Algal Bioassay Procedure for Assessing Eutrophication of Waters in Eastern Slavonija and Baranja
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Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek and Ruđer Bošković Institute Zagreb University Postgraduate Interdisciplinary Doctoral Study “ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND NATURE CONSERVATION” Vesna Peršić, M. Sc. ALGAL BIOASSAY PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING EUTROPHICATION OF WATERS IN EASTERN SLAVONIJA AND BARANJA Ph.D. Thesis Osijek, 2013 BASIC DOCUMENTATION CARD Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek PhD Thesis Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb University Postgraduate Interdisciplinary (Doctoral) Study "Environmental Protection and Nature Conservation" Scientific area: Natural sciences Scientific field: Biology Algal bioassay procedure for assessing eutrophication of waters in Eastern Slavonija and Baranja Vesna Peršić PhD Thesis was conducted at the Department of Biology Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Supervisors: Janja Horvatić, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Tarzan Legović, PhD, Full Professor, Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb and Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Abstract Excessive algal growth is a major pollution problem and is believed to be caused by large quantities of nutrients loaded into the aquatic environment. Therefore, investigations in this thesis were focused on the relationship between algal growth potential and the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface freshwaters. To achieve objectives of this thesis a responsive test was designed to assess quantitatively algal growth after nutrient additions in order to obtain a biologically relevant measure of nutrient deficiency. As a result, a bioassay method is introduced for the evaluation of trophic status and limiting nutrients in the investigated waters. Trophic conditions based on algal growth potential throughout the work were inversely related to trophic conditions based on phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentrations. Thus, in defining the trophic state both parameters should be considered as complementary. In the Danube river floodplain system, the most significant factors that influenced nutrient dynamics were the location of floodplain water bodies regarding the river (spatial dimension) and hydrological connectivity between the river and its floodplain (temporal dimension) along with the retention time of floodwaters and nutrient uptake by biota. Based on low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios and the overall high phosphorus concentrations, nitrogen was the expected limiting nutrient for primary productivity in the investigated waters. However, nutrient enrichment results indicated that N/P ratio was not a reliable indicator of nutrient limitation. Watercourses of rural and agricultural catchment (the Biđ-Bosut) were badly damaged or at high risk of eutrophication and their nutrient contents were far above prescribed concentrations. Only moderate signs of distortion resulting from anthropogenic activities were observed in watercourses draining forested catchment (the river Spačva basin), while some watercourses draining agricultural watershed in the Baranja region showed even nutrient deficiency (primarily nitrogen). Nutrient loading from catchments with different land uses exhibited considerable uncertainties making temporal and spatial monitoring of water quality essential for predicting the effects of either nutrient increases or reductions. Moreover, systematic studies involving water quality assessment at catchment scale showed to be necessary for the development of integrated water quality management. Because financial cost and the type of nutrient reduction strategies vary considerably with the targeted nutrient, scientific foundations are needed for management decisions concerning eutrophication control. (72 Pages; 24 figures; 9 tables; 178 references) Original in: English Key words: Danube River, floodplain area, NaturePark Kopački rit, watershed in the Baranja region, Biđ-Bosut catchment, algal growth potential, Chlorella kessleri, eutrophication, nitrogen, phosphorus. Date of thesis defence: Reviewers: 1. Elizabeta Has-Schön, PhD, Full Professor, Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek 2. Janja Horvatić, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek 3. Tarzan Legović, PhD, Scientific Advisor, Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb; Full Professor, Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Thesis is deposited in: City and University Library of Osijek, Europska avenija 24, Osijek; Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, Osijek. TEMELJNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA KARTICA Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Doktorska