DOCSLIB.ORG

MME101 Introduction to Metallurgy and Materials Engineering

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MME101 Introduction to Metallurgy and Materials Engineering MME101 Introduction to Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Bursa Technical University, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department Office Hours: Tuesday, 16:00-17:00 [email protected], [email protected] Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ References 1) ―Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction‖, William D. Callister 2) Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği, Nobel Yayınları, Çevirenler: Cuma Bindal, Kenan Genel, Mehmet Demirkol, Recep Artır, Mustafa Bakkal, S. Ahmet Parasız, 8. Basımdan Çeviri, 2015 3) ―Essentials of Materials For Science And Engineering‖, Donald R. Askeland, Pradeep P. Phule 4) ―Introduction to Material Science for Engineering‖, James F. Shackelford 5) ―Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering‖, Elliot P. Douglas Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ GRADING 1. Mid Term Exam: 25 % 2. Mid Term Exam: 25 % FINAL EXAM : 50 % Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials drive our society . Stone Age . Bronze Age . Iron Age Now? . Silicon Age? . Polymer Age? Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials drive our society Ages of ―Man‖ we survive based on the materials we control: . The Stone Age (>10,000 BC) –naturally occurring materials •Special rocks, skins, wood, ceramics and glasses, naturalpolymers and composites . The Bronze Age (4000 BC-1000 BC) • Casting and forging . The Iron Age (1000 BC-1620 AD) • High Temperature furnaces; cast iron technology (1620's) established the dominance of metals inengineering . Steel Age (1859 and up) • High strength alloys . Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age (light (1940's) and special alloys) • Aluminum, Titanium and Nickel (super-alloys) – aerospace • Silicon – Information • Plastics and Composites –food preservation, housing, aerospace and higher speeds . Exotic Materials Age? • Nano-Material and bio-materials – they are coming and then… Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ . Important to understand capabilities and limitations of materials . Design better components, parts, devices, etc. • how do you make something stronger or lighter? • how do elements come together to form alloys? • why do some materials have vastly different properties than others? . It is interesting and helps to make you a more informed person Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Introduction to Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Materials are probably more deep seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production— virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age). Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective The materials of prehistory (before 10,000 BC, the Stone Age) were ceramics and glasses, natural polymers, and composites. Weapons—always the peak of technology—were made of wood and flint; buildings and bridges of stone and wood. Naturally occurring gold and silver were available locally and, through their rarity, assumed great influence as currency, but their role in technology was small. The development of rudimentary thermo-chemistry allowed the extraction of, first, copper and bronze, then iron (the Bronze Age, 4000–1000 BC and the Iron Age, 1000 BC–1620 AD), stimulating enormous advances in technology. Cast iron technology (1620s) established the dominance of metals in engineering; since then the evolution of steels (1850 onward), light alloys (1940s), and special alloys has consolidated their position. By the 1950s, ―engineering materials‖ meant ―metals‖. Engineers were given courses in metallurgy; other materials were barely mentioned. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective There had, of course, been developments in the other classes of material. Improved cements, refractories, and glasses; and rubber, Bakelite, and polyethylene among polymers; but their share of the total materials market was small. Since 1950 all that has changed. The rate of development of new metallic alloys is now slow; demand for steel and cast iron has in some countries actually fallen. The polymer and composite industries, on the other hand, are growing rapidly, and projections of the growth of production of new high- performance ceramics suggests continued expansion here also. Alloy : Metallic material consisting of a base metal and one or more alloying elements partially or completely dissolving in the base metal. Alloys are frequently denoted by symbols of their components, the symbol of the base metal being usually underlined, as, e.g., Cu–Zn alloy for brasses. Brass : Cu alloy where zinc is the main alloying element. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials • Throughout the history of man, countries that produced metals of exceptional quality became wealthy lands. For example, Britain learned to produce high-quality steel that enabled it to conquer 1/5 of the world. • A country was often invaded because of the metal ores that were known to exist there. For example, Rome invaded Britain for its Tin mines. • Kings spent fortunes trying to find the secret of the Philosopher’s stone where Lead could be turned into Gold with the transmutation agent being able to right bodily imperfections, cure all illnesses and confer long life. For a long time, mercury (Hg) was thought to be this agent. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials STONE AGE Flint knife Metals are the oldest elements known and in the past, the AGES are named after metals… I. Copper II. Bronze III. Iron Flint arrowhead Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials The development of civilisation has relied heavily on the discovery of metals. Prehistoric man used metals to build tools and weapons and as our knowledge of metallurgy has developed, metals have played an essential role in the advancement of agriculture, transport and arts and craft – forging the path to today’s modern society. The first seven metals which mankind identified and used in the past are: GOLD (6000 BC) Jewelery COPPER (4200 BC) Weapons SILVER (4000 BC) Ornaments, Jewelery LEAD (3500 BC) Container, Pipes METALS of TIN (1750 BC) Bronze, Adding to Cu Weapons ANTIQUITY IRON (1500 BC) Weapons MERCURY (750 BC) Tombsdissolve Ag and Au Why not the other metals give names to the AGES!!! Until the end of the 17th century only 12 metals are known; Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Zinc (Zn), Bismuth (Bi) [13-14th] and Platinum (Pt), 16th http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials SO, what is the answer for GOLD not being a NAME for an AGE? It was not used as a WEAPON WHY NOT USE as a WEAPON? For the first question, gold was still valuable and rare, no one would think of using a golden material for daily use. Also gold is a very soft metal, and thus cannot be used for hard tasks as it will bend and break easily. Gold was used commonly before copper or iron, yet wasn't ever a vital part of its time periods way of life. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials 6000 BC MESOLITHIC 10,000-4,500 BC Gold Hunting and gathering communities moved Stone Age man learned to fashion across land near the British Isles forming gold into jewellery. The popularity stone tools and ―microliths‖ – small trimmed blades mounted in different of gold is largely due to its combinations to make a variety of tools. scarcity, value and mankind’s fascination with the metal. 4,500-2,300 BC Widespread use of polished stones and flint axes. http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials Copper 4200 BC Silver The use of copper in antiquity is of more 4000 BC significance than gold as the first tools, implements and weapons were made from copper. Silver had always been very widely used throughout history as a basis for monetary systems and played central roles in the currencies of the Roman and Chinese Empires. Lead 3500 BC It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Bronze Age Abydos dated circa 3800 BC. 2300-700 BC The wheel is used in The bronze age began when metallurgists discovered central Europe. mixing two metals together created a stronger substance than either of the individual metals. http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials Tin IRON 1750 BC smelted 1500 BC First smelted in combination with copper around 3500 BC to produce bronze. The oldest artifacts The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the date from around 2000 BC. start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons. The Hattites discovered iron around 1500 BC giving them a distinct advantage in war. Mercury 750 BC Known to ancient Chinese and Indians before 2000 BC, and found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BC http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials Nickel 1751 After iron, nickel is believed to be the second most plentiful element in the Earth and is used in the production of corrosion resistant alloys. Uranium 1789 Uranium oxide has been used to colour glass and ceramics from as early as A.D. 79. Its applications today are almost exclusively in the production of nuclear fuels and weapons. http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials Uranium 1789 Uranium oxide has been used to colour glass and ceramics from as early as A.D.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2000 Stainless Steels: an Introduction to Their Metallurgy and Corrosion
    Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation, Vol. 20, No. 7, Pages 506-517 Copyright© International Association for Food Protection, 6200 Aurora Ave., Suite 200W, Des Moines, IA 50322 Stainless Steels: An Introduction to Their Metallurgy and Corrosion Resistance Roger A. Covert and Arthur H. Tuthill* and why they sometimes do not. In most cases, selection of the proper stainless steel leads to satisfactory performance. COMPOSITION, NOMEN- CLATURE AND GENERAL PROPERTIES Most metals are mixtures of a primary metallic element and one or more intentionally added other ele- This article has been peer-reviewed by two professionals. ments. These mixtures of elements are called alloys. Stainless steels are alloys, as are brasses (copper + zinc), bronzes (copper + tin), the many alu- INTRODUCTION better understanding of stainless minum alloys, and many other me- Worldwide, in industry, in busi- steels, especially to the non-metal- tallic materials. In general, solid ness and in the home, metals called lurgist. metals and alloys consist of randomly stainless steels are used daily. It is Industries are concerned with oriented grains that have a well-de- important to understand what these integrity of equipment and product fined crystalline structure, or lattice, materials are and why they behave purity. To achieve these, stainless within the grains. In stainless steels, the way they do. This is especially steels are often the economical and the crystalline structures within the true because the word “stainless” is practical materials of choice for pro- grains have been given names such as itself somewhat of a misnomer; these cess equipment. However, before ferrite, austenite, martensite, or a materials can stain and can corrode intelligent decisions can be made mixture of two or more of these.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neolithic Copper Melting Crucibles from Switzerland
