World Bank Loan Project R-254 REVISED VOL. 3 Public Disclosure Authorized .ZHANGZHOU-ZHAOANEXPRESSWAY

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ZHANGZHOU-ZHAOAN EXPRESSWAY

Fujian Provincial Highway Project II Tongjiang-Sanya National Highway Trunk Line

People's Republic of China

STATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Xian Highway Transportation University

April 1999 Statement-makingUnit: Xian Highway TransportationUniversity

Legal Person: Chen Yinsan (President) Chief Engineer: Zhang Yufen EIA Director: Deng Shunxi Person in Charge of the EIA: Cao Shencun

Project Participants: Cao Shencun, Zhao Jianqiang, Liu Shan, Liu Yingling, Zhao Aiqi, Shang Lian, Zhao Meixin, Zhen Xiaolu, Xie Weidong, Zhang Yufen

Members of the EIA Team: Statement Compiler: Cao Shencun Associate Professor Subject of Atmospheric Environmental Impact: Liu Shan Lecturer Subject of Acoustic Environmental Impact: Zhao Aiqi Engineer Liu Yingling Master of EnvironmentalEngineering Subject of Ecological Environmental Impact: Cao Shencun Associate Professor Subject of Water EnvironmentalImpact: Zhao Jianqiang Associate Professor Subject of Social Economic Environmental Impact: Zhao Aiqi Engineer Liu Yingling Master of EnvironmentalEngineering

Present Situation Monitoring Unit: Environmental Monitoring Station of Zhangzhou City Preface

Zhangzhou- Zhaoan Expresswayis one of the importantsections of the national trunk line (Tongjiangin HeilongjiangProvince - Sanya in HainanProvince) located in Fujian Province,which will speed up the formationof the main traffic artery in coastal areasof China.In the north,it will connectwith Xiamen-ZhangzhouExpressway (40km), Quanzhou-XiamenExpressway (81km), and Fuzhou-QuanzhouExpressway (165km) of Fujian Province;while in the south it will connectwith Shantou-Chaozhou-Fenshuiguan Expresswayand Shantou-ShenzhenExpressway of GuantongProvince. The high-speed direct passages from the capital of Fujian Province(Fuzhou) to GuangdongProvince, Hong Kong, and Macaowill be constructed,which willjoin the ZhujiangDelta area to the southeasternpart of FujianProvince as a whole coastalarea of reforn and opening. As a result, a relativelyintegrated expressway net will be formed involving the four SpecialEconomic Zones of our country(Xiamen, Shantou, Zhuhai, and Shenzhen)and the Hong Kong SpecialAdministrative Region. The functionof the specialregion acting as a window in the opening of the country will be fully utilized, which will greatly promote the economic developmentof Fujian and Guangdong Province and the southeasterncoastal areas of our country. The total length of the proposed Highwayis 140.459km. The investmentin the project is 5054 million RMB yuan. According to the concerning regulations from "EnvironmentalProtection Law of the People's Republic of China", "Methods of EnvironmentalProtection for Project Constructions"with reference number of 003 by the State EnvironmentalProtection Agency (SEPA), and "Methods of Environmental Protection for Traffic Project" with reference number of 17 by Ministry of Communication(MOC), the EnvironmentalImpact Assessment(EIA) works of this projectare carriedout. The construction of the road section KO+000-K8+000 and the proposed environmentalprotection mitigation measures in the EIA/EAP of the road section KO+000-K8+000will not be financedby the WorldBank Loan for this project.However, FujianProvincial Communication Department (FPCD) will implementthe environmental protectionmitigation measures of this road section accordingto the requirementsof the EIA/EAP. The preliminarywork of Zhangzhou- Zhaoan Expresswaywas entrusted to the FujianProvincial Communication Planning and Design Institute(FPCPDI) by the Fujian ProvincialExpressway Construction Directorate Office (FPECDO) in 1993.Complement and revisionwere madeto the pre-feasibilitystudy report in 1994and 1997.In Oct. 1997, Xian Highway Transportation University was entrusted by the FPECDO to undertake the EIA work of this project. An on-the-spot survey along the proposed highway was done by the EIA working team from Xian Highway Transportation University in Nov. 1997, assisted by FPECDO, FPCPDI, Expressway Directorate Office of Zhangzhou City, and Environmental Monitoring Station of Zhangzhou City. The situations of environmental sensitive sports, environmental condition, and economic development were investigated. A large amount of concerning informnationwas resembled. Then the EIA Outline for this project was compiled in Dec. 1997, which passed the inspection by SEPA on Jan. 4 1998. Revision of the EIA Outline was done based on the suggestion of SEPA, which was authorized again with by the NEPB on Feb. 19, 1998. According to the EIA Outline, and the assessment standards authorized by Fujian Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau (FPEPB), we began the work of EIA. Upon consideration that this project is a World Bank (WB) financed project, we carried out our EIA work, observing both the regulations of our country and the demands of WB. The EIA is compiled based on the discussions and consultations with construction unit and designing unit, and it is revised and amended based on the suggestions of WB experts. The version of EIA in Dec. 1998 was up dated according to the newest version of Engineering Feasibility Study Report (April 1998) and its supplementary materials in Sep. 1998. The revision of this EIA has been done following the suggestions of WB experts in Nov. 1998, Jan. 1999, and in Mar. 1999. This version of EIA (Mar. 1999) is the newest version of EIA. We would like to be in acknowledgement of the concerning agencies: SEPA, Environmental Protection Office in MOC, FPEPB, FPECDO, FPCPDI, Expressway Directorate Office of Zhangzhou City, Environmental Protection Bureau of Zhangzhou City, and the governmental and the administrative agencies in Longhai County, Zhangpu County, Yunxiao County,Zhaoan County, etc., which provide assistance and convenience to the EIA works. The present monitoring data used in this statement are provided by Environmental Monitoring Station of Zhangzhou City. CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTIONN...... 1 1.1 Source and Characteristic of the Project and It's Preliminary Work...... 1 1.2 Categories and Classifications of EIA ...... 2 1.3 Objectives of EIA ...... 2 1.4 Bases of EIA...... 3 1.5 Scope and Standards of EIA ...... 3 1.6 Procedure and Phase of EIA ...... 6 1.7 Technologies and Methodologies in EIA...... 7 1.8 Content, Key Points and Targets to be protected in EIA ...... 7

2 ENGINEERING DESCRIPTION & POLLUTION SOURCE ANALYSIS.....9 2.1 Engineering Description ...... 9 2.1.1 Alignment and Geographical Position ...... 9 2.1.2 The Recommended Alignment Scheme and Main Controlling Points ...... 9 2.1.3 Construction Scope and Technical Standards...... 10 2.1.4 Traffic Volume Prognosis ...... 12 2.1.5 Land Acquired for the Project and Resettlement ...... 12 2.1.6 Engineering Investment and Working Schedule ...... 12 2.2 Pollution Source Analysis ...... 13 2.2.1 Analysis of Pollution Source during Construction Phases ...... 13 2.2.2 Analysis of Pollution Source during Operation Phases ...... 14

3 PRESENT ENVIRONMRNTAL ASSESSMENT . . 17 3.1 Status Quo of Natural Environment along the Proposed Highway .. 1 7 3.1.1 Land Features and Topography...... 17 3.1.2 Meteorology ...... 17 3.1.3 Hydrogeology ...... 17 3.1.4 Vegetation...... l18 3.2 Present Assessment of Ecological Environment . .1 8 3.2.1 Status Quo of Environment and Sampling Analysis Methods ...... 18 3.2.2 Assessment of Status Quo of Soil Pollution ...... 19 3.2.3 Wild Plants and Animals...... 20 3.3 Assessment of Status Quo of Soil Erosion...... 20 3.4 Assessment of Status Quo of Social Environment . . 21 3.4.1 Present Situation of Social Environment ...... 21 3.4.2 Sensitive Spots along the Proposed Highway...... 22 3.5 Assessment of Status Quo of Acoustic Environment . . 25 3.5.1 Investigation and Monitoring of Present Acoustic Environment ...... 25 3.5.2 Statistic Data of Present Acoustic Environmental Noise at Sensitive Spots ....26 3.5.3 Assessment of Present EnvironmentalNoise along the Alignment...... 27 3.6 Assessment of Present Atmospheric Quality...... 30 3.6.1 Present Air Environmental Quality and Assessment...... 30 3.6.2 MeteorologicalFeatures ...... 33 3.7 Present Water Environment and Assessment...... 37 3.7.1 River Regimes & Hydrogeology...... 37 3.7.2 Assessment On Present Surface Water Environment...... 38 3.7.3 Assessment of Present Surface Water Quality...... 40

4 PREDICTED ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURE ..... 43 4.1 Analysis of Impacts on the Ecosystem...... 43 4.1.1 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts of Lead Content in Soil...... 43 4.1.2 The Potential Impact of the Alignment on the Farming along the Project ...... 46 4.1.3 Protection of Wild Animals and Plants...... 49 4.1.4 Protection Measures for Ecological Environment...... 49 4.1.5 Measures and Suggestions about Vegetation Restoration...... 49 4.2 Prediction of Soil Erosion during Construction Phase . . 51 4.2.1 Prediction Model for Soil Erosion...... 51 4.2.2 Value of Various Factors Adopted in EIA ...... 51 4.2.3 Calculation of Soil Erosion...... 52 4.2.4 Earthwork Balance of Subgrade Works...... 54 4.2.5 Impacts of Poor Geology on the Project...... 56 4.2.6 Plan of Prevention of Soil Erosion...... 56 4.3 Impact Analysis of Social Environment...... 62 4.3.1 Beneficial Analysis of Social Environment...... 62 4.3.2 Impact Analysis of Highway Construction on Life of Residents...... 63 4.3.3 Risk Analysis of Accidents...... 65 4.3.4 Cultural & Historical Relics Investigation...... ttt....-...... 68 4.3.5 Mitigation Measures of Impacts on Social Environment...... 70 4.3.6 Impact of Transportation of Construction Materials & Mitigation Measure . 72 4.4 Prediction and Assessment of Traffic Noise Impact on Environment .. 75 4.4.1 Prediction and Calculation of Traffic Noise ...... 75 4.4.2 EIA of Traffic Noise ...... 79 4.4.3 Analysis of Environmental Impact during Construction Phase...... 85 4.4.4 Assessment and Conclusion of Acoustic Environment...... 86 4.4.5 Mitigation Measures of Acoustic Environment Impact ...... 87 4.5 Prediction and Assessment of Impact on Ambient Air . . 93 4.5.1 Prediction Model...... 93 4.5.2 Identification of Various Parameters in Prediction Model...... 93 4.5.3 Prediction of Concentration of CO and NOx...... 95 4.5.4 Assessment of Impact on Ambient Air Quality in the Study Areas ...... 103 4.5.5 Prediction Analysis of CO Concentrations in Tunnel...... 108

II 4.5.6 Analysis of Impact of Flying Dust on Environment during Construction...... 111 4.5.7 Assessment and Conclusion and Environmental Protection Measures ...... 111 4.6 Prediction and Assessment of Impact on Water ...... 113 4.6.1 Analysis of Pollution Source Strength...... 113 4.6.2 Prediction and Assessment of Impact on Water Environment...... 116 4.6.3 Conclusion of Water Quality Analysis ...... 121 4.6.4 Environmental Protection Measures and Suggestions...... 121 4.7 Environmental Protection of Interchanges and Link Roads ...... 123 4.7.1 Interchanges...... 123 4.7.2 Dongyuan-Fugong Link Roads ...... 124 4.7.3 Huxi(Zhaojiabao)-FuotanLink Roads...... 128

5 ALTERNATIVE SCHEMES ...... 131 5.1 Introduction to Engineering Schemes...... 131 5.2 Environmental Comparison of Schemes...... 133 5.3 Comparison Analysis on Alternate Schemes of Sensitivespots ...... 138

6 ANALYSIS ON LOSS AND BENEFIT OF ENVIRONMENT ...... 142 6.1 Economic Benefit Analysis of the Project...... 142 6.2 Analysis of Economic Sensibility...... 143 6.3 Estimation of EP Investment...... 144 6.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection Investment...... 146

7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN ...... 148 7.1 Environment Management Agencies and Responsibilities...... 148 7.2 EP Agencies and Their Functions During Operation Phase ...... 148 7.3 Major Issues in Environmental Protection Management Plan ...... 151 7.4 Environmental Protection Supervision Plan...... 156 7.5 Environmental Protection Staff Training...... 157 7.6 Environmental Monitoring Plan...... 158 7.6.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan in Construction Phase...... 158 7.6.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan in Operation Phase...... 159 7.6.3 Equipment, Expenditure and Reporting of Monitoring...... 159

8 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION...... 161 8.1 Early Stage Work of the Project...... 161 8.2 Investigation Subjects and Ways of Participation ...... 161 8.3 Examples of Typical Consultations and Hearings...... 162 8.4 Statistic Results of Public Participation and Opinion Treatment...... I ...... 164

9 CONCLUSIONS ...... 168 9.1 Alignment Scheme Selection...... 168 9.2 EIA on Ecological Environment...... 168 9.3 EIA on Social Environment...... 169

111 9.4 EIA on Acoustic Environment...... 169 9.5 EIA on EnvironmentalAir Quality.170 9.6 EIA on Surface Water Environment.170 9.7 Environmental Impact of Interchanges and Link Roads.171

REFERENCES. 173

APPENDIX MAP 1. Sketch Map of the Distribution of Agriculture Area 2. Sketch Map of the Alignment & Environmental Monitoring Spots for Zhangzhou- Zhaoan Expressway 3. Sketch Map of the Layout of the Piling Sites of ConstructionMaterials 4. Sketch Map of the Sensitive Spots along Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway & Monitoring Spots of the Environmental Action Plan

IV m1-l gt /4 it/9 R/ 4f i Figure 1-1 Location Map of Fujian Provincial Highway Project II Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway & the Other Road Projects

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ldT*m1.uidP#uci~m I i . A _ 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Source and Characteristic of the Project and It's Preliminary Work

Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway is one of the important sections of the national trunk line ( Heilongiang-Hainan Province ) in Fujian Province, which will speed up the formation of the main traffic artery in coastal areas of China. In the reform and the opening-up of the country, the economy of Fujian province has been developed greatly in recent years. Construction of this project will promote the economic development of coastal areas and the areas along the line especially. The area under jurisdiction of Zhangzhou City where the said project is located is a main part of southeastern area of Fujian, and is also a critical region in the distribution of productive forces of the whole country. Southeastern area of Fujian is designated as one of the seven economic hot regions in the National Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000). The State Council referred Zhangzhou as a foreign-oriented agricultural model region of state level in 1994. The foundation of Agricultural Cooperation Experimental Region (between the main land and Taiwan) was authorized by the National Ministry of Foreign Trade. the National Ministry of Agricultural, and the Taiwan Affairs Office in August, 1997. The Construction of Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway is to meet the needs of the fast growing traffic volume. Based on the data in 1996, the yearly average traffic volume is 7606 v. /d. (when converted into medium sized car). The crowding degree is 1.69, which shows a saturation state has been witnessed. From the analysis above, the construction of Zhangzhou- Zhaoan Expressway is essential and urgent. The Fujian Provincial Expressway Construction Directorate Office (FPECDO) carried out the preliminary work in 1993. The pre-feasibility study report and the preliminary work of the project feasibility study were revised and amended in 1994 and 1997. Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway is a new project. On Feb. 21 1997, Fujian Provincial Planning Commission submitted a report on the project to the State Planning Commission officially in the No. 018, 1997 document "Suggestion of Zhangzhou- Zhaoan Expressway Project". On Oct. 31, 1997, Xian Highway University was entrusted to undertake EIA by FPECDO. World Bank will list Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway as the second highway loan project in Fujian province. Experts from WB identified this project in Nov. 1997. Specific demands were put forward by the environmental protection expert from WB for the Fujian Highway Project II. In May 1998, WB mission consulted in Fujian Province for the loaning and environmental protection of this project. The Outline of EIA was submitted to WB before Feb. 20 1998. The first version of EIA, EAP, and Summary of EIA had been planned to be submitted to WB before Aug. 1 1998. The EIA is compiled based on the discussions and consultations results with construction unit and designing unit, and it is revised and arnended based on the suggestions of WB experts. The version of EIA in Dec. 1998 was up dated according to the newest version of Engineering Feasibility Study Report (April 1998) and its supplementary materials in Sep. 1998. The revision of this EIA has been done following the suggestions of WB experts in Nov. 1998, Jan. 1999, and in Mar. 1999. This version of EIA (Mar. 1999) is the newest version of EIA.

1.2 Categories and Classifications of EIA

According to the EIA management regulations of Fujian Province and the EIA categories for construction projects of the World Bank, highway projects belong to class A assessment and more detailed classifications of the EIA special subjects have been made in our country. Considering the characteristics of the highway project and the environment of the local area, EIA classification of this project is specified as follows: Because of the great variety of building structure, the huge amount of earthwork and stonework, the large area of land occupation (fields and orchards), the complexity of land feature, and the 4-year-long construction term, the project will unavoidably bring about serious impact on the surface ecological environment. Therefore, the assessment of ecological and social environment is the focal point in EIA, which is decided as class 1 assessment. The economy along the proposed expressway is well developed, with a lot of residential sites, primary schools and secondary schools. The assessment of acoustic environment is decided as class I assessment. There are densely distributed rivers in the affected area. Some of the rivers are for navigation and aquatic culture with tidal influence. The assessment of surface water environment is decided as class 3 assessment. As to the atmospheric assessment, TPS pollution in construction phase will be serious, but in a rather short period of time. And tail gas pollution in operation phase will deteriorate the atmosphere of the areas with a high background level to some extent. The assessment of atmospheric environrnent is decided as class I assessment.

1.3 Objectives of EIA

The objectives of EIA for Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway are to utilize the land resource and to present better conditions for the harmonious development of economic activities and residential environment. We will take the advantage of EIA to assure the balance of development, to minimize the unfavorable impact of the construction. In order to achieve the goal, the following works are carried on: investigation and assessment of the present environmental background (natural and social environment, ecosystem, noise, surface water and atmosphere); prognosis and analysis of the seriousness and scope of the environmental impact resulting from the proposed expressway in construction and operation phases; analysis and study of the enviromnental protection measures to be taken and its technical feasibility and economic reasonableness. We deduce the alignment rationality of the expressway from the point of view of enviromnental protection. A set of environmental engineering mitigation measures has been put forward as the base for leaders' decision, engineering design and environmental management.

1.4 Bases of EIA

1. " Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway Engineering Feasibility Report ", April, 1998, Fujian Provincial Communication Planing and Design Institute (The scales of the maps are 1/10000 and 1/2000 respectively); 2. " Application Document for Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway Project ", Ref No. 018, 1997, Fujian Provincial Planning Committee; 3. " EP Management Regulations in Construction Projects ", Ref. No. 003, 1986, SEPA; 4. " EP Management Regulations in Communications Construction Projects ", issued by MOC as Ref. No. 17 Order; 5. "EIA Specifications for Highway Construction Projects (trial) ", JTJ 005-96; 6. " On Strengthening Management of EIA of the Projects Using Loans from International Financing Institutes ", a Circular Ref. No 324, 1993, SEPA; 7. " EIA Technology Guide ", HJ/T 2.1-2.3; 8. " EIA Outline of Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway " authorized by SEPA, Feb. 19, 1998. 9. "World Bank OD 4.01", Oct.1991, and WB EIA Handbook; 10. Laws and Standards Concerning Environmental Protection including " Water and Soil Protection Act of PRC "," Land Management Act of PRC ", " Environmental Noise Standards in Urban Areas ", " Environmental Air Quality Standards ", " Seawater Quality Standards", etc.

1.5 Scope and Standards of EIA

According to the reply document Ref. No. 032 [1998] from FPEPB, the assessment scope and standard are decided as follows for specified EIA subjects. 1. Assessment Scope Social environment-Directly impacted areas on both side of the expressway; Social economy- Directly and indirectly impacted areas; Ecological, acoustic, atmospheric and surface water environment - Areas within 200m from both sides the expressway. Earth borrowing and spoil sites should be involved in the assessment scope.

2. Assessment Standards Considering the characteristics of EIA of' expressway project and the natural environment in different sections, EIA of this project is based on the following standards: (1) For ecosystem "Standard for Soil Environment Quality " GB15618-1995, Class 2, the lead content in soil is limited as PbA350mg/kg. " National Food Sanitation Standard of Lead Limitation " GB 14935-94, lead content in crops is limited as follows: for beans: PbA0.8mg/kg, for potatoes: Pb•0.4mg/kg, for vegetables: Pb•0.2mg/kg, for cereals: Pb 0.4mg/kg. (2) For noise " EnvironrmentalNoise Standards in Urban Areas ", GB 3096-93. Class I standard ( 55dB in daytime, 45dB in nighttime ) is adopted for schools and hospitals; Class 2 standard ( 60dB in daytime. 50 dB in nighttime ) is adopted for densely residential sites between 100 - 200m from the road side; Class 4 standard (standard 70dB in daytime, 55 dB in nighttime ) is adopted for residential sites within I OOmfrom the road side. (3) For surface water quality " Surface Water Quality Standards " Class II and Class III in GB3838-88 (Table 1-1), " Seawater Quality Standards " GB3097-97 (Table 1-2), and " Fishery Water Quality Standards ", GB11607-89 ( Table 1-3) are used. Because there is no SS (Suspended Solid) standard for surface water, the SS of irrigation water is used. The limitations are: 150mg/I for water farming irrigation water, 200 mg/l for dry farming irrigation water, and 100 mg/l for vegetable irrigation water.