disertacija Institut Ruđer Bošković, Zagreb Poslijediplomski sveučilišni interdisciplinarni (doktorski) studij ZAŠTITA PRIRODE I OKOLIŠA Znanstveno područje: Prirodne znanosti Znanstveno polje: Biologija Primjena metode biotesta u procjeni eutrofikacije voda istočne Slavonije i Baranje Vesna Peršić Doktorski rad izrađen je na Odjelu za biologiju Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Mentor: Izv.prof.dr.sc. Janja Horvatić, Odjel za biologiju Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Komentor: Prof.dr.sc. Tarzan Legović, Institut Ruđer Bošković u Zagrebu i Odjel za biologiju Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Sažetak doktorskog rada Istraživanja u ovoj disertaciji usmjerena su na odnos između potencijalnog rasta algi i distribucije dušika i fosfora u površinskim kopnenim vodama. Za postizanje ciljeva dizajniran je eksperiment u svrhu kvantitativne procjene rasta algi kulture Chlorella kessleri FOT. et NOV. Da bi utvrdili jačinu limitacije, uspoređivan je prirast laboratorijski uzgajane kulture algi sa i bez dodanih hranjivih tvari te je dobivena mjerljiva vrijednost ograničavajućeg djelovanja određene hranjive tvari (Δμ, d-1). Također su definirane varijacije u N i P-limitaciji tijekom sušnog i poplavnog razdoblja. Istraživanja su provedena na području istočne Slavonije i Baranje: u poplavnom području rijeke Dunav (Park prirode Kopački rit), te u poljoprivrednom i šumskom području porječja rijeka Biđ i Bosut. Utvrđena je značajna korelacija između potencijala rasta alga i koncentracije nitrata u istraživanim uzorcima vode poplavnog područja Parka prirode Kopački rit. Ograničavajući čimbenik primarne produkcije u tim vodama bio je dušik. Definirane su promjene od nelimitirajućih uvjeta (tijekom sušnog razdoblja) ka N-limitaciji (tijekom razdoblja plavljenja) u Kopačevskom kanalu, kao i stalna N-limitacija na postajama Sakadaškog jezera. Ovisno o fluktuacijama vodostaja kao važnog ekološkog čimbenika u poplavnom području Parka prirode Kopački rit, utvrđeni su hipertrofni uvjeti tijekom sušnog razdoblja i eutrofni uvjeti tijekom razdoblja plavljenja. Dugotrajna plavljenja utječu na koncentracije hranjivih soli, osobito nitrata, te značajno određuju prostornu heterogenost područja. Prema hidrološkom režimu i smanjenju povezanosti između uzorkovanih postaja u poplavnom području i rijeke Dunav, definirani su različiti tipovi vodenih staništa: eupotamal, parapotamal i paleopotamal. Rezultati biotesta pokazali su da nutrijenti u vodama eupotamala podržavaju optimalan prirast C. kessleri, dok je potencijalna N-limitacija utvrđena u vodama parapotamala i paleopotamala. Duljim zadržavanjem poplavnih voda utvrđeno je prostorno širenje N- limitacije prema glavnom toku rijeke Dunav. Vode ruralnog i poljoprivrednog područja (porječje Biđ-Bosut) značajno su opterećene nutrijentima. Umjereno opterećenje nutrijentima utvrđeno je u vodama s pretežno šumskim porječjem (Spačvanski bazen), dok je u vodotocima baranjskih slivova povremeno utvrđena i N-limitacija. Dobiveni rezultati omogućit će implementaciju metode biotesta za procjenu stanja trofije kao nužnog preduvjeta definiranja mjera za smanjenje opterećenja voda hranjivim tvarima. (72 stranice, 24 slike, 9 tablica, 178 literarnih navoda) Jezik izvornika: engleski Ključne riječi: Dunav, poplavno područje, Park prirode Kopački rit, vodotoci baranjskih slivova, porječje Biđ-Bosut, potencijal rasta algi, Chlorella kessleri, eutrofikacija, dušik, fosfor. Datum obrane: 18.03.2013. Stručno povjerenstvo za obranu: 1. Prof. dr. sc. Elizabeta Has-Schön, redovita profesorica Odjela za biologiju Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku 2. Prof. dr. sc. Janja Horvatić, izvanredna profesorica Odjela za biologiju Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku 3. Prof. dr. sc. Tarzan Legović, znanstveni savjetnik Instituta Ruđer Bošković u Zagrebu i redoviti profesor u trajnom zvanju Odjela za biologiju Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Rad je pohranjen u: Gradskoj i sveučilišnoj knjižnici Osijek, Europska avenija 24, Osijek; Sveučilištu Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, Osijek. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writing of a dissertation can be a lonely and isolating experience, yet it is obviously not possible without the personal and practical support of numerous people. I am deeply indebted to Prof Janja Horvatić for her encouragement, advice, mentoring, and research support throughout my master's and doctoral studies. This dissertation is part of the research carried out through her vision throughout last ten years. This dissertation would not have been possible without the expert guidance of my esteemed advisor, Prof Elizabeta Has-Schön. Not only was she readily available for me, but she always read and responded to the drafts of each chapter of my work more quickly than I could have hoped. Her oral and written comments