WILD VEGETABLES AND MICRONUTRIENT NUTRITION
Studies on the significance of wild vegetables in women's diets in Vietnam
BY
BRITTA M. OGLE
UPPSALA UNIVERSITY 2001 Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 1056
______
Wild Vegetables and Micronutrient Nutrition
Studies on the significance of wild vegetables in women's diets in Vietnam
BY
BRITTA M. OGLE
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2001 'LVVHUWDWLRQIRUWKH'HJUHHRI'RFWRURI3KLORVRSK\ )DFXOW\RI0HGLFLQH LQ1XWULWLRQ SUHVHQWHGDW8SSVDOD 8QLYHUVLW\LQ
ABSTRACT
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Nutritional status
Dietary intake Disease
Care giving behaviour
(human and Household livestock) Prevention and food security treatment of disease
Resources from Wild edible plants common property Agriculture (e.g. from forests, production waste lands, (crops+ livestock) water bodies, common land)
Home gardens/ back yards
CULTURAL, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT
Figure 1. Nutrition and the multifunctional roles of wild foods resources (adapted from UNICEF 1990, Antonsson-Ogle et al.2000, Eide and Oshaug 1999) Multi-functions of edible wild plants 7KHSRVLWLRQRIHGLEOHZLOGSODQWVLQORFDOIRRGUHVRXUFHV\VWHPVDQGWKHLUPXOWLSOHDQG RIWHQRYHUODSSLQJIXQFWLRQVLQUHODWLRQWRQXWULWLRQFDQEHVHWLQDIUDPHZRUNDVRXWOLQHG LQ)LJXUH7KHXSSHUSDUWRIWKHIUDPHZRUNEXLOGVRQWKHZLGHO\XVHGFRQFHSWXDO IUDPHZRUNRIQXWULWLRQSUREOHPVLQVRFLHW\ -RQVVRQ ZLWKVXEVHTXHQWDGDSWDWLRQV WRDOVRLQFOXGH³FDUHJLYLQJEHKDYLRXU´DQGQRWRQO\KXPDQIRRGDQGKHDOWKFRQFHUQVEXW DOVRWKRVHRIOLYHVWRFN (QJOHHWDO (LGHDQG2VKDXJ )DFWRUVRIIRRGFDUH DQGKHDOWKDWWKHKRXVHKROGOHYHODUHFORVHO\LQWHUOLQNHGDQGVWURQJO\UHODWHGWRZRPHQ V NQRZOHGJHFRQWURORIUHVRXUFHVDQGSRVLWLRQLQVRFLHW\ 7KHORZHUSDUWRIWKHIUDPHZRUNSODFHVHGLEOHZLOGSODQWVLQWKHEURDGHUVHWWLQJRI UHVRXUFHVDYDLODEOHIRUIRRGDFTXLVLWLRQ $QWRQVVRQ2JOHHWDO 7KH\DUH KDUYHVWHGIURPYHU\GLYHUVHKDELWDWVLQUXUDOIRRGV\VWHPVQLFKHVWKDW&KDPEHUV KDVFDOOHG³XQREVHUYHGPLFURHQYLURQPHQWV´7KLVLQFOXGHVQRWRQO\KRPHJDUGHQVEDFN \DUGVDQGILHOGVEXWDOVRPDQ\DGGLWLRQDOVLWHVQRWXVXDOO\FRQVLGHUHGDVIRRGUHVRXUFH KDELWDWVIRUH[DPSOHG\NHVFRPPRQODQGVIRUHVWVURDGVLGHVZDWHUERGLHVRUPDUVK ODQGV7KHNQRZOHGJHYDOXHVDQGEHOLHIVRIWKHFDUHJLYHUVPRVWLPSRUWDQWO\ZRPHQZLOO GHWHUPLQHWKHQXWULWLRQDOFRQWULEXWLRQRIZLOGSODQWVWKURXJKWKHLUPXOWLSOHXVHDVIRRGV IHHGVRUPHGLFLQHV
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VXJJHVWVFRPELQDWLRQVRIWKHEHVWIHDWXUHVRITXDOLWDWLYHDQGTXDQWLWDWLYH WHFKQLTXHVGHYHORSPHQWRIVXUYH\LQVWUXPHQWVLQVLWXDQGFUHDWLYLW\DQGRSHQQHVVWR SRVVLELOLWLHV Lack of composition data on wild foods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able 3. Edible wild plants and micronutrients: Integrated studies including chemical analysis of micronutrients 1980´s- 1990´s Author Title Type of study/sample size/ Methodology Key findings Comments target group Booth et al. (1992) Nutrient content of selected Integrated study Chemical analysis of 13 leafy Part of dietary study but only chemical Uses FAO indigenous leafy vegetables vegetables analysis presented in this paper. Mineral promotion of consumed by the Kekchi analysis and carotenoids (AOAC and HPLC) vegetables and people of Alta Verapaz, homegardening to Guatemala justify importance of study Gibson et al. Food consumption patterns Integrated study Analysis of vegetables: Ca, Some analysis of the role of 4 green leafy (1991) and trace element intakes of Table 1a Cu, Mg Zn vegetables (cultivated and wild analysed children from the Wosera, together) Papua New Guinea Herzog F et al Consumption and composition Integrated study see Table 1a Proximate