Table 1-1 Surface Water Quality Standards GB3838-88

Factors CODM,, pH Oil DO (mg"i) (mg,,) (mg/I) Class If 4 6.5-8.5 <0.05 >6 Class III S6 6.5-8.5 S0.05 >5

Note: CODMn- ChemicalOxygen Demand determined by the methodof PotassiumPermanganate oxidation DO---Dissolved Oxygen Table 1-2 Sea water Quality Standards GB3097-97

Classification pH SS (mg/I) CODMn(mg/I) DO (mg/l) Oil (mg/I) Class 1 7.5-8.5 •10I2 >6 •0.05 Class2 7.5-8.5 •50 •3 >5 •0.05 Class3 6.8-8.8 <100 •4 >4 •0.30

Note:SS---Suspended Solid

Table 1-3 Fishery Water Quality Standards GB11607-89 Items Standard Artificiallyimposed amount< 10mg/l,and the depositedSS shouldnot have unfavorableimpact on aquaticplants and animals.

pH Freshwater6.5-8.5 , Seawater7.0-8.5

DO In the 24 hoursin everyday, at least in 16 hours>5mg/l,, and in any othertimes ¢ 3mg/I,for waterbodies have salmon B4mg/l at any time. Oil •0.05mg/I

Jiuzhen Port and other ports adopt Class 2 in " Seawater Quality Standards "; Jiulongjiang River and Zhangjiang River adopt Class III in " Surface Water Quality Standards " and Class 2 in " Seawater Quality Standards "; Yangmei Reservoir: Class II in " Surface Water Quality Standards ".

(4) Atmosphere " Environmental Air Quality Standards " GB3095-1996, see Table 1-4

Table 1-4 Environmental Air Quality Standards GB3095-1996 Items SamplingTime StandardII Unitof Concentration

TSP daily average 0.30

daily average 0.10 NOX hourly average 0.15 mg/Nm3

co daily average 4.00 hourlyaverage 10.00

Note: TSP--Total SuspendedParticles NO--Nitrogen Oxides CO-Carbon monoxide 1.6 Procedure and Phase of EIA

EIA Phases of this project are: 1. Construction phase: July 1, 1999-Dec. 31, 2002 2. Short term phase of operation: 2003-2005 3. Mid term phase of operation: 2005%2010 4. Long term phase of operation: 2010-2020 According to the regulations of the National Environmental Protection Agency ( SEPA ) and the Ministry of Communication, the EIA procedure of this project is specified in Figure 1-2.

Entrustment

On-the-spot survey & data collection

Compilation of EIA Outline

IApprova by SEPA Public Participation

| Signature of EIA contract Survey of present environment | EP | Engineering__ measures | analysis impact analysis & prognosis Present environment monitoring

Target of protection Feasibility assessment Prognosis calculation

Compilation of report

| Pre-examination by EP Division of MOC

Final Approval by SEPA

Figure 1-2 Procedures of EIA 1.7 Technologies and Methodologies in ETA

Since the highway construction project is situated in a vast and belt-shaped area, we integrate the specific study of spots along the line with the synthetic study of the whole line in the work of EIA. The assessment by model calculation is used in the prognosis on acoustics, atmosphere, water, soil erosion and lead content in soil. Assessment on social environment, wild animals & plants, public participation, alternative scheme, economic environment and cost-benefit analysis are carried out by using the methods of investigation, consultation, and analysis.

1.8 Content, Key Points and Targets to be protected in EIA

Based on the distinguished and screened environmental impact elements, the main content of EIA in this project is: 1. EIA of ecosystem: Assessed objects are: during construction phase: soil erosion and vegetation deterioration caused by construction, agriculture loss caused by land acquisition; during operation phase: pollution by lead particles in tail gas, vegetation recovery. 2. EIA of society: House demolishing and resettlement, village separation, life quality, land acquisition, traffic accident, benefits to the development of economy, etc. 3. EIA of acoustics: During construction phase: assessed objects include noise of construction machines, acoustic environment of residential region near construction section; During operation phase: assessed objects include acoustic environments along the proposed highway, noise of traffic trunk line and sensitive spots. 4. EIA of surface water: assessment element: CODmn,pH, Oils, DO, SS 5. EIA of atmosphere: Assessment element: for present quality assessment are CO, NOx, TSP; for prognosis assessment are CO, NOx. 6. Public participation. 7. Alternative scheme. 8. Environmental protection measures.

Key points in EIA: 1. EIA of ecosystem: Since the expressway project belongs to an exploiting project causing natural environmental deterioration resulting from land acquisition, large volumes of earthwork & stonework, vegetation deterioration, soil erosion, agriculture loss, the impact on ecosystem is rather important in EIA. 2.EIA of society and economy: People can receive great benefits from the construction of the project, which will play an important role in promoting the economic development in the region, however, at the same time they will suffer from decrease of land, house demolition and resettlement, traffic separation between villages and environmental deterioration, etc. 3.EIA of acoustics at the sensitive spots along the expressway: There are 13 schools (prim. or mid.) and I hospital in the assessment scope. Because of the great traffic volume of the expressway, attention should be paid to adverse effect of the traffic noise on the sensitive spots. 4.Environmental impact from the construction of tunnels, large bridges, asphalt mixing plants, service regions should be the key points in the assessment.

Targets of Environmental Protection: I.There are 65 villages, 14 schools and one hospital in the EIA scope. Residential houses within IOOm,and schools or hospitals within 200m from both sides of the road are all listed in the targets of environmental protection. 2.Orchards and aquatic product plants are targets to be protected, which are main economic resources for local residents. 3.The vegetation recovery and treatment of soil erosion at the spoil sites for tunnel construction wastes and borrow pits are also listed as the targets to be protected. 2 ENGINEERING DESCRIPTION & POLLUTION SOURCE ANALYSIS

2.1 EngineeringDescription

2.1.1 Alignmentand GeographicalPosition The whole line of Zhangzhou-Zhaoanexpressway is located in the area under the jurisdiction of Zhangzhou City. It passes through Longhai City, Zhangpu County, YunxiaoCounty, and Zhaoan County.The position of the expresswayis at the southern tip of Fujian Province, and between 117°5'- 117°38' east longitude and 24° 8'-25° 8' north latitude.Section K8-K23 is in heavyrolling area. SectionK74-K90 is on slopes, at the foot of the slopes is paddy fields. Other sections of the expressway are in light rolling plain. For alignmentand geographicalposition, see rigure 1-1.

2.1.2 The RecommendedAlignment Scheme and Main ControllingPoints See Figure 2- 1. The starting point of the expresswayis at Beitou, LonghaiCity ( at K41+605 of the Xiamen-Zhangzhou Expressway). Extending southeastward, the line passes by DongyuanVillage, Jiangcuo. Then, it flies over Xinxu Extra-largeBridge, passes by Xifengling, YangmeiReservior, Xinzhong, Hekeng, via Zhaojiaqiao interchange.After passing through Kuzhishan Tunnel (2580m),Jiuzhen Port, via Duxun Interchange, it passes by Gaoshan Village. From there on, it passes by Tangli, Wutian Village, via Yunxiaointerchange, Dabushan Tunnel (2000m),Shudong Village,to Changshan.After passing through YancangVillage, the line is in Zhaoan County. It goes on passing by Tianpu, north of YuanqianVillage, and via Xishan Interchange, south of Waifenglou Village, then passes Wuozitou Large Bridge,viaZhaoan interchange and 324 National Highway, though north of Shangying Village, north of Houling Village, north of ChongpaiMountain, getting to the endingpoint of the expressway.The total length of the route is 140.459km. The major controllingpoints are Beitou, Dongyuan, Xinxu, Xifengling, Youkeng, Huxi, Mt. Kuzhishan,Jiuzhen, Cili, Guanyinting,Dabushan, Lintou, Xishan, Waifenglou, Changmaolin, Houling in Zhaoan, then connects Shantou-Chaozhou-Fenshuiguan Expresswayof GuangdongProvince at the inter-provincialboundary. There two major link road: 5km Dongyuan-Fugong Link Road is access-controlled class 1 highway; 8km Huxi-Fuotan Link Road is class 2 highway.

2.1.3 Construction Scope and Technical Standards The project is an access-controlled, grade-separated expressway with divided two lanes in each direction and with a total length of 140.459km. The major construction scope and technical indexes for the expressway are shown in Table 2-1 & 2-2 where the Data in the table are taken from the April 1998 version of Engineering Feasibility Study Report.

Table 2-1 Engineering Work Amounts (April 1998)

No. Items Units Quantity

1 Total length of the line km 140.459

2 Volume of earthwork & stonework 10,00o |n 1780.053

3 Subgradedrainage & protectionwork 10,00o m 1 92.443 4 Soft subsoiltreatment km j 27.57 5 High grade pavement I OOOm2 2877.204

6 Culvert No. 445

7 Small and medium bridge m No. 3044/71

8 Large bridge m No. 1835/10

9 Extra-large bridge m No. 6322/7

10 Tunnel m No. 4580/2

11 Interchange No.9

12 Grade separation No. 79

13 Underpasses No. 292

14 Land acquisition mu 19282

15 Demolished house m2 70097

16 Link road km 5.0+8.0

10 Table 2-2 Major Technical Indices (April 1998)

Road classification Class I highway Class 2 highway \vExpressway v=100km/h v=4Okm/h \Beitou-H1o00kmh (Dongyuan-Fugong (Huxi-Fuotan Indices \ (Beitou-Houling) link road) link road) Length (km) 140.459 5.0 8.0 Designed speed (km/h) 100 100 40

Subgrade width (m) 26.0 25.5 12.0

1. Lane (m) 2 X 7.5 2 X 7.5 9.0 2.Division (in) 3.5 (separation and road 3.0 (separationand road c2.Division (m). _. __ ~~~~~~~~margiii) margin) m 3. Road shoulder (m) 2 X 3.75 2 X 3.75 2X 1.5 Designed standard axle load Designed standard axle Designedstandard axle Designed standard of subgrade load 100KN load 100KN axle load IOOKN Ordinary minimum radius 700 700 100 of horizontal curve (m) Limited minimum radius of 4 horizontal curve (m) 4

Sight stopping distance (m) 160 160 40 Max. longitudinal(%) 4 4 7 Designedflood frequencyof 1/100 1/100 1/50 subgrade (%) Designed flood frequency of 1/300 1/300 1/100 Extra-largebridge (%) Designed flood frequency of 1/100 1/100 1/100 mediumor large bridge (%) Designed flood frequencyof 1/100 1/100 1/50 small bridge and culvers(%) Truck super-20, Truck super-20, Truck super-20, Designed truck load trailer- 120 trailer-120 trailer- 120 Toll station, managementstation, communicationsystem, Essentialsafety facilities Essential safety Traffic engineering & safety surveillancesystem, and service facilities facilities will be service facilities power supply system, will be established established safety facilities, service facilities will be established 2.1.4 Traffic Volume Prognosis Traffic volume prognosis on the proposed highway has been made, see Table 2-3. Road sections in Table 2-3 can be found in Figure 2-1. Table 2-3 Traffic Volume Prognosis on the Proposed Highway unit: v./d. (standard car) (April 1998)

Road section 2003Yr. 2005Yr. 201OYr. 2015Yr. 2020Yr. 2023Yr

Dongyuan(Gangwei)Interchange- 20592 25452 35897 45298 55608 60975 ZhaojiabaoInterchange ZhaojiabaoInterchange- ~20913 25855 36529 46475 57319 63321 Zhangpu Interchange ZhangpuInterchange - 17360 21751 31767 40774 49922 56563 Duxun Interchange Duxun Interchange- 16873 21098 30863 39653 48187 54082 YunxiaoInterchange YunxiaoInterchange - 16283 20396 29959 38580 47981 52824 ChangshanInterchange Changshan Interchange- 14186 18826 27321 37728 46695 50943 Lintou Interchange Lintou Interchange - 16151 21157 30397 41696 52926 56960 XishanInterchange Xishan Interchange- 20578 24383 33276 41917 51706 56439 Zhaoan Interchange

Averagevolume of the whole line 18124 22654 32393 41890 51527 56971

2.1.5 Land Acquired for the Project and Resettlement The permanent land use for this project includes 11580 mu cultivated land and 4602 mu uncultivated land, while the temporary land to be used is 3100 mu. Although efforts have been made to keep the route line away from cities, towns and industrial zone, some residents in the villages will have to be resettled. Altogether 70097m2 houses will be removed.

2.1.6 Engineering Investment and Working Schedule The total construction cost is estimated to be RMB 5054 million yuan, including the funds financed by the World Bank loan amount to RMB 1.65 billion yuan, which was listed in the Alternative Project Plan to be financed by WB for 1997-1999 fiscal year, and approved in the official document by SPC with a reference number of [1996] 2960; subsidy from MOC amounts to RMB 1.1 billion yuan; national bank loan amounts to RMB 1.3 billion yuan; the fund raised in Fujian amount to RMB 1004.22 million yuan. Working schedule: Engineering Feasibility Study: Jan. 1997-Jun. 1997 Preliminary Design: Apr. 1997-Sep. 1998 Detailed Design: Sep. 1998-Aug. 1999 Construction Period: July 1, 1999-Dec. 31, 2002

2.2 Pollution Source Analysis

This highway project will impact the environment in many ways to some extent, the impacts during various phases are analyzed bellow:

2.2.1 Analysis of Pollution Source during Construction Phases 1. Noise sources During the construction period of the expressway, there are many kinds of construction machines, for example, in the treatment of subsoil, there are pile drivers, drilling machines, pumps, mixers, etc; in the construction of earth subgrade, there are bulldozers, loaders, road graders, rollers, etc; in the construction of bridges, there are pile driver, hoisters, bulldozers, loaders, etc; in the construction of the highway surface course, there are scrapers, road graders, rollers, pavers, etc. The construction machines will produce noise ranging from 95-105dB at 15 meters away from the noise sources when they are being operated, All these disruptive unstable noise sources will seriously impact the acoustic environment. Traffic noise on the major construction materials hauling roads may cause adverse impact on the local acoustic environment. 2. Air pollution source (1) Dust pollution During the construction of subgrade, the loading, transporting and mixing of construction materials will cause large amount of dust floating in the air. Dust pollution will be induced by of wind during the piling of construction materials. Especially when the wind velocity is rather high, and in the loading and unloading of the materials, or during the transportation by vehicles travelling at fast speed, the dust pollution will be even more serious. The value of dust source strength in the construction section or on the access roads where the vehicles go to and fro causing dust flotation will depend on the distance from the pollution sources. According to the tests result of Xian Highway Transportation University in March 1996, when the distance is Om, the source strength will be 11.03mg/Nm3 ; when the distance is 20m, the source strength will be 2.89mg/Nm3 ; when the distance is 50m,the source strength will be 1.15mg/Nm3 . (2) Asphalt smoke The asphalt smoke containing THC (Total Hydrocarbons), TSP(Total Suspended Particles), BaP (Benzoapyrene), and other poisonous substances comes from the heating, mixing, and paving of asphalt, which will damage the health of operating workers and local residents. 3. Water environment pollution source -() Oil pollution by the oil leaking from the construction machines and washed away by rains. (2) Water body pollution by domestic sewage and garbage from the construction camps. (3) Water body pollution caused by the materials from the piling, which are washed away by rains. 4. Impact on ecosystem because of the construction (1) Cutting and filling in the construction will destroy the vegetation along the proposed highway. Farmland will be occupied. The structure of local ecosystem will be changed to some extent because of the uncovering of land. Soil erosion will occur when the subgrade of surface is uncovered and washed away by the raining water. As a result, the fertility of the land will be decreased, the stability of land ecosystem will be impacted. (2) Because of the construction, some irrigation channels will be relocated; the original irrigation facilities will be impacted, which induced an unfavorable impact on the agricultural production. (3) Construction of tunnels may impact the quality of underground water. (4) The absolute amount of farrnland will be decreased because of the land acquisition for the highway construction.

2.2.2 Analysis of Pollution Source during Operation Phases During this period, the highway construction is completed, construction workers and facilities are withdrawn. The land affected by the construction activities are rehabilitated. So, the vehicles running on the highway will be the major impact element on the environment. 1. Traffic noise source (1) The traffic noise sources caused by the running vehicles on the highway is unstable sources. During operation of the highway, the engine, the cooling system, the transmission system of the vehicles will cause noises. In addition, the gas turbulence, discharging system, abrasion between tyres and the road surface will induce noises. (2) Because of the roughness of the pavements, the vehicles running on the expressway will produce noise. "EIA Specifications for Highway Construction Projects (trial) " has regulated the

14 calculation of average radiation noise level Li, as follows: Large vehicles: LWL=7 7 .2 X 0.1 8 VL Medium vehicles: LwM=6 2 .6 X 0.32 VM Small vehicles: Lws=59.3 X 0.23Vs =77.2 X 0.18 Vs Among which, VL, VM, VS represent the velocity of large vehicles, medium vehicles, small vehicles respectively. 2. Environmental air pollution Pollution caused by exhaust waste gas -of vehicle mainly comes from the gas leakage of crankcase, volatilization of combustion system and discharging of exhaust pipe. However, most part of the CH substances and almost all of the NOx substances and CO come from the exhaust pipe. CO is a product of incomplete combustion, which depends on the ratio of air to fuel and the even distribution of fuel in various kind of cylinders. NO,, is produced by oxygen in overdose air reacting with nitrogen in cylinder with high temperature and high pressure. Tempering of the inner surface of the cylinder and the incomplete combustion of mixed gas produces CH. Beginning from Jan. 2000, only lead-free petrol can be used all over the country. Therefore the exhausting gas from traffic vehicles will not result in lead pollution to air and soil. The recommended source strength value of exhausting gas in " EIA Specifications for Highway Construction Projects (trial) " is shown in Tab.2-4. The data shown that the emission numbers for CO and THC for Large vehicles is smaller than for small and medium vehicles. And the numbers of CO for large vehicle are erratic at high speeds. Explanations given by the researchers are: the large vehicle as 5t, 8t or heavier using diesel oil. The combustion mechanism is different from the medium and small vehicles. The source strength values are obtained based on experimental research and realistic situation investigations of traffic vehicles. Table 2-4 Recommended source strength value unit: (g/km .v) Averagespeed 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

(kmlh)______CO 31.34 23.68 17.90 14.76 10.24 7.72 THC 8.14 6.70 6.06 5.30 4.66 4.02 Smallveh. NOx 1.77 2.37 2.96 3.71 3.85 3.99 CO 30.18 26.19 24.76 25.47 28.55 34.78 Med.veh. THC 15.21 12.42 11.02 10.10 9.42 9.11 NOx 5.40 6.30 7.20 8.30 8.80 9.30 CO 5.25 4.48 4.10 4.01 4.23 4.77 THC 2.08 1.79 1.58 1.45 1.38 1.35 Lurg.veh. NOx 10.44 10.48 11.10 14.71 15.64 18.38

Note:CO--Carbon monoxide THC-Total Hydrocarbons NOx-Nitrogen oxides 3. Lead source strength of unit vehicle In the recommended source strength calculation formula of " EIA Specifications for Highway Construction Projects (trial) ", the yearly exhaust lead particle of med. vehicle is 0.000051lmg/kg.v 4. Volume of domestic sewage and car washing waste water (1) Volume of domestic sewage can be determined according to the volume of supplying water.

Domestic sewage COD=500mg/L, BOD5=220mg/L, Oils=lOOmg/L. (2) Pavement runoff pollution caused by rain. Pavement runoff pollution factors include rainfall intensity, duration of rain, volume of traffic, interval between two rainfalls, width of pavement, length of the pollution accepted sections, etc. The cpncentrations of pavement pollutants are shown in Table 2-5.

Table 2-5 Pollutants Concentration of Pavement Runoff

Iten PH CODcr(mg/L) Oils(mg/L) Pb (mg/L) Average of runoff in 7.4 107 7.0 0.19 120 minutes 1 7 0

(3) Volume of car washing wastewater is based on the following standard: Car: 250-400 L/v; Passenger bus & freight truck: 400-600 L/v. (4) Polluted water caused by cleaning of the leakage and spilling of poisonous and harmnfulsubstances from transport vehicles in traffic accidents

16 3 PRESENT ENVIRONMRNTAL ASSESSMENT

3.1 StatusQuo of NaturalEnvironment along the ProposedHighway

3.1.1 Land Featuresand Topography The topographicalterrain of the expresswayrises from southeastto northwest. It is a rolling area in southeastpart of Fujian Province, which is an extending part of Daiyun (north) & Buoping (northwest)Mountains. Geology of these areas where the rout line will go throughbelongs to low-hillrolling areas, terra rossaterrace & plain.

3.1.2 Meteorology Situatedin the subtropicalclimate with marine seasonalwinds, the regions along the expresswayare mild & humid, with abundant rainfall. For farm crops there are three harvest seasons a year. For the meteorologyinformation along the line, see Table 3-1-1.

