Horn-Faced Dinosaurs
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A Neoceratopsian Dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia And
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01222-7 OPEN A neoceratopsian dinosaur from the early Cretaceous of Mongolia and the early evolution of ceratopsia ✉ Congyu Yu 1 , Albert Prieto-Marquez2, Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig 3,4, Zorigt Badamkhatan4,5 & Mark Norell1 1234567890():,; Ceratopsia is a diverse dinosaur clade from the Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous with early diversification in East Asia. However, the phylogeny of basal ceratopsians remains unclear. Here we report a new basal neoceratopsian dinosaur Beg tse based on a partial skull from Baruunbayan, Ömnögovi aimag, Mongolia. Beg is diagnosed by a unique combination of primitive and derived characters including a primitively deep premaxilla with four pre- maxillary teeth, a trapezoidal antorbital fossa with a poorly delineated anterior margin, very short dentary with an expanded and shallow groove on lateral surface, the derived presence of a robust jugal having a foramen on its anteromedial surface, and five equally spaced tubercles on the lateral ridge of the surangular. This is to our knowledge the earliest known occurrence of basal neoceratopsian in Mongolia, where this group was previously only known from Late Cretaceous strata. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is sister to all other neoceratopsian dinosaurs. 1 Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York 10024, USA. 2 Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, ICTA-ICP, Edifici Z, c/de les Columnes s/n Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. 3 Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. 4 Institute of Paleontology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, ✉ Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia. -
A Revision of the Ceratopsia Or Horned Dinosaurs
MEMOIRS OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME III, 1 A.R1 A REVISION orf tneth< CERATOPSIA OR HORNED DINOSAURS BY RICHARD SWANN LULL STERLING PROFESSOR OF PALEONTOLOGY AND DIRECTOR OF PEABODY MUSEUM, YALE UNIVERSITY LVXET NEW HAVEN, CONN. *933 MEMOIRS OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY YALE UNIVERSITY Volume I. Odontornithes: A Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North America. By Othniel Charles Marsh. Pp. i-ix, 1-201, pis. 1-34, text figs. 1-40. 1880. To be obtained from the Peabody Museum. Price $3. Volume II. Part 1. Brachiospongidae : A Memoir on a Group of Silurian Sponges. By Charles Emerson Beecher. Pp. 1-28, pis. 1-6, text figs. 1-4. 1889. To be obtained from the Peabody Museum. Price $1. Volume III. Part 1. American Mesozoic Mammalia. By George Gaylord Simp- son. Pp. i-xvi, 1-171, pis. 1-32, text figs. 1-62. 1929. To be obtained from the Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. Price $5. Part 2. A Remarkable Ground Sloth. By Richard Swann Lull. Pp. i-x, 1-20, pis. 1-9, text figs. 1-3. 1929. To be obtained from the Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. Price $1. Part 3. A Revision of the Ceratopsia or Horned Dinosaurs. By Richard Swann Lull. Pp. i-xii, 1-175, pis. I-XVII, text figs. 1-42. 1933. To be obtained from the Peabody Museum. Price $5 (bound in cloth), $4 (bound in paper). Part 4. The Merycoidodontidae, an Extinct Group of Ruminant Mammals. By Malcolm Rutherford Thorpe. In preparation. -
Histology and Ontogeny of Pachyrhinosaurus Nasal Bosses By
Histology and Ontogeny of Pachyrhinosaurus Nasal Bosses by Elizabeth Kruk A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Systematics and Evolution Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta © Elizabeth Kruk, 2015 Abstract Pachyrhinosaurus is a peculiar ceratopsian known only from Upper Cretaceous strata of Alberta and the North Slope of Alaska. The genus consists of three described species Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis, Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai, and Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum that are distinguishable by cranial characteristics, including parietal horn shape and orientation, absence/presence of a rostral comb, median parietal bar horns, and profile of the nasal boss. A fourth species of Pachyrhinosaurus is described herein and placed into its phylogenetic context within Centrosaurinae. This new species forms a polytomy at the crown with Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis and Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum, with Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai falling basal to that polytomy. The diagnostic features of this new species are an apomorphic, laterally curved Process 3 horns and a thick longitudinal ridge separating the supraorbital bosses. Another focus is investigating the ontogeny of Pachyrhinosaurus nasal bosses in a histological context. Previously, little work has been done on cranial histology in ceratopsians, focusing instead on potential integumentary structures, the parietals of Triceratops, and how surface texture relates to underlying histological structures. An ontogenetic series is established for the nasal bosses of Pachyrhinosaurus at both relative (subadult versus adult) and fine scale (Stages 1-5). It was demonstrated that histology alone can indicate relative ontogenetic level, but not stages of a finer scale. Through Pachyrhinosaurus ontogeny the nasal boss undergoes increased vascularity and secondary remodeling with a reduction in osteocyte lacunar density. -
A Subadult Individual of Styracosaurus Albertensis
Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology 8:67–95 67 ISSN 2292-1389 A subadult individual of Styracosaurus albertensis (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) with comments on ontogeny and intraspecific variation inStyracosaurus and Centrosaurus Caleb M. Brown1,*, Robert B. Holmes2, Philip J. Currie2 1Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Box 7500, Drumheller, AB, T0J 0Y0, Canada; [email protected] 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract: Styracosaurus albertensis is an iconic centrosaurine horned dinosaur from the Campanian of Alberta, Canada, known for its large spike-like parietal processes. Although described over 100 years ago, subsequent dis- coveries were rare until the last few decades, during which time several new skulls, skeletons, and bonebeds were found. Here we described an immature individual, the smallest known for the species, represented by a complete skull and fragmentary skeleton. Although ~80% maximum size, it possesses a suite of characters associated with immaturity, and is regarded as a subadult. The ornamentation is characterized by a small, recurved, but fused nasal horncore; short, rounded postorbital horncores; and short, triangular, and flat parietal processes. Using this specimen, and additional skulls and bonebed material, the cranial ontogeny of Styracosaurus is described, and compared to Centrosaurus. In early ontogeny, the nasal horncores of Styracosaurus and Centrosaurus are thin, recurved, and unfused, but in the former the recurved morphology is retained into large adult size and the horncore never develops the procurved morphology common in Centrosaurus. The postorbital horncores of Styracosaurus are shorter and more rounded than those of Centrosaurus throughout ontogeny, and show great- er resorption later in ontogeny. -
A New Maastrichtian Species of the Centrosaurine Ceratopsid Pachyrhinosaurus from the North Slope of Alaska
A new Maastrichtian species of the centrosaurine ceratopsid Pachyrhinosaurus from the North Slope of Alaska ANTHONY R. FIORILLO and RONALD S. TYKOSKI Fiorillo, A.R. and Tykoski, R.S. 2012. A new Maastrichtian species of the centrosaurine ceratopsid Pachyrhinosaurus from the North Slope of Alaska. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57 (3): 561–573. The Cretaceous rocks of the Prince Creek Formation contain the richest record of polar dinosaurs found anywhere in the world. Here we describe a new species of horned dinosaur, Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum that exhibits an apomorphic character in the frill, as well as a unique combination of other characters. Phylogenetic analysis of 16 taxa of ceratopsians failed to resolve relationships between P. perotorum and other Pachyrhinosaurus species (P. canadensis and P. lakustai). P. perotorum shares characters with each of the previously known species that are not present in the other, including very large nasal and supraorbital bosses that are nearly in contact and separated only by a narrow groove as in P. canadensis, and a rostral comb formed by the nasals and premaxillae as in P. lakustai. P. perotorum is the youngest centrosaurine known (70–69 Ma), and the locality that produced the taxon, the Kikak−Tegoseak Quarry, is close to the highest latitude for recovery of ceratopsid remains. Key words: Dinosauria, Centrosaurinae, Cretaceous, Prince Creek Formation, Kikak−Tegoseak Quarry, Arctic. Anthony R. Fiorillo [[email protected]] and Ronald S. Tykoski [[email protected]], Perot Museum of Nature and Science, 2201 N. Field Street, Dallas, TX 75202, USA. Received 4 April 2011, accepted 23 July 2011, available online 26 August 2011. -
