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Rolihlahla Mandela was born 1941. There he worked as a mine security and the South African Indian Congress. into the Madiba clan in Mvezo, officer and after meeting , He and 19 others were charged under an estate agent, who introduced him to the Suppression of Communism Act , on July 18, 1918, to Lazar Sidelsky. He then did his articles for their part in the campaign and Nonqaphi Nosekeni and Nkosi through the firm of attorneys Witkin sentenced to nine months hard labour Mphakanyiswa Gadla Mandela, Eidelman and Sidelsky. suspended for two years. principal counsellor to the Meanwhile he began studying for an LLB at the University of the Witwatersrand. Acting King of the Thembu By his own admission he was a poor people, Jongintaba Dalindyebo. student and left the university in 1948 without graduating. He only started After his father’s death in 1927, the studying again through the University of young Rolihlahla became a ward London and also did not complete that of Jongintaba at the Great Place in degree. Mqhekezweni. Hearing the elder’s stories of his ancestor’s valour during the wars In 1989, while in the last months of of resistance, he dreamed also of making his imprisonment, he obtained an LLB his own contribution to the freedom through the University of . struggle of his people. He graduated in absentia at a ceremony in . He attended primary school in Qunu where his teacher Miss Mdingane gave , while increasingly him the name Nelson, in accordance politically involved from 1942, only with the custom to give all school joined the African National Congress in children “Christian” names. 1944 when he helped formed the ANC Youth League. He completed his Junior Certificate at Clarkebury Boarding Institute and went In 1944 he married Walter Sisulu’s cousin on to Healdtown, a Wesleyan secondary , a nurse. They had two A two-year diploma in law on top of his school of some repute, where he sons Madiba Thembekile ‘Thembi’ and BA allowed Nelson Mandela to practice matriculated. Makgatho and two daughters both law and in August 1952 he and Oliver called Makaziwe, the first of whom died Tambo established South Africa’s first Nelson Mandela began his studies in infancy. They effectively separated in black law firm, . for a Bachelor of Arts Degree at the 1955 and divorced in 1958. University College of Fort Hare but did At the end of 1952 he was banned for not complete the degree there as he was Nelson Mandela rose through the ranks the first time. As a restricted person expelled for joining in a student protest. of the ANCYL and through its work the he was only able to secretly watch as He completed his BA through the ANC adopted in 1949 a more radical the was adopted at University of South Africa and went back mass-based policy, the Programme of Kliptown on 26 June 1955. to Fort Hare for his graduation in 1943. Action. Nelson Mandela was arrested in a On his return to the Great Place at In 1952 he was chosen at the National countrywide police swoop of 156 Mkhekezweni the King was furious Volunteer-in-Chief of the Defiance activists on 5 December 1955, which and said if he didn’t return to Fort Hare Campaign with Maulvi Cachalia as led to the . Men and he would arrange wives for him and his Deputy. This campaign of civil women of all races found themselves his cousin Justice. They ran away to disobedience against six unjust laws was in the dock in the marathon trial that instead arriving there in a joint programme between the ANC only ended when the last 30 accused, “I have fought against white domination, and I have fought On 31 March 1982 Nelson Mandela was transferred to against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a in Cape Town with Sisulu, Mhlaba and democratic and free society in which all persons live together in Mlangeni. Kathrada joined them in October. When he returned to the prison harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope in November 1985 after prostate surgery to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I Nelson Mandela was held alone. Justice Minister Kobie Coetsee had visited am prepared to die.” him in hospital. Later Nelson Mandela initiated talks about an ultimate meeting including Mr. Mandela were acquitted police roadblock outside Howick on 5 between the government and on 29 March 1961. August while returning from KwaZulu- the ANC. Natal where he briefed ANC President On 21 March 1960 police killed 69 Chief about his trip. In 1988 he was treated for Tuberculosis unarmed people in a protest at and was transferred on 7 December Sharpeville against the pass laws. This led He was charged with leaving the country 1988 to a house at Victor Verster Prison to the country’s first state of emergency illegally and inciting workers to strike. near Paarl. He was released from its gates on 31 March and the banning of the ANC He was convicted and sentenced to five on Sunday 11 February 1990, nine days and the Pan Africanist Congress on 8 years imprisonment which he began after the unbanning of the ANC and April. Nelson Mandela and his colleagues serving in Pretoria Local Prison. On 27 the PAC and nearly four months after in the Treason Trial were among the May 1963 he was transferred to Robben the release of the remaining Rivonia thousands detained during the state of Island and returned to Pretoria on 12 comrades. Throughout his imprisonment emergency. June. Within a month police raided a he had rejected at least three conditional secret hide-out in Rivonia used by ANC offers of release. During the trial on 14 June 1958 Nelson and Communist Party activists and Mandela married a social worker Winnie several of his comrades were arrested. Nelson Mandela immersed himself into Madikizela. They had two daughters official talks to end white minority rule Zenani and Zindziswa. The couple In October 1963 Nelson Mandela joined and in 1991 was elected ANC President divorced in 1996. nine others on trial for sabotage in to replace his ailing friend . what became known as the Rivonia In 1993 he and President FW de Klerk Days before the end of the Treason Trial. Facing the death penalty his words jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize and on Trial Nelson Mandela travelled to to the court at the end of his famous 27 April 1994 he voted for the first time Pietermaritzburg to speak at the All-in ‘Speech from the Dock’ on 20 April 1964 in his life. Africa Conference, which resolved became immortalized: he should write to Prime Minister On 10 May 1994 he was inaugurated Verwoerd requesting a non-racial “I have fought against white domination, South Africa’s first democratically elected national convention, and to warn that and I have fought against black President. On his 80th birthday in 1998 should he not agree there would be domination. I have cherished the ideal of he married Graça Machel, his third wife. a national strike against South Africa a democratic and free society in which becoming a republic. As soon as he all persons live together in harmony and True to his promise Nelson Mandela and his colleagues were acquitted in with equal opportunities. It is an ideal stepped down in 1999 after one term as the Treason Trial Nelson Mandela went which I hope to live for and to achieve. President. He continued to work with the underground and began planning a But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund he set national strike for 29, 30 and 31 March. am prepared to die.” up in 1995 and established the Nelson In the face of a massive mobilization Mandela Foundation and The Mandela- of state security the strike was called On 11 Nelson Mandela and Rhodes Foundation. off early. In June 1961 he was asked to seven other accused Walter Sisulu, lead the armed struggle and helped to , , In April 2007 his grandson Mandla establish Umkhonto weSizwe (Spear of , , Mandela became head of the Mvezo the Nation). and Traditional Council at a ceremony at the were convicted and the next day were Mvezo Great Place. On 11 January 1962 using the adopted sentenced to life imprisonment. Denis name David Motsamayi, Nelson Mandela Goldberg was sent to Pretoria Prison Nelson Mandela never wavered in his left South Africa secretly. He travelled because he was white while the others devotion to democracy, equality and around Africa and visited England to went to . learning. Despite terrible provocation, he gain support for the armed struggle. He never answered racism with racism. His received military training in Morocco Nelson Mandela’s mother died in 1968 life has been an inspiration to all who are and Ethiopia and returned to South and his eldest son Thembi in 1969. He oppressed and deprived, to all who are Africa in July 1962. He was arrested in a was not allowed to attend their funerals. opposed to oppression and deprivation.

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