    In: A. Shortland, I. Freestone and Th. FromRehren mine (eds) to microbe 2009, From Mine to Microscope, 155-162 155 Chapter 15 From mine to microbe – the Neolithic copper melting crucibles from Switzerland Th. Rehren1 Abstract The occurrence of chalcopyrite in several late Neolithic crucibles from NW Switzerland and SW Germany has been variously interpreted as indicating evidence for local copper smelting, or being due to post-depositional phenomena. This study uses optical microscopy and a discussion based on textural and micro-stratigraphical arguments to demonstrate that chalcopyrite is a late formation and not indicative of copper smelting. This has significant implications for the technological and archaeological interpetation of these finds, but also illustrates the potential of image-based studies in science-based archaeology. Introduction these cultures back into line with their neighbours. The emergence and spread of metallurgy in Europe Only after a further half a millennium or so metal- is a major concern of archaeological and archaeo- lurgy emerges again in Central Europe, heralding the metallurgical research. In the 1960s scholars such as beginning of the Bronze Age throughout the Contin- Renfrew and Branigan focused their attention – and ent. This time, it is a broad and sustained develop- consequently that of others – on the role which metals ment with no particular emphasis on the Swiss or have played in the development of stratified societies southwest German regions. and the emergence of elites, showing off with their It is against this background that the crucible access to these new materials. The Balkans and fragments of the Pfyn culture have attracted attention Western Asia are now both known to have had for more than a century, having been found at a wide metallurgically competent Neolithic cultures, and range of sites and representing certainly several issues of technology transfer and autochthonous dozen different vessels.
    [Show full text]
  • Iron, Steel and Swords Script - Page 1 Copper from Venus, Tin from Jupiter, Lead Finally from Saturn
    Early Metal Technology There is more to metal technology than just straight smelting, melting, casting, hammering, filing and polishing. Maybe not a lot more, but enough to warrant a few modules: 1. Gold (Au) Topics covered are: deposits, parting by cementation, purifying by cupellation, alloying, color, working and specialities. 2. Silver (Ag) and Lead (Pb) Topics covered are: Making fun of Aristotle, silver production via cupellation of lead, lead production and uses. 3. Tin (Sn) and Zinc (Zn) Topics covered are: tin mining and ore treatment, production. Why Zn is special. 4. Mercury (Hg) Topics covered are: When, how and why? The Seven Metals of Antiquity Until the 14th century AD, (Western) humankind only distinguished seven metals, known as the "seven metals of antiquity": Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, Tin, Lead and Mercury. Zinc, covered above, was unknowingly used as alloy element in copper (producing brass) but never obtained in its elemental state. Copper and iron will not be dealt with here since they are covered extensively in the backbone of the Hyperscript. The distinction of seven metals does not mean that these metals were seen as what we now call elements. Up to about 1700, only the four "old" elements (earth, water, fire and air) plus Aristotle's 5th element ("aether") "existed"; metals were a mixture of earth and water. Mercury, for example, was seen as some modification of silver. Its Greek name was Hydrargyrum", meaning "watery silver". In fact, one and the same word might have been used for different metals in some ancient culture. In ancient Greek Copper and probably all its alloys was called "chalcos" after the copper mines at Chalcis in Euboea.
    [Show full text]
  • Metallurgy in India
    TRADITIONSKnowledg & PRACTICES OF INDIA e Textbook for Class XI Module 8 Metallurgy in India CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India TRADITIONSKnowledg & PRACTICESe OF INDIA Textbook for Class XI Module 8 Metallurgy in India CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). Preface India has a rich tradition of intellectual inquiry and a textual heritage that goes back to several hundreds of years. India was magnificently advanced in knowledge traditions and practices during the ancient and medieval times. The intellectual achievements of Indian thought are found across several fields of study in ancient Indian texts ranging from the Vedas and the Upanishads to a whole range of scriptural, philosophical, scientific, technical and artistic sources. As knowledge of India's traditions and practices has become restricted to a few erudite scholars who have worked in isolation, CBSE seeks to introduce a course in which an effort is made to make it common knowledge once again. Moreover, during its academic interactions and debates at key meetings with scholars and experts, it was decided that CBSE may introduce a course titled ‘Knowledge Traditions and Practices of India’ as a new Elective for classes XI - XII from the year 2012-13. It has been felt that there are many advantages of introducing such a course in our education system.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Engineering Materials
    Paper ID #20611 The Evolution of Engineering Materials Dr. Amber L. Genau, University of Alabama at Birmingham Dr. Amber Genau is an assistant professor in the Materials Science and Engineering Department at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. She received her B.S. and M.S. from Iowa State University and Ph.D. from Northwestern University, all in materials engineering. Before coming to UAB, Dr. Genau spent two years as a guest scientist at the German Aerospace Center in Cologne, Germany, working on metal solidification and microstructural characterization. She is particularly interested in broadening participation in engineering and providing international experiences and perspectives to undergraduate students. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 The Evolution of Engineering Materials Abstract This paper describes the development of an upper level engineering elective entitled “The Evolution of Engineering Materials.” The course considers how the discovery of new materials and the ability of process materials in new ways has influenced the course of history, shaping both human societies and their surrounding environments, from the Stone Age to the Modern Era. Students become familiar with a variety of still-relevant technical content through the consideration of historical activity, from smelting and coking to polymerization reactions and cross linking. The course addresses a variety of ABET outcomes while also supporting the development of global competency through an increased appreciation of world history. Although this course was developed for and taught in the context of a three-week study abroad trip to Europe, the engaging and accessible nature of the content could also make it valuable as a service course for non-engineering majors.
