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Concealing Stigmatized Sexual Orientation, Accepting Versus Non-Accepting Attitudes, and Ego Depletion Nicole Gigi Giordano

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Concealing Stigmatized Sexual Orientation, Accepting Versus Non-Accepting Attitudes, and Ego Depletion Nicole Gigi Giordano View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UND Scholarly Commons (University of North Dakota) University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2016 Concealing Stigmatized Sexual Orientation, Accepting Versus Non-Accepting Attitudes, And Ego Depletion Nicole Gigi Giordano Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Giordano, Nicole Gigi, "Concealing Stigmatized Sexual Orientation, Accepting Versus Non-Accepting Attitudes, And Ego Depletion" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 2020. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2020 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONCEALING STIGMATIZED SEXUAL ORIENTATION, ACCEPTING VERSUS NON-ACCEPTING ATTITUDES, AND EGO DEPLETION by Nicole GiGi Giordano Bachelor of Arts, The State University of New York at New Paltz Masters of Science, The State University of New York at New Paltz A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2016 Copyright 2016, Nicole GiGi Giordano ii PERMISSION Title Concealing Stigmatized Sexual Orientations, Accepting Versus Non- Accepting Attitudes, and Ego Depletion Department Counseling Psychology Degree Doctor of Philosophy In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my dissertation work or, in his absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this dissertation or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation. Nicole GiGi Giordano July 17, 2016 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................ix ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 Statement of Purpose ...................................................................13 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..............................................................14 Sexual Orientation Identity Models and Coming Out .................15 Minority Stress and Meyer’s Minority Stress Model ...................20 Outness and Social Support .........................................................21 Concealable Stigmatized Identity and Sexual Orientation ..........22 Concealing Sexual Orientation and Mental/Physical Risks.........24 Ego Depletion ..............................................................................26 Ego Depletion and Concealment ........................................29 Ego Depletion and Stigma ..................................................33 Pilot Study ....................................................................................37 The Present Study ........................................................................40 Hypotheses ...................................................................................40 III. METHODS ...........................................................................................43 v Participants ...................................................................................43 Materials ......................................................................................47 Procedure .....................................................................................55 Ethical Considerations .................................................................59 Design Overview .........................................................................61 IV. RESULTS ............................................................................................63 Main Analyses .............................................................................68 Hypothesis 1........................................................................68 Hypothesis 2........................................................................70 Hypothesis 3........................................................................75 Hypothesis 4........................................................................77 Hypothesis 5........................................................................80 Summary of Findings ...................................................................81 V. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................83 Participants and Recruitment .......................................................83 Hypothesis Testing.......................................................................88 Implications for Practice ..............................................................93 Limitations ...................................................................................98 Recommendations for Future Research .......................................101 Conclusions ..................................................................................102 APPENDICES ...........................................................................................................104 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................126 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Tower of Hanoi Diagram .............................................................................52 2. Study Design ................................................................................................62 3. Test of Between-Subjects Ego Depletion (Moves) ......................................72 4. Test of Between-Subjects: Choice Conceal Instructed Conceal ..................75 5. Analysis of Covariance: Outness .................................................................77 6. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects – Generalized Anxiety ..........................80 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Procedure Steps ..............................................................................................61 2. Data Removal.................................................................................................64 3. Descriptive Statistics ......................................................................................65 4. Conditions and Participant Totals ..................................................................67 5. Test of Between Subjects Ego Depletion (Moves) ........................................69 6. Planned Comparisons Ego Depletion (Moves) ..............................................70 7. Descriptive Statistics of Ego Depletion (Moves) ...........................................72 8. Test of Between Subjects Ego Depletion (Moves) ........................................73 9. Descriptive Statistics of Ego Depletion (Moves) ...........................................74 10. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Ego Depletion Moves with Outness as a Covariate ................................................................................................76 11. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects- Generalized Anxiety .............................78 12. Descriptive Statistics Generalized Anxiety ...................................................79 13. Participant Reports of Outness, Well-being, Anxiety, and Ego Depletion: Correlations (N=144) .....................................................................................81 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to convey my sincere gratitude and appreciation to the chair and members of my dissertation committee. I would like to thank them for their support during my doctoral program at the University of North Dakota. Thank you for patience and guidance during my dissertation project. I would also like to think my colleagues from the Department of Counseling Psychology and Community Services who constantly supported me through my graduate degree. I also express my extreme appreciation of my predoctoral internship site, University of Maryland College Park Counseling Center, who contributed time and feedback to help me complete my dissertation project. I would also like to thank my partner for their constant support and belief in my abilities.I would also like to thank my family. They have truly inspired me to continue to pursue education when I had my doubts. I am grateful for the encouragement and support of so many people who helped me achieve this amazing accomplishment. ix ABSTRACT The current study was
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