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Research Article ISSN 2250-0480 VOL3/ISSUE4/OCT-DE2013

ETHNOBOTANICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL USES OF VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDES (LINN) NASH: A MEDICINAL OF RAJASTHAN

ARCHANA PAREEK1 AND ASHWANI KUMAR2

1Head of the Department of Botany and Biotechnology, Vedic Kanya P G Girls College, Jaipur 2Former Head of the Department of Botany, and Director Life Sciences, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004.

ABSTRACT

Wetlands provide a unique habitat for several medicinal . Attempt has been made to document some of the little known medicinal properties of wetland plants used by local community of . Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash synonymously known as zizanioides (L) Roberty (Family: /Gramineae) is widely cultivated in the tropical regions of the world. The plant has a unique characteristic of being xerophyte (tolerates prolonged ) but it survive under long seasonal flooding; it tolerates extreme temperature and grows over a wide range of pH. A perennial aromatic grass grows up to 2 meter in height. Vetiver has been known in India from the ancient times. It is known as Khas-Khas and is widely used as cooling agent, tonic and blood purifier. It is used to treat many skin disorders and is known to have calming effect on the nervous system. Other medicinal uses of Khas Khas include ringworm, indigestion and loss of appetite. It has been considered a high-class . Though the aquatic situations of India are rich repositories of various plant species, not much work has been under taken to enumerate the medicinal uses of them.

Key words: Khas Khas, perfume, ringworm, xerophytes, wetland plant, traditional medicine, aquatic angiosperms, biodiversity, wetlands of India.

1. INTRODUCTION

Although Rajasthan is considered desert state but it source for cultivation of medicinal plants. Though has rich aquatic flora and biodiversity. Out of an the aquatic situations of India are rich repositories estimated 1500 species of plants in the state nearly of various plant species, not much work has been one fifth are aquatics (Pareek, 1996, Razvy, 2011). under taken to enumerate the medicinal uses of Reports published exclusively on the aquatic plants them. Maya et al. (2003) analyzed the economic of the state are not many (Pareek and Sharma, importance of river vegetation of Kerala and gave 1988). Some of the reports include Ajit Sagar bandh the uses of 35 species including the bank species (Nair and Kanodia , 1959) ; Bharatpur (Sarup, apart from the aquatic/wetland species. Panda and 1961), Ghana bird sanctuary (Saxena , 1975) ; Misra (2011) provided information about ethno Alwar (Vyas 1962) ; Kota (Gupta, 1966) , 1966); medicinal uses of 48 wetland plant species of South Bundi district (Maheshwari and Singh, 1974) and Orissa and discussed their conservation. Swapna et Jaipur district (Sharma and Kumar, 2011, 2012) al (2011) made a review on the medicinal and Pareek (1994a, 1994b) carried out detailed edible aspects of aquatic and wetland plants of investigations on several aquatic species from India. In this review they includes 70 species. Rajasthan and also studied their medicinal Traditional Indian Medicine had their in one properties. Shreevastava and Kumar (2007) way or another in folk remedies and household characterized wetlands of Rajasthan as potential remedies. Useful compilations of medicinal plants

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of India were published by Kumar (2000). Kumar SANSKRIT SYNONYMS and Sopory, (2008) reviewed the studies on Useera, Sevya, Veerana, Veera, Ranapriya, traditional Indian Ayurvedic Medicines and some Samagandhika, Sugandhimoola. potential plants for bioenergy, medicine from India. English: Vetiver, Khas –khas grass Sharma et al., (2003) characterized medicinal Hindi: Khas plants for skin and hair care. Quite a number of Malayalam: Ramacham workers have published their work on the Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash synonymously known ethnomedicine of the tribals of Rajasthan. Sharma as L. Roberty (Family: and Kumar, (2005, 2006, 2007), studied traditional Poaceae/Graminae) is widely cultivated in the medicinal practices of Rajasthan. Besides this tropical regions of the world. plant based veterinary medicine from traditional knowledge of India has been recorded in Bulletin of 3.1 Habit and habitat Botanical Survey of India (Sharma, Dadhich and It is a miraculous grass native to India first Kumar, 2005). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal developed for soil and conservation by the plants from Baran District. (Meena and Kumar, World Bank during mid 1980s. The plant has a 2012) unique characteristic of being xerophyte (tolerates prolonged drought) but it survive under long 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS seasonal flooding; it tolerates extreme temperature and grows over a wide range of soil pH. A

