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Visualization of Construction Sequence and Fuzzy Logic Evaluation of The Visualization of Construction Sequence and Fuzzy Logic Evaluation of The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda (Dayanta) in China Master Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Masters of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University. By Fei Yang, B.S. Graduate Program in Civil Engineering The Ohio State University 2016 Thesis Committee: Dr. Fabian Tan, Advisor Dr. Abdollah Shafieezadeh, Committee Member Dr. Philip Smith, Committee Member Dr. Karen Dannemiller, Committee Member Copyright by Fei Yang 2016 Abstract Dayanta, also called the Great Wild Goose Pagoda, is a square seven-floor pagoda located in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China. This thesis provides a visualized investigation of Dayanta in three aspects: (1) redrawing the four different versions of Dayanta in history; (2) providing a 3-D simulation of the structure and construction sequence of today’s Dayanta by using Autodesk 3DS MAX in a step-by-step manner; and (3) evaluating the performance of Dayanta by using Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis (FFTA) in the form of diagram and fuzzy logic graphics. A graphics pipeline has been proposed as the methodology to accomplish the entire modeling work, and it offers an effective method for the digital reconstruction of ancient buildings and graphical simulation in its structure and construction activities. The significance of the Dayanta modeling work can be reflected in the contributions to preserve ancient architecture, visualize historical data in 3-D graphics, and apply the models in education. The results produced by the two FFTA agree with a real observation of Dayanta, ranging from extremely good to very good, verifying the effectiveness of the use of FFTA to investigate the Dayanta’s performance. In conclusion, the visualized investigation of ancient building can be regarded as an exploration of the application of visualization techniques and the employment of fuzzy methods when investigating the performance of the Dayanta. KEYWORD: 3-D graphical simulation, angular fuzzy model, construction sequence, Dayanta, fuzzy fault tree, Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, visualization ii Dedication Dedicated to my family iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my gratefulness to my advisor Dr. Fabian Tan for his encouragement and guidance in my research. With his patient advice and insightful vision, I could finish my research from a small initial idea to this systematic work. This thesis cannot be accomplished without his patient instruction and advising. Also, I sincerely thank to all my committee members, they are Dr. Abdollah Shafieezadeh, Dr. Karen Dannemiller and Dr. Philip Smith. With their constructive comments and intellectual suggestions, I could retrospect to my thesis, discover drawbacks and make improvements continuously. Additionally, I thank all my friends in my program, who provided me with excellent comments and suggestions during my research. Especially, I want to thank Lixin Jia and her son, who helped me take photos onsite. Without their help, I cannot complete such an excellent work. Moreover, I appreciate all my friends in Columbus Chinese Christian Church (CCCC), and I cannot gain such an achievement without their emotional support. Lastly and most importantly, I want to thank my parents and my husband for providing me with encouragement and support when I was working on my thesis. Your continuous trust and sincere blessings are inexhaustible motivation for me through my life forever. iv Vita 2012 ...............................................................B.S. Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China 2014-2015 ......................................................Graduate Program of Civil Engineering, Ohio University 2015-Present ..................................................Graduate Program of Civil Engineering, The Ohio State University Publications Yang, Fei, Shilun Hao, Adrian Tan and Fabian Tan. 2016. “Graphic Modeling for Step-By- Step Construction of the Dayan Pagoda In Xi’an.” Proceeding of the 16th International Conference on Geometry and Graphics, ICGG 2016. Beijing, China. Yang, Jin, Adrian Tan, Fabian Tan, Michael Parke and Fei Yang. 2016. “Computer-Aided Construction of The Great Wall of China in Jinshanling.” Proceeding of the 16th International Conference on Geometry and Graphics, ICGG 2016. Beijing, China. Hao, Shilun, Adrian Tan, Fei Yang and Fabian Tan. 2016. “Graphical Simulation of the Construction Process of Chinese Dougong Using Virtual Reality.” Poster Session of the 16th International Conference on Geometry and Graphics, ICGG 2016. Beijing, China. Liang, Man, Fei Yang, Shilun Hao and Fabian Tan. 2016. “Graphical Simulation of Humble Administrator’s Garden and Animations.” Poster Session of the 16th International Conference on Geometry and Graphics, ICGG 2016. Beijing, China. Fields of Study Major field: Civil Engineering v Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ii Dedication ........................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. iv Vita ....................................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... x List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xvii Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Goal ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Objective ................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Limitations ................................................................................................................. 7 1.6 Tasks .......................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................. 12 2.1 Humanity ................................................................................................................. 12 vi 2.1.1 Public culture ................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Buddhist cultural influence .............................................................................. 14 2.2 Mechanical .............................................................................................................. 17 2.2.1 Anti-seismic studies ......................................................................................... 17 2.3 Graphical simulation ............................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 3-D Modeling ................................................................................................... 20 2.3.2 VR simulation ................................................................................................... 23 2.3.3 Digital Reconstruction ...................................................................................... 25 2.4 Fuzzy Logic .............................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 3 Historical Studies .............................................................................................. 30 3.1 A Brief History of the Dayanta ................................................................................ 30 3.2 First Version of the Dayanta (AD 652–704) ............................................................ 35 3.3 Second Version of the Dayanta (AD 704–930) ....................................................... 39 3.4 Third Version of the Dayanta (AD 933–1604) ......................................................... 42 3.5 Fourth Version of the Dayanta (AD 1604–present) ................................................ 45 Chapter 4 Substructure ..................................................................................................... 48 4.1 Water Table ............................................................................................................. 48 4.2 Soil Condition .......................................................................................................... 52 4.3 Foundation .............................................................................................................. 56 vii 4.4 Leaning .................................................................................................................... 61 Chapter 5 Superstructure ................................................................................................
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