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Siderophores from Marine Bacteria with Special Emphasis on Vibrionaceae

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Siderophores from Marine Bacteria with Special Emphasis on Vibrionaceae Archana et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 7 (3): 58-66 (2019) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Available online at www.ijpab.com DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7492 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 7 (3): 58-66 (2019) Review Article Siderophores from Marine Bacteria with Special Emphasis on Vibrionaceae Archana V.1, K. Revathi2*, V. P. Limna Mol3, R. Kirubagaran3 1Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Madras University, Chennai- 600005 2MAHER University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu – 600078 3Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Pallikaranai, Chennai- 600100 *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 11.04.2019 | Revised: 18.05.2019 | Accepted: 25.05.2019 ABSTRACT More than 500 siderophores have been isolated from a huge number of marine bacteria till date. With mankind’s ever-increasing search for novel molecules towards industrial and medical applications, siderophores have gained high importance. These chelating ligands have immense potential in promoting plant growth, drug-delivery, treatment of iron-overload, etc. Many of the potential siderophores have been isolated from bacteria like Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Nocardia, etc. Bacteria belonging to the family Vibrionaceae have recently gained focus owing to their rich potential in secreting siderophores. Many of the vibrionales, viz. Vibrio harveyii, V. anguillarium, V. campbellii. etc. are aquatic pathogens. These bacteria require iron for their growth and virulence, and hence produce a wide variety of siderophores. The genetic basis of siderophore production by Vibrio sp. has also been largely studied. Further detailed genetic analysis of the mode of siderophore production by Vibrionaceae would be highly effective to treat aquaculture diseases caused by these pathogenic organisms. Key words: Marine bacteria; Siderophore; Vibrionaceae; Bioactivity; Vibrio campbellii. INTRODUCTION microbial types. Marine bacteria are defined The earth is mainly surrounded by the ocean41. by bacteria living in a marine environment The marine environment harbours huge ranging from pelagic to benthic ecosystems, in biodiversity and is a potential source of marine which salinity plays a vital role9. The essential microorganisms with extensive applications5. contribution of marine microbial communities The fundamental sources for growth and is in global biomass, nitrogen cycling, and survival of plants and animals are abundantly biodiversity50. The prokaryotic microbes lead a available in the marine environment. The sea key role in Fe Cycling to release the energy water contains 1 million microorganisms per and matter and to maintain ecosystem milliliter, which includes several thousands of functioning25,35. Cite this article: Archana, V., Revathi, K., Limna Mol, V. P., Kirubagaran, R., Siderophores from Marine Bacteria with Special Emphasis on Vibrionaceae, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 7(3): 58-66 (2019). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7492 Copyright © May-June, 2019; IJPAB 58 Archana et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 7 (3): 58-66 (2019) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Marine microbes are involved in the have also been resolved27. Siderophore peptide fundamental aspects of controlling the backbone is usually made up of several environment based on biogeochemistry44. analogs of nonprotein amino acids, including Marine microbes are free-living which modified and D-amino acids14. Some bacteria supports research which exhibits the produce one type of siderophore while many biogeographic pattern30. Approaches towards produce multiple types of siderophore that the marine microbes were significantly enable microbes to grow in different changed by researchers to isolate the various environments7. potential bioactive products37. The objective of this review is to peruse the Gram-negative bacteria can survive available literature to explain the importance better in the rough oceanic environment of iron for bacterial growth and virulence, because of the cell membrane structure and general contour of the iron Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The outer assimilation system, role of siderophores in membrane LPS triggers the immune response marine ecosystem with special reference to which leads to infection and even causes siderophores from marine Vibrionaceae. death32,47. Marine bacteria have been found to 1. Siderophore : an overview be a great source of novel bioactive Most of the organisms require iron as an compounds, with more than a thousand essential element in a variety of metabolic and compounds being isolated and screened