    [Show full text]
  • M Have Certain Distinctive Properties Which Seem to Have Appealed To
    OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRSTPROOFS, Fri Dec 05 2014, NEWGEN !"#$%&' )* !"# $%&'( )#(*+,-&. */0 123&#''%-/' -4 5-6%*+ 8-,#& +,-.&' /&01, 2#%"#'34& 5#-.&' I!"#$%&'"($! M&%#-6 have certain distinctive properties which seem to have appealed to European Neolithic and later communities: brilliance, magical transformations behind their crea- tion, and potential for re-melting, re-casting, and re-modelling. 7ey were also valued for their colours: gold for the sun, high on the horizon, copper for the setting sun or the blood of life, and silver for the moon. In the formative years of metallurgy, copper and its ores appear to have held primarily aesthetic roles as cosmetic colours, beads, and other personal adornments. 7ey are likely to have been recognized as rare and precious, and were later mobilized in social di8erentiation. 7e adoption of metals altered economies and social relations, and triggered cra9 specialization. 7e roots of social di8erentia- tion were already present in some Neolithic communities, yet the uneven distribution of metal ores, like certain types of stone already, became elements in long-distance exchange networks and eventually trade. 7is paper attempts to go beyond simplistic ideas of metals in social strati:cation: it presents a more complex picture, outlining sim- ilarities and di8erences geographically in the presence and role of metallurgy during an early, middle, and late Copper Age. 03_3-part.indd 673 12/5/2014 7:57:19 PM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRSTPROOFS, Fri Dec 05 2014, NEWGEN ;<= /&01, 5#-.&' T)* E+#,(*-" M*"+,,&#./ (! E&#$0*: A N*+# E+-"*#! O#(.(!2 The origins of metals can be found in the zone from which farming and animal husbandry came: the so-called ‘Fertile Crescent’ and adjacent Anatolia, the west- ernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of modern-day Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Metals in the Environment: the Role of Surfaces
    Toxic Metals in the Environment: The Role of Surfaces Donald L. Sparks1 etals are prevalent in the environment. They are derived from both such as density, weight, atomic number, and degree of toxicity natural and anthropogenic sources. Certain metals are essential for (Roberts et al. 2005). Certain met- Mplant growth and for animal and human health. However, if present als and metalloids are essential for in excessive concentrations they become toxic. Metals undergo an array of plant growth and for animal and human health. With respect to biogeochemical processes at reactive natural surfaces, including surfaces of plants, these are referred to as clay minerals, metal oxides and oxyhydroxides, humic substances, plant roots, micronutrients and include B, Cu, and microbes. These processes control the solubility, mobility, bioavailability, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Mo. In addition, and toxicity of metals in the environment. The use of advanced analytical As, Co, Cr, Ni, Se, Sn, and V are essential in animal nutrition. techniques has furthered our understanding of the reactivity and mobility Micronutrients are also referred to of metals in the near-surface environment. as trace elements since they are required in only small quantities, Keywords: critical zone, metals, sorption, surface complexation, biogeochemical processes unlike major nutrients such as N, P, and K. In excess, trace elements INTRODUCTION can be toxic to plants, microbes, animals, and humans. Metals comprise about 75% of the known elements and can Problems also arise when there is a deficiency in essential form alloys with each other and with nonmetals (Morris elements. 1992). Metals have useful properties such as strength, mal- Important trace elements in the environment are As, Ag, B, leability, and conductivity of heat and electricity.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformative Copper Metallurgy in Chalcolithic Cyprus: a Reappraisal Bleda S