perennial aromatic grass grows up to 2 meter in The sample of selected plants were collected from height. The plant has small stout rhizomatous stolen different parts of Rajasthan from water bodies and which gives rise to spongy, fibrous, dense marshy areas. To acquire detailed knowledge on system. Roots have aromatic properties and grow the utilization of plant resources, old and 20-30 cm deep in medium textured marginal experienced persons, village heads, and farmers under cultivation. The are linear, narrow, were also contacted, besides making personal erect, grassy, and glabrous with scabrid margins. observation on spot; the species are identified with Inflorescence is a panicle upto 15 to 45 cm long, the help of relevant literatures and deposited in bearing numerous racemes in a whorl on a central Herbarium, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur. For axis. Spikelets grey in a panicle of numerous the study of medicinal property of wetland plants racemes. One floret in spike is bisexual and sessile, frequent trips were made in wetland areas, lakes, fruits oblong grains. The other floret is pedicelled ponds, puddles, ditches, canal, swamps etc. During and staminate. The lower spikelet are reduced to the survey, plants occurring in different water lamina. There is considerable diversity in pattern of saturated areas were collected, photographed and growth, orientation and thickness of roots as well as identified. Their nature of growth, habit, habitat and occurrence of secondary roots. Java vetiver is non medicinal property were noted from local rural and flowering type has a broader leaves (1.1mm) tribal people of different area. medium thick stems, bushy growth bearing with

high pollen sterlitiy the plants give out more 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION branching roots with higher contents and oil is dextro-rotatory in nature. Khas (Vetiver) grass is Vetiveria zinanioides (Linn) Nash belongs to tall, stout and perennial with oblong penicle Family Gramineae / Poaceae. over 30 cm long which has whorled Common name Khas Khas grass (Africa), Vetiver bearing spikeletes 5-6 mm long, with a few (), Akar Wangi - fragrant root - name used in tubercle-based short bristles. The species under Java, Khus Khus – aromatic root - name used in cultivation do not . Vetiver roots are stout India. and contain oil which provide its fragrance (Fig 1).

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Figure 1 Vetiver roots

3.1.2. Distribution as cooling agent, tonic and blood purifier. It is used This tufted grass grows throughout the plains of to treat many skin disorders and is known to have India ascending up to an elevation of 1200 m. calming effect on the nervous system. It is regarded Having wide ecological amplitude, this grass grows as a stimulant, refrigerant and antibacterial and in a wide variety of ecological habitats covering all when applied externally, it removes excess heat bio-geographic provinces of India. Khas grass from the body and gives a cooling effect. Being a grows wild in many states, namely Haryana, Uttar major constituent of ‘Rasayana’ in , Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Bihar, Orissa and different parts of the vetiver plant have traditionally Madhya Pradesh and throughout South India. It is been used by the Indian tribes for treating various systematically cultivated in the North Indian states ailments, diseases and disorders including boils, of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab and in the burns, epilepsy, fever, scorpion sting, snakebite, South Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, sores in the mouth, headache, toothache, weakness, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The bulk of the lumbago, sprain, rheumatism, urinary tract roots used for cooling purposes and for the infection, malarial fever, acidity relief and as an extraction of the oil are obtained from the wild. anti-helmintic. It has also been used in traditional medicine of Asia and Africa, particularly ancient 3.1.1 Cultivation Tamil literature mentions the use of vetiver for The grass grows luxuriantly in areas with an annual medical purposes. Other medicinal uses of Khas rainfall of 800 -2000 mm and temperature ranging Khas include ringworm, indigestion and loss of from 22 to 400 C. Marshy riverbeds with sandy appetite. It has been considered a high-class are best suited for this grass. It is commercially perfume. Copper plate inscriptions listing the cultivated as large population of Khas (Vetiver) perfume as one of the articles used by royalty have grass in wet and damp environments over marshy been discovered in Ayurvedic literature is called as places and riverbanks. However the yield from the “Suganti-mulaka” i.e. sweet smelling and “Sita cultivated crops, however, meets only a very small Mulaka” (having cool roots). All over India the percentage of the requirements of the country. roots are made to scented , fans, ornamental baskets and many other small articles. Also burnt as 3.2. AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES fumigator. Rasa : Tikta, Madhura Guna : Lakhu, Rooksha 3.2.1. Phytoremediation Virya : Seeta Research on various aspects of vetiver make it an Vipaka : Katu excellent plant describing many characteristics Vetiver has been known in India from the ancient including phytoremediation, water purification, times. It is known as Khas-Khas and is widely used