A New Centrosaurine from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Parietal Ornamentation in Horned Dinosaurs
A new centrosaurine from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and the evolution of parietal ornamentation in horned dinosaurs ANDREW A. FARKE, MICHAEL J. RYAN, PAUL M. BARRETT, DARREN H. TANKE, DENNIS R. BRAMAN, MARK A. LOEWEN, and MARK R. GRAHAM Farke, A.A., Ryan, M.J., Barrett, P.M., Tanke, D.H., Braman, D.R., Loewen, M.A., and Graham, M.R. 2011. A new centrosaurine from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and the evolution of parietal ornamentation in horned dino− saurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (4): 691–702. In 1916, a centrosaurine dinosaur bonebed was excavated within the Campanian−aged deposits of what is now Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Specimens from this now−lost quarry, including two parietals, a squamosal, a skull missing the frill, and an incomplete dentary, were purchased by The Natural History Museum, London. The material was recently reprepared and identified herein as a previously unknown taxon, Spinops sternbergorum gen. et sp. nov. Based upon the available locality data and paleopalynology, the quarry lies in either the upper part of the Oldman Formation or the lower part of the Dinosaur Park Formation. The facial region of the partial skull is similar to putative mature speci− mens of Centrosaurus spp. and Styracosaurus albertensis, with short, rounded postorbital horncores and a large, erect na− sal horncore. Parietal ornamentation is consistent on both known parietals and is unique among ceratopsids. Bilateral, procurved parietal hooks occupy the P1 (medial−most) position on the dorsal surface of the parietal and are very similar to those seen in Centrosaurus apertus. -
Cope's Rule and the Universal Scaling Law Of
vol. 186, no. 2 the american naturalist august 2015 Cope’s Rule and the Universal Scaling Law of Ornament Complexity Pasquale Raia,1,* Federico Passaro,1 Francesco Carotenuto,1 Leonardo Maiorino,2 Paolo Piras,2 Luciano Teresi,3 Shai Meiri,4 Yuval Itescu,4 Maria Novosolov,4 Mattia Antonio Baiano,5 Ricard Martínez,6 and Mikael Fortelius7 1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse (DISTAR), Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Naples, Italy; 2. Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Largo San Leonardo Murialdo 1, 00146 Rome, Italy; 3. Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Largo San Leonardo Murialdo 1, 00146 Rome, Italy; 4. Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, 26 Michal Street, 63261 Tel Aviv, Israel; 5. Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Carrer Escola Industrial 23, Sabadell, E-08201 Catalonia, Spain; 6. Departament de Geologia (Paleontologia), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; 7. Department of Geosciences and Geography, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland Submitted August 8, 2014; Accepted February 27, 2015; Electronically published May 29, 2015 Online enhancement: appendix. Dryad data: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.50dr8. abstract: Luxuriant, bushy antlers, bizarre crests, and huge, twist- ular, sometimes bizarre, diversity of ornament shapes and ing horns and tusks are conventionally understood as products of sex- sizes. The evolution of these traits has always attracted ual selection. This view stems from both direct observation and from considerable interest from evolutionary biologists (Darwin the empirical finding that the size of these structures grows faster 1871). -
A Remarkable Short-Snouted Horned Dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Late Campanian) of Southern Laramidia Rspb.Royalsocietypublishing.Org Scott D
