPON?

For the first question, gold was still valuable and rare, no one would think of using a golden material for daily use. Also gold is a very soft metal, and thus cannot be used for hard tasks as it will bend and break easily.

Gold was used commonly before copper or iron, yet wasn't ever a vital part of its time periods way of life.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

6000 BC MESOLITHIC 10,000-4,500 BC Gold

Hunting and gathering communities moved Stone Age man learned to fashion across land near the British Isles gold into . The popularity stone tools and ―‖ – small trimmed mounted in different of gold is largely due to its combinations to make a variety of tools. scarcity, value and mankind’s fascination with the metal. 4,500-2,300 BC

Widespread use of polished stones and flint .

http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

Copper 4200 BC Silver The use of copper in antiquity is of more 4000 BC significance than gold as the first tools, implements and weapons were made from copper. Silver had always been very widely used throughout history as a basis for monetary systems and played central roles in the currencies of the Roman and Chinese Empires. Lead 3500 BC

It is believed that lead began at least 9000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Bronze Age Abydos dated circa 3800 BC. 2300-700 BC The is used in The bronze age began when metallurgists discovered central . mixing two metals together created a stronger substance than either of the individual metals. http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials Tin IRON 1750 BC smelted 1500 BC First smelted in combination with copper around 3500 BC to produce bronze. The oldest artifacts The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the date from around 2000 BC. start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons. The Hattites discovered iron around 1500 BC giving them a distinct advantage in war.

Mercury 750 BC Known to ancient Chinese and Indians before 2000 BC, and found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BC

http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

Nickel 1751

After iron, nickel is believed to be the second most plentiful element in the Earth and is used in the production of resistant alloys.

Uranium 1789

Uranium has been used to colour glass and ceramics from as early as A.D. 79. Its applications today are almost exclusively in the production of nuclear fuels and weapons. http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

Uranium 1789

Uranium oxide has been used to colour glass and ceramics from as early as A.D. 79. Its applications Titanium today are almost exclusively in the production of 1791 nuclear fuels and weapons.

Although discovered in the 18th century, it was not until the 1940’s that titanium was used in structures due to impurities.

Chromium 1797

Mainly used as an additional alloy in steels. Improves corrosive resistance and essential in the production of .

http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

Silicon 1823 1827 Around 26% of the Earth’s crust contains silicon however it is never found in its pure form as it is It is the most common metal in the Earth’s crust naturally occurs as either an oxide or a sillicate. and at around a third of the weight of steel, aluminium is one of the lightest of the all metals. http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

Silicon 1823 Aluminium 1827 Around 26% of the Earth’s crust contains silicon however it is never found in its pure form as it is It is the most common metal in the Earth’s naturally occurs as either an oxide or a sillicate. crust and at around a third of the weight of steel, aluminium is one of the lightest of the all metals.

http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

Polonium Radium 1898 1898

Both polonium and radium are radioactive and very rarely occur in nature. Both these metals were discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898.

http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

History of Metals Timeline

There are currently 86 known metals but before the 19th century only 24 had been discovered and, of these 24 metals, 12 were discovered in the 18th century.

The Metals of Antiquity, were the metals upon which civilisation was based.

(1) Gold (ca) 6000BC - Stone Age man learned to fashion gold into jewellery. The popularity of gold is largely due to its scarcity, value and mankind’s fascination with the metal.

(2) Copper, (ca) 4200BC - The use of copper in antiquity is of more significance than gold as the first tools, implements and weapons were made from copper.

(3) Silver,(ca) 4000BC - Silver had been widely used throughout time as a basis for monetary systems and played central roles in the currencies of the Roman and Chinese Empires.

(4) Lead, (ca) 3500BC - It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9,000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Abydos dated circa 3800 BC.

http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

History of Metals Timeline

(5) Tin, (ca) 1750BC - First smelted in combination with copper around 3500 BC to produce bronze. The oldest artifacts date from around 2000 BC.

(6) Iron,smelted, (ca) 1500BC - The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons.

(7) Mercury, (ca) 750BC - Known to ancient Chinese and Indians before 2000 BC, and found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BC.

1735 - Cobalt 1791 - Titanium 1751 - Nickel 1794 - Yttrium 1774 - Manganese 1797 - Berylium 1781 - 1797 - 1782 - 1801 - Niobium 1783 - Tungsten 1802 - Tantalum 1789 - Uranium 1803 - Iridium, Palladium, Rhodium 1789 - Zirconium 1807 - Potassium, Sodium

http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials

1808 - , Barium, Calcium, , Strontium 1814 - Cerium 1886 - Germanium 1817 - Lithium, Cadmium, 1898 - Polonium, Radium Selenium 1899 - Actinium 1823 - Silicon 1901 - Europium 1827 - Aluminium 1907 - Lutetium 1828 - Thorium 1917 - Protactinium 1830 - Vanadium 1923 - Hafnium 1839 - Lanthanum 1924 - Rhenium 1843 - Erbium, Terbium 1937 - Technetium 1844 - Ruthenium 1939 - Francium 1860 - Cesium, Rubidium 1945 - Promethium 1861 - Thallium 1940-61 - Transuranium elements – 1863 - Indium (Neptunium, Plutonium, Curium, 1875 - Gallium Americum, Berkelium, Californium, 1878-1885 - Holmium, Einsteinium, Fermium, Mendelevium, Thulium, Scandium, Nobelium, Lawrencium) Samarium, Gadalinium, Praseodynium, Neodynium, Dysprosium http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective

. Stone Age: 2.5 million years ago . Age: 4000 B.C.E . Copper Age: 4000 B.C.E – 3000 B.C.E. . Bronze Age: 2000 B.C.E – 1000 B.C.E. .Foundation of metallurgy- Alloys of copper and tin . Iron Age: 1000 B.C.E – 1B.C.E. . Plastics Age: late 20th Century to current time . Age: late 20th Century to current time

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective

Stone → Bronze → Iron →

• Beginning of the Material Science - People began to make tools from stone – Start of the Stone Age about two million years ago. Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc. The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction of Bronze in the Far East. • Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than one element), copper + < 25% of tin + other elements. Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective

Bronze Age

3000-800 BC transition from stone to bronze for tools and arts

N. Afghanistan, 2200-1800 B.C.

Bronze: Cu + Sn

Tm 950°C

Turkey, 3000-2000 B.C.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ A Materials Timeline

The scale is nonlinear, with big steps at the bottom, small ones at the top. An asterisk (*) indicates the date at which an element was first identified.

Labels without asterisks note the time at which the material became of practical importance.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective

• The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today. Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically daily life of a common person.

• Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age many new types of materials have been introduced (ceramic, , polymers, composites, nanomaterials…). Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties, processing, and performance of materials. Intelligent design of new materials.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ QUESTIONS

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