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Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook: Intake of Fruits EPA/600/R-18/098F August 2018 Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook Intake of Fruits and Vegetables National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables DISCLAIMER This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. August 2018 Page 9-ii Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................................9-v 9. INTAKE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES ..............................................................................................9-1 9.1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................9-1 9.2. RECOMMENDATIONS ...............................................................................................................9-2 9.3. INTAKE STUDIES .......................................................................................................................9-7 9.3.1 Key Fruit and Vegetable Intake Study .............................................................................9-7 9.3.1.1 U.S. EPA Analysis of Consumption Data from 2003−2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) .....................................9-7 9.3.2 Relevant Fruit and Vegetable Intake Studies ...................................................................9-9 9.3.2.1 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (1980, 1992, 1996a, b)—Food and Nutrient Intakes of Individuals in 1 Day in the United States ....................9-9 9.3.2.2 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (1999a)—Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures, 1970−1997 ...............................................................9-9 9.3.2.3 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (1999b)—Food and Nutrient Intakes by Children 1994−1996, 1998, Table Set 17 ........................................9-9 9.3.2.4 U.S. EPA Analysis of Continuing Survey of Food Intake among Individuals (CSFII) 1994−1996, 1998 Based on U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2000) and U.S. EPA (2000) ..........................................9-10 9.3.2.5 Smiciklas-Wright et al. (2002)—Foods Commonly Eaten in the United States: Quantities Consumed per Eating Occasion and in a Day, 1994−1996 .......................................................................................................9-11 9.3.2.6 Vitolins et al. (2002)—Quality of Diets Consumed by Older Rural Adults ..............................................................................................................9-11 9.3.2.7 Fox et al. (2004)—Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: What Foods Are Infants and Toddlers Eating .............................................................................9-12 9.3.2.8 Ponza et al. (2004)—Nutrient Food Intakes and Food Choices of Infants and Toddlers Participating in Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) ..............9-13 9.3.2.9 Fox et al. (2006)—Average Portion of Foods Commonly Eaten by Infants and Toddlers in the United States ........................................................9-13 9.3.2.10 Mennella et al. (2006)—Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: The Types of Foods Fed to Hispanic Infants and Toddlers ...............................................9-13 9.3.2.11 Colon-Ramos et al. (2009)—Differences in Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Hispanic Subgroups in California: Results from the 2005 California Health Interview Survey .................................................................9-13 9.3.2.12 Locke et al. (2009)—Seasonal Variation in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in a Rural Agricultural Community ..........................................9-14 9.3.2.13 Fox et al. (2010)—Food Consumption Patterns of Young Preschoolers: Are They Starting off on the Right Path?; Siega-Riz et al. (2010)—Food Consumption Patterns of Infants and Toddlers: Where Are We Now?; Deming et al. (2014)—Infant Feeding Practices and Consumption Patterns of Children Participating in Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) ..............................................................................................................9-14 9.3.2.14 Briefel et al. (2010)—The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study 2008; Study Design and Methods ..............................................................................9-15 9.3.2.15 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2010)—Canned Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in the United States ..................................................9-15 9.3.2.16 Demydas (2011)—Consumer Segmentation Based on the Level and Structure of Fruit and Vegetable Intake: An Empirical Evidence for U.S. Adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005−2006 ...................................................................................9-15 August 2018 Page 9-iii Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) 9.3.2.17 Arcan et al. (2014)—Dietary and Weight-Related Behaviors and Body Mass Index among Hispanic, Hmong, Somali, and White Adolescents. J of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 113(3): 375−383 .........................9-16 9.3.2.18 Wolfson and Bleich (2015)—Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Food Values: National Patterns in the United States by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Eligibility and Cooking Frequency .................9-16 9.3.2.19 Guerrero et al. (2016)—Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Dietary Intake among California Children ..............................................................................9-17 9.3.3 Pregnant and Lactating Women .....................................................................................9-17 9.4. CONVERSION BETWEEN WET- AND DRY-WEIGHT INTAKE RATES ............................9-18 9.5. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 9 ..............................................................................................9-18 APPENDIX A ........................................................................................................................................................... A-1 APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................................................................ B-1 APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................................................................ C-1 August 2018 Page 9-iv Update for Chapter 9 of the Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 9—Intake of Fruits and Vegetables LIST OF TABLES Table 9-1. Recommended Values for 2-Day Average Intake of Fruits and Vegetables .........................................9-3 Table 9-2. Confidence in Recommendations for Intake of Fruits and Vegetables .................................................9-5 Table 9-3. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Total Fruits and Total Vegetables Based on 2005−2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey............................................................................9-21 Table 9-4. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Total Fruits and Total Vegetables Based on 2005−2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ........................................................9-24 Table 9-5. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005−2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey............................................................................9-27 Table 9-6. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005−2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ........................................................9-37 Table 9-7. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Exposed and Protected Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005−2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ........................................................9-47 Table 9-8. Consumer-Only 2-Day Average Intake of Exposed and Protected Fruits and Vegetables Based on the 2005−2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ..............................................9-49 Table 9-9. Mean Total Fruit and Total Vegetable Intake (as-consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age ....................9-51 Table 9-10. Mean Total Fruit and Total Vegetable Intake (as-consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age ....................9-53 Table 9-11. Per Capita Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in 1997 .......................................................9-54 Table 9-12. Mean Quantities of Vegetables Consumed Daily by Sex and Age, for Children, Per Capita .............9-55 Table 9-13. Percentage of Individuals Consuming Vegetables, by Sex and Age, for Children .............................9-56 Table 9-14. Mean Quantities of Fruits Consumed Daily by Sex and Age, for Children, Per Capita .....................9-57 Table 9-15. Percentage of Individuals Consuming, Fruits by Sex and Age, for Children ......................................9-58 Table 9-16. Per Capita 2-Day Average Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Based on 1994−1996, 1998 Continuing Survey
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