A remarkable short-snouted horned dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) of southern Laramidia rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org Scott D. Sampson1,2,3, Eric K. Lund2,3,4, Mark A. Loewen2,3, Andrew A. Farke5 and Katherine E. Clayton3 1Denver Museum of Nature and Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, USA 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, 115 S 1460 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA 3Natural History Museum of Utah, University of Utah, 301 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA Research 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH 45701, USA Cite this article: Sampson SD, Lund EK, 5Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology, 1175 West Baseline Road, Claremont, CA 91711, USA Loewen MA, Farke AA, Clayton KE. 2013 A remarkable short-snouted horned dinosaur The fossil record of centrosaurine ceratopsids is largely restricted to the from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) of northern region of western North America (Alberta, Montana and Alaska). Exceptions consist of single taxa from Utah (Diabloceratops) and China southern Laramidia. Proc R Soc B 280: (Sinoceratops), plus otherwise fragmentary remains from the southern 20131186. Western Interior of North America. Here, we describe a remarkable new http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1186 taxon, Nasutoceratops titusi n. gen. et sp., from the late Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of Utah, represented by multiple specimens, including a nearly complete skull and partial postcranial skeleton. Autapomorphies include an enlarged narial region, pneumatic nasal ornamentation, abbreviated snout Received: 13 May 2013 and elongate, rostrolaterally directed supraorbital horncores. -
Transitional Evolutionary Forms in Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid Dinosaurs: Evidence from the Campanian of New Mexico
Transitional evolutionary forms in chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaurs: evidence from the Campanian of New Mexico Denver W. Fowler1,2 and Elizabeth A. Freedman Fowler1,2,3 1 Badlands Dinosaur Museum, Dickinson Museum Center, Dickinson, ND, USA 2 Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA 3 Department of Natural Sciences, Dickinson State University, Dickinson, ND, USA ABSTRACT Three new chasmosaurines from the Kirtland Formation (~75.0–73.4 Ma), New Mexico, form morphological and stratigraphic intermediates between Pentaceratops (~74.7–75 Ma, Fruitland Formation, New Mexico) and Anchiceratops (~72–71 Ma, Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta). The new specimens exhibit gradual enclosure of the parietal embayment that characterizes Pentaceratops, providing support for the phylogenetic hypothesis that Pentaceratops and Anchiceratops are closely related. This stepwise change of morphologic characters observed in chasmosaurine taxa that do not overlap stratigraphically is supportive of evolution by anagenesis. Recently published hypotheses that place Pentaceratops and Anchiceratops into separate clades are not supported. This phylogenetic relationship demonstrates unrestricted movement of large-bodied taxa between hitherto purported northern and southern provinces in the late Campanian, weakening support for the hypothesis of extreme faunal provincialism in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior. Subjects Evolutionary Studies, Paleontology Submitted 20 November 2019 Keywords Dinosaur, Cretaceous, Pentaceratops, Anchiceratops, Ceratopsidae, Chasmosaurinae, Accepted 7 May 2020 Anagenesis, Diversity Published 5 June 2020 Corresponding author INTRODUCTION Denver W. Fowler, [email protected] Intermediate or “transitional” fossils are an expected product of evolution, and are Academic editor especially celebrated when they occur within major evolutionary transitions (Anderson & Fabien Knoll Sues, 2007; Wellnhofer, 2010; Daeschler, Shubin & Jenkins, 2006). -
Evolutionary Transitions Among Dinosaurs: Examples from the Jurassic of China
Evo Edu Outreach (2009) 2:236–247 DOI 10.1007/s12052-009-0137-0 ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Evolutionary Transitions Among Dinosaurs: Examples from the Jurassic of China James M. Clark & Xing Xu Published online: 9 May 2009 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract Dinosaurs have captured the popular imagination relationships and transitions. Familiar highly specialized more than any other extinct group of organisms and are animals such as Triceratops, Pachycephalosaurus, Stego- therefore a powerful tool in teaching evolutionary biology. saurus, Ankylosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Brachiosaurus, and Most students are familiar with a wide variety of dinosaurs Parasaurolophus are joined in the fossil record by hundreds and the relative suddenness of their extinction, but few are of their relatives with less-specialized features (Weishampel aware of the tremendous longevity of their time on Earth et al. 2004). Together, they comprise a many-branched