for the cellular pathways due to its unique chemical potential to produce contemporary medicine22. properties. Iron-containing cofactors such as Metabolic activity of bacterium requires iron iron-sulfur clusters or heme groups are found for its growth and survival. Iron exists in two to be present in over 100 enzymes that act in forms, either as Ferrous Fe II or insoluble processes of primary and secondary ferric Fe III, but in the oceanic environment, it metabolism. Its ability to coordinate and is present in the ferric condition due to the trigger oxygen and to get ideal oxidation neutral to alkaline pH34. Although the chemistry for involvement in electron bacterium requires an easily soluble ferrous transport and metabolic processes makes iron form, survival in the aerobic environment was most suitable for catalyzing broad spectrum of a difficult task. However, in the aerobic a redox reaction29,36. condition under certain biological pH, ferrous Fe (II) is soluble in aqueous solution at is oxidized to ferric iron34. Further, to neutral pH and, if the reductive state is overcome this condition of low iron maintained, is, therefore, sufficiently available availability and to sustain in the aerobic for living cells. In general, omnipresent condition, bacteria developed an interesting divalent metal transporters can be taken mechanism to assimilate the iron from any over8,3,29. In bacteria8 and fungi16, specific Fe given environment by secreting iron-carrying (II)) uptake systems are known. However, Fe or binding molecules, literally coined as (II) is oxidized to Fe (III)) in most microbial siderophores33. habitats either spontaneously by reacting in Siderophore, literally coined as an iron host organisms with molecular oxygen or chelating compound19, are low -molecular enzymatically during assimilation and weight ligands (20-2000 Da) produced to circulation. Knight et al.42 Fe (III) forms ferric hydrolyze and metabolize iron by bacteria, oxide complex in the environment. Fe (III)) fungi and plants36. The iron ligation groups forms complexes of ferric oxide hydrate in the were tentatively classified into three major presence of oxygen and water with neutral to chemical types: Hydroxamate, Catecholate, basic pH. These complexes are very stable, and Hydroxy carboxylates; However, other resulting in a free concentration of Fe (III)27,34. siderophore structures, including oxazoline, Using multiples of membrane-bound iron thiazoline, hydroxypyridinone, α- and β- siderophore receptors, iron-coordinated hydroxy acids and α-keto acid components, siderophore (III) are accumulated by Copyright © May-June, 2019; IJPAB 59 Archana et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 7 (3): 58-66 (2019) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 microorganisms through facilitative transport. types of siderophores are Catecholate, Iron is predominantly removed from Hyroxymates, carboxylate and mixed ligands. siderophore by a redox-mediated process the 3. Sources of Siderophores affinity of iron (II) siderophore is much lower Most of the microorganisms produce a wide than that of iron (III)38. Some siderophores range of siderophores (iron-chelators) in iron- may be secreted to deprive the competing deficient marine ecosystems. Four significant organisms of iron, which will in turn influence environmental habitats occur naturally: soil the ecology of the environment that the and surface water, marine water, plant tissue secreting colony occupies17,23. The correlation (pathogens) and animal tissue (pathogen). For between siderophore production and virulence bacteria and fungi, the soil is a rich source of is strong for some microorganisms12. The habitat. Generally, gram-positive species are fundamental role of siderophore is involved in those belonging to the Bacillus, Arthobacter, the acquisition of high affinity and receptor- Actinomycetales and Nocardia genera. Almost dependent ferric ion transport. Siderophore all of these microbes produce and secrete production regulation is based on iron ferrioxamines that promote growth not only of concentration in the environment24. the producing organisms but also for other 2. Types of Siderophores microbial population that can avail it. Microbial products, especially secondary Aspergillus and Penicillium, which mainly metabolites can be considered as siderophores produce ferrichromes are soil fungi. This when they possess characteristics such as iron group of siderophore is made up of cyclic chelating property. Iron level plays a vital role hexapeptides and therefore highly resistant to in the biosynthesis of siderophores and has the environmental degradation due to the wide capability to transport across the membrane48. range of hydrolytic enzymes present in the Including secondary metabolites, different and soil49. The pH values of soils containing complex chemical structures within the decaying plant materials are as low as 3-4. siderophore are typical, preventing their Because of
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