Table 3-1-1 MeteorologyInformation

Average Aea Average Average Relative M o y rAverageYearly Max wind Max wind foggy days tempcrature Meteorology temperature precipitation precipitation velocity in fogylayotmpraur Station in years in years ) yelmiy m velocit years in years

(0 (mm)mm years ( (d) (%)

Longhai 21 1374.7 1848.7 2.8 28 12.6 80 City

Zhangpu 21 1427 2101.7 2.5 21 11.1 78 County

Yunxiao 21.2 1712.5 2493.2 2.7 34 7.5 79

County__ _ _ _

Zhaoan 21.3 1420.8 2024.4 2.9 34 10.2 78 County______

3.1.3 Hydrogeology The major water systems consist of JiulongjiangRiver (Nanxi Stream), Gangtouxi Stream, Jiuzhengang,Zhangjiang River, Gangkou, and Dongxi Stream, etc. The rivers going from northwestto southeastto empty themselvesinto the sea. There are three types of developmentalsub groundwater along the line: (1) Bedrock joint water; (2) Residual accumulation-sloping accumulation interstitial plerotic water; (3) Alluvium-rdiluvium interstitial plerotic water.

3.1.4 Vegetation The road section K8-K90 will go on mountain slopes of lightly rolling areas, while other sections are located in plains or terraces. Major kinds of vegetation in plains or terraces are agricultural vegetation, most of them belong to broadleaf forests such as jequirity, while economic forests are mainly composed of lichee and logan trees. There are four kinds of vegetation in the lightly rolling areas: First, broadleaf trees such as jequirity, eucalyptus, and tung oil; Second, coniferous trees like pine and fir; Third, bushes belonging to the spontaneous vegetation; Fourth; at the foot of slopes in the rolling area are lichee and logan trees. The types of vegetation in the heavily rolling area are similar to those in the lightly rolling area, The only difference is that there are more bushes, and higher percentage of vegetation coverage, and a better function of water and soil reservation. But the vegetation coverage situation in the heavily rolling coastal areas is worse than that in the heavily rolling inner land areas.

3.2 Present Assessment of Ecological Environment

3.2.1 Status Quo of Environment and Sampling Analysis Methods 1. Principles for choosing sampling sites: The areas passed by the proposed highway are of varied topography with rolling lands and plains. In the lightly rolling and plain area, lead content of the soil and the crops is determined as an assessment factor. In order to acknowledge completely the proper characteristics of the soil and the crops in the area along the alignment of the proposed highway and its pollution degree, sampling sites were chosen considering the following factors: (DLand features, types of soil, kinds of plants (farm crops, economic crops and vegetation); OPollution caused by existing roads and industrial enterprises; (©)Representativeof irrigated land, dry land and orchards; (4)Variationof traffic volume at different sections. For sampling information, see Table 3-2-1. Table 3-2-1 Soil Sampling Spots and Monitoring Results

Environmental PHPb Organic Order Village Location characteristics PH _(mg/kg)

I Xinzhong K22+100 Rollingarea 7.95 26.8 3.9

2 Cili K59+500 Plainarea 8.08 28.1 0.7

3 Guanyinting K84+100 Rollingarea, 7.77 31.6 1.8 nversideplain 4 Lintou K106+500 Lightrolling plain 7.85 34.6 1.5

5 Changmaolin K131+200 Plainarea passed 7.48 24.5 1.5

______I__ by 324 line

Note:Pb----Lead

2. Sampling methods and preparation Sampling sites are arranged in the pattern of plum blossom at intervals of 50m. Soil sampling depth is 0-20cm. At each sampling spot, 1OOOg of soil sample is taken. After mixing of the sanfples from 5 sampling spots, the mixed sample will be divided into 4 parts. Then 1OOOg of sample is taken for monitoring and analysis. The preparation of sampling, methods of analysis, and equipment used are determined according to "Environmental Monitoring Analysis Methods", issued by SEPA and published by China Environmental Science Publishing House.

3.2.2 Assessment of Status Quo of Soil Pollution 1. Analysis result of soil samples For analysis result of soil samples see Table 3-2-1. 2. assessment of status quo of lead content in soil and crops (1) For ecosystem For lead content in the soil, Class 2 of " Standard for Soil Environment Quality" GB15618-1995 is applied, in which the lead content in soil is limited as PbS300mgIkg. The monitoring result shown in Table 3-2-1, indicates the lead content in 5 soil samples is between 24.5-34.6 mg/kg, which is far below the assessment limitation (300mg/kg), and near to the back ground level of Fujian Province (geometric average 36.4 mg/kg). This reveals that soil along the proposed highway has not been deteriorated by lead yet, and there is still a rather large capacity between current situation to the standard limitation. Analogous analysis has done for this project according to the monitoring information of lead content of crops and fruits along Fuzhou-Quanzhou Expressway. The results are listed in Table 3-2-2 with the assessment standard of this project. Table 3-2-2 shows that the lead content in crops and fruits has not exceed the standard, so the crops and fruits belong to unpolluted foods.

Table 3-2-2 Lead Content in Crops and Fruits unit: mg/kg

Cropsand fruits Coarserice Yam Taro Orange Tangerine

Lead 0.21 2 0.297 0.164 0.205 0.090 content Assessment 0.4 <,0.4 <0.4 • 0.2 •0.2 standard

3.2.3 Wild Plants and Animals 1. Wild Plants The proposed highway passes through administrative areas of four counties, which belong to subtropical rain forest field in coastal rolling area and plain in southeastern part of Fujian Province, or Bopingling southeast wet tropical rain forest zone in southern Fujian Province. Local vegetation belong to south Asia subtropical rain forest. According to the investigation. the local vegetation can be divided into six type groups or 12 types. The six type groups of vegetation are: coniferous forest vegetation type group, broad leaf forest vegetation type group, coniferous and broad leaf mingled forest vegetation type group, bamboo-forest vegetation type group, bush and grass vegetation type group, economic fruit forest and farm crops vegetation type group. 2. Wild Animals In the four counties areas along the proposed highway, there are 27 kinds of wild animals, 98 kinds of birds, 22 kinds of aquatic animals and fishes. There are also some kinds of shrimp, crabs, shellfishes, insects, etc. Based on the investigation, no wild animals or plants on the list of protection by the state are found within 500m to both sides of the proposed expressway.

3.3 Assessment of Status Quo of Soil Erosion

Fujian is one of the provinces suffering from severe soil erosion with a total eroded area of 13,560 kim, accounting for 11.9% of the total land area of Fujian Province. It is not only a disaster to local agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, but also affects navigation and power generation. According to the information provided by the water and soil reservation committee of Zhangzhou City, the average erosion module along the highway is 402.5-484.2 t / 2 km - y . See Table 3-3-1 for the present soil erosion status. From Table 3-3-1, we know that the soil erosion in Zhaoan county is rather serious. Therefore, the major reservation works to mitigate soil erosion are in Zhaoan County.

Table 3-3-1 Present Situation of Soil Erosion (Yr. 1996) Extent of soilerosioLonghai Zhangpu Yunxiao Zhaoan Extent of soil erosion City County County County Areaof erosion 310532 125722 271115 747200 (mu) Proportionof total land area 1672 31.3 17.58 40.5

(% ) ______Lighterosion area 130372 112303 157453 283189 (mu) Proportionof totalarea (%) 41.9 89.33 58.08 37.9 Mediumerosion area 59224 3026 5529 180075 (mu) ______Proportionof total area (%) ~~~19.0 2.41 20.4 24.1

Heavyerosion area Heayro a93395 10393 51522 283936 (mu) Proportion of total area _ _ _ °/ ~~~30.1 8.26 19.0 38.0 ( __ Averageerosion module 402.5 402.5 402.5 484.2 (t/kn 2 * y)

3.4 Assessment of Status Quo of Social Environment

3.4.1 Present Situation of Social Environment There are four counties along the whole line of the proposed expressway (Longhai, Zhangpu, Yunxiao and Zhaoan), under the jurisdiction of Zhangzhou City, which is at the southem tip of Fujian province, connecting with Xiamen City, facing on the Taiwan Straits in the southeast. The area of Zhanzhou City is 12607km2 . According to statistic information in 1996, the population is 436,2340; population density, 343/ kin2; birthrate, 16.81°/o, and the average population density along the expressway is 34%oohigher than the provincial average. The climate is warm and humid, which is suitable for tropical and subtropical plants. For farm crops there are three harvest seasons a year. Grain yield of Longhai City is the highest in the province. Zhangzhou City is rich in agriculture products such as sugar cane, mushroom, asparagus, peanut, tobacco leaf, jute, tea, tremella, etc. More than 40 kinds of fruit such as: longan, orange, litchi, banana, and pomelo, pineapple, and among these fruits, yield of banana, pineapple and lithi is 70% of the provincial yield. Zhangzhou City is also famous for narcissas in the country and overseas. Thanks to the long coastline of Zhangzhou City, this region is rich in various kinds of marine products, such as laver, kelp, shrimp, eel, scallop, clam, sturgeon, etc. The primary industry of Zhangzhou City is light industry, various industries have been developed, such as food processing, textile, building materials, chemical industry, machinery, electronic industry, etc. A diversified industry system has been formed already. For the major economical indexes in 1996, see Table 3-4-1.

Table 3-4-1 Economical Index of the Impacted Area unit: 10000 yuan (Yr. 1996) Productionvalue of agr.& ind. Region GNP Domesticpart of GNP Total Agriculture Industry

Zhangzhou 5,774,256 1,489,187 4,285,069 3,010,881 2,995,873 C ity ______Longhai 1,407,302 281,846 1,125,456 649,463 647,395

C ity______Yunxiao 442,253 99,523 342,712 237,998 237,898

Zhangpu 1,022,275 268,401 753,874 478,210 477;646

C ounty ______

- ~~Zhaoan County 495,943 196,120 299,823 287,791 275,679

3.4.2 Sensitive Spots along the Proposed Highway The areas along the proposed highway are parts of the economically developed regions in Fujian Province with active economy and dense population. The average density of population is 34°oo higher than the level of whole province. Utilized rate of land is rather high, having large amount of economic crops. According to the investigation results, in the assessment scope of enviromnental impact, within 200m on both sides of the road, there are 65 villages, 14 schools, and I hospital, and the water sensitive spots such as Yangmei reservoir, etc. See Table 3-4-2 and 3-4-3 for the locations of villages, schools and hospital. Table 3-4-2 Village and Town along the Proposed Highway (Feb. 1998) Distance Demolished Impacted Serial . from House Family Impacted No. Name Location Roadside (house- (house- People (im) hold) hold) (person) 1 Qiouzhong KO+500-700 0-60 18 22 100 2 Neixi KO+900-KI+150 6-80 15 35 200 3 Sucuo K1+460-550 Through 12 16 112 4 Jingxia K1+640-730 Througth 22 32 220 5 Chaxie K2+400-650 30-60 23 92 6 Shudou K3+900-K4+120 40-130 40 160 7 Dongyuan K4+000-250 50-140 15 55 240 8 Qiancuo, K4+850-K5+050 100-120 41 164 Houcuo 9 Cuozai K5+200-320 80 19 76 10 Jiangcuo K5+600-700 Through 25 28 212 11 Cangli K5+800-K6+000 130-180 15 60 12 Xiayangpan K6+300-400 0-40 8 20 148 13 Xinyu K6+600 80 11 44 14 Xinhe K7+500-680 60-120 26 104 15 Yuanbi K7+820-960 110-140 12 48 16 Shanmei K7+800-060 60-130 10 40 17 Neijiafang K8+120-340 20 15 22 148 18 Hekeng K21+800-K22+250 60-150 45 180 19 Dashi K26+900-K27+200 70 40 160 20 Huxi K27+200-700 10-100 18 37 220 21 Jingweixin K30+440-550 30-160 18 76 Village_ 22 Xilin K38+430-700 140 25 100 23 Shiniuwei K40+100-300 40-60 21 40 244 24 Xiwei K41+760-K42+040 50-90 13 36 196 25 Qinshan K43+270-530 30-70 18 28 184 26 Haibianjiao K46+770-910 Through 21 28 196 27 Hougang K46+590-890 100-120 30 120 28 Houdai K47+790-K48+090 Through 54 316 29 Tulou K50+250-770 50 6 51 200 30 Guotian K50+420 33 31 Pudong K53+780-930 60-110 8 26 136 32 Ciii K58+640-850 60-130 7 20 108 33 Nanshan K60+690-940 80-160 4 25 116 Continuation of Table 3-4-2 Distance Demolished Impacted Serial . from House Family mpacte No. Name Location roadside (house- (house- (eople (im) hold) hold) (person) 34 Liugaowei K61+430-830 20-70 22 46 272 35 Xiagao K63+290-470 10-90 14 20 136 36 Houyin K63+500-660 47 37 Tianping K63+640-800 80-120 2 32 136 38 Yaoly K65+350-550 10-110 12 18 120 39 Gaoshan K65+690-950 Through 59 147 510 40 Shangabian K69+150-250 20-140 13 27 160 41 Fanglin K69+650-900 80-110 25 100 42 Xishan K70+700-K71+030 30-120 29 44 228 43 Shaxi Town K71+400-K72+000 120-200 61 244 44 Putou K72+500-K73+300 10-60 29 116 580 45 Fanliao K74+170-320 90-120 3 24 108 46 Luowanjing K77+900-K78+760 20-90 5 46 204 47 Wanxi K78+800-950 85 6 20 144 48 Zhizai K79+400-610 80-140 8 20 112 49 Wutian K80+450-650 200 20 80 50 Chuanchang K84+700-850 110 21 84 51 Xiagaoxi K85+000-150 200 4 20 96 52 Shudong K92+5004630 100 19 76 53 Jizai K96+200-400 60-120 10 24 136 54 Houcuoyuan K100+400-550 40-100 4 18 88 55 Yancang K106+000-200 40-130 6 127 524 56 Tianpuxu K114+900-KI15+050 40-60 12 14 104 57 Yuanqian K116+600-900 60-120 15 30 180 58 Wuxing Farn K119+650 50 83 332 59 Waifenlou K121+850-K122+10040-110 41 164 60 Xinan Village K129+950-K130+300 200 27 108 61 Pushang Village K120+900-131+100 200 23 92 62 Changmaolin K133+320-490 160 9 24 132 63 Dianqian K135+750-850 60-80 20 13 172 64 Shangying Village K136+000-300 40 24 71 380 65 Houling Village K139+300-650 80-140 12 32 176 Table 3-4-3 School and Hospital along the Highway (Feb. 1998)

Distance from SerialImatdpol Name Location roadside Impacted people No. (m) (person)

I Neixi Prim. Sch. K0+650 80 200 2 Houdai Prim. Sch. K47+940 40 210 3 Guotian Prim. Sch. K50+590 180 210 4 ZhuangqianPrim. Sch. K66+700 130 430 5 Gaolin mid. Sch. K67+200 100 1150 6 Fanglin Prim. Sch. K69+600 150 500 7 Shaxi mid. Sch. K71+090 70 1260 8 ShaxiHospital K70+030 190 | 20 beds 9 Tulou Prim. Sch. K71+400 20 350 10 Beiqi Prim. Sch. K72+790 90 322 11 Xiqian Prim. Sch. K85+000 80 235 12 ShudongPrim. Sch. K91+400 25 100 13 Haifeng mid. Sch. K94+200 160 1200 14 Jizai Prim. Sch. K96+200 Through 155 15 YuanqianPrim. Sch. K110+760 43 340

3.5 Assessment of Status Quo of Acoustic Environment

3.5.1 Investigation and Monitoring of Present Acoustic Environment On-the-spot investigation and monitoring have been done according to the EIA Outline. The current information and data of such regional and traffic noises has been collected as Fujian Province, Zhangzhou City, Longhai City, Zhangpu County, Yunxiao County and Zhaoan County, etc. The monitoring of the present acoustic environment has been entrusted to Environmental Monitoring Station of Zhangzhou City. The monitoring work was carried out during Jan. 14-16,1998 at both side of the road along the proposed highway. 1. Sensitive Spots in Assessment Scope According to the on-the -spot survey, acoustically sensitive spots are mainly villages, schools and hospitals. There are altogether 80 sensitive spots, including 65 villages, 14 schools, and I hospital, see Tables 3-4-2 and 3-4-3 for reference. 2. Monitoring of Acoustic Environment in Assessment Scope The sources of noise are life noise of villagers and traffic noise on the existing highway. Based on the locations and characteristics of the environment, 13 monitoring spots were set up, see Table 3-5-1. See Table 3-5-2 for monitoring results from Environmental Monitoring Station of Zhangzhou City. 3. Method of Monitoring The monitoring method of noise level and the equipment used were determined according to the "Measuring Methods of Environmental Noise of Urban Area" (GB/T14623-93), issued by the SEPA.

3.5.2 Statistic Data of Present Acoustic Environmental Noise at Sensitive Spots According to the investigation and analysis of the characteristics, distribution, locations df the sensitive spots along the highway, also the monitoring results shown in Table 3-5-2, the statistic data of acoustic environment are obtained, see Table 3-5-3 and 3-5-4.

Table 3-5-1 Present Acoustic Environment Monitoring Spots No. Name Location EnvironmentalCharacteristics IT Beitou K0+200 Xiamen-Zhangzhouexpressway starting point 2 BaishuiMid. Sch. K8+600 Passon sideslope beside school with Longanorchard in between 3 Huxi IC27+200 Passthrough the village,18 housesdemolished 4 Haibianjiao K47+200 Port,town, mountain slope, 21 familyhouses demolished 5 Xiagao K63+900 Passby the village 6 Gaoshan K66+300 26 housesdemolished, building soundproof wall is possible 7 GaolinMid. Sch. K67+000 A mid schoolat mountainfoot, three-story school building 8 ShaxiMid. Sch. K71+700 70mfrom the road,three-story school building 9 AndouPrim. Sch. K76+300 Roadis on the slope,school is downthe slope 10 Guanyinting K84+100 Locatedbetween rolling hill and ZhangJiangRiver 11 Lintou K106+500 Lightrolling plain, with interchange 12 Waifenglou K120+140 Road is in the southof mountainslope, with largebridge here 13 Changmaolin K131+200 In plain,with interchange Table 3-5-2 Monitoring Result of Acoustic Environment unit: dB (Jan. 14, 1998)

No. Monitoringspots Day Night I Beitou 63.7 52.5 2 Baishui Mid. Sch. 50.2 40.0 3 Huxi 56.7 45.6 4 Haibianjiao 56.1 47.8 5 Xiagao 47.0 39.6 6 Gaoshan 41.3 41.1 7 Gaolin Mid. Sch. 53.4 37.4 8 Shaxi Mid. Sch. 46.1 39.3 9 Andou Prim. Sch. 42.2 40.0 10 Guanyinting 49.8 42.5 II Lintou 47.5 38.5 12 Waifenglou 47.1 40.4 13 Changmaolin 58.0 52.5

3.5.3 Assessment of Present Environmental Noise along the Alignment *According to the acoustic monitoring results in Table 3-5-2, and the assessment standard in " Environmental Noise Standards in Urban Areas ", GB 3096-93, there are only two spots (Beitou and Changmaolin) exceeding the Class 2 standard, which are the most seriously impacted spots by the traffic noise on the existing highways. Beitou is at the start point of Xiamen-Zhangzhou Expressway, with a large traffic volume due to dense population and developed economy. Its noise level is 63.7dB in daytime, 52.5dB in nighttime, both of which exceed the Class 2 standard. Changmaolin is near to the existing national road No.324, its noise level is 58.0dB in daytime, which is below Class 2 standard, 52.5dB in nighttime exceeding the Class 2 standard.. From the present acoustic data of sensitive spots in Table 3-5-3 and 3-5-4 we can see that none of the present noise Leq values of residential sensitive spots of villages and towns exceed the adopted acoustic standards. Only the present noise Leq values of Neixi Prim. Sch. and Houdai Prim. Sch. exceed Class 1 standard. Except for these two spots, noise Leq value range of the other schools or hospital is Leq (A)=45.2-53.4dB in daytime, Leq (A)=37.4-41.3dB in nighttime, which satisfied Class I standard of GB3096-93. Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that the present acoustic environment along the proposed highway is rather good. Table 3-5-3 Noise Statistic Data of Village and Town along the Highway unit:: dB (Jan. 16,1998)

Serial Name Location Present situation Standard Beyond value o. Day Night Day Night Day Night I Qiouzhong KO+500-700 54.8 46.5 70 55 0 0 2 Neixi K0+900-Kl+l50 54.5 46.4 60 50 0 0 3 Sucuo K1+460-550 53.5 45.5 70 55 0 0 4 Jingxia Kl+640-730 53.3 44.3 70 55 0 0 5 Chaxie K2+400-650 53.4 44.3 70 55 0 0 6 Shudou K3+900-K4+120 55.5 45.1 70 55 0 0 7 Dongyuan K4+000-250 56.3 45.2 70 55 0 0 8 Qiancuo, Houcuo K4+850-K5+050 56.5 45.4 60 50 0 0 9 Cuozai K5+200-320 53.0 42.5 60 50 0 0