    Antiquity 2021 Vol. 95 (381): 670–685 https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.171 Research Article Transformative copper metallurgy in Chalcolithic Cyprus: a reappraisal Bleda S. Düring1,*, Sarah De Ceuster2, Patrick Degryse1,2 & Vasiliki Kassianidou3 1 Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, the Netherlands 2 Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium 3 Archaeological Research Unit, Department of History and Archaeology, University of Cyprus, Cyprus * Author for correspondence: ✉ [email protected] The extraction and smelting of the rich copper ore deposits of Cyprus and the manufacture of copper objects on the island are thought to have begun dur- ing the Philia phase (c. 2400–2200 BC). Here, the authors present the results of lead isotope analysis undertaken on Late Chalcolithic (2900–2400 BC) metal objects from the site of Chlorakas-Palloures. The results facilitate a reassessment of the timing of the start of transformative copper technologies on Cyprus and the re-evaluation of contemporaneous copper artefacts from Jordan and Crete previously suggested to have been consistent with Cypriot ores. They conclude that there is no compelling evi- dence for transformative metallurgy in Chalcolithic Cyprus. Keywords: Cyprus, Chalcolithic, Philia phase, archaeometallurgy, copper, lead isotope analysis Introduction Cyprus was a major producer of copper in antiquity, and, as a consequence, the metal and the island toponym (from the Greek ‘Kúpros’) became synonymous (Kassianidou 2014). The question of when and how copper production and metallurgy started on the island, however, has proven difficult to answer. The earliest references to Cypriot copper exports date to the nineteenth to seventeenth centuries BC, occurring in cuneiform texts from Mari and Alalakh —both in the Northern Levant—and from Babylonia (Muhly 1972; Knapp 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • Some Questions Concerning the Ugc Course in Astrology
    SOME QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE UGC COURSE IN ASTROLOGY Kushal Siddhanta 18 AUGUST 2001. Dr. Murali Manohar cient Indian astronomer Varahamihira who Joshi, the present Union HRD Minister and in the sixth century AD spoke about the a former professor of physics in the Alla- earth's rotation.” Citing another fact in sup- habad University, was invited to the IIT, port of introducing astrology as a university Kharagpur, as the chief guest at an open- course, he said, 16 universities of the coun- ing function organized on the occasion of try had already been offering astrology as its fiftieth foundation anniversary. The a subject in various forms. So his govern- West Bengal Chief Minister Mr. Buddhadeb ment is doing nothing new. People should Bhattacharya was another guest. not oppose the astrology and other courses only on political reasons. There may be de- As expected, Mr. Bhattacharya in his bates and arguments over the issue. The speech indirectly criticized the policy of the Government, he assured all, was ready to Union Government to introduce worn out hear. So on and so forth. subjects like astrology, paurohitya, vas- tushastra, yoga and human consciousness, It all had started when the UGC issued a etc., in the universities through the Univer- circular on 23 February 2001 with a pro- sity Grant Commission (UGC). Dr. Joshi posal to all the universities of the country in his address, however, did not go into to introduce UG and PG courses as well the trouble of explaining why his depart- as doctoral researches in Vedic Astrology ment was so keen on funding these anti- which it later renamed in parenthesis as quated subjects in the universities in spite Jyotirvigyan (astronomy).