analysis, vitamin Wild fruits make important contributions to (1994) of gathered wild fruits in the V- A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin nutrition, for variation and complementation. Baoule, Cote D’Ívoire Chemical analysis of 11 vitamin C, Fe, Mg; K, Ca They are in danger of disappearing and this species of fruits may be harmful to nutrition status Humphry et al Food diversity and drought Integrated study Proximate analysis 21 Chemical analysis of 34 popular plants (1993) survival. The Hausa example see Table 1a species including Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn Analysis of 34 species selected minerals of 34 species Malaisse and Edible wild vegetable products Integrated study 2 year inventory based on Identification of 241 species. Samples and Parent in the Zambezian woodland 20 key informants weekly surveys , interviews analysis of 184. Chemical analysis of 15 oil (1985) areas. A nutritional ecological with key informants and seeds/seeds, 11 roots, 11 flowers, 25 approach chemical analysis of selected tubers/bulbs, 31 leafy vegetables, 91 fruits- nutrients including proximate analysis, Fe, Ca, P Nordeide et al. Nutrient composition and Integrated study Analysis of seven leafy veg Rich in micro- nutrients Notes that Mali (like (1996) nutritional importance of green see Table 1a (proximate, amino acids, many poor countries) leaves and wild food resources minerals, carotenoids) lacks national food in an agricultural district , composition tables Koutiala, in Southern Mali Ogle BM and Legacy of the Chameleon: Integrated study Proximate, calcium and 11 Summary table and comparison with Grivetti LE (1985) Dietary utilisation of wild plant Table 1 a trace elements using previously published data wild and some resources in four ecological Analysis of 29 species of x-ray flourescence techniques common cultivated vegetables and fruits zones in rural Swaziland vegetables Smith et al. (1996) Mineral values of selected plant Sites in 3 villages in 2 Study period bridging dry and 36 wild foods and three local cultivated foods common to southern provinces with different rainy season. Focus group vegetables analysed re Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn. Burkina Faso and to Niamey, botanical situations interviews with villagers, 36% of plants used in local diets were wild. In Niger, West Africa identification of species used, terms of volume, wild plants accounted for 20 sample collection for analysis. % of all food items eaten Several wild Samples collected around vegetables had higher mineral values than fields and purchased from available cultivated vegetables local markets Micronutrient deficiencies and the role of edible wild plants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8QLYHUVLW\RI$JULFXOWXUHDQG)RUHVWU\LQ+XH3HUPLVVLRQIRUWKHVXUYH\VZDVVHFXUHG WKURXJKWKHXQLYHUVLW\GHSDUWPHQWVDQGWKHORFDODXWKRULWLHVE\WKHXQLYHUVLW\VWDII LQYROYHGDQGEULHILQJVZLWKORFDODXWKRULWLHVZHUHKHOGDIWHUHDFKVXUYH\$ORFDOPHPEHU RIWKH:RPHQ¶V8QLRQDQGDVWDIIPHPEHUIURPWKHORFDOFOLQLFDFFRPSDQLHGWKH UHVHDUFKWHDPWRWKHFRPPXQLWLHVHDFKWLPH(WKLFDOSHUPLVVLRQZDVDOVRREWDLQHGIURP WKHUHVHDUFKHWKLFVFRPPLWWHH8SSVDOD8QLYHUVLW\$OOVXEMHFWVJDYHRUDOFRQVHQWWRWKH IRUPDOLQWHUYLHZVDQGKHDOWKFKHFNXS The initial survey: a Rapid Rural Appraisal (Paper I) ,QHDFKRIWKHVLWHVDQLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\WHDPFRQVLVWLQJRIWKHSULQFLSDOUHVHDUFKHUDQG VWDIIDQGVWXGHQWVIURPWKHORFDOXQLYHUVLW\FDUULHGRXWDQLQLWLDOVXUYH\,QWZRRIWKH YLOODJHVWKHUHVHDUFKWHDPOLYHGLQWKHYLOODJHVGXULQJWKHVXUYH\VWKXVPD[LPLVLQJWKH