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leachate and effluent disposal, utilizing wastewater, Vetiver oil has potent antibacterial, drug-resistant removing nitrogen and phosphorus etc. modifying, hydroxyl radical scavenging, anticancer, antihepatotoxic and antioxidant activity in intact 3.2.2. Vetiver oil and spent root of vetiver. The of vetiver Vetiver oil is one of the most valuable and has extensive applications in toiletries and important raw materials in perfumery, extensive , possesses sedative property and has applications in the soap and cosmetic industries, for traditionally been used in aromatherapy for pharmaceutical companies and as antimicrobial and relieving stress, anxiety, nervous tension and anti-fungal agent (Singh et al. 1978; Dikshit and insomnia. The plant roots are steam distilled to Husain 1984). These properties may open new obtain Vetiver oil. The oil is finest oriental perfume possibilities to the utilization of vetiver extracts in with persistent fragrance. The blended perfume oil the pharmaceutical industry. Vetiver oil is being of vetiver acts as an excellent fixative for volatile used in Ayurvedic system of medicine in India compounds. It is known for its cooling properties. (Lavania, 2003). Vetiver oil is prescribed to relief Vetiver oil is the basis of the Indian perfume rheumatism, lumbago, headache, sprain (Anon., ‘Majmua’ and is the major ingredient in some 36% 1976), and vetiver drink is prescribed for fever, of all western (e.g. Caleche, Chanel No. 5, inflammation and irritability of stomach. Pure Dioressence, Parure, Opium) and 20% of all men’s vetiver (Khus) root oil known in trade as “Ruh – fragrances. Khus” and its use in scents since ancient time. It is the major source of the well known vetiver oil with 3.3. Traditional medicinal properties world-wide demand of 250 metric tonnes annually. Khas grass plays an important role in the socio- The ‘Sunshine’ cultivar of vetiver (Vetiveria economic life of rural India. In Madhya Pradesh and zizanioides (L.) Nash, =Chrysopogon zizanioides Maharashtra, the plant is used as anthelmintic for (L.) Roberty) show fungicidal and bactericidal children. The plant is used as a tonic for weakness; properties. Some biological activities are also the Lodhas of West Bengal use the root paste for attributed to the vetiver root extracts such as headache, rheumatism and sprain, and a stem antifungal (Sridhar et al., 2003) antioxidant (Kim et decoction for urinary tract infection; the Mandla al., 2005) and antiinflammatory (Jagtap et al., and Bastar tribes of Madhya Pradesh use the 2004). The vetiver oil can also be used for nursing juice as anthelmintic; the tribes of the Varanasi care residents with dementia-related behaviours, in district inhale the root vapour for malarial fever. order to increase mental alertness and cognitive The root ash is given to patients for acidity by the function (Bowles et al., 2002). World market the Oraon tribe. Likewise, there are very many different demand for vetiver oil is increasing day by day due applications of the plant for different ailments to its unique odour, for which it is used in both among different ethnic tribes (Jain 1991; Singh & flavour and fragrance industries. Moreover, this oil Maheshwari 1983).Root is also important in cannot be substituted with reconstituted oil and traditional medicine as a carminative, stimulant and cannot be made through synthetically. Vetiver diaphoretic. The decoction of leaves is perfumes give pleasing aroma and has slow recommended as a diaphoretic. A decoction When evaporation rate. Its major constituents in oil extract applied locally applied in rheumatism lumbago and are Vetivone, Zinanal and Epizizizanal. Zinanal sprain, it is a good ambrocatoin and affords relief and Epizizizanal also have activity. in. In Madhya Pradesh the plant is used as an It is widely used in perfumes and cosmetics and anthelmintic for children. Formulations containing for scenting soaps. Popularly known as ‘KHUS’, it oil and/or extracts of vetiver have been reported to is the major source of the well-known oil of vetiver, treat inflammatory bowel disease, urinary tract which is used in medicine, cosmetics and in infection, and in making insect repellents. It is one perfumery making agarbattis, soaps, soft drinks, pan of the most promising aromatic plants known to masala. It blends well with the of possess antimicrobial, antioxidant and germicidal and rose. The oil is reported to be used as properties. However, the plant has not been studied carminative in flatulence colic and obstinate exclusively for other pharmacological activities and vomiting. Major constituents of the essential oil of there is a lack of scientific evidence to prove these Khas Khas are vetiselineol and khusimol which effects. render the herb its pharmacological properties.