_O liangcuo K5+600-700 52.3 42.1 70 55 0 0 II Cangli K5+800-K6+000 50.0 39.2 60 50 1 0 0 12 X;ayangfan K6+300-400 52.3 42.1 70 55 0 0 3 i Xinvu K6+600 50.2 40.2 60 50 0 0 14 Xinhe K7+500-680 50.3 40.2 70 55 0 0 15 I Yuanbi K7+820-960 49.2 39.0 60 50 0 0 16 Shanmei K7+800-060 52.0 41.5 70 55 0 0 17 j Neijiafang K8+120-340 52.2 42.0 70 55 0 0 18 Hekeng K21+800-K22+250 53.9 42.7 60 50 0 0 19 Dashi K26+900-K27+200 54.8 43.0 70 55 0 0 20 Huxi K27+200-700 56.7 45.6 70 55 0 0 21 Jingweixin Village K30+440-550 53.8 42.5 ] 70 55 0 0 22 XiIin K38+430-700 51.9 40.3 60 50 0 0 23 Shiniuwei K40+100-300 52.0 41.0 70 55 | 0 0 24 Xiwei K41+760-K42+040 51.8 40.1 70 55 0 0 25 Qinshan K43+270-530 54.0 42.8 | 70 55 0 0 26 Haibianjiao K46+770-910 54.8 43.0 70 55 0 0 27 Hougang K46+590-890 54.5 42.8 60 50 0 0 28 Houdai K47+790-K48+090 56.0 47.5 70 55 0 0 29 Tulou K50+250-770 53.5 42.3 70 55 0 0 30 Guotian K50+420 53.6 42.4 70 55 0 0 31 Pudong K53+780-930 53.6 42.5 70 55 0 0 32 Cili K58+640-850 55.1 45.8 70 55 0 0 33| | Nanshan K60+690-940 | 51.0 40.2 60 50 0 0 34| | Liugaowei K61+430-830 50.2 40.0 70 55 0 0 Continuation of Table 3-5-3 Present situation Standard Beyond value Serial Name Location No. Day Night Day Night Day Night

35 Xiagao K63+290-470 47.0 39.6 70 55 0 0 36 Huoyin K63+500-660 48.0 40.0 70 55 0 0

37 Tianping . K63+640-800 48.5 40.0 60 50 0 0 38 Yaoly K65+350-550 49.8 40.3 70 55 0 0 39 Gaoshan K65+690-950 43.3 41.1 70 55 0 0 40 Shangabian K69+150-250 48.6 40.2 70 55 0 0 41 Fanglin K69+650-900 49.2 40.5 70 55 0 0 42 Xishan K70+700-K71+030 49.4 40.9 70 55 0 0 43 Shaxi Town K71+400-K72+000 49.3 40.8 60 50 0 0 44 Putou K72+500-1K73+300 51.9 41.2 70 55 0 0 45 Fanliao K74+170-320 51.5 40.9 60 50 0 0 46 Luowanjing K77+900-K78+760 53.6 41.8 70 55 0 0 47 Wanxi K78+800-950 49.8 39.9 60 50 0 0 48 Zhizai K79+400-610 60.0 39.8 60 50 0 0 49 Wutian K80+450-650 53.0 41.5 60 50 0 0 50 Chuanchang K84+700-850 53.3 41.9 60 50 0 0 51 Xiagaoxi K85+000-150 52.8 41.2 70 55 0 0 52 Shudong K92+500-630 53.5 42.0 60 50 0 0 53 Jizai K96+200-400 52.4 41.0 70 55 0 0 54 Houcuoyuan K100+400-550 50.0 38.5 70 55 0 0 55 Yancang K106+000-200 49.0 39.0 70 55 0 0

56 Tianpuxu K114+900-KI15+050 49.8 39.2 70 55 0 0 57 Yuanqian K116+600-900 49.5 39.0 70 55 0 0 58 Wuxing Farm K119+650 48.0 39.5 70 55 0 0

59 Waifenlou K121+850-K122+100 47.1 40.0 70 55 0 0 60 Xinan Village K129+950-K130+300 50.2 41.0 60 50 0 0

61 Pushang Village K120+900-131+100 52.5 42.3 60 50 0 0 62 Changnaolin K133+320-490 58.0 52.3 60 50 0 0

63 Dianqian K135+750-850 53.4 41.8 70 55 0 0

64 Shangying Village K136+000-300 52.9 41.0 70 55 0 0 65 Houling Village K139+300-650 51.5 40.5 60 50 0 0 Table3-5-4 NoiseStatistic Data of Schoolsand Hospitalsalong the Highway unit:dB (Jan. 14 1998)

Serial Present situation Standard Beyond value Name Location No. N Day Night Day Night Day Night

I Neixi Prim. Sch. KO+650 61.5 50.4 55 45 6.5 5.4 2 Houdai Prim. Sch. K47+940 56.0 47.5 55 45 1.0 2.5 3 Guotian Prim. Sch. K50+590 51.2 40.5 55 45 0 0 4 Zhuangqian Prim. Sch. K66+700 52.0 40.5 55 45 0 0 5 Gaolin mid. Sch. K67+200 53.4 37.4 55 45 0 0 6 Fanglin Prim. Sch. K69+600 49.2 40.5 55 45 0 0 7 Shaximid.Sch. K71+090 46.1 39.3 55 45 0 0 8 Shaxi Hospital K70+030 46.5 39.8 55 45 0 0 9 Tulou Prim. Sch. K71+400 46.3 39.5 55 45 0 0 10 Beiqi Prim. Sch. K72+790 45.2 41.0 55 45 0 0 11 Xiqian Prim. Sch. K85+000 51.8 40.2 55 45 0 0 12 Shudong Prim. Sch. K91+400 52.2 40.8 55 45 0 0

13 Haifeng mid. Sch. K94+200 53.0 41.3 55 45 0 0 14 Jizai Prim. Sch. K96+200 51.4 40.0 55 45 0 0 15 Yuanqian Prim. Sch. K110+760 49.6 38.9 55 45 0 0

3.6 Assessment of Present Atmospheric Quality

3.6.1 Present Air Environmental Quality and Assessment 3.6.1.1 Monitoring of Present Air Environmental Quality 1. Seting of monitoring points and measurement Along the proposed Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway, 4 environmental air quality monitoring points will be set up, the locations and measurements are shown in Table 3-6- 1. Table 3-6-1 Sampling Items and Monitoring Spots No.. Location Item Environmentalcharacteristics I-Huli NO CO TSP Roadpasses through village, there is house (K27+200) x, O removal 2 Cii0 NOx, CO, TSP Coastal village with clean air

Guanyinting NO CO TSP At roadcrossing in frontof the mountainand (K84+100) x, O facing to water 4 Xishan NOx, CO, TSP Port

(K 1 20+200)~~~~~~~O 2. Monitoring Duration, Frequency and Analysis Methods The monitoring of present air quality has been entrusted to the Environmental Monitoring Station of Zhangzhou City. The monitoring began on Feb. 25 1998, 5 continuous days of sampling and analysis were done. The daily sampling frequency and analysis method are based on the regulation of GB3095-1996. See Table 3-6-2 for methods of monitoring and analysis.

Table 3-6-2 Sampling and Analysis Method Item Samplingand AnalysisMethod NOx Saltzmanmethod in GB/T15436-95 CO AbsorptionInfared method in GB9801-88 TSP Gravitymethod in GB/T15432-95

3.6.1.2 Present Atmospheric Quality and Its Assessment 1. Monitoring result Monitoring results of CO, NOx, and TSP from 4 monitoring spots along the proposed highway are shown in Tables 3-6-3, 3-6-4, 3-6-5.

Table 3-6-3 Monitoring Results of CO Concentration unit:mg/Nm3 (Feb.25, 1998) Houdyawrged _ Dailyaverage No Sp1ng Sample Rangeof Beyond Rangeof Bod Average spotsNo. cncenttionstndard 25th 26th 27th 281h lst cocet n ai dard No. concaiiatinn /) concenoarion /) ______( %/) _ _ _(0/c) I Huli 20 0.75-1.88 0 1.22 1.22 1.03 1.03 1.22 1.03-1.22 0 1.22 2 Cili 20 0.75-1.12 0 1.03 1.03 1.22 1.22 0.94 0.84-1.03 0 0.82 3 Guanyinfing 20 0.75-1.12 0 0.84 1.03 1.03 1.03 0.84 0.84-1.03 0 0.95 4 Xishn 20 0.75-3.00 0 1.12 1.03 1.59 0.84 1.03 0.84-1.59 0 1.22

Table 3-6-4 Monitoring Results of NOx Concentration unit:mg/Nm3 (Feb.25, 1998) Hourlyaverage _ Dailyaverage No Sampling Sample Rangeof BeyOnd of AvgeAverage TONNo. cmm-4cm oAndd 25th 26th 27th 28th Is cmmb aonsndanI .No. caicn (S/ coabCS N%)W/§ I Huli 20 0.005-0.015 0 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.008-0.012 0 0.010 2 Cili 20 0.005-0.020 0 0.005 0.005 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.005-0.012 0 0.009 3 Guanyiing 20 0.005-0.015 0 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.005-0.012 0 0.009 4 Xiian 20 0.005-0.020 0 1.12 0.005 0.010 0.010 0.016 0.005-0.016 0 0.010 Table 3-6-5 Monitoring Results of TSP Concentration unit:mg/Nm3 (Feb. 25, 1998)

Daily average

No. Sampling 25t 26th 276 28 li Range of Beyond Average concentration (%)

I Huli 0.083 0.079 0.075 0.104 0.100 0.075-0.104 0 0.088

2 Ciii 0.164 0.051 0.076 0.113 0.058 0.051-0.164 0 0.092

3 Guanyinting 0.022 0.018 0.022 0.048 0.025 0.018-0.048 0 0.027

4 Xishan 0.036 0.024 0.028 0.076 0.056 0.024-0.075 0 0.044 .______I ______

2. Present Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Analysis From Tables 3-6-3, 3-6-4, 3-6-5, the following assessment results can be gotten. (1) One-hour average concentrations of CO in the ambient air of the 4 monitoring spots range from 0.75 to 3.00 mg/Nm3 , and daily average values of CO range from 0.84 to 1.95 mg/Nm3 . Both of the one-hour average values and daily average values of CO tested did not exceed the Class 2 standards in GB3095-1996, in which one-hour average concentration of 10.00mg/Nm3 and daily average concentration of 4.00mg/Nm3 are specified respectively (2) One-hour average concentrations of NOx about the ambient air at the monitoring spots range from 0.005 to 0.020 mg/Nm3 , and daily average concentration range from 0.005 to 0. 016 mg/Nm3. Both of the one-hour average concentrations and daily average concentration of NOx tested did not exceed the class 2 standards in GB3095-1996, in which one-hour average concentration of 0.1 5mg/Nm3 and daily average concentration of 0.1 Omg/Nm3 specified respectively. (3) Table 3-6-5 indicates daily average concentrations of TSP in the ambient air at the monitoring spots range from 0.018 to 0.164 mg/Nm3 , which is not higher than the limitation of the Class2 standards in GB3095-1996 (0.30 mg/Nm3). From the analysis above, it can be seen that the pollutants concentration of local air is rather low, so the ambient air quality along the proposed highway is good. 3.6.2 Meteorological Features The local climat belongs to subtropical monsoon marine climate, which is mild and humid all year round with an average temperature of 21-C. In spring, it's chilly because of lots of rainfalls, while in summer and autumn, the area is often attacked by typhoons and rainstorms. It is cool in winter and hot in June-Sept, with a monthly average of 26C- 28 C. While it is colder in Jan.-Feb. with a monthly average of 11C-131C.The annual rainfall is 1244-1742mm, concentrated in March-Sept, making up 85% of the total in the whole year. Most of the rainfall in July-Sept. is brought by typhoon. Figures 3-6-1, 3-6-2, 3-6-3, are wind rose diagrams drawn on the basis of the data of 1985-1996 from meteorological stations of Longhai, Yunxiao, and Zhaoan. It can be seen that Longhai, and Zhaoan have east wind frequently, with south wind mostly in summer. Yunxiao has a stable wind direction around the year, with northwest wind to be dominant. From the wind rose we can see that the local area has a small frequency of static wind. The yearly average wind velocity in Longhai, Yunxiao and Zhaoan are 1.5m/s, 2.3m/s, and 2.1 m/s respectively. Based on the collected data about surface wind and cloud obtained in 1994, 1995 and 1996 by meteorological stations in the said 3 counties, using Pascal Stability Method (P. S), we calculate average annual stability frequency, see Table3-6-6. It is apparent from the table that the neutral weather (D type stability) appears most frequently, followed by the stable weather (E-F types).

Table 3-6-6 Seasonal & Yearly Occurrence Frequency of Atmospheric Stability

Area Unstable(A-B) Moderateunstable (C) Neutral(D) Stable(E-F)

Longhai 8.5 13.1 58.4 20.0

Yunxiao 7.0 8.5 65.0 19.5

Zhaoan 4.6 6.2 71.6 17.6 I ~N' ; N

- - 4 ......

W X E i E

July(summer) c=9% January(winter) c= 11%

N,, N

4W 7 E E iJ --.-.... E

October(autumn) c= 12% April (spring) c=14%

! I

...... -. ,/- ES U

Yearly average c=t13%

Figure3-6-1 Four Seasonand YeakrlyAverage Wind Rose Diagram for Longbai N N /7z t ENNE -...... N

3I~~ W

Ski : y SE Ski .SE S S

July (summer) c=14% January (winter) c=8%

N

1 i d n.ru EW * 'N. f ...... - ......

I.

October (autumnu) c=7% April (sprilla) c= 15%

'~~~~, E >...o *d1

3W~~ .7Z - ~ '/~

Y l e-I .I

/ ;W \ o

I .W . :..

Sl. \-.---

Yerl avraec-1

Fiue-- Fu eao ndYalyAerg in oe igamfrYusa I N I N

14u I' IlIo

i-i Er |W _* /i)

5tW *** E W _ o'R

July (summer) c=10% January (winter) c=18%

,-i' I ,."- '@\

1I 'Wi

\ . ,, ;~ ~~~. . -s,

October (autumn.) c=14% April (spring) c=13% N~~~~~~~

1I\

......

......

Yearly average c=14%

Figure3-6-3 Four Seasonand YearlyAverage Wind Rose Diagram of Zhaoan 3.7 Present Water Environment and Assessment River Regimes along the proposed expressway include Naxi Stream of Jiukongjiang, Yangmei Reservoir, Luxi Stream, Jiuzhen Port, Zhangjiang River, and Zhaoanwan Port, etc. See Figure 2-1 for the relationships between the river regimes and the proposed expressway.

3.7.1 River Regimes & Hydrogeology 1. Naxi Stream of Jiukongjiang and its river mouth Naxi Stream of Jiukongjiang is a tributary stream of Jiulongjiang River, which is the largest river in Zhangzhou City. Nanxi Stream comes from Mt. Buopingling of Pinghe County, with a total length of 65km, 666km2 of catchment area, and 452 million m3 of annual flow. The max. width of the river at the down reaches is 470m, water depth is 6m, and the max. section flow velocity is 1600 m3/s during rising tide; The min. width of the river at the down reaches is 235m, water depth is 0.7m, min. section flow velocity is 60 m3 /s during ebbing tide. The Xixi Stream and Beixi Stream, the two trunk streams of Jiulongjiang River and Nanxi Stream will gather into the sea. The Jinlongjiang River mouth is a joint point for the main water systems to empty themselves into the sea. From Beijian in Jiaomei Town, Longhai County at the boundary of Haican, XiamenCity in the north to Gangwei Town of Longhai City, the coastline is 98km, facing Xiamen and Gulangyu Islands across the sea, where yearly average flow volume is 13790million m3 . 2. Yangmei Reservoir in Zhangpu Yangmei Reservoir is in Yanmen Village of Chiling Township, located at the upper reaches of Fuotanxi Brook in Zhangpu County. The yearly average flow volume is 4326 mi3 ; normal water level is 65m, with 59.8km2 of catchment and 38 million m3 capacity of the reservoir; the adjusted flood water level 68m, 55.3 million m3 of total relative capacity of the reservoir. Total area is 5.1 km2; average water depth is 21m. Yanmei reservoir is a construction project mainly for irragation. 3. Luxi Stream and Jiuzhen Port Deriving from Houmen Village of Pinghe County, Luxi Stream has a total length of 57km, with 700 km2 of chatchment area, and 803million m3 of yearly average flow volume. A sluice gate at the lower reaches of the river plays a important role in water accumulation, to assure the water supply to residents and factories, and to prevent back flow of sea water in tidal season. Jiuzhen Port is located at the top of Futouwan Port. From the tip of the coastline of Liuao peninsula in the east, to Huli Village in Duxun Town in the west, the total coastline is 43.5km with a water area of 1.5 million rn2 , the average tidal difference is 3.1 m. 4. Zhangjiang River and its river mouth Deriving from the foot of Dafeng Mountain in Pinghe County, Luxi Stream has a total trunk length of 66.2km with 1038km2 of chatchment area and 950million m3 of

27 yearly average flow volume. Zhangjiang River runs into Dongshanwan Bay in the end. The total coastline is more than 150km with a water area of 266.8 million m2 and an average tidal difference 2.3m. 5. Port of Zhaoanwan The extra large bridge at Port of the proposed highway is located in an area where several brooks join together in Sidu Town in Zhaoan County with small flow volume. The river water runs into Zhaoanwan Bay in the end. The Zhaoanwan Bay is under the jurisdiction of both Dongshan County and Zhanan County, where water quality is good, maintaining the characteristics of outer sea water. Obvious pollution has not been found by the present investigation. Water environmental impact assessment of this project is determined as class 3 assessment. According to the hydrological information and the specific locations where the highway strides over the river sections, based on the "EIA Technical Guide" Hj/T2.1-2.3-93 and the water quality investigation, the Completely Mixed Model is adopted to predict the effect of the rainwater runoff on the water quality, and the one dimensional dynamic model of tides is used to prognosticate the pollution of water quality at the river mouth.

3.7.2 Assessment On Present Surface Water Environment

3.7.2.1 Survey of Present Water Quality 1. Methods (1) Sectional arrangement The proposed highway will go through Nanxi Stream of Jiulongjiang in Longhai City; Yarnmei Reservior and Jiuzhen Port in Zahngpu County, Zhangjiang River in Yunxiao County, Port of Zhaoanwan in Zhaoan County etc. 10 river sections were set up as sampling points, see Table 3-7-1 and the appendix map for sectional arrangement and sampling information. (2) Sampling time and frequency On-the-spot sampling was carried out during January 14-21,1998. One sampling spot was selected at every river section to carry out surface water sampling according to high tide, low tide and normal tide situations. For the water source of the reservoirs, 2 samples were prepared. (3) Survey items There are 6 survey items selected altogether, including PH, Oil, DO, CODW,,SS, and temperature. (4) Analysis methods The whole procedures of sampling assemble, reservation, and transport were carried out according to the regulations in "Environmental Monitoring Analysis Methods", "Analysis Methods on Water Quality" GB7466-7494-87 and GB11889-11915-89. Analysis methods and min. detection limits are shown in Table 3-7-2.

Table 3-7-1 Sectional Arrangement for Water Quality Survey

No. Place Specificlocation Characteristics Il Nanxi Streamof Jiulongjiang, At upper reachesof Xinxu Tidalsection at upper reaches, 2 Nanxi Streamof Jiulongiang, At lower reachesof Xinxu Tidal seaion At lower reaches, 3 Yangmn(Reservoir In the east of Youkeng Freshwater (I) YangmeiReservoir 4 In the west of Youkeng Freshwater (2) JiuzhenPort, 5 6 At upper reachesof JiuzhenPort Sea water

At lowerreaches, 7 hAnJiauppereaor, At upper reachesof JiuzhenPort Tidal section

8 ZhangjiangRiver, At lower reachesof jiuzhenPort Tidalsection At lowerreaches, 97Port of Zhaoanwan, At upperreaches of Port Sea ser 80 PtoZhona, At lower reaches ofiuze Port Sedawaerto AtAt upperlower reaches,reaches, Pot of Zhaoanwan, 10 Aloerecs, At lower reachesof Port Sea water

Table 3-7-2 Water Quality Monitoring Items and Analysis Method

Item Analysismethod Equipment Min. detectionlimit PH electrode PH meter 0.02

CODm. AlkalineKMnO 4 0.15(mg/1) COD, AcidicKMnOW_ 0.5(mg/1) DO Iodinevalue method 0.2(mg/1) Ultraviolet Ultraviolet Oil spectrophotometermethod spectrophotometer 0.05(mg/) SS Gravitymethod

3.7.2.2 Survey Results of Present Conditions Monitoring results are shown in Table 3-7-3. Due to the construction at the upper reaches, the average SS monitoring value of Nanxi Stream of Jiulongjian is so high as 841mg/1. Table 3-7-3 Monitoring Result Statistic of Water Quality at Various River Sections (Jan. 14, 1998)

River No. of No. of COD,, DO Oil SS section Section Sample (mg/1) (mg/I) (mg/I) (mg,I)

I 6 Monitoring 7.58-7.68 2.9-3.1 6.0-6.6 0.05-0.07 736-920 value range of 2 6 Monitoring 7.60-7.69 3.0-3.2 5.8-6.4 0.04-0.05 730-900 Jiulongjiang value range Average 7.63 3.0 6.2 0.05 841

_3 3 Monitoringve 7.02-7.17 2.2-2.5 6.3-8.8 0.025 1-13

Yangmei oitrn Reservoir 4 3 Monitoring 7.10-7.21 2.2-2.3 6.7-8.8 0.025 8-18

Average 7.13 2.3 7.6 0.025 10.1

5 6 Monitoring 7.70-7.78 2.4-2.5 7.5-7.9 0.025 20-73 value range

Jiuzhen Port 6 6 Monitoring 7.74--7.80 2.4-2.7 7.6-9.6 0.025 26-87 value range

Average 7.74 2.5 8.0 0.025 46

7 6 lvonitoring 7.66-7.68 1.5-1.8 7.0-7.8 0.025 72-88 value range Zhangjiang 7 6 Monitoring 7.67 2.8-3.0 6.3-7.2 0.025 244-289 River value range

Average 7.69 2.3 7.2 0.025 167

9 6 value range 7.75-7.79 2.5-2.8 7.8-9.0 0.025 16-24

Port 10 6 Monitoring 7.65-7.76 2.9-3.1 9.3-9.6 0.025 25-158 Value range i l l l

Average |7.73 2.8 8.7 0.025 43

3.7.3 Assessment of Present Surface Water Quality Single index and standard exceeding methods were used for the assessment and analysis of the present surface water quality.