RSSRUWXQLWLHVIRULQIRUPDOOHDUQLQJDQGREVHUYDWLRQV,QWKHYLOODJHVZKHUHWKLVZDVQRW SRVVLEOHWKHWHDPVWD\HGLQDQHDUE\VFKRROIRUWKHGXUDWLRQRIWKHILHOGZRUN5DSLG5XUDO $SSUDLVDO 55$ WHFKQLTXHVLQFOXGLQJSDUWLFLSDWRU\PDSSLQJYLOODJHIRUHVWZDONV 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Initial survey RRA/PRA: Dec -97 2. Chemical analyses 46 species Oct95 3. Formal survey Aug 98 Flood 1yFFQ 107 115 beginning period of rains 6 excluded 12excluded 4. Dietary assessment A. 24h recall B. 7-day FFQ 101 103 quantified intake Sept98 Dietary assessment repeat Jul-Aug 7-day FFQ 97 110 beginning 35 of rains 75 = 72% from replace- survey 1 ments 5. Health/nutrition survey 110 A.anthropometry+ health check-up B. blood samples62 + 31 Aug 99 6. Sample collection, Aug 99 7.Chemical analyses 14species 14 species 28 species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ormal survey on the use of vegetables (Paper I) 7KHILUVWIRUPDOVXUYH\IRFXVHGRQWKHIUHTXHQF\RIXVHRIZLOGSODQWVLQFRPSDULVRQWR KRPHJURZQDQGFRPPHUFLDOYHJHWDEOHVSHFLHVLQWKHSUHYLRXV\HDU 3DSHU, $\HDU IRRGIUHTXHQF\PHWKRGRORJ\ \))4 ZDVXVHG :LOOHWW )RUHDFKUHJLRQDEDVLF OLVWRIFXOWLYDWHGDQGQDWXUDOYHJHWDEOHVZDVGHYHORSHGIRUWKHIUHTXHQF\UHFDOORQWKH 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6DLJRQZKHUHUHWLQROELQGLQJSURWHLQZDVGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJHQ]\PHOLQNHG LPPXQRVRUEHQWDVVD\VDQGWRWKH1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI1XWULWLRQ+DQRLIRUDQDO\VLVRI VHUXPUHWLQROXVLQJ+3/& Chemical analyses of vegetables (Paper III and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he initial survey, Rapid Rural Appraisal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entella asiatica, Commelina communis, Passiflora foetida, Sauropus androgynus, Enyndra fluctuans DQG Portulaca oleraceaZHUHDPRQJWKHVSHFLHVDOVRXVHGDVKRPHUHPHGLHV$PRQJWKH YHJHWDEOHVSHFLHVDOVRXVHGDVOLYHVWRFNIHHGVAmaranthus spp., Alternanthera repens, Commelina communis, Ipomoea aquatica DQG Passiflora foetidaZHUHSRSXODU Formal survey 1: use of vegetables 7KH\HDUIRRGIUHTXHQF\VXUYH\ \))4 RQYHJHWDEOHFRQVXPSWLRQZDVGHVLJQHGRQ WKHEDVLVRILQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHLQLWLDOVXUYH\ 3DSHU, ,WLQGLFDWHGWKDWRYHU SHUFHQW RIWKHVWXG\SRSXODWLRQPDGHXVHRIVRPHZLOGYHJHWDEOHV7KHPRVWFRPPRQO\XVHG VSHFLHVDUHOLVWHGLQ7DEOH3DSHU, ,QDOOVLWHVZRPHQXVHGDFRPELQDWLRQRIZLOGFXOWLYDWHGDQGFRPPHUFLDO YHJHWDEOHV7KHUHZDVKRZHYHUDVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHUHJLRQVLQZRPHQ¶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leocharis dulcis, Ipomoea aquatica, Limnocharis flava, Nasturdium officinale DQG Nymphea lotus. 7KHVHZHUHXVHGGDLO\E\PDQ\KRXVHKROGVLQDWOHDVWRQHRIWKHVWXG\YLOODJHVEXWVRPH IRUH[DPSOHEleocharis dulcisDQGLimnocharis flava ZHUHXQNQRZQLQRWKHUORFDWLRQV,Q WKH&HQWUDO+LJKODQGVWKHDQDO\VLVE\HWKQLFJURXSLQGLFDWHGWKDWRYHUDWKLUGRIWKHSODQWV XVHGE\RQHHWKQLFJURXSZHUHQRWNQRZQRUQRWXVHGE\RWKHUJURXSVDOWKRXJKWKH\OLYHG LQWKHVDPHHFRV\VWHP Formal survey II: quantified dietary assessment 7KHGD\)RRG)UHTXHQF\VXUYH\ G))4 SURYLGHGHVWLPDWHVRIWKHHQHUJ\DQGQXWULHQW LQWDNHVRIZRPHQLQWKHIRXUVWXG\YLOODJHV 3DSHU,,,9 7KHPHDQHQHUJ\LQWDNHVRI DQG0-GD\ 0HNRQJ'HOWDDQG&HQWUDO+LJKODQGVUHVSHFWLYHO\ ZHUHZLWKLQWKH GLHWDU\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRI9LHWQDPEXWZHUHVWLOOVRPHZKDWORZFRQVLGHULQJWKDWPRVW ZRPHQZHUHLQYROYHGLQIDUPODERXU7KHPHDQLQWDNHZDVUHODWLYHO\DGHTXDWHZLWK UHVSHFWWRHQHUJ\SURWHLQFDOFLXPDQGYLWDPLQ&EXWORZZLWKUHVSHFWWRIDWULERIODYLQ DQGLURQ7KHUHZDVDODUJHVHDVRQDOGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHPHDQLQWDNHVRIVHYHUDO 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