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3.4.1. Desert coolers 4. Medicinal properties Its roots are used for desert coolers in summer in It is also used for boils, burns, epilepsy, fever, North India. In India, since ancient times, the roots scorpion sting, snakebite, and sores in the mouth. have been used for making screens, mats, hand fans, Root extract is used for headache and toothache. and baskets. The screens are hung like curtains in Vetiver oil is regarded as stimulant, diaphoretic and the houses and when sprinkled with water, impart a refrigerant. Local application of leaf paste for fragrant coolness to the air; they are in great rheumatism, lumbago and sprain gives good relief. demand during the summer. In Kerala, the roots are The dried roots are also used to perfume the linen woven along with bamboo splits and made into flat clothes. The rachis is used in the manufacture of mattresses for use as under-beds to give a cooling moodas, sirkies, etc. effect. The roots have found increased use in electric room-coolers. 5. Commercial Applications The commercial applications of the grass mainly 3.4.2. Soft drinks and perfumery products pertain to the extraction of vetiver oil through It is also used in in perfumery, cosmetics and soaps distillation of the roots. Over 150 compounds have and for flavoring sherbets (Indian cool drinks). been isolated and characterized from vetiver oil so Roots are also used for preparing Sherbet or soft far. A major portion of oil consists of sesquiterpene drink during summer, especially in North India. alcohol (Thakur et al. 1989). Both vetiverols and acetates have softer odours and 6. Additional uses fixative qualities, and are used as blender with high- Besides these medicinal properties of the plant, the class perfumery products. They blend well with dried culms of the plant are used as brooms and to ionone, linalool, cinnamic alcohol, oakmoss, vanila, thatch roofs. Pulp of the plant is used to prepare sandalwood, patchouli and rose bases, and are straw boards and paper. In India, the roots have frequently used in western type of fragrances been used for making screens, mats, hand fans, and having , fougere, rose, violet and amber baskets. The young leaves are browsed by and aldehyde base, and oriental fragrances and floral . Dried culms are used for making brooms and compounds. In addition to its direct perfumery thatching of huts. Apart from the medicinal uses, applications, vetiver oil in its diluted form is the culms along with the panicles form a good extensively used in after-shave lotions, air freshners broom for sweeping. The culms and leaves are also and bathing purposes, as well as flavoring syrups, extensively used by the tribes and villagers for ice cream, cosmetic and food preservation. Khus thatching their huts, mud walls, etc. Some tribes (in essence is used in cool drinks, and for reducing Kerala) use the mats of the roots and leaves as bed pungency of chewing tobacco preparations, for a cooling effect. providing sweet note to other masticatories and 7. Recommendations sticks. Several villagers and rural folk collect the roots of the grass in large quantities from Lucknow, Delhi, 3.5 Chemical constituents Kanpur, etc. Three to four months of livelihood of The chemical constituents present in the plant are several rural families is sustained extensively by the Vetiverol, Vetivone, Khusimone, Khusimol, sale of roots of this grass, which thus plays a Vetivene, Khositone, Terpenes, Benzoic significant role in the socio-economic lives of acid,Tripene-4-ol, ß-Humulene, Epizizianal, village and rural folk. In view of its tremendous use vetivenyl vetivenate, iso khusimol, ß-vetivone, and also in view of its declining wild populations, vetivazulene. In the roots, the main component was the authors strongly recommend the large-scale valencene (30.36%), while in the and leaves, systematic cultivation of this grass in the plains of they were 9-octadecenamide (33.50%), North India. Counting both the grass and the root 2,6,10,15,19,23- hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22- system, vetiver can produce up to 100 tons/hectare tetracosahexaene (27.46%), and 1,2- of biomass (dry weight) within 8 months. If the benzendicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester(18.29%). grass is only harvested as a biomass fuel, and the The results showed that there were many terpenoids perennial vetiver grass is left in the ground and in the volatils. In volatiles, there existed 3 allowed to grow back, year after year lasting for monoterpenes, 2 sequiterpenes and 1 triterpene. ever with only minimum care and some fertilizer Most of the volatiles in roots were sesquiterpenes. (TVN, 2008).