    [Show full text]
  • The Metallurgy of Some Carat Gold Jewellery Alloys
    The Metallurgy of Some Carat Gold Jewellery Alloys PART I — COLOURED GOLD ALLOYS Allen S. McDonald and George H. Sistare Handy & Harman, Fairfield, Connecticut, U.S.A. The classification of gold alloys in terms of caratage and colour provides no guidance as to the properties and working characteristics of the many carat gold alloys used in jewellery fabrication. Logical relationships do exist, however, between the composition, metallurgical structure and properties of such alloys, and these emerge from a study of the phase diagrams of the alloy systems involved. Part I of this review deals with coloured gold alloys. Part II will discuss their nickel containing counter- parts and will appear in the next issue of Gold Bulletin. Most carat gold for jewellery falls into one or other Three quasi-binary vertical sections of the ternary of two major categories, the coloured gold alloys diagram at constant gold contents characteristic of based on the gold-silver-copper or the gold-silver- jewellery alloys (10, 14 and 18 carat) are schematical- copper-zinc system and the white gold alloys. ly represented in Figure 4 where the parameter used Although many coloured gold alloys contain zinc on the abscissa is defined as: (from less than 1 to about 15 weight per cent), it is Ag wt.% valid to introduce this group in terms of the gold- Ag' = x 100 (per cent) silver-copper ternary system, from which all of the Ag wt.°Io + Cu wt.% alloys inherit certain fundamental metallurgical characteristics. After establishing these, the effects of Gold-silver-copper and gold-silver-copper-zinc- zinc will be introduced, and it will then be seen that alloys can be logically classified and discussed in in the amounts used this element does not change terms of two parameters, namely the caratage or gold these characteristics in kind but rather interacts to content and Ag'.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Precious Metals 1 / Introduction
    Introduction to precious metals 1 / introduction Introduction to Precious Metals Metallurgy for Jewelers & Silversmiths Mark Grimwade Introduction to precious metals Introduction to Precious Metals Metallurgy for Jewelers and SIlversmiths by Mark Grimwade Copyright 2009 Mark Grimwade Brynmorgen Press Brunswick, Maine 04011 USA www.brynmorgen.com ISBN: 978-1-929565-30-6 First printing Editors Tim McCreight All rights reserved. No part of this publication Abby Johnston may be reproduced or transmitted in any form Illustrations Michael Deles or by any means, electronic or mechanical, Proofreading Jay McCreight including photocopying, recording, or any storage Index Margery Niblock and retrieval system except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, web posting, or broadcast. [ iv ] Introduction to precious metals Table of Contents Introduction xi Chapter 1 Physical Properties of the Precious Metals 16 Chapter 2 Mechanical Properties of the Precious Metals 26 Chapter 3 Chemical Properties of the Precious Metals 39 Chapter 4 Occurrence, Extraction, and Refining 44 Chapter 5 Alloying Behavior 56 Chapter 6 Principles of Solidification 72 Chapter 7 Principles of Working and Annealing 83 Chapter 8 Silver and Its Alloys 91 Chapter 9 Gold and Its Alloys: the Karat Golds 100 Chapter 10 The Platinum Group Metals and Their Alloys 116 Chapter 11 Melting, Alloying, and Casting 126 Chapter 12 Working and Annealing Practice 144 Chapter 13 Joining Techniques 165 Chapter 14 Electroplating and Allied Processes 180 Chapter 15 The Use of Powder Metallurgy in Jewelry Manufacture 193 Chapter 16 Surface Decoration and Other Decorative Techniques 200 Chapter 17 Assaying and Hallmarking 207 [ [47 v ] ] Introduction to precious metals Foreword If you work with precious metal, you need to read this book.
    [Show full text]
  • C22 Metallurgy; Ferrous Or Non-Ferrous Alloys; Treatment of Alloys Or Non- Ferrous Metals
    C22B C22 METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON- FERROUS METALS Note(s) [2012.01] (1) Processes or devices specific to the transformation of iron ore or iron carbonyl into iron, either solid or molten, are classified in subclass C21B. (2) Processes or devices specific to: – processing of pig-iron or cast iron; – manufacture of wrought-iron, wrought-steel or carbon steel; – treatment in molten state of ferrous alloys; are classified in subclass C21C. (3) The following processes or devices are classified in subclass C21D: – processes specific to heat treatment of ferrous alloys or steels; – devices for heat treatment of metals or alloys. XXXX C22B C22B XXXX C22B PRODUCTION OR REFINING OF METALS (making metallic powder or suspensions thereof B22F 9/00; production of metals by electrolysis or electrophoresis C25); PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS Note(s) In this subclass, groups for obtaining metals include obtaining the metals by non-metallurgical processes, and obtaining metal compounds by metallurgical processes. Thus, for example, group C22B 11/00 covers the production of silver by reduction of ammoniacal silver oxide in solution, and group C22B 17/00 covers the production of cadmium oxide by a metallurgical process. Furthermore, although compounds of arsenic and antimony are classified in C01G, production of the elements themselves is covered by C22B, as well as the production of their compounds by metallurgical processes. Subclass indexes PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS ..................... 1/00, 4/00, REFINING OR REMELTING METALS .................................... 9/00 7/00 OBTAINING SPECIFIC METALS ................................ 11/00-61/00 PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING METALS ..................... 3/00, 4/00, 5/00 1 / 00 Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap [1, 2006.01] 3 / 00 Extraction of metal compounds from ores or 1 / 02 .
    [Show full text]