and the richness of their fossil record. We first review some evolutionary tree that flourished for over 160 million years. of the best-known groups of dinosaurs and discuss how Dinosaurs are found almost exclusively in sedimentary their less-specialized relatives elucidate the path through rocks formed in terrestrial, rather than marine, environ- which each evolved. We then discuss our recent discovery ments, indicating that they rarely ventured out into the sea. of Yinlong downsi, a distant relative of Triceratops, and These river and lake deposits formed layers, or strata, that other fossils from Jurassic deposits in China to exemplify are overlain by younger rocks and underlain by older ones. how the continuing discovery of fossils is filling out the By studying how these and other layers of rocks and their dinosaur family tree. -
Prehistoric Timeline Eryops Peltobatrachus Lycaenops
MESOSAURUS BAGEHERPETON PERMIAN 298.9 million years ago THERIOGNATHUS THADEOSAURUS HOVASAURUS DIPLOCAULUS PREHISTORIC TIMELINE ERYOPS PELTOBATRACHUS LYCAENOPS DEVONIAN CARBONIFEROUS ESTEMMENOSUCHUS 419.2 million years ago 358.9 million years ago MEGANEURA DIMETRODON TRIASSIC OPHIDERPETON 252.2 million years ago MICROBRACHIS J URASSIC GIGANTOSCORPIO CRASSIGYRINUS DUNKLEOSTEUS 201.3 million years ago ARTHROPLEURA ICHTHYOSAURUS SHAROVIPTERYX GEOSAURUS LIOPLEURODON The creatures on this AMMONITE timeline are not to scale. DIMORPHODON DORYGNATHUS ARCHAEOPTERYX ALLOSAURUS DIPLODOCUS BRACHIOSAURUS PTERODACTYLUS TYRANNOSAURUS PACHYCEPHALOSAURUS ANKYLOSAURUS STEGOSAURUS CAUDIPTERYX LUSOTITAN MONONYKUS CERATOSAURUS TERTIARY GNATHOSAURUS 66 million years ago GIGANOTOSAURUS STYRACOSAURUS TRICERATOPS PARASAUROLOPHUS HYRACOTHERIUM VELOCIRAPTOR THERIZINOSAURUS MICRORAPTOR QUETZALCOATLUS LEPTICTIDIUM TROODON UINTATHERIUM NOMINGIA STRUTHIOMIMUS CRETACEOUS ANDREWSARCHUS TYLOSAURUS 145 million years ago PTERANODON BASILOSAURUS IGUANODON QUATERNARY ODOBENOCETOPS 2.6 million years ago ELASMOSAURUS THALASSOCNUS MEGALODON MAMMUTHUS ACROPHOCA DOEDICURUS EMBOLOTHERIUM DINOHYUS TAPEJARA SMILODON AMBULOCETUS MEGALADAPIS HARPAGORNIS HYPSILOPHODON TITANOBOA UTAHRAPTOR GLYPTODON AEPYORNIS COELODONTA DINORNIS TITANIS SYNTHETOCERAS AMEBELODON SPINOSAURUS GIGANTOPITHECUS MEGATHERIUM MEGACEROS INDRICOTHERIUM The Book of Prehistoric Beasts – Devonian, Carboniferous & Permian GIGANTOSCORPIO MEGANEURA DEVONIAN, CARBONIFEROUS & PERMIAN 419.2 million years ago – 358.9 million -
A Subadult Specimen of Rubeosaurus Ovatus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae), with Observations on Other Ceratopsids from the Two Medicine Formation
A Subadult Specimen of Rubeosaurus ovatus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae), with Observations on Other Ceratopsids from the Two Medicine Formation Andrew T. McDonald* Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America Abstract Background: Centrosaurine ceratopsids are well known from the middle Campanian Upper Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Four taxa have been named: Brachyceratops montanensis, Rubeosaurus ovatus, Einiosaurus procurvicornis, and Achelousaurus horneri. Rubeosaurus has been historically the most enigmatic of these taxa; only two specimens, the holotype caudal parietal bar and a referred incomplete skull, have been assigned to Rubeosaurus. Methodology/Principal Findings: A revised interpretation of the parietal processes of USNM 14765, the partial skeleton of a subadult centrosaurine formerly referred to Brachyceratops, indicates that it shares a P5 spike with the holotype of Rubeosaurus ovatus and should therefore be referred to that taxon. Brachyceratops is considered a nomen dubium. Conclusions/Significance: USNM 14765 provides additional anatomical information for Rubeosaurus ovatus. These new data are incorporated into a recent phylogenetic analysis of centrosaurine relationships; Rubeosaurus appears as the sister taxon of a clade composed of Einiosaurus, Achelousaurus, and Pachyrhinosaurus. Citation: McDonald AT (2011) A Subadult Specimen of Rubeosaurus ovatus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae), with Observations on Other Ceratopsids from the Two Medicine Formation. PLoS ONE 6(8): e22710. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022710 Editor: Andrew Allen Farke, Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology, United States of America Received April 4, 2011; Accepted June 28, 2011; Published August 10, 2011 Copyright: ß 2011 Andrew T. McDonald. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.