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8. REFERENCES

1. Anon. (1990). Value of Vetiver Grass. Antifungal activity of some oils, J. Agric. Vetiver Newsletter 4:6.Anon. (1976). The Food Chem. 51 7596–7599. Thakur, R.S.; Wealth of India 10: 451-457. CSIR, New Puri, H.S.; and Akhtar, H. (1989). Major Delhi, India. Medicinal Plants of India, pp. 521-7. CIMAP, 2. Bowles, E.J., D.M. Griffiths, L. Quirk, A. Lucknow, India. Brownrigg, K. Croot, (2002)Effects of 14. Kumar, A. 2000. Traditional Indian Ayurvedic essential oils and touch on resistance to Medicines: Some potential plants for nursing care procedures and other bioenergy, medicine from India. Institute of dementiarelated behaviours in a residential Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and care facility, Int. J. Aromather. 12: 22–29 Pharmaceutical University, . 27: 3-15. 3. Dikshit, A. And Husain, A. (1984). 15. Kumar, A. (2008): Ayurvedic medicines: Antifungal action of some essential oils Some potential plants for medicine from India. against animal pathogens. Fitoterapia 55: 171- In: Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology, 176. Gupta, R S (1966) A study of Eds. Kumar, A. and Spory, S. (New Delhi hydrophytes and marsh plants of Kota and +I.K. International), 680-694. einvirons ( India) Trop Ecol 7: 153-162. 16. Maheshwari, J K and Singh, V. (1974) The 4. Jain, S. K. 1991. Dictionary of Indian Folk aquatic and marshland plants of Bundi district, Medicine and Ethno-botany. Deep Publ., New Rajasthan. J. Bombay Nat. History Soc. 70: Delhi, India. 438-446. Meena R, and Kumar A. (2012) 5. Jagtap, A.G. S.S. Shirke, A.S. Phadke. (2004) Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants Effect of polyherbal formulation on from Baran District of Rajasthan, India. The experimental models of inflammatory bowel Journal of Ethnobiology and Traditional diseases, J. Ethnopharmacol. 90 :195–204 Medicine. Photon 117 (2012) 199-203 6. Kim, H., F. Chen, X. Wang, H.Y. Chung, Z. 17. NRC (National Research Council). 1993. Jin, (2005) Evaluation of antioxidant activity Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanoides L.) oil and . ORDPB, Bangkok. identification of its antioxidant constituents, J. 18. Nair , N C and Kanodia , K C. (1959) A study Agric. Food Chem. 53 7691–7695. of the vegetation of Ajit Sagar Bund, 7. Lavania, U. C. (2003). Vetiver Root – Oil and Rajasthan. J Bombay Nat History Soc. 56: Its Utilization. PRVN Tech. Bull. No.2003/1, 524-557. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 19. Pareek, A. (1994a) Three hitherto unreported 8. Panichpol, V., Waipanya, S., Siriwongse, M., aquatic species from Rajasthan. J. Phytol. and Srichoo, C., 1996. Analysis of chemical Res.7: 89-90. presented at ICV-3, 141, Thailand. 20. Pareek, A. (1994b) Preliminary ethnobotanical 9. Sastry, K. N. R. (1998). Socio-economic notes on the plants of aquatic habitats of dimensions of vetiver in rainfed areas of Rajasthan. J. Phytol. Res. 7: 73-76. Karnataka, Scientific and Industrial Research, 21. Pareek, A. (1996) Edible plants of aquatic X: 451-457, New Delhi. habitats in Rajasthan. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20: 10. Satya P. S. et al. (2013) Journal of Drug 101-105. Discovery and Therapeutics 1 (7) 80-83 22. Pareek, A. and Sharma, S. (1988). 11. Singh, G.; Singh, B. S.; and Kumar, B.R.V. Phytogeographical affinities of the aquatic 1978. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils flora of Rajasthan. Acta Botanica Indica 16: against keratinophilic fungi. Indian Drugs 19-22. 16(2): 43-45. 23. Parveen, Upadhyay, B., Roy, S. and Kumar, 12. Singh, K.K.; and Maheshwari, J.K. 1983. A. (2007): Traditional use of medicinal plants Traditional phytotherapy amongst the tribals among the rural communities of Churu of Varanasi district U.P. J. Econ.Tax. Bot. 4: District in the Thar Desert, India Journal of 829-838. Ethnopharmacology 113, 387-399. 13. Sridhar, S.R., R.V. Rajagopal, R. Rajavel, S. 24. Razvy MA, Faruk MO, Hoque MA. Masilamani, S. Narasimhan, (2003) Environment friendly antibacterial activity of

