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Medicinal Plant, Anoectochilus: Distribution, Ecology, Commercial Value and Use in North Vietnam

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Medicinal Plant, Anoectochilus: Distribution, Ecology, Commercial Value and Use in North Vietnam 1 Manuscript was passed through English editing at https://my.enago.com/ Original Research Article Medicinal Plant, Anoectochilus: Distribution, Ecology, Commercial Value and Use in North Vietnam Trinh Ngoc Bon1, Trieu Thai Hung1, Phung Dinh Trung1, Tran Cao Nguyen1, Dang Thi Hai Ha1, Nguyen Thi Hoai Anh1, Hoang Thanh Son1, Tran Hai Long1, Pham Quang Tuyen1, Ninh Viet Khuong1, Tran Hoang Quy1, Vu Van Nam2 and Tran Van Do1,* 1Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam 2Lai Chau Forest Protection Department, Dong Phong ward, Lai Chau city, Lai Chau province. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author TVD managed the literature searches, performed the statistical analysis, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author PDT performed the statistical analysis. Author TNB, TTH, TCN, DTHH, NTHA, HTS, THL, PQT, NVK, THQ and VVN designed the study and conducted field works. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 2 Manuscript was passed through English editing at https://my.enago.com/ ABSTRACT Background:Anoectochilusorchids have been widely used as medicine. However, it has been overharvested in nature because of high commercial values. This study aims at identifying distribution ranges and ecological characteristics of Anoectochilus orchids serving for sustainable development and describing traditional uses by ethnic people in Lai Chau Province, North Vietnam. Methods: Twenty-one plots of 100 m2 each (10 m × 10 m) were established for ecological survey and stand structures were analyzed for vegetation characteristics. While interviewing was applied to gather information on harvesting method, marketing, and medicinal uses. Results: Three Anoectochilus orchids(A. lanceolatus, A.calcareus, and A. setaceus)were found in Lai Chau Province, North Vietnam. These species distribute in both evergreen old- growth and secondary broadleaved forests, and mixed broadleaf-bamboo forest on the elevations of 996–2,134 m. They grow in forests with a high canopy cover of 67 m2 canopy area/ 100 m2 land and high cover (>90% land ) of low vegetation (< 2 m tall). It is believed that using the whole plant of Anoectochilus can treat hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and improve the development of underdeveloped children. The folk uses include soaking in alcohol and boiled water for daily drinks like green tea, and consuming as a vegetable. The best harvesting season is during Autumn–Winter and fresh product is mainly marketed with the price of up to 100 U$D/1 kg fresh mass. Conclusion:A. lanceolatus, A.calcareus, and A. setaceus are potential forest herbs for poverty reduction to ethnic communities in North Vietnam. The natural populations have been reduced remarkably because of overharvesting. Growing techniques are an urgent need for the conservation and sustainable development of such valuable orchids. Keywords:Climate condition; elevation zone; folk medicine; herb; poverty reduction. 3 Manuscript was passed through English editing at https://my.enago.com/ 1. INTRODUCTION Anoectochilus is a genus belonging to the family Orchidaceae. There are about 50 speciesdescribed in genus Anoectochilus. These species are known asterrestrial,perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs with a creeping rhizome, an upright flowering stem, and dark-colored leaves with contrasting veins [1,2]. The flowers are relatively large, hairy and velvety, and arranged in a short spike. While the fruit is a hairy capsule containing winged seeds [3,4].The Anoectochilusorchids have natural distributions from the Himalaya to South China, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Guinea, Melanesia, and Hawaii[5]. It is found in evergreen forests with high moisture anddeep shade [1,2]. For example, Anoectochilus roxburghii is found in India, Thailand, China, Laos and Vietnam. Its current status and medicinal uses were studied in Darjeeling Himalaya of West Bengal, India [6], indicating threatened status and value in controlling fever, lung diseases, and hypertension. While indiscriminate collection, deforestation, and extension of agricultural lands are major threats. Plants of Anoectochilus genus are known as medicinal orchids and have various functions in traditional medicines such as anti-tumor, lipase decreasing, anti-diabetes, and antihepatitis [7]. The chemical constituents and biological activities of some Anoectochilus herbs were described [8-11] such as helvolic acid from A. setaceus for antibacterial activity [12]. The major chemical components in A. setaceusinclude α-cadinol, (E,E)-farnesol, and terpinen-4- ol [13]. While A. formosanus contains β-sitosterol, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, β-D- glucopyranosyloxy, and butanoidglucosides acid [14]. A. formosanus is used to treat many diseases such as chest pain, stomachache, diabetes, nephritis, high fever, high blood pressure, importance, liver dysfunction, spleen dysfunction, and chest throbbing