3.7.3.1 Assessment methods 1. Selection of assessment factors Assessment factors are PH, DO, CODmn,oil, SS. 2. Assessment standards According to the environmental characteristics and functions of the surface water bodies, assessment standard are determined as follows. For Yangmei Reservoir, class II standard in " Surface Water Quality Standards " GB 3838-88 (see Table 3-7-4) was applied. For Jiuzhen Port and Pot of Zhaoanwan, class 2 standard in "Water Quality Standards for Sea Water" GB 3097-97 ( see Table 3-7-5) was adopted. For the tidal sections in Nanxi Stream of Jiulongjiang and Zhangjiang River, class 2 standard in "Water Quality Standards for Sea Water" GB 3097-97 or the class m standard in Surface Water Quality Standards " GB 3838-88 was used. Because there is no SS (Suspended Solid) standard for surface water, the SS of irrigation water is used. The limitations are: 150mg/I for water farming irrigation water, 200 mg/I for dry farming irrigation water, and 100 mg/l for vegetable irrigation water.

3. Division and naming of assessment type Assessments were carried out section by section. If all factors did not exceed class I standard, the water quality in the section was determined as class I standard. If one factor or some factors for assessment surpassed class I Standard, but fell bellow class II Standard, the water quality in the section were determined as class II standard. In this way, class IJI and class IV water could be determined.

Table 3-7-4 Surface Water Quality Standards (GB3838-88) unit: mg/l X-em I | II | III f IV V pH 6.5 8.5 6~-9 CODMfl< 2 4 6 8 10 DO¢ Saturationrate 90% 6 5 3 2 Oil 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 1.0

Table 3-7-5 Sea Water Quality Standards (GB3097-97) unit: mg/I The Max.dissolved concentration (mg/I) Item Class1 Class2 Class3 pH 7.5-8.5 7.5-8.5 6.8-8.8 COD, <2 <3 <4 DO >6 >5 >4 Oil <0.05 <0.05 <0.30 SS 1I0 S50 < 100

41 3.7.3.2 Assessment results and analysis See Table 3-7-6 for the results, which are analyzed as follows: 1. Nanxi Stream of Jiulongiiang River System The water quality of Nanxi Stream met the adopted Surface Water Quality Standard (Class III), but exceed the adopted Seawater Quality Standards (Class 2). 2.Yiangmei Reservoir The water quality of Yiangmei Reservoir satisfied the adopted Surface Water Quality Standard (Class II). 3. Jiouzhen Port The water quality of Jiouzhen Port satisfied the adopted Sea Water Quality Standard (Class 2). 4. Zhangjiang River The water quality of Zhangjiang River met the adopted Surface Water Quality Standard (Class III), but exceed the adopted Seawater Quality Standards (Class 2). 5. Zhaoanwan Port The water quality of Zhaoanwan Port met the adopted Seawater Quality Standards (Class 2).

Table 3-7-6 Assessment Results of Water Quality

Item Result pH COD, DO Oil SS Assessmentstandard Riversection At upper reachesof 1.1 2.11 l 1 3, 1 Class2ofIGB397-97 Nanxi ~~XinxuICls2ofG3079 Narixi At lower reachesof 3,11 I l 2,11 ClassillofGB3838-88 Xinxu . 3 3 Satisfied In the east of Youkeng I 11 swatery Yangmei _ standard Class 11of GB 3838-88 Reservoir Satisfied .In the west of Youkeng I 11 I I Fwahery

______~standard At upper reachesof 1 2 1 1 2 Jiuzhen JiuzhenPort - _Class 2 of GB 3097-97 Port At lowerreaches of 1 2 1 1 2 Jiuzhen Port At upper reachesof 11 11Cls2fBO793I11 ZhangiiangGuanyintingCls2ofG3079 Zhangjiang At lower reachesof I, 1 2,11 l I _ 3 ClasslIlofGB3838-88 Guaniyinting I,I ,1 1,1 ,1 3 At upper reaches of 1 2 1 1 2 Zhaoan--. Zhaoanwan Bay - - 2 Class 2 of GB 3097-97 ZhaoaAt lower reaches of 1 2 I 1 2 Zhaoanwan Bay ______

42 4 PREDICTED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 Analysis of Impacts on the Ecosystem

4.1.1 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts of Lead Content in Soil 1. Calculation of annual emission source strength of lead from a single vehicle The lead annual emission source strength from a single vehicle is calculated by using the following formula:

F1= Jj pbi X .P -365/G where: Ji - average oil consumption of I type vehicle (Lfkm), calculated on the basis of 20 L per hundred kilometers of oil consumption for all kinds of vehicles; pb;-amount of lead compound in petrol, taken as 0. I 4g/L;

J7 emission rate from the exhaust pipe, taken as 75% normally; P- settlement of lead dust in the study area, taken as 60%; G-soil quality of cultivated soil layer within the length of 100 km in the study area, taken as 150 t/mu; i stands for small, medium and large vehicles; 365 - days in one year

F, =0.2x0.14x0.75x0.6x 365 150000x300 =0.0001 022mg/kg

2. Predictionmodel of lead contents The lead contents at different spots is predicted according to the following formula: where:

n W0 = Bo + KX Rik'-' 1-1 W--accumulated amount of lead in the i year in Layer A (mg/kg); K-residual rate of lead in the soil, taken as K=0.95; B. ackground value of lead contents in Layer A (mg/kg); R,-annual input of lead in n year in the soil (mg/kg). Calculation of lead environmental capacity at different spots: Q =(Ck-Bo -Cd 'G where: Q-lead environmental capacity in soil (g/mu); Ck-environmental standard value in soil (mg/kg); Bol-background value of lead content in soil (mg/kg); Cp- increment of lead input (mg/kg); G---mass of soil in arable layer per mu (kg/mu).

3. Calculation of lead content in soil at different spots The results of lead envirorinental capacity value and lead content at different spots are shown in Tables 4-1-1 and 4-1-2.

Table 4-1-1 Predicted Lead Content in the Soil at Different Spots Unit: mg/kg (Medium vehicle/d)

i ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~ ...... ~ ~~ \Monitoring spt Tendency s s Xinzhong Ciii Guanviiting Lintou Changmaolin Analysis

Background levels of 26.8 28.1 31.6 34.6 24.5 lead in soil Lead emission strength by a single vehicle cach 1.022X I O' 1.022X 104 1.022 X 104 I .022 X 104 1.022 X 10 4 year Traffic volume in 12927 15875 10188 9413 12191 2005Yr. 1 I Lead input in 2005Yr. 1.320 1.110 1.042 0.962 1.246

Traffic volume in 18129 15883 14874 13660 16638 2010Yr. Lead input in 201OYr. 1.652 1.622 1.530 1.376 1.700

Traffic volume in 28659 24861 23840 23342 25653 2020Yr. Lead input in 2020Yr. 2.930 2.450 2.452 2.486 2.642 Lead contents in soil in 29.06 30.00 3.38 36.25 26.62 2005Yr . Lead contents in soil in 36.62 36.70 39.71 41.89 33.51 2010Yr Lead contents in soil in 47.75 45.62 49.3 52.37 43.39 2020Yr Table 4-1-2 Lead Capacity in Soil at Different Spots Unit: mg/kg

Monitoringspots Lead Xinzhong Ciii Guanyinting Lintou Changmaolin contents Assessment standards 300 300 300 300 300 of lead in soil Backgroundlevels of. 26.8 28.1 31.6 34.6 24.5 lead in soil Lead input in 2005Yr. 1.320 1.110 1.042 0.962 1.246 Lead input in 201OYr. 1.852 1.662 1.530 1.376 1.700 Lead input in 2020Yr. 2.930 2.450 2.452 2.486 2.642 Leadcapacity in Leadcapacit in 40782 40618 40103 39665 41138 2005Yr. (g/mu) Lead capacityin l Lead capacity in 40705 40541 40045 1 39603 41070 201OYr. (g/mu)______I Lead capacity in 2020Yr. (g/mu) 40540 40471 39892 39437 40928

4. Prediction and assessment of lead content in soil Tables 4-1-1 and 4-1-2 present the lead content and lead capacity at various sections of the proposed alignment on the basis of different kinds of soil, terrain, traffic volumes and environments. The assessment of lead environmental quality in the soil at different monitoring spots represents the impact assessment of lead content in the soil along the proposed project. The predicted values in Table 4-1-1 show that the lead content is increased as the traffic volume increases after the highway is put into operation. The background value of lead content at present at Xinzhong, for example, is 26.8 mg/kg. In 2010, the 7th year after operation, however, the lead content will come up to 36.62 mg/kg. While in 2020, the amount will be as high as 47.75 mg/kg. It is shown from Table 4-1-2 that after the highway is put into operation, the lead dust will be accumulated continuously because of increased traffic volumes, thus leading to increased lead content and decrease of lead capacity. The lead capacity in the soil at Xinzhong is 40,782 g/mu in 2005. However, the number will be decreased to 40,705g/mu in 2010, and in 2020 the number will be 40,540g/mu. The increase of lead content year after year in soil, or the decrease of lead capacity in soil , is caused by the pollution of the lead particulate from the vehicular exhaust pipes. 4.1.2 The Potential Impact of the Alignment on the Farming along the Project The highway construction will have impacts on farming in many ways involving social economy and ecological environment etc. Some impacts are positive, while others are negative. With respect to positive impacts, the construction of the highway will promote economic growth in both local areas concerned and Fujian Province as a whole by bettering investment environment attracting foreign capitals, It can also improve tourist industry and relieve the traffic congestion on the existing Highway No.324. On the other hand , the proposed highway will have some adverse impacts on farming production. The land use of right-of-way will be permanent, which will lead to decrease of agricultural production causing some loss in agriculture along the proposed alignment. Since the arable land per capita in the study area is only 0.54- 0.66 mu, the use of land for right-of-way has made the problem more serious. On the basis of on-the-spot survey, the land use for right-of-way is shown in Table 4-1-3. The temporary land use includes earthworks and stone quarries, spoil sites, access roads for construction, prefabrication sites and construction camps. The temporary land use will last for four years. The contractor will be responsible to rehabilitate the temporarily used lands after construction. The total land area for permanent land use (including paddy and non-irrigated land) will be 11,385 mu. Assuming that the average yield is 1,114 kg per mu, the reduction of grains every year will be 12,682.89 t, meaning a loss of 20.2926 million RMB yuan (1.6 yuan per kilogram). The construction will use 2,608 mu of orchards, which means a loss of 52.16 million yuan per year (20 thousand yuan per mu). The alignment will use 195 mu of aquatic ponds, which means a loss of 5.85 million yuan per year ( 30 thousand yuan per mu). During the operation phase, there will be heavy traffic volumes, long-term operation in particular, which will cause adverse impacts on the environment due to the particles and NOx from exhaust pipes. It is seen from Table 4-1-1 that because of the increased traffic volumes, the background value of lead content in the soil along the both sides of the highway will be increased from present 24.5 -34.6 mg/kg to 43.39- 52.37 mg/kg (the year of 2020). However, beginning from Jan. 2000, only lead free oil can be use in our country, the exhausted gas from traffic vehicles will not cause lead pollution to the environment. Table 4-1-3 Land Acquired for the Expressway Construction unit: mu (Sep. 1998)

Landusage Permanentland acquired Temporaryland acquired Lad type Cultivatedland Uncultivatedland Total area

\Subtotal Rice Dry Pond Subtotal Orchards Hilly Waste Other Building Subtotal Cultivated Uncultivated \\Pfield land land land land land land land

Longhai City 1653 1061 561 31 389 120 154 11 104 348 200 148 2390

Zhangpu County 4843.5 2503 2311.1 29.4 2010.2 1090.3 659.9 127.2 86.8 46 633.9 385.5 248.4 7487.6

Yunxiao County 2334.26 2103.08 190 41.18 787.68 605.15 170 12.53 925.08 324.4 600.68 4047.02-

ZhaoanCounty 2749.30 973.36 1682.42 93.52 1415.37 792.33 145.65 399.91 48.33 29.15 1192.7 681.3 511.4 5357.37

Totalof 11580.06 6640.44 4744.52 195.1 4602.25 2608 1130 527 146 191 3099.68 1591.2 1508.48 19282 ZhangzhouCity Table 4-1-4 Temporarily Land Acquisition

Chainage Usedfor Length Width Area Locat Dry land & land Hilly landwith Fishponds Orchards (tn) (m) (m2) ation for other use(mu) woods(mu) (mu) (mu)

K I 9+000 Spoil site Outside BaishuiT. 69 K14+200

K24+036 Spoil site BaizhuhuFarm 70

K324+030 Spoil site OutsideXihu T 50

K32+900- Spoilsite Chitu Township 38 K38+900 Solst

K46+740 Borrowsite 200 80 16000 OutsideJiuzhen T 24

K46+540 Quarries 400 100 40000 Xicuooutside Jiuzhen T. 60

K46+590-740 Prefabricatingsite for bridge 150 100 15000 OutsideJiuzhen T 19 5 c

K48+200-360 Prefabricatingsite for bridge 160 g0 12S00 HioudaiVillage,liouzhen 19

K60+140 Borrowsite 200 80 16000 OutsideXiamei T 24

K77+390 Quarries 400 t00 40000 LuowanjingVillage.Shaxi T. 50

K60+260 Quarries 400 150 60000 YuanbianVillage,Xiamei T 90

K104+420- Spoil site 20 9 TianduT., Zhaoan County 2.7

K112+870- Spoil site 20 20 400 JinxingTownship,Zhaoan County 6 KI 18+590

K142+390- Spoil site 15 30 450 ShenqiaoT.,Zhaoan County 6.75 K 140+442

Total 136.05 43 5 84 4.1.3 Protection of Wild Animals and Plants

Based on the result of investigation, no state protected wild animal and plant have been found in the assessment scope along the proposed highway. However during the process of construction, the workers should be informed of the relevant laws and regulations of animals and plants protection. In construction activities, if these animals and plants are encountered, the authorities should be informed of findings in order to take proper measures to protect them. Clauses concerning protection of wild animals and plants should be involved in the biding construction documents.

4.1.4 Protection Measures for Ecological Environment (1) In the construction stage, the following measures will be taken to protect ecosystems. The construction procedures and sequences will be well arranged. It will be constructed section by section and the period of construction will be as short as possible. In the early construction, the following works will be completed at the same time if possible: subgrade, slope protection, drainage, retaining walls, plantation of trees and grass. In this way, the vegetation will be restored very soon and soil erosion will be reduced to a great extent. It is suggested that after the subgrade works and protection works are completed, the earthworks of another section be started. (2) Management of temporary land use will be enhanced. As soon as the construction is finished, the land for temporary use will be restored and rehabilitated without any unreasonable delay. (3) To ensure flood discharge and irrigation, the construction of bridges and culverts will be conducted prior to other works. (4) No waste earth and stones will be allowed dumping freely. Spoil, slugs and domestic garbage will not be pernitted to be dumped on the slopes of valleys to prevent from silting rivers or irrigation canals. (5) Borrow sites and spoil sites will be reconstructed or leveled on completion of the works for rehabilitation and plantation. (6) The top soil layer will be saved and returned to the land after the construction work is completed to minimize impacts on ecosystem and agriculture. See Table 4-1-4 for the specific locations of borrow sites and spoil sites.

4.1.5 Measures and Suggestions about Vegetation Restoration 1. Plantation of roadsides and medium dividers The scope from the shoulders on both roadsides to the boundaries of right-of-way and dividers will be treed or grassed; the total plantation area of both dividers and roadsides is 515.27 mu and 8,412.6 mu respectively. 2. Plantation of Interchanges Calculated according to the Drawings for Interchanges, the areas to be greened are estimated to be 120 mu. There are 9 interchanges, covering 1,108 mu of plantation. 3. Plantation of service centers and toll stations There are 11 toll stations and 2 service centers. If one toll station needs 3.6 mu and one service center needs 6.6 mu for plantation, the total plantation area will be 46.2mu. 4. Plantation of tunnel portals and two ends of.extra large bridge approaches There are two tunnels and 7 especially large bridges. If each portal needs 20 mu and each bridge needs 25 mu for plantation, there will be 215 mu for plantation put together. The above mentioned items all fall into plantation of right-of-way which covers about 10,269.07 mu accounting for 53.25 % of the total land acquired for the proposed highway. The plantation of the right-of-way will not only compensate for the loss of green land, but also create a better landscape and ecosystem on both sides of the road. The practice of all expressways proves that the green belts on roadsides can improve the ecological environment in the belt-shaped regions. Suggestions on plantation are as follows 1. Special designs will be needed for the plantation according to the types of subgrade and certain sections, landscape of the road and sight attraction. 2. The plantation on both sides will be integrated into subgrade protection, control of noise, air pollution and soil conservation. The width of plantation belts will be as wide as possible. 3. The slope of the embankment will be turfed. The plantation of high retaining walls for high embankments will be integrated with plant protection. The area between the toe and side ditches will be planted with evergreen bushes or bushes bearing colorful flowers, The area from side ditches to the boundary of right-of-way will be planted with both bush and arbor trees. 4. Special plantation design will be performed for plantation of the portals of tunnels and interchanges. Every plantation area will have its own characteristics with various kinds and patterns and/or architectural ornaments where necessary. Besides level plantation, vertical plantation will also be done to form a scenic zone with all-sided vertical plantation. 5. The plantation in the service areas will be in harmony with the local planning and types of buildings, and lawns and plants bearing flowers and ornamental trees will be planted mainly. 4.2 Prediction of Soil Erosion during Construction Phase

4.2.1 Prediction Model for Soil Erosion In this EIA, an American common model issued by American Ministry of Agriculture was adopted to predict soil erosion.

A=R * K * L 5S - C - P where: A-erosion strength( t / km 2 * y); R erosion force factor; K-soil factor; L-slope length factor; S-grade factor; C-over and management factor; P -water and soil conservation factor.

4.2.2 Value of Various Factors Adopted in EIA RP-represents dynamics of water loss related to precipitation and rain force. It may be thought of as unchangeable before and after the construction. K-epresents the sensitivity of soil to erosion related to size of soil granules and organic matter in the soil. In general, the top soil of farmland has round granular structure wit medium seeping speed. When K is less than 0.4, the sub-top soil is characterized by lamella and block structure with slow or medium seeping speed. When K is between 0.42-0.46, the value is taken as 0.45. LS - epresents factors of slope length and grade called terrain factors. It is calculated by using the following model:

LS = A )(65.4Isin 0 +4.56sinO + 0.065) 22.13

where: A - slope length (m) measured from the starting point of runoff to the point where mud and sand begins to settle or the runoff goes into the river, A =50 m before highway construction. When the height of the embankment is 3-4 m, A = 6 m from the pavement to the side ditch. 0 -angle of slope. 0= 12° before highway construction, 0= 370 after highway construction; m-empirical index. When 9==12, then m= 0.5, while 6=37', then m=0.8; on the basis of calculation, before the highway construction LSs 5.735, while after the highway construction, LS= 9.327 at the embankment. C-surface cover factor. According to Tables 4-2-1 and 4-2-2, when there is not any cover or continuous fallow land, C is taken as 1.0. Before the construction, C=0.5, while after the construction C=1.0. P-water and soil conservation factor. The P value at the construction site is taken according to Table 4-2-3. P = 0.7 before the highway construction, P = 1.0 after the highway construction.