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water chestnut fruits. J Biodiver Envio Sci Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences 10, 2011; 1:26-34. 51-53. 25. Sarup, S (1961) Hydrophytes of Bharatpur, 35. Sharma, L.K. and Kumar, A. (2007): preliminary study. Univ. Raj. Stud. (Biol) 5:1- Traditional medicinal practices of Rajasthan. 11. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6, 26. Saxena, V S. (1975) A study of flora and 531-533. fauna of Bharatpur ( Keola dev Ghana) Bird 36. Sharma, L.K. and Kumar, A. (2007): sanctuary. Jaipur 1-108. Traditional medicinal practices of Rajasthan. 27. Sharma, S. (1980) Angiosperm of aquatic Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6, environment in Jaipur district, Rajasthan, 531-533. Univ. Rajasthan, Stud. 18-35. 37. Sharma, L.K., Dadhich, N.K. and Kumar, A. 28. Sharma L.K., Agrawal, G. and Kumar, A. (2005): Plant based veterinary medicine from (2003): Medicinal plants for skin and hair traditional knowledge of India. Bull. of care, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Botanical Survey of India.47,43-52 2, 62-68. 38. Sharma, S and Kumar, A. (2012) 29. Sharma L.K., Agrawal, G. and Kumar, A. Pharmacognostical studies on medicinal plants (2003): Medicinal plants for skin and hair of Semi-arid region. Prime Research on care, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Medicine.2 (3): 505-512. 2, 62-68. 39. Shreevastava, B.P. and Kumar, A. (2007): 30. Sharma M. and Kumar, A. (2011): Wetlands: Status and management strategies Ethnobotanical and Pharmacognostical with special reference to Rajasthan, Studies of Some Medicinal Plants: Tribal Conservation: Strategies and Policy Options Medicines For Health Care and Improving with Special Reference to Rajasthan, SPRI Quality of Life. Germany. LAMBERT Vision 2, 1-14. Academic Publishers. 234 pp. 40. Upadhyay, B., Parveen, Dhaker, A.K. and 31. Sharma, H. and Kumar, A. (2011): Kumar, A. (2010): Ethnomedicinal and Ethnobotanical studies on medicinal plants of ethnopharmaco-statistical studies of Eastern Rajasthan (India): A review. Journal of Rajasthan, India. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5.1107-1112 Ethnopharmacology 129, 64-86. 32. Sharma, L.K. and Kumar, A. (2005): 41. Verma, M., Kumar, A. and Tewari, M. Medicinal plants in ancient belief and cure (2003a): Searching for anti-diarrhoel agents drugs from traditional systems of medicine in among traditional medicines. Int. J. Mendel Rajasthan. In: Herbal medicine, Ed. Trivedi, 20, 77. P.C. (Jaipur + Avishkar Publisher), 207-224. 42. Verma, M., Kumar, A. and Tewari, M. 33. Sharma, L.K. and Kumar, A. (2006): (2003b) : Ethnobotanical studies on medicinal Ethnobotanical and phytochemical studies on plant. Palas. Int. J. Mendel 20, 78. some selected medicinal plants of Rajasthan. 43. Vyas, L N (1962) Vegetation of Jaisamand Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences 10, Lake, Alwar. Proc Rajasthan Acad Sci 9: 45- 51-53. 47. Wilson, E. A., 1995. Aromatherapy for 34. Sharma, L.K. and Kumar, A. (2006): Vibrant Health and Beauty. Penguin Putnam Ethnobotanical and phytochemical studies on Inc., New York. some selected medicinal plants of Rajasthan.

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