pain [15]. A. setaceusis used for medicinal oils, treating snakebite poisoning [16,17], and A. roxburghii is used to treat tuberculosis [18]. In addition, Anoectochilus leaves are used as vegetables by local communities and these plantsare also widely used for ornamentations because of their beautiful leaves and flowers [19]. Anoectochilus orchids have been recorded to distribute in high mountainous areas in the Northern provinces of Vietnam [20,21]. It has been widely harvested in nature for commercials and therefore contributed significantly to poverty reduction to ethnic communities. This has led to a remarkable reduction of natural populations. Therefore, understanding the distribution and ecology of Anoectochilus orchids could support the 4 Manuscript was passed through English editing at https://my.enago.com/ development plan and sustainable management for poverty reduction. This work aims at identifying distribution ranges and ecological characteristics of Annoectochilus orchids and describing traditional uses by ethnic people in Lai Chau Province, North Vietnam. 2. METHODS 2.1 Study Site The study was conducted in Lai Chau Province, North Vietnam (Fig. 1a).Interviewing responsible persons belonging Provincial Department of Forest Development and local citizens was applied to know the potential forests, where Anoectochilus species distribute. The potential areas were first marked on the maps and then assessed in the fields. Old-growth forest (intact and/or less disturbed forests) and secondary forest (forests recovered after shifting cultivation and/or selective logging) were selected for field data collection. Fig. 1. Map of Vietnam and Lai Chau Province (a), three Anoectochilus species in survey areas (b), and forest cover (c) 2.2. Data Collection In the field, main plots of 100 m2 each (10 m × 10 m) were established for data collection. All stems with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm were identified to species, measured for DBH (in cm), height (in meter), and crown diameter (Dc in meter). In each main plot, five 5 Manuscript was passed through English editing at https://my.enago.com/ subplots of 4 m2 each (2 m × 2 m) were established in four corners and the middle for a low vegetation survey. All vegetation < 2 m tall were recorded in these five subplots, including species, height, density, and covering (% of land area). 2.3. Commercial Value and Medicinal Use Interviewing was applied. The interviewees included local ethnic people, Anoectochilus harvesters, and marketers. Interviewing contents included harvesting, marketing, and medicinal uses. 2.4 Data Analysis Characteristics of stand structure were calculated, including stem density, mean DBH, height, basal area,crown areas, and low vegetation cover. A comparison was conducted by univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) usingSAS 9.2 at p =0.05. 3. RESULTS 3.1 Distribution and Ecology Three Anoectochilusorchids were found in the study site, Lai Chau Province, North Vietnam (Table 1), includingAnoectochilus calcareus, A. lanceolatus, and A. setaceus (Fig. 1b). In 21 survey plots, A. calcareus was found in five plots in old-growth broadleaved forests, A. lanceolatuswas foundin four plots in the secondary broadleaved forest, and A. setaceuswas foundin 13 plots in both old-growth and secondary forests of broadleaves and mixed broadleaf-bamboo (Fig. 1c). A. calcareus and A. lanceolatus were grown togetherin one plot, while in other plots only one species was found. The location with the appearances of these three Anoectochilusorchids ranged from 996 m up to 2,134 melevationabove sea level. All three Anoectochilusorchids were found in evergreen forests of pure broadleaved trees and mixed forest of both broadleaves and bamboo. The forests included both old-growth forest (less disturbed forest) and secondary forest, recovered after shifting cultivation and/or selective logging.The tree stem densities in these study plots ranged 5–12 stems/100 m2, while the range of species number was 3–12. The forests had a mean DBH of 11.6–42.7 cm, height of 6.8–18.0 m. While the largest stem had DBH of 74.5 cm and a height of 26 m. The 6 Manuscript was passed through English editing at https://my.enago.com/ total crown area was in the range of 67.5–343.2 m2/100m2. While in low vegetation of shorter than 2 m tall, the number of plant clumps was in the range of 5–43 clumps/20m2, and land covering of low vegetation was in the range of 90–273.3% (Table 1). 7 Manuscript was passed through English editing at https://my.enago.com/ Table 1. General characteristics of 21 survey plots Low vegetation Plot ELV Canopy layer (per 100 m2 plot; ±SE) (per 20 m2) (m) Anoectochilusorchids Stems Species DBH (cm H Basal area Crown area Clumps DBH (cm) max H (m) Cover (%) ) (m) max (m2) (m2) 1 1,930 10 6 15.5 ±3.2 43.6 8.4 ±0.6 11.0 0.263 139.0 27 156.2 Anoectochilus calcareus 2 2,057 5 4 18.8 ±5.1 29.6 8.9 ±1.7 13.0 0.179 107.0 24 237.8 Anoectochilus calcareus 3 2,123 7 6 25.6 ±6.8 58.3 14.0 ±2.4 24.0 0.513 146.1 5 100.0 Anoectochilus calcareus 4 2,134 6 6 42.7 ±8.7 74.5 18.0 ±1.7 24.0 1.038 175.9 15 141.5 Anoectochilus calcareus 5 1,930 9 8 17.2 ±2.5 27.7 9.7 ±0.7 12.0 0.243 168.9 14 119.0 A.
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