MME101 Introduction to Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Bursa Technical University, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department Office Hours: Tuesday, 16:00-17:00 [email protected], [email protected] Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ References 1) ―Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction‖, William D. Callister 2) Malzeme Bilimi ve Mühendisliği, Nobel Yayınları, Çevirenler: Cuma Bindal, Kenan Genel, Mehmet Demirkol, Recep Artır, Mustafa Bakkal, S. Ahmet Parasız, 8. Basımdan Çeviri, 2015 3) ―Essentials of Materials For Science And Engineering‖, Donald R. Askeland, Pradeep P. Phule 4) ―Introduction to Material Science for Engineering‖, James F. Shackelford 5) ―Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering‖, Elliot P. Douglas Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ GRADING 1. Mid Term Exam: 25 % 2. Mid Term Exam: 25 % FINAL EXAM : 50 % Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials drive our society . Stone Age . Bronze Age . Iron Age Now? . Silicon Age? . Polymer Age? Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials drive our society Ages of ―Man‖ we survive based on the materials we control: . The Stone Age (>10,000 BC) –naturally occurring materials •Special rocks, skins, wood, ceramics and glasses, naturalpolymers and composites . The Bronze Age (4000 BC-1000 BC) • Casting and forging . The Iron Age (1000 BC-1620 AD) • High Temperature furnaces; cast iron technology (1620's) established the dominance of metals inengineering . Steel Age (1859 and up) • High strength alloys . Non-Ferrous and Polymer Age (light (1940's) and special alloys) • Aluminum, Titanium and Nickel (super-alloys) – aerospace • Silicon – Information • Plastics and Composites –food preservation, housing, aerospace and higher speeds . Exotic Materials Age? • Nano-Material and bio-materials – they are coming and then… Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ . Important to understand capabilities and limitations of materials . Design better components, parts, devices, etc. • how do you make something stronger or lighter? • how do elements come together to form alloys? • why do some materials have vastly different properties than others? . It is interesting and helps to make you a more informed person Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Introduction to Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Materials are probably more deep seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production— virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age). Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective The materials of prehistory (before 10,000 BC, the Stone Age) were ceramics and glasses, natural polymers, and composites. Weapons—always the peak of technology—were made of wood and flint; buildings and bridges of stone and wood. Naturally occurring gold and silver were available locally and, through their rarity, assumed great influence as currency, but their role in technology was small. The development of rudimentary thermo-chemistry allowed the extraction of, first, copper and bronze, then iron (the Bronze Age, 4000–1000 BC and the Iron Age, 1000 BC–1620 AD), stimulating enormous advances in technology. Cast iron technology (1620s) established the dominance of metals in engineering; since then the evolution of steels (1850 onward), light alloys (1940s), and special alloys has consolidated their position. By the 1950s, ―engineering materials‖ meant ―metals‖. Engineers were given courses in metallurgy; other materials were barely mentioned. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Perspective There had, of course, been developments in the other classes of material. Improved cements, refractories, and glasses; and rubber, Bakelite, and polyethylene among polymers; but their share of the total materials market was small. Since 1950 all that has changed. The rate of development of new metallic alloys is now slow; demand for steel and cast iron has in some countries actually fallen. The polymer and composite industries, on the other hand, are growing rapidly, and projections of the growth of production of new high- performance ceramics suggests continued expansion here also. Alloy : Metallic material consisting of a base metal and one or more alloying elements partially or completely dissolving in the base metal. Alloys are frequently denoted by symbols of their components, the symbol of the base metal being usually underlined, as, e.g., Cu–Zn alloy for brasses. Brass : Cu alloy where zinc is the main alloying element. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials • Throughout the history of man, countries that produced metals of exceptional quality became wealthy lands. For example, Britain learned to produce high-quality steel that enabled it to conquer 1/5 of the world. • A country was often invaded because of the metal ores that were known to exist there. For example, Rome invaded Britain for its Tin mines. • Kings spent fortunes trying to find the secret of the Philosopher’s stone where Lead could be turned into Gold with the transmutation agent being able to right bodily imperfections, cure all illnesses and confer long life. For a long time, mercury (Hg) was thought to be this agent. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials STONE AGE Flint knife Metals are the oldest elements known and in the past, the AGES are named after metals… I. Copper II. Bronze III. Iron Flint arrowhead Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials The development of civilisation has relied heavily on the discovery of metals. Prehistoric man used metals to build tools and weapons and as our knowledge of metallurgy has developed, metals have played an essential role in the advancement of agriculture, transport and arts and craft – forging the path to today’s modern society. The first seven metals which mankind identified and used in the past are: GOLD (6000 BC) Jewelery COPPER (4200 BC) Weapons SILVER (4000 BC) Ornaments, Jewelery LEAD (3500 BC) Container, Pipes METALS of TIN (1750 BC) Bronze, Adding to Cu Weapons ANTIQUITY IRON (1500 BC) Weapons MERCURY (750 BC) Tombsdissolve Ag and Au Why not the other metals give names to the AGES!!! Until the end of the 17th century only 12 metals are known; Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Zinc (Zn), Bismuth (Bi) [13-14th] and Platinum (Pt), 16th http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials SO, what is the answer for GOLD not being a NAME for an AGE? It was not used as a WEAPON WHY NOT USE as a WEAPON? For the first question, gold was still valuable and rare, no one would think of using a golden material for daily use. Also gold is a very soft metal, and thus cannot be used for hard tasks as it will bend and break easily. Gold was used commonly before copper or iron, yet wasn't ever a vital part of its time periods way of life. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials 6000 BC MESOLITHIC 10,000-4,500 BC Gold Hunting and gathering communities moved Stone Age man learned to fashion across land near the British Isles forming gold into jewellery. The popularity stone tools and ―microliths‖ – small trimmed blades mounted in different of gold is largely due to its combinations to make a variety of tools. scarcity, value and mankind’s fascination with the metal. 4,500-2,300 BC Widespread use of polished stones and flint axes. http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials Copper 4200 BC Silver The use of copper in antiquity is of more 4000 BC significance than gold as the first tools, implements and weapons were made from copper. Silver had always been very widely used throughout history as a basis for monetary systems and played central roles in the currencies of the Roman and Chinese Empires. Lead 3500 BC It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Bronze Age Abydos dated circa 3800 BC. 2300-700 BC The wheel is used in The bronze age began when metallurgists discovered central Europe. mixing two metals together created a stronger substance than either of the individual metals. http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials Tin IRON 1750 BC smelted 1500 BC First smelted in combination with copper around 3500 BC to produce bronze. The oldest artifacts The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the date from around 2000 BC. start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons. The Hattites discovered iron around 1500 BC giving them a distinct advantage in war. Mercury 750 BC Known to ancient Chinese and Indians before 2000 BC, and found in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BC http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials Nickel 1751 After iron, nickel is believed to be the second most plentiful element in the Earth and is used in the production of corrosion resistant alloys. Uranium 1789 Uranium oxide has been used to colour glass and ceramics from as early as A.D. 79. Its applications today are almost exclusively in the production of nuclear fuels and weapons. http://www.makin-metals.com/about/history-of-metals-infographic/ Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Historical Use of Materials Uranium 1789 Uranium oxide has been used to colour glass and ceramics from as early as A.D.