4.2.3 Calculation of Soil Erosion To calculate the soil erosion, the values of the above parameters will be substituted to the prediction model. In order to simplify the calculation, the erosion strength before the construction is assumed as A,, while that after the construction as A2. Therefore, the prediction model can be reduced to

A2 R2K2LS2P2C, K2LS2P2C2 Al R,KJLSAIC1 KLSI1 P1C

A 0.45x9.327x l Ox 1.0 2 = 5.211 Al 0.4x5.753x0.5x0.7 The calculation of soil erosion during the construction phase is shown in Table 4-2-4, which shows that the erosion strength during the construction phase is 5.211 times that before the construction, indicating that the soil erosion is quite serious during the construction. The soil erosion modules in Longhai City, Zhangpu Counrtyand 'Yrunxiao County will increase to a great extent as compared to that before the construction, that is, from 402.5 t / km / year to 2097.4 t / km / year. And it is from 484.2 t / km / year to 2523.2 t / km / year in Zhaoan County. This means that the original Class I slight erosion will turn to Class III medium erosion. Therefore, we can conclude that the prevention measures against the soil erosion during the construction are of great significance. It is predicted that the soil erosion strength will be restored to the level before the construction in 3-5 year's time after the highway is put into operation due to the more complete drainage systems and the restoration of vegetation. Besides, thanks to the upgraded pavement and highway plantation, the situation of soil erosion in the future along the highway will be alleviated than the situation before construction. So, we can say that the aggravated soil erosion during the construction will be short lasting. In the long run, the construction of the highway will in effect mitigate the erosion of soil. Table 4-2-1 C Value of Various Crops

Kinds of crops & management C level Fallow or black fallow land 1.0 Herbage or bean cultures 0.01 Sown or shortly after harvest 0.3..0.8 Growingseason: grains 0.1-0.3

Wheat . 0.05-0.15 Cotton 0.4 Grass land 0.01

Table 4-2-2 C Value of Various Vegetation

Ground cover (%) Vegetation 10 20 40 { 60 80 100

Grassland 0.45 0.24 0.15 0.09 0.043 0.011

Bushes 0.4 0.22 0.12 0.085 I 0.040 0.011

Mixturaor3bus 0.39 0.20 0.11 0.06 0.027 0.007 & arbors

Dense forests 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.02 0.004 0.001

Table 4-2-3 P Value at the Construction Site

Types of constructionsites P levels Irregular ground for constructionby bulldozers or loaders 1.0 Leveled looseground 0.9 Leveled and compactedground 0.7 Subgrade compactedby layers 0.1 Drainage or interceptionditches 0.6 Grit catchers 0.4 Retaining walls 0.5-0.8 Here we have only the soil erosion at the subgrade construction place. The erosion at the borrow and spoil sites are not predicted, but it is estimated that the results will be the same as that at the subgrade construction site or slightly less than that.

Table 4-2-4 Potential Soil Erosion Prediction during Construction Phase unit: T/km2Y Places Longhai Zhangpu Yunxiao Zhaoan .______City County County County Predictionlevels during 2097.4 2097.4 2097.4 2523.2

Backgroundlevels of soil 402.5 402.5 402.5 484.2 erosion

4.2.4 Earthwork Balance of Subgrade Works The total length of the proposed highway is 140.459 km with the subgrade being 26 m wide. The average subgrade fill elevation in the plain is 3.9 m. The terrain where section(K8 - K23) is to be situated is of heavy rolling areas; K 74 - K 90 is on the slope with other sections being on the plains or light rolling areas. Two tunnels will be built, namely Kuzhishan Tunnel and Dabushan Tunnel. The plain areas are characterized by filling, while mountains and tunnels by cutting. Soil erosion occur mainly during subgrade construction. It is suggested that the earthworks be balanced within the section itself and allocated longitudinally to minimize soil erosion and the cost. The earthwork balance of various sections is shown in Table 4- 2-5. It shows that the cutting is 12,924,800 cubic meters, the filling is 12,529,900 cubic meters. For one kilometer, the self-used earthwork, long haulage used earthwork, borrow earthwork and spoil earthwork are 784,038 cubic meters, 9,090,765 cubic meters, 2,010,122 cubic meters and 2,783,353 cubic meters respectively. Where the alignment goes along the mountain slope, mountain cutting will be done, especially at K 69 + 800. K 87 +400, K128+630 and at Keling and Changshan which needs 20-30 m of cutting of mountain body. This may lead to instability of the mountain body and more regional soil erosion.

54 Table 4-2-5 Earth and Stone Works Balance unit: m3

Cuning Filling Used for local section Used for other places Borrow Spoil Section Earth Stone Earth Stone Earth Stone Earnh Stone Earth Stone Earth Stone

KO+000- 59615 251678 616998 251678 10731 10067 4884 241611 2557373 13828 K6-*000

K6+000- K 14+200 734176 1329603 710930 209957 127138 5K0042 583792 143119 37339 1136442

K34+500 2209076 588969 1773011 264131 125686 14957 1847867 228045 201705 270184 345967

K34tS00- 100571 692557 271471 588018 24676 1459I 346795 573427 12005 104539 K45+052

K45+052- 341007 185039 564693 21735 11464 316918 175930 K53+590

K53+590- 1189890 976816 2077868 109879 50701 982515 17320 114726 K79+590

K87+350 15368 6574 727789 102064 989 127 284702 101937 442101

K87+350- 610829 137329 372329 K92+990 264934 89429 9963 282900 254971 150000

K92+990 444477 533272 1025630 533276 21228 8238 423251 525038 581153

K1l21+590 687759 583060 1129543 33127 21689 576010 368605 78622 192766

K121+590- 732049 515097 945610 32727 5630 487575 279553 173064 K142+210 211747 229914

SubtotalTotal 712815 5799994 1031586 214658 586614 197469 6181209 2909556 2070122 773775 2009628

Total ofearth& stone 12924809 12529920 784083 9090765 27833353 4.2.5 Impacts of Poor Geology on the Project According to the prospecting, the major poor geological conditions of this project are as follows. a. soft soil subgrade; b. 30 m depth of mountain body cutting at Keling and Changshan with potential of slope sliding. Sections of soft soil subgrade in the recomn)ended scheme are distributed as follows: K1-K7, K62-K65, K81-K88, K123-127, with a total length of 27.57km. Steep slopes may form at the large-scaled cutting parts, which can easily induce collapse. Protection measure as rolling and digging steep slopes into step shape and setting blind ditches should be adopted. Dangerous rock on slopes should be removed to ensure the safety during construction. The soft soil ground base have a wide distribution of muddy clay and mud which form a deep layer of soft soil with a high void ratio and a high water content. Subgrade sinking can be easily induced on the soft soil ground base. So, protection treatments, such as using plastic drainage boards, soil replacement, geotextile and cement stirring piles, should be adopted.

4.2.6 Plan to Prevent Soil Erosion Based on " Management Regulations on Water and Soil Conservation in Construction Projects" and relevant regulations in the Water and Soil Conservation Study Report, the water and Soil Conservation Erosion Prevention Plan has been worked out. The current situation and prediction of soil erosion along the alignment are given in detail, so this section deals only with the control measures against soil loss.

4.2.6.1 Principles and Objectives of Soil Erosion Prevention Schemes 1. The policy (1) Water and Soil Conservation Act of PRC; (2) Execution Regulations on Water and Soil Conservation Act of PRC; (3) Management Regulations on Water and Soil Conservation Schemes in Construction Projects issued by Minister of Water Conservancy, State Planning Committee and State Environmental Protection Agency; (4) Management Regulations on Water and Soil Conservation in Construction Projects issued as the 5th Circular by the Minister of Water Conservancy; (5) Technical Specifications for Water and Soil Conservation issued by the Ministries of Water Conservancy and Electric Power; (SD 238 -87); (6) A Letter by Fujian Provincial Office of Water and Soil Conservancy on Execution of the 5 Circular of the Ministry of Conservancy, No 155 { 1995]; (7) A Reply Letter on Compensation Charge for Water and Soil Loss issued by Fujian Price Committee and Financial Division, No 393 [1996]; 2. Objectives (1) Damage to the facilities for water and soil conservancy will be minimized and compensated for in case of loss; (2) Waste earth and stone will be disposed of properly; (3) Slide, collapse and subsidence will be prevented completely; (4) The top soil and vegetation damaged by borrow sites and cutting will be restored; (5) Basic farmland will be saved and protected; (6) Damage resulting from the soil erosion to enterprises and individuals will be avoided; (7) Engineering measures to prevent the soil erosion will be taken.

4.2.6.2 Engineering Measures against Water and Soil Erosion 1. In order to minimize soil and water loss, culvert pipes will be embedded before subgrade filling where necessary, and the subgrade construction works will be completed in a possible short time. 2. Management of waste earth/stone works Because of the undulate terrain of the project, there will be a great amount of cutting and filling, which is good for earthwork balance in longitudinal allocation. The spoil is estimated to be 2,783,353 cubic meters including 773,725 cubic meters of earth and 2,009,628 cubic meters of stone. Table 4-2-6 has presented the area for spoil sites and kinds of land to be used. The principal requirements for selection and design of spoil sites are as follows. Table 4-2-6 Locations and Areas of Spoil Sites unit: mu Places Position Length Width Dry land & Plaesosiion(m)(nm) other land Outside KO+ 000- 69 BaishuiT. K14 +200 Baizhuhufarm K14+200- 70 K24+036 7 Outside K24+036- so XihuT. K32+900. Thespoil sites will havepiling Chitu Township K32+900 38 capacityfor dispositionof the

K310+4200 spoilfrom Kuzhishantunnel TianduT. K 0+2+801 20 9 2.7

JinxingTownship K 112+870- 20 20 6 KI 18+590

ShenqiaoT K125+390- 15 30 6.75 K140+442

(1) Within the impact scope down the spoil sites, there should not be any village and important public utilities. In addition, they will not be located in the areas apt to collapse or slide. (2) The height of dumping should not be higher than the surrounding ground level. (3) Cut off ditches will be installed at the top slope of the tall stone dumps. (4) When the elevation of the dump is higher than 5 meters, level terraces of 1.5 - 2.0 will be built up every 5 additional meters. The fill height will not be more than 1: 1.0. (5) To discharge seepage, blind pipes of 250 - 300 mm will be provided with a thickness of 300 -500 mm of pebbles bonded. (6) The top surface will be treed or grassed. 3. Locations of borrow sites The borrow amount for this highway is estimated to be 2,010,120 cubic meters. The borrow sites selected include Bijia Mountains, Dongyuanhou Mountains, Jian Mountains, Dakuo Mountains, Hou Mountains behind Dongsha Brick and Tile Factory, Nioushenkeng, Laohu Mountains, and South Mountains etc. The above mentioned sites will be identified for certain in the initial and construction drawing designs with consultation with departments of planning, environmental protection and water conservancy to avoid further environmental issues. 4. Protection works In the construction of the highway, cutting and borrow will be done on a large scale causing exposure of slope, collapse and slides. The most serious situation, a mud-rock flow would happen by accident. Therefore, the slopes resulting from mountain body cutting needs protecting. The locations of bigger protection slopes and amount of work are shown in Table 4-2-7. The requirements for the design of the slopes caused by cutting and filling are as follows: (1) The grade of slope will be determninedby the filling materials, filling elevation, the original terrain and geology and climate etc. The slope subject to soakage will be 1:2 and will be strengthened according to the water level. (2) The grade of the slopes in the cutting sections is based on the geological structure, and the elevation of the cutting side slope. (3) When the elevation is more than 10 meters, compound cross section will be used, i.e. a terrace with drainage systems will be provided at a certain distance. (4) At sections in the rolling areas where there are both cutting and filling , the filling will be done after the retaining walls are set up. If the cut slopes are not stable enough, they will be strengthened by grouted schist. The cut slopes close to the highway will be provided with retaining walls. (5) The explosive quantity for each blasting operation will be strictly limited to less than 1Okg for fear that it should cause loose slopes. Table 4-2-7 Major Slopes Caused by Cutting Slope protection Length of Sections Length Width Area interception (m) (m) (m2 ) ditches (m) K1+860-K2+158 298 25 7450 348 K9+940-K10+50 110 6 660 122 KI+100-KI1+600 500 11 5500 522 K13+450-K13+620 170 8 1360 186 K13+830-K13+900 70 10 700 90 K14+100-K14+300 200 9 1800 220 K15+420-K15+610 190 15 2850 220 K15+740-K15+860 120 10 1200 140 K18+700-K18+900 200 17 3400 334 K22+670-K22+800 130 5 650 140 K23+080-K23+250 170 6 1020 182 K23+600-K23+720 120 5 6000 130 K22+770-K24+500 1730 8 13840 1746 K24+900-K25+100 200 8 1600 216 K30+130-K30+300 I 170 | 10 1700 190 K31+470-K31+650 180 9 1620 200 K34+560-K34+760 200 X 18 3600 236 K35+810-K35+950 140 5 700 150 K36+250-K36+550 300 11 3300 322 K37+150-K37+300 150 6 900 162 K39+250-K39+400 150 8 1200 166 K39+970-K40+170 100 6 600 112 K40+580-K40+670 90 7 720 110 K42+490-K42+690 200 14 3400 248 K48+430-K48+550 120 12 1400 144 K48+740-K48+900 160 11 1760 182 K49+840-K50+290 450 10 450 470 K54+840-K55+090 250 5 1250 260 K55+640-K55+890 250 4 1000 260 K57+600-K58+000 400 5 2000 410 K59+290-K59+790 500 8 4000 516 K60+340-K60+540 200 25 5000 250 K61+000-K61+250 250 8 2000 266 Continuation of Table 4-2-7 Slope protection Length of Sections Length Width Area interception (in) (in) (in2) ditches (m) K65+390-K65+810 420 10 4200 440 K66+500-K66+960 460 9 4140 478 K67+240-K67+540 300 12 3600 324 K68+120-K68+290 170 4 680 178 K69+460-K69+660 200 5 1000 210 K71+000-K71+220 220 17 3740 254 K72+010-K72+210 200 18 3600 236 K74+480-K74+690 210 14 2940 238 K77+740-K78+010 250 13 3250 276 K91+000-K91+150 150 14 2100 178 K92+120-K92+260 140 12 1680 162 K92+090-K92+190 100 I10 1000 120 K97+000-K97+450 450 32 14400 514 K99+000-K99+150 150 16 2400 182 K103+320-K103+730 410 4 1640 420 K105+340-K105+940 600 10 6000 620 K106+340-K106+540 200 6 | 1200 216 K109+640-K109+790 150 6 900 162 K111+440-KI1+860 420 8 3360 436 K112+620-K112+720 100 9 900 120 K112+940-K113+090 150 10 1500 170 K113+270-K113+390 120 7 840 134 K115+210-K115+310 100 7 700 114 K117+140-K117+240 100 6 600 112 K118+740-K119+340 600 21 12600 642 K119+690-K119+94 250 17 4250 284 K121+290-K121+450 160 7 1120 174 K127+410-K127+590 180 13 2340 206 K129+890-K130+130 240 10 2400 260 K132+290-K132+390 100 6 600 112 K133+090-K133+310 220 4 880 228 K138+450-K138+550 100 5 500 110 K139+640-K140+090 450 14 6300 474 Total 186080 40884 5. Drainage works Collapse and slides are caused by rain seepage and inflow water. Therefore, the slope protection works are very important, and in case of larger cut slopes, cut-off ditches will be installed 2 meters away from the top the slopes to prevent slides and mud currents in case of heavy rains. The sections to be installed with cut-off ditches are shown in Table 4-2-7. In engineering design, enough drainage facilities will be considered to ensure smooth and clear drainage on both side* of the pavement. The design of the drainage facilities must meet the requirements in "Specifications for Highway Engineering Design"

6. Restoration of Vegetation (1) The areas within the acquired land, near crossings and residential quarters will be treed with bushes and or arbors. (2) Slopes of subgrade and slopes of cut areas will be treed or grassed. If the waste spoil areas are permanent, earth and stone slugs will be compacted and covered with top soil for rehabilitation or afforestation. (3) The species of trees and plants suggested are: gulfweed, China fir, Criptomeria fortunei, tung tree. monthly rose, Malus spectabilis, saururus chinensis. greenbristle grass, alfalfa and false indigo etc.

4.2.6.3 Management of Plan Execution

1. Institution Fujian Provincial Expressway Construction Directorate Office and the branches in various counties and cities are responsible for execution of water and soil conservation protection measures. These measures include that designers carry out the conservation plan and construction drawing design, that the design contents are specified in tending documents as contracts, that the quality of the facilities are strictly controlled and supervised and that the personnel from environmental protection departments and water and soil conservancy departments take part in the acceptance of the protection works. In the operation phase, full-time personnel from Fujian Expressway Company ltd. entrusted by the province will be in charge of environmental protection including routine maintenance of the facilities.

2. Technical measures (1) Traits and awareness of the workers on environmental protection will be taken into account in selecting contractors. The concerning requirements will be involved in the clauses of contract. (2) The supervisors with better knowledge in water and soil conservation will be appointed to the job. (3) Both the employer and contractor will spend the cost on technical training and supervision or study in prevention of soil erosion. (4) The locations of borrow and spoil areas and quarries will be selected with consultant with local authorities for water and soil conservation. (5) Rehabilitation of borrow sites and management of the site for the spoil of tunnels will be implemented by the contractors, and supervised by the supervision engineers local EPB. (6) RMB1.5 million yuan will be spent on the 8 borrows sites, RMB 1.2 million yuan on the 7 spoil plants, and RMB 0.3 million on the spoil treatment at the 2 prefabrication plants for the large bridges, with a total amount of RMB 3.9 million yuan.

4.3 Impact Analysis of Social Environment

4.3.1 Beneficial Analysis of Social Environment 1. The construction of the highway is the requirements for the formation of the national artery highway network consisting of "two longitudinal and three transverse roads". Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway is one of the important sections of the National Artery Highway from Neilongjiang to Sanya of Hainanin in Fujian Province. Its construction will certainly speed up the development of highway construction in the coastal areas. The Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Highway is connected with Xiamen-Zhangzhou and Xiamen-Fuzhou Expressways in the north, and with Shantou-Chaoan-Fenshuiguan and Shantao-Shenzhen Expressways in the south. That serves as a direct passage from the capital of Fujian to Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao and forms a fast and complete highway network in the Southeast and Zhujiang Delta. Thus it will help to bring the "special areas" into full play.

2. The construction of the highway will play an important role in the regional economic growth by improving investment enviromnent. The City of Zhangzhou which the proposed alignment passes by is one of the important parts in Southeast Fujian. It is also one of the seven areas in the country which enjoy priority to develop. It has been listed as an agriculture demonstration area and an experimental area for the cooperation between Taiwan and the Mainland. Zhangzhou is also an intensive interest of investrnent for businessmen from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao and foreign countries as well. So far as many as 2000 or more enterprises of foreign capital have been approved with more than 1000 of them put into business including some exceptionally large projects. The actual investment has amounted to 2.3 billian US dollars. Therefore, it is critical to speed up communication means in this area to better investment environment. 3. It will play an important role in unification of the nation and economic growth both in the Mainland and Taiwan. Taiwan Province is very similar to Fujian Province in population, culture, language , custom, and human geography. About 80% of the population in Taiwan are originally from Fujian, 8 million of which from Zhanzhou. Unification of the nation is the common concern of all the Chinese people. To summary, the construction of the highway is of great significance in promoting the economy in both Mainland and Tainwan,.and in achieving "three accessibility" (by post communication, aviation and trade ) and academic communications.

4. The construction of the highway is the necessity of the increase of the traffic volumes The existing Zhangzhou-Zhaoan section of the National Road No.324 can not meet the development of communications and transportation due to poor technical standards, severe mixed traffic, poor driving conditions, low speed, frequent traffic accidents and urbanization of some road sections. The 1996's average annual daily traffic (AADT) was 7,606 (medium-sized vehicles), even 8,429 in some sections, with crowdedness of 1.69%, close to saturation. To solve the problem, the construction of a new highway is the only solution.

4.3.2 Analysis of Impact of Highway Construction on Life of Residents

4.3.2.1 Land Acquisition and Resettlement The proposed alignment will permanently occupy 11,385 mu of farmland, which means a loss 20.2926 million RMB yuan every year; occupy 2,608mu of orchards meaning losing RMB 52.16 million yuan every year; occupy 195 mu of fishery ponds meaning losing RMB 3.85 million yuan every year. It will temporarily occupy 1,591mu of cultivated land and 1,509 mu of uncultivated land. Although the project will take some cultivated land, the land taken is distributed patchily in various villages; so it will not cause any changes in industrial structure and serious impact on the living standards of local villager. On the other hand, the construction of the Highway will improve the investment environment, and promote the regional economic growth, especially develop the tertiary industry of local area. As a result, more employment opportunities will be created for the local farmers. Therefore, the construction of this highway project will increase the economic incomes of the local farmers living along the alignment. The amount of house demolition is shown in Table 4-3-1. In the alignment design, although efforts were made to avoid towns and villages, some demolition is unavoidable because of dense population and developed economy. In the scope that within 200 m from the road side along the proposed highway, there are: 65 villages, 14 schools, and 1 hospital. The houses demolished altogether are 70,097 m 2 , including 20,858m2 of brick and concrete buildings, 41,161m2 of brick and timber buildings, 2,126m2 of timber and earth buildings, and 5,952 m2 simple structure buildings.

Table 4-3-1 Amount of Housing Demolition (Sep. 1998)

Area and number of Buildings Fenced Belonging Brick & Brick & limber & Simple gardens to concrete timber earth . structure Total (itt2 ) buildings buildings buildings buildings ) No. No.o (m No. (o. . (ml) No. Longhai 1540 5 26356 162 3126 31 31022 198 70.1

City ______Zhangpu 14797 126 10604 82 737 6 1679 30 27817 244 43 County____ Yunxiao 1390 6 2110 12 630 9 615 6 4745 33 10.68 County ___ Zhaoan 3131 18 2091 18 759 9 532 9 6513 54 12.02 Total of T Zhangzhou 20858 155 41161 274 2126 25 5952 76 7 0097 5255 136

City ______I I I I _ _ I ______

Note: Data in the table is provided by the resenlement officeof this project.

The resettlement is planned as follows: the households to be removed will be given homestead for building new houses. The Project constructors also will compensate them for the lost land with currency. It is suggested that the new houses be built nearby to minimize the social impacts. However, it will inevitably put some inconvenience to the local people. In order to carry out the resettlement smoothly, special personnel and institutions are to be established in cooperation with the local govemments. The organizations will be responsible for the overall resettlement planning, compensation and so on. In the long run, the living conditions of the residents will be improved and renewed.

4.3.2.2 Impacts on Traffic Convenience of Residence The average subgrade elevation in the light rolling areas is about 3 meters, and the highway is grade-separated and access-controlled, so it will unavoidably bring some inconvenience to the local communities. To minimize the adverse impact, the following facilities are planned to be built: 9 interchanges, 79 grade separations, 292 underpasses at an average interval of 370m, which can meet the requirements of public communities on both sides of the road. In the design of the underpasses, the following factors will be taken into account: distribution of villages, convenience of the local residents, divisions of farmlands, and convenience for people's living and production. Emphasis has been laid on the quality of the underpasses to ensure that no water accumulation will occur in the rainy seasons. In the design of the underpasses, consideration is given to the width

64 and clearance to allow for the further improvement. Meanwhile, efforts are made by the employers and designers to accept the rational suggestions and opinions of the local residents, which will be put into practice in the future construction according to the characteristics of the Project. The interchanges along the alignment serve as entrances and exits for vehicles providing convenient access to the highway to the local people. Therefore, the proposed project will be of great benefit to the public in traveling, transportation and trade.

4.3.2.3 Promotion of Tourism in Zhangzhou Prefecture The Project will promote the tourism along the route. There are numerous cultural relics and tourist resorts, such as Yundong Rocks, Baiyunyan Temple, Yeshan Lecture Hall in Longhai City; Ziyun Peak of Tianzhu Mountains,Tianzhu Temple, Jianchun Bridge and Baizhangping in Zhangpu County; Nine Monkeis Mount, Wanghai Building, Fenshui Pass in Zhaoan County etc. Besides those, there are sea beaches and beautiful scenery in southern China. The building of the highway will bring all these tourist resources into full exploitation and utilization.

4.3.3 Risk Analysis of Accidents

4.3.3.1 Identification of Environmental Risk Factors

The potential risk may be of ecosystem and pollution of surface water. The alignment will extend for more than one hundred kilometers passing through mountains, rivers and hills. Since the project is a permanent one, its potential risk may be also permanent. The potential risks may be: 1. Traffic accidents caused by storms, long-lasting rain, typhoon and thick fog that occur very frequently in Zhangzhou Prefecture in southeast China where there is a lot of rain and thunderstorms as well as typhoons to exert impact upon the operation of the expressway, even enclosure of the expressway. 2. Risk of traffic accidents and hazardous materials spill. Based on the relevant data, the rate of traffic accidents on the expressway can be reduced by 25% as compared with that on the ordinary highway. However, the absolute number of the accidents on the expressway is more because of higher speed and great traffic volumes. Furthermore, the accidents are usually serious causing greater damages. The materials transported may be toxic materials, oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), pesticide or fertilizer, which may cause pollution to the environment. 3. Since there are lots of rivers with more bridges, once accidents occur on the bridge desks, they may interfere with traffic or even pollute the water in the river.

65 4. Enough culverts and bridges will be set up to connect the water systems on both sides of the highway, considering the fact that the average elevation of the subgrade is 3.9 m above the ground level in the plain areas, which may block the natural runoff and wash away the subgrades. 5. Because the height of the slopes may reach 20-30 m due to heavy cutting in the rolling areas, there may be collapse if the quality of protection work is not ensured. 6. Underground hydrology may be interfered by excavation of tunnels so as to impact the growth of plants above the tunnels. Accident in tunnels will seriously influent the operation of the proposed expressway. 7. Engineering quality may be impacted by weak subsoil subgrade. 8. According to the prediction of environmental impact, the project may cause environmental noise, pollution of agricultural ecosystem and water due to increased traffic volumes. The problems posed in 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, above can be solved by means of appropriate management and design. For detail, see "Implementation of Environmental Management Plan". The emphasis of risk assessment is about traffic accidents and transport of hazardous materials.

4.3.3.2 Impact Analysis of Accidental Rate on Existing Highway

Since the reform and opening-up in the country, Zhangzhou Prefecture has seen fast growth of both economy and transportation. However, the service of the existing highway has been deteriorated due to too heavy traffic and other factors such as mixed traffic, interference of tractor traffic and overload etc. leading to frequent traffic accidents and traffic congestion. Table 4-3-2 shows indetail the tendency of increase of traffic accidents year after year. The financial loss resulting from the traffic accidents in 1994 amounts to RMB 7,435,900 yuan, 7.25 times more than that in 1990, which demonstrates the necessity for the construction of the new expressway to mitigate the crowdedness and reduce traffic accidents. Besides, it can also enhance the living standards of the residents along the aligrunent, thus strengthening the stability of society. In addition, the good driving conditions and beautiful scenery will relieve the fatigue of the drivers and passengers. Consequently, there will be much fewer traffic accidents.

66 Table 4-3-2 Traffic Accidents on Existing No. 324 National Highway from 1982-1998

Times of accident Injury Mortality Economic loss Year (time) (person) (person) (l OOOOyuan)

1982 512 457 55 30.31

1983 504 434 60 38.40

1984 521 463 57 41.54

1985 644 465 99 62.65

1986 861 552 100 104.01

1987 942 569 145 126.02

1988 873 571 182 185.23

1989 788 486 143 155.66

1990 653 446 120 102.54

1991 673 401 151 146.78

1992 j 690 407 165 206.68

1993 773 411 188 207.03

1994 886 199 484 449.25

1995 825 231 598 625.17

1996 837 239 727 748.13

1997 896 201 642 889.63

1998 1156 223 905 1020.36

4.3.3.3 Analysisof Risk of HazardousMaterials Spill It is unavoidableto transporttoxic chemicals on the proposed highway,the risk of which is the sudden leakage and explosion resulting in serious pollution disasters in a very short time and causing great property loss. The possibility of the accidents is obtainedthrough the followingempirical formula:

P=Q 1 XQ 2 XQ 3 XQ 4 XQ 5 XQ 6XQ 7

67 where: P-robability of risky accidents of hazardous materials. Q, robability of the rate of traffic accidents at present(times/year), taken as 1156 times /year, according to Table4-3-2. Q2 Ratio of vehicles carrying hazardous materials to total trucks (%), taken as 7.2%.

Q 3 -Ratio of trucks to traffic volumes (%), taken as 63.2%.

Q4 - Ratio of critical sections including bridges, tunnels, reservoirs or the section passing through villages to the whole mileage (%), taken as 11%.

Q5 Ratio of predicted traffic volume to current traffic volume(%), taken as 279%, 383%and 594%. Q6 Reduction rate of traffic accidents due to expressway (%), taken as 25% (USA 1974's data). Q T--Ratioof serious traffic accidents to minor traffic accidents(%), taklenas 15%. The possibility of accidents because of the transportation of hazardous chemicals in the critical sections is shown in Table 4-3-3.

Table 4-3-3 Analysis of Risk of Hazardous Materials Spill on the Proposed Highway Year Accidentprobability of the transportationof hazardousmaterials

1995 0.605/year

2010 0.831/year

2020 1.239/year

4.3.4 Cultural & Historical Relics Investigation Names of the cultural and historical relics to be protected along the proposed highway and protective measures for them are listed in Table 4-3-4. Their exploration and investigation were completed by the Archaeological Investigation Team of Fujian Provincial Cultural and Historical Relics Management Committee by March 15, 1999.

68 Table 4-3-4 Distribution of relics along Zhangzhao expressway & protective measures

Relics Road sections Site Age Interference Proposed protective measures with the project Fenglinwei A section (Dongyun) Fengming Building of 15m away from the I. A bridge for the section is to be built and rotary-drilling technique will be used for the Hui temple link road (k2+ 100) village, Dongyun Qing embankment construction of the piers. Precautions against the vibration of construction equipment town, Longhai dynasty should be taken properly. city (above 2. The protective measures should be taken in cooperation with the local cultural unit. ground) Xidong ruin B section (k34+600- Xidong village, Ancient The proposed 1. Rescuing Excavation is to be carried out by the local cultural unit in the early stage of k35+ 100) Chitu town, building Xidong large bridge construction so that the articles found will be measured the cleaned and the detailed Zhangpu county (under will pass the hill at 2 information be gathered. ground) places 2. Precious excavated articles will be sent to the cultural unit in the county for ______preservation. Nanshan B section (k61+300- Zhennan village, Ancient The proposed Ditto ruin K61+600) Duxun town, building expressway will pass Zhangpu county (under through it.

Shangabian B section (k69+650- Shangabian Ancient The proposed 1. In site exploration and investigation will be carried so that the pictures, drawings can ruin K69+700) village, Xizhen building expressway will pass be obtained and the detailed information be gathered. town, Zhangpu (above through the north 2. Rescuing excavation is to be carried out at the northwestem comer of the ruin. The county ground) corner of it. unearthed articlcs will be sent to the cultural unit in the county for preservation. 3. Precious articles above ground should also be protected appropriately. 4. Environmental monitoring should be carried out during construction and operation phases. Luowanjing B section (k78+100- Luanwanjing Ancient kiln The proposed I. Rescuing excavation is to be carried out during the early stage of construction. The ancient kiln K79+200) village, Shaxi expressway will pass unearthed articles will be sent to the cultural unit in the county for preservation. town, Zhangpu through it in the east- 2. Special exhibitions will be held for the excavated articles and informnationobtained by county west direction. the cultural unit. 3. Anything unpredictable should be considered properly by the contractor and the l______] ______culturalunit.

69 4.3.5 Mitigation Measures of Impacts on Social Environment 4.3.5.1 Mitigation Measures of Impacts of Land Acquisition and Resettlement The total area of land acquired for the project is 19,282 mu including 11,580 mu of cultivated land, 4,602 mu of uncultivated land. Temporary land taken is 3,100 mu. The average farmland per farmer is only 0.54-o.66 mu along the alignment, so the farmland acquisition will have adverse impact on the output of agriculture. The mitigation measures to be taken are as follows. 1. Institutions responsible for the land acquisition and resettlement at different levels will be established prior to the commencement of the construction. 2. The resettlement office of this project is responsible to make the statistics of the amount of acquired land exactly for compensation on the basis of policy and regulations. 3. The compensation will be sent directly to the bottom organizations for argritertiary or argribusiness to increase income of the farmers. 4. Part of the compensation will be sent to the farmers whose land are acquired to compensate the economic loss. 5. For the households that will lose land, the cultivated land will be realloted to them or they will be resettled by providing employment opportunities by the local government. In China, land belongs to the state, reallotment of land to them is easy to come true. 6. The resettlement office of this project will directly send the compensation for young crops to their owners to ensure that their life will not be impacted.

Mitigation measures for resettlement include 1. The households to be removed will be resettled prior to the beginning of the project. 2. The resettlement office of this project is responsible to make the statistics for the number of the householders to be removed exactly for compensation on the basis of the policy. 3. Resettlement will be carried out with the help of the local government, and the funds for compensation shall not be used for other purposes. 4. Resettlement places will be planned by the local government to save land resources.

70 4.3.5.2 Mitigation Measures of Impact on Infrastructure 1. Irrigation protection works (1) The construction of facilities related to irrigation or streams such as small bridges, culverts, aqueducts or canals will be conducted before the rain season. And the construction will be completed before the rainy seasons to ensure the farmland irrigation. (2) 68 medium or small bridges and 585 culverts, with an average of one culvert at an interval of 315.6m, have been designed to ensure smooth flow of water irrigation canals or streams, and the acceptance of water in ponds will not be blocked. 2. Mitigation measures of impact on local roads (1) The construction materials are hauled by using local roads. The pavement is easy to be damaged because of heavy traffic and great tonnage. Therefore, after the project is completed, the damaged road should be repaired by the construction unit. (2) The alignment will not have any adverse impact on local roads during the operation phase because there are 9 interchanges, 79 grade separations and 292 underpasses. It is required that the engineering design will ensure no water be accumulated in the rainy seasons so as to ensure the smooth traffic flow.

4.3.5.3 Traffic Severance The Project is a grade-separated and access-controlled expressway, so it may bring about some inconvenience to the local residents, especially in the seven villages through which the road passes in particular. To guarantee the contact and communication of the residents, along the whole aligmnent, 292 underpasses, 79 grade separations will be set up. On average, the arnount of underpasses per kilometer will satisfy the requirements.

4.3.5.4 Mitigation Measures of Impact on Safety 1. The highway executive agencies is responsible for the inspection of overloading trucks, or trucks with any leakage or bulk goods. No such vehicle will be allowed to drive on the expressway. 2. The relevant authorities will be informed of the transport of hazardous materials. It will be strictly monitored to prevent accidents. 3. In case of accidental spill of hazardous materials, the patrolmen will use the

71 emergency telephone system to inform the concerning organizations such as public security and environment protection agencies. Prompt actions will be taken immediately based on the emergency plan to prevent from water body pollution. 4. Management of the expressway will be strengthened. In case of storms typhoons, and fog weathers, the highway management stations will adopt the measures as speed limit or enclosure will be taken. 5. The highway management stations will strengthen the management and monitoring of tunnels. 50% ventilation machines should be kept on operating routinely during the ventilation inspection period or in case of accidents. 6. According to the government order of Fujian Province in "Strengthen the Safety Management of the Transportation of Dangerous Materials on Expressway." The vehicles loading dangerous materials such as flammable. explosive and corrosive goods will not be allowed entering the expressway. 4.3.6 Impact of Transportation of Construction Materials & Mitigation Measures Transportation of the large amount of construction materials for the project will impact the environmental quality along the existing local roads as well as the traffic safety on them. 1. The Quantity of Major Construction Materials The quantity of major construction material is tabulated in Table 4-3-5, which shows that most of the materials to be used are those from local areas, such as earth, sand, gravel and stone, etc.

Table 4-3-5 Major Construction Materials for the Project

Materials Unit Quantity Remarks Iron and steel t 82985.34 Boughtin the countiesor townslocally, transportedalong Zhang-YunHighway via G324line Timber m3 22210 Ditto Cement t 601276 Ditto Sand & gravel m3 2842889 Boughtfrom the storesalong the alignment Stones m3 6762574 Ditto Bitumen& oils t 193322.3 Bought in Zhang Zhou city, hauled along Zhang-Yun Highwayvia G324line Lime t 966 Boughtin the countiesor townslocally, transportedalong Zhang-YunHighway via G324line 3 Earth m 540185 Boughtfrom the storesalong the alignment

72 2. Layout of the Piling Sites of the Construction Materials The layout of the piling sites of the construction materials and the main existing roads available are as shown in Fig. 4-3-1. It is evident that all the major construction materials for each sections, such as earth, sand, gravel, stones and lime etc will be obtained in the vicinity of the alignment, most of which will be hauled to the site via the simple hauling road or existing roads. 3. Analysis of the Impact of Construction Material Transportation on the Existing Roads (1) Analysis of Transportation of Local Construction Materials (a) Section in Zhangpu County (K41+800-K80+000) Layout of the construction materials for this section is shown in 4-3-1(a). The construction materials are to be bought from the corresponding stores and most of the materials will be hauled to the construction site via the simple hauling roads directly, with an average hawing distance in the range of 6.4-8.7 km. Therefore, there will be little adverse impact on the existing local roads. Sand and gravel will be obtained from the river beaches near the alignment, and the majority of such materials will be hauled via the simple hauling roads, and then distributed longitudinally to the construction site. Hence the hauling of such materials will do little harm to the local existing road. Sand and gravel for sections such as Jiuzhen, Duxun, Shaxi and so on will be transported to the construction site via Zhangzhou-Yunxiao section of the provincial highway, which will be temporarily impacted. (b) Section in Yunxiao County (K80+000-K104+780) Most of the earth, sand and gravel for this section will be hauled from the stores to the construction site via the simple hauling roads directly, with an average hauling distance in the range of 3.5-11.5 kin, (see Fig 4-3-1(b)). They will be hauled to the construction site along the simple road beside the alignment. Therefore, there will be little interference with the existing local roads and the districts in the vicinity of the alignment. (c) Section in Zhaoan County (klO4+780-140+851) Earth and stone for this section will be bought from the stores near the alignment and hauled to the construction site, with little distance required (see Fig. 4-3-1(c)). Sand and gravel for the section are to be bought in Dongshen district and hauled to the construction site via the existing road with a hauling distance of about 14.3 km. The section of the existing road to be used will intersect G324 line at the suburb of Zhaoan County town. (d) Tunnels etc. The spoil from the construction of tunnels and other structures is to be stacked near the alignment (see Fig. 4-3-1), and will be transported via the simple hauling road, so this work will have no impact on the existing roads. (2) Analysis of the Impact of the Transportation of Steel, Cement, Lime, Timber and so on

73 Generally speaking, steel, cement, lime, timber etc for the project will come from local areas. The roads for such materials mainly includes G324 line and Zhang-Yun provincial highway. Table 4-3-5 shows that the total weight of such materials will amount to 762329.4t. As to the 4 years construction period, the first construction period will be 3 years for the construction of embankment and bridges. During this period, about 7 or 8 vehicles per hour in daytime will be added to each section of the existing roads. This is predicted based on the assumption that there are 300 working days per year, 8 working hours per day, and the loading capacity of the vehicle is 5t (standard medium- sized one). Therefore, though the hauling vehicles have no marked impact on the acoustic environment, the dust resulting from such hauling vehicles will impact the environmental condition to a certain extent. (3) Analysis of the Impact of the Transportation of Bitumen and Oils It can be seen from Table 4-3-5 that the amount of bitumen and oils will be 193322.3t. Usually such materials are used in the last year of construction. There will be 32 additional vehicles per hours on G324 line and Zhang-Yun highway in daytime if there are 300 working days per year, 8 working hours per day, and the loading capacity of the vehicle is St (standard medium-sized one). Therefore, though the noise from the hauling vehicles has no obvious influence on the environment condition, their long- distanced haulage will certainly adversely impact the traffic safety on the existing roads. 4. Mitigation Measures (I) Though the hauling vehicles will have no marked impact on the existing roads, generally they will not be allowed to run at night so as to minimize the acoustic impact. (2)To relieve the traffic congestion, hence to reduce the traffic accidents, haulage in busy hours on G324 line or Yun- Xiao highway will be prevented. (3)To minimize the adverse influence of the hauling vehicles on the existing roads, materials such as sand, gravel, earth and so on are to enter the existing road from the nearest possible place, then be distributed longitudinally via the simple hauling road along the alignment. (4) Loose materials such as cement and lime etc should be sacked, or canned so that the floating dust will not be form to harm the local people or the vegetation near the alignment. (5) The simple hauling road should be sprayed with water to prevent the impact of floating dust on the local vegetation.

74 4.4 Prediction and Assessment of Traffic Noise Impact on Environment

4.4.1 Prediction and Calculation of Traffic Noise

4.4.1.1 Prediction Model

1. Prognosis model of equivalent sound level in daytime

Leqj = LAi + 1Olg(Ni ) + lI0g(- +' s-13 TV,~ r

Where: Leq, - equivalent noise level of i kind of vehicle at observing point, dB (A); i = 1,2,3 representing large, medium or small vehicles LA,-average A noise level of i kind of vehicle at the reference spot at a speed of Vi, dB (A); T - assessment time (T=-1 hour); N, -- flow volume of i type vehicles (v/h); V, -speed of i kind of vehicles, (km /h); r -distance of the assessment spot to the carriageway; r; -distance of the reference point to the carriageway,; a - attenuation factors related to absorption properties of ground cover; As -attenuated value and correction of sound barriers in noise transmission, dB(A).

2. Prognosis model of equivalent sound level in nighttime

Leq,Leq,=~, = LAi +1+01 Olg TV,TV+llg( r ) +lOIg(-)g r +As -13 where the meanings of the symbols are same as in the daytime model.

3. Calculation formula for equivalent noise levels of volume composed of n kind vehicle on thej driving line at the reservation spots;

75 Leq, =I0.lg l0L2qj

4.Culculation formula for equivalent noise levels of m driving lines at the observing spot;

m Leq=10 * /gZlO'q

5. Prediction model for regional noise in the assessment scope:

0 Leqrcg,..aI= 10 Ig(l0 ° 7 + 1 0 0)lLeq)

Where: LeqT traffic noise levels predicted, dB(A). Leq, background noise levels monitored at present, dB(A).

4.4.1.2 Determination of parameters in the prediction model

1. Traffic volume, speed, radiation noise levels and its revised value (1) Prediction of traffic volume The predicted traffic volume of characteristic years is shown in Table 2-3. The ratio of vehicular kinds is shown in Table 4-4-1 according to the pre-feasibility and engineering feasibility study. The ratio of traffic flow in daytime and at night is 4/1. The traffic flow of different vehicular size is shown in Table 4-4-2.

Table 4-4-1 Ratio of Vehicular Types

Pickup Medium Heavy truck Automobile Medium bus Trailer truck (smallvehicle)

17.67% 32.87% 14.71% 22.25% 9.05% 3.42%

7A Table 4-4-2 Predicted Traffic Volume of Deferent Vehicular Types unit: v/h Section Year Light Medium Heavy Day Night Day Night Day Night Dongyuan(Xiangwei) 2005 285 143 300 150 130 65 Interchange- 2010 403 201 423 211 183 92 ZhaojiabaoInterchange 2020 624 312 655 327 284 142 2005 290 145 304 152 132 66 ZhaojiabaoInterchange- 2010 410 205 430 215 186 93 ZhangpuInterchange 2020 643 321 675 337 292 146 2005 244 122 256 128 111 55 ZhangpuInterchange- 2010 356 178 374 187 162 81 DuxunInterchange 2020 560 280 588 294 255 127 2005 237 118 248 124 108 54 DuxunInterchange- 2010 346 173 363 182 157 79 YunxiaoInterchange 2020 540 270 567 284 246 123 YunxiaoInterchange _ 2005 229 114 240 120 104 52 Canghan Interchange- 2010 336 168 353 176 153 76 2020 538 269 565 282 245 122 2005 211 106 222 l1l 96 48 Lintou Interchange 2010 306 153 322 161 139 70 2020 524 262 550 275 238 120 Lintoulnterchange- 2005 237 119 249 125 108 54 XishanInterchange 2010 341 170 358 179 156 78 2020 582 291 611 306 265 133 XishanInterchangeZhaoa 2005 273 137 287 144 124 62 i Interchangeh2010 373 187 392 196 170 85 2020 580 290 609 304 264 132

(2) Driving speed The designed driving speed is 100 km /h for proposed highway. According to "Specifications for EIA of Highway Construction Projects", the actual driving speed is determined by factors as traffic volume, road conditions, etc. So, the actual driving speed in the model is obtained by the following correcting formula. Light: Vs 23 7 Ns °'602 Medium: Vm= 212 Nm--°"4 ' Large: Vh - 0.8 Vm where: Ns represents hourly traffic volume of auto, v/h; Nm represents hourly traffic volume of medium vehicles, v/h; For driving speed, refer to Table 4-4-3. According to the actual driving speed and the pavement structure recommended in

T7 the feasibility study report (bituminous concrete pavement), and "Specifications for EIA of Highway Construction Projects" (trial), the radiation noise level of different kinds of vehicles on the bituminous concrete pavement is calculated by using the following formula. Heavy vehicles: LA = 77.2 + 0.18 Vh7 Mediumnvehicles: LA= 62.6 + 0.32 Vm Light vehicles: LA = 59.3 + 0.23 Vs

(3) Corrected value The correction of longitudinal slope is conducted according to actual slope of the sensitive spot to the relevant road section. The correction value is determined on the basis of "Specifications for EIA of Highway Construction Projects" with the maximum value of + 2dB(A). Pavement correction is conducted according to Table 4-4-3.

Table 44-3 Pavement Corrected Value Pavement AL pavement dB(A) Bituminousconcrete 0 Cement concrete 1-2 (Note)

Note: Whenthe ratio of auto is morethan 60%,upper limit is taken,otherwise lower limit.

2. Ground attenuation factor Considering the fact that the land taken is mainly farmland, the attenuation factor of the ground cover to noise transmission is taken as a = 0.5. 3. Additional attenuation of barriers in noise transmission The noise attenuation of high embankment, cutting, viaduct or interchange (AS) is obtained by using the following model: N= 2 6 /A = (f/170)X S where: 6 -n oise travel difference, (m); f-noise frequency, for traffic noise taken asf= 500 Hz; N- resnel number. The value of AS is obtained from the Fresnel Curve by referring to the Fresnel number calculated.

4. Prediction result of traffic noise of various sections is obtained on the basis of the traffic volume in different periods of times and average embankment elevation. See Table 4-4-4 for detail.

78 Table 44-4 Calculated Prediction Value of Traffic Noise Unit: Leq: dB (A)

Distance from the road side (m) Section Year Time 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 160 200

2005 Day 77.4 74.4 70.9 68.6 66.9 65.5 64.4 62.7 61. 3 Qiuzhong- a Night 71.6 67. 7 62. 9 59. 9 57. 6 55. 8 54.3 52.0 50.1 Neijiafang 2010 Day 78.0 75.1 71. 5 69.2 67. 5 66.2 65.1 63.3 61. 9 (KOfK8) Night 72.3 68.4 63. 7 60.6 58.4 56. 6 55.1 52.7 50. 9 2020 Day 79.0 76.0 72.4 70. 2 68.5 67.1 66.0 64.2 62.8 Night 73.4 69.5 64.7 61.7 59.4 57.6 56.2 53.8 51.9 2005 Day 75. 0 72. 1 68. 5 66. 3 64. 6 63. 2 62. 1 60. 3 58. 9 Neijiafang- _ Night 69.6 65.6 60.9 57.8 55.6 53.8 52.3 49.9 48.1 Hekeng 2010 Day 75. 9 73.0 69.4 67.2 65.5 64.1 63.0 61.2 59.8 (HK8eK23) Night 70.6 66.6 61.9 58.8 56.6 54.8 53.3 50.9 49.1 2020 Day 77.2 74.3 70.7 68.4 66.7 65.4 64.3 62.5 61.1 Night 71.9 68.0 63.2 60.2 57.9 55.1 54.6 52.3 50.4 2005 Day 77.1 74.2 70.6 68.3 66.6 65.3 64.2 62.4 61.0 Hekeng- Night 71.2 67.3 62.6 59.5 57.3 55.5 54.0 51.6 49.8 Panliao 2010 Day 77.8 74.8 71.3 69.0 67.3 65.9 64.8 63.0 61.7 (K23-K74) Night 72.1 68.1 63.4 60.3 58.1 56.3 54.8 52.4 50.6 2020 Day 78.7 75.8 72.2 69.9 68.2 66.9 65.8 64.0 62.6 Night 73.1 6.2 64.5 61.4 59.1 57.4 55.9 53.5 51.6 2005 Day 74.5 71.6 68.0 65.7 64.0 62.7 61.6 59.8 58.4 Panliao- Night 69.0 65.0. 60.3 57.2 55.0 53.2 51.7 49.3 47.5 Shudong 2010 Day 75.5 72.5 69.0 66.7 65.0 63.6 62.5 60.8 59.4 (K74-K90) Night 70.0 66.1 61.3 58.3 56.0 54.2 52.7 50.4 48.5 2020 Day 76.8 73.8 70.3 68.0 66.3 64.9 63.8 62.1 60.7 Night 71.4 67.5 62.7 59.7 57.4 55.6 54.2 51.8 49.9 2005 Day 76.9 73.9 70.4 68.1 66.4 65.1 64.0 62.2 60.8 Shudong- Night 71.0 67.1 62.3 59.3 57.0 55.2 53.7 51.4 49.5 Yancang 2010 Day 77.5 74.5 71.0 68.7 67.0 65.7 64.5 62.8 61.4 (YK90aK106) Night 71.7 67.8 63.1 60.0 57.8 56.0 54.5 52.1 50.3 2020 Day 78.6 75.6 72.0 69.8 68.1 66.7 65.6 63.8 62.4 Night 73.0 69.1 64.3 61.3 59.0 57.2 55.7 53.4 51.5 2005 Day 77.2 74.2 70.7 68.4 66.7 65.4 64.2 62.5 61.1 Yancang- Night 71.4 67.4 62.7 59.6 57.4 55.6 54.1 51.7 49.9 Houling Village 2010 Day 77.8 74.8 71.3 69.0 67.3 65.9 64.8 63.1 61.7 (K106- Night 72.1 68.2 63.4 60.4 58.1 56.3 54.8 52.5 50.6 Ending point) 2020 Day 78.8 75.8 72.3 70.0 68.3 67.0 65.9 64.1 62.7 Night 73.2 69.3 64.6 61.5 59.3 57.5 56.0 53.6 51.8

4.4.2 EIA of Traffic Noise 4.4.2.1 Red Line of Traffic Noise According to the prediction results of traffic noise for different road sections, we can figure out the distance from the road side to the point where the traffic noise level equals to the limiting value of the Class 4 standard in GB3096 (70 dB at daytime, 55dB at night). The distance is shown in Table 4-4-5.

79 Table 44-5 The Predicted Distancefrom the Road to the Point Where the Traffic Noise Level Equals to the Standard Distance from the road side (m)

Section .2005Yr. 2010Yr. 2020Yr.

Day Night Day Night Day Night f Qiouzhon- 47 110 52 121 62 139 Neijiafang_ NeiJiafang- 30 86 36 98 45 115

Hekeng ______Hekeng - 45 106 50 117 59 134 Fanliao Fanliao- Shudong 28 80 33 91 42 115

Shudong- 43 103 48 113 57 131 Yancang______Yancang- 45 108 50 117 I 60 136 Houling Village IlI_I

Tables 4-4-4 and 4-4-5 show that in 2005Yr. noise levels 110 m beyond the road will meet class 4 standards of GB3096-93; while in 201OYr. noise levels 121 m beyond the road will meet class 4 of GB 3096-93; and in 2020Yr. noise levels 139 m beyond the road side will meet class 4 standards of GB3096-93.

4.4.2.2 Noise Impact Assessment at Environmental Sensitive Spots Based on the monitored results, the environmental noise is 40.3 -56.7 dB (A) at daytime and 37.4 - 47.8 dB (A) at night except for a few monitoring spots close to the existing highways. Superposed with traffic noise, it produces little contribution. Therefore, the excess of noise is mainly caused by traffic noise. Table 4-4-5 shows that in the long-term 20 years operation phase, the noise levels at the area 139 m beyond the roadside can meet the Class 4 of the assessment standards. According to the requirements of land acquisition, the residential buildings within 20m away from the roadside will be removed and resettled. Therefore, resident sites in the area from 20m to 139m away from the roadside are the objects that will suffer from the traffic noise pollution. The residents living in the front line of the residence quarter near the roadside will suffer the most. The ambient noise levels of the resident sites in the impacted area and schools or hospitals within 200m from the roadside are obtained by adding the traffic noise to the background noise of the area. In the calculating, the noise attenuation caused by road structure as excavations, embankments, etc. are considered. The levels of the environmental noise of the sensitive spots in the scope of assessment and the related

orn standards are shown in Tables 4-4-6 and 4-4-7.

Table 4-4-6 Predicted Noise Levels of the Sensitive Spots unit: dB (A)

Distance 2005 2010 2020 No. Name Chainage from road Situation Durati Stan side on dard Noise Exceed Noise Exceed Noise Exceed (im) Leq value Leq value Leq value

I Qiouzhong K0+500 30 6 m lower Day 70 68.2 68.8 69.7 . I Qiouzhong30 -700 6 m lower Night 55 60.8 5.8 61.5 6.5 42.6 7.6 2 Neixi KO+900 37 4 m lower Day 60 69.9 9.9 70.5 10.5 71.4 11.4 2 Neixi *-Kl+150 Night 50 61.9 11.9 62.7 12.7 63.7 13.7 KI+460 10 Day 70 70.6 0.6 71.1 1.1 73.6 3.6 3 Sucuo -550 (Through) 4m lower Night 55 59.5 4.5 61.4 6.4 62.7 7.7

Kl1+640 Dy 7 6.668.2 69.3 4 Jingxia -30 60 4 m lower Day 70 67.6 -730 Night 55 58.3 3.3 59.0 4.0 60.2 5.2

5 Chaxic K2+400 45 4 m lower Day 70 67.9 692 60.171 S -650 Night 55 57.1 2.1 58.7 3.7 60.1 5.1

6 Shudou K3+900 85 3m lower Day 70 66.7 67.4 68.4 6 Shudou -K4+12085 3 m lower Night 55 55.4 0.4 56.2 1.2 57.1 2.1 K4+000 Day 70 65.5 66.2 67.1 Donguan -250 Night 55 54.8 55.6 0.6 56.6 16

8 Qiancuo, K4+850 110 4 m lower Day 60 64.9 4.9 .65.7 5.7 66.6 6.6 Houcuo -K5+050 Night 50 55.1 5.1 55.9 5.9 56.9 6.9 9_ Cuozai K5+200 Day 60 64.9 4.9 65.5 5.5 67.5 7.5 9 Cuozai -320 80 4 m lower Night 50 54.6 4.6 55.4 54 56.9 6.9

K5+600 10 Day 70 71.4 1.4 73.0 3.0 74.2 4.2 10O Jiangcuo -700 (Through) 3.5 m lower Night 55 59.3 4.3 60.8 5.8 62.9 7.9

11 Cangli -K6+000 155 3 m lower Day 60 62.7 2.7 63.3 3.3 64.2 4.2 -K6+000 ~~~~~Night50 52.0 2.0 52.7 2.7 53.8 3.8 12 Xiayangfan K6+300 20 loer Day 70 65.4 66.1 67.0 -400 Night 55 58.7 3.7 59.4 4.4 60.5 5.5

13 Xinxu K6+600 80 10m lower Day 60 61.9 1.9 62.5 2.5 63.5 3.5 13 Xinxu K6+600 80 10rn lower Night 50 52.6 2.6 534 3.4 54.4 4.4

14 Xinhe K7+500 90 7 m lower Day 70 66.2 66.8 64.7 -680 Night 55 56.7 1.7 57.5 2.5 58.5 3.5 K7+820 Day 60 64.2 4.2 64.9 4.9 65.9 5.9 15 Yuanbi -960 125 6 m lower Night 50 54.2 4.2 55.0 5.0 56.1 6.1

K7+800 6 m lower Day 70 60.5 61.1 62.1 16 Shanmci --060 95 withbanana field Night 55 50.8 51.6 52.6 K8+120 Day 70 67.5 68.3 69.5 17 Neijiafang -340 Sm lower Night 55 52.9 54.1 56.5 1.5

_8 Hek-en K21+8001 2 in lower Day 60 58.2 59.1 60.4 0.4 18 Hekeng -(K22+250 1O5 with longan forest Night 50 48.8 49.8 51.1 1.1

K26+900 Day 70 58.4 70.2 0.2 71.1 1.1 19-K27+200 Dashi S0 4 m lower Night 55 57.1 2.1 58.4 3.4 59.7 4.7 20 Huxi K27+200 55 5 m lower Day 70 69.2 70.0 70.9 0.9 -700 Night 55 56.8 1.8 58.0 3.0 60.1 5.1

2 Jingweixin K30+440 95 6 m lower Day 70 60.5 61.1 62.2 - Village -550 with longan forest Night 55 50.7 51.5 52.7 Continuation of Table 4-4-6 Distance 2005 2010 2020 from road Durati Stan No. Name Chainage side Situation on dard Noise Exceed Noise Exceed Noise Exceed (mn) Leq value Leq value value

22 .i.in K38+430 140 4 m lower Day 60 59.8 60.2 0.2 61.4 I.4 22Xilin -700 with fruit forest Night 50 49.8 50.5 0.5 51.7 1.7

23 Shiniuwei K40+100 2 m lower Day 70 64.5 65.1 66.1 -300 with lichy forest Night 55 56.1 I 56.9 1.9 58.0 3.0

.24 Xiwei K41+760 70 3 m lower Day 70 62.5 63.1 64.1 24 Xiwei -K42+040 with lichy forest Night 55 53.4 54.3 55.3 0.3

25 QnshanK43+270 54 m lower Day 70 . 64.4 65.0 65.9 25 Qinshan -530 with fruit forest Night 55 56.0 10 56.7 1.7 57.9 2.9

26 Haibianjiao K4+70Oin1K46+770 10 lower Day 707 63.13386.6. 63.8 64.7_ -910 (Through) Night 55 57.2 2.2 58.1 3.1 59.2 4.2

27 Hougang K46+590 m lower DayDaoyO 60 61.83 .8 62.4 2.4 64.4 4.4 27Hougang ~~-890 11 Olwr Night 50 51.8 3.8 53.6 3.6 54.7 4.7

28 Houdai -~~K47+790K47+790 (TruhI0nloe30 Daya 700 6.65.1 65.8 66.7 28Houdai -K48+090 (Through) 8 m lower Night 55 59.2 4.2 60.1 5.1 61.2 6.2

_ I _~~SO25 29 Tulou K50+250 30 5 m lower Day 70 70.6 0.6 71.3 1.3 72.2 2.2 -770 Night 55 62.6 7.6 63.4 8.4 64.5 9.5

30 Guotian K50+420 33 6 mnlower Day 70 70,0 71.2 1.2 72.8 2.8 ______Night 55 62.1 7.1 63.3 8.3 64.1 9.1 3 i 0 Pudong K53+780 85 5 m lowaer Dy 70 64.6 65.2 66.2 33 Pudong ~~~-930 85Slwr JNight55 55.3 0.3 56.0 1.0 57.2 2.2 ;2 Cili K58+640 5 m lower Day 70 60.4 61.0 61.9 -850 with fruit forest Night 55 50.6 51.3 52.5 33 Nanshan 2K60+690 lower Day 60 64.2 4.2 64.8 4.8 65.8 5.8 33_Nanshan_ -940 120 6_m_lower_ Night 50 54.0 4.0 54.9 4.9 55.9 5.9 34 Liugaowei K61+430 4 lower Day 70 69.0 70.1 71.0 1.0 34 Liugaowei_-830 5_m_lover_ Night 55 61.0 6.0 61.8 6.8 62.7 7.7 K63+290 5 m lower Day 70 64.5 65.1 6S.1 35 Xiagao 70 with fruit forest Night 55 56.i i.i 56.9 1.9 58.0 3.0

36 Houvin K 3 60 |n 47 5 m lower Day 70 70.0 | 1 63 2| 5 60 ~~~~~~~Night55 62.1 7.1 62.9 7.9 63.8 8.8

37 Tianping K63+640 1 2 m lower Day 60 60.3 0.3 61.0 1.0 61.9 1.9 37 } Tsn1 | 100-800 |with fruit forest Night 50 50.5 0.5 51.2 1.2 52.4 2.4 K65+350 10m higher Day 70 68.0 69.0 69.9 38 | Yaoly | -550 60 with hill protected Night 55 58.5 3.5 59.3 4.3 60.7 5.7 39 Gaoshin K65+690 10 Day 70 70.1 0.1 71.8 1.8 73.0 3.0 39 | Gaoshan | _-950 (Through) Night 55 58.3 3.3 | 59.8 4.8 61.5 6.5 K69+150 0 1 m Day 70 53.6 40Sagabian | 20 1 80 lOin highr | |45.054.1 |46.2| 55.1 -250 Night 55 44.345062 4 K69+650 95 10m higher Day 70 60.3 60.9 61.8 41 | Fanglin | _-900 9 with longanforest Night 55 50.5 51.2 | 52.4 | K70+700 7 6 l Day 70 66.4 67.1 67.9 -K71+030 | 75 4 48.2 52.4

Shaxi K1(7+400 160 0i highweror Day 60 49.6 50.8 51.6 4xTown -K72+4000 160 20 higher Night 50 4 240.6 1 ~~~~~~~~~withlichy forest Nit 50 4. 44 Putou -(K72+500 | mlower Day 70 70.6 0.3 71.3 1.3 72.2 2.2 3573300 10mlower Night 55 62.6 7.6 63.4 .4 64.5 9.5

82 Continuation of Table 4-4-6 Distance 2005 2010 2020

No. Name Chainage from road Situation Durati Stan - - Excee No.Name ~~~~~~~side on dard Noise Exceed Noise Exceed Noise d (m) Leq value Leq value Lcq vaiue

45 Fanliao K74+170 105 5 m higher Day 60 572 58.0 59.3 __nhlao -320 with lichy forest Night 50 47.7 48.7 50.0 K77+900 10 m higher Day 70 54.3 53.0 53.9 46 LuowanjingLuwanjing -K78+760 with hill protected Night ' 55 41.941942.3 4.435

K78+800 Day 60 63.1 3.1 64.1 4.1 65.3 5.3 47 Wanxi -950 110 3 m lower Night 50 49.0 52.5 2.5 54.4 4.4

48 Zhizai K79+400 4 m lower Day 60 53.7 54.9 55.6 48 Zhi~~~~ai -610 10 4mlwr Night 50 143.4 44.5 45.3

K80+450 0 Day 60 57.6 58.6 59.8 49 Wutian °6 '00 3 m lower Night 50 47.7 48.7 49.7

50 Chuanchang K84+70 110 4 m lower Day 60 63.8 3.8 64.5 4.5 65.5 5.5 50 Chuanchang110 -850 4 m lower Night 50 54.1 4.1 54.8 4.8 56.0 6.0

51 Xiagaoxi K85+000 200 5m lower Day 70 62.1 62.9 63.8 -150 with longan forest Night 55 51.9 53.6 54.8

52 Shudong K92+500 100 3 m lower Day 60 63.0 3.0 63.8 3.8 65.2 5.2 1-630 Night 50 53.5 3.5 54.3 4.3 55.7 5.7 53 Jizai K96+200 90 2 mlower Da5 70 60.4 61.0 62.1 -400 with lichy forest Night 55 51.1 51.7 53.0

54 Houcuoyuan K100+400 70 5 m lower Day 70 67.1 67.7 68.8 -550 Night 55 58.3 3.3 59.0 4.0 60.2 5.2

55 | Yancang K 106+000 60 5 rmlower Day 70 68 1 68.7 69.8 -200 witL longanforest Night 55 59.3 4.3 60.0 5.0 61.3 6.3 K1 14+900 Day 70 69.2 69.8 70.4 0.4 56 Tianpu -KI15+050 50 3m lower Night 55 60.3 5.3 61.5 6.5 62.8 7.8

57 Yuanqian K )116+600 o 2 m lower Day 70 66.7 67.3 68.4 -900 with lichy forest Night 55 57.4 2.4 58.1 3.1 59.3 4.3 58 WuxingK119+650 Farm SO Same high ~~Day 70 69.7 70.3 0.3 71.3 1.3 58 Wuxing Farm K119+650 so Same high Night 55 61.7 6.7 62.4 7.4 63.5 8.5

59 Waifenou K121+850 m lower Day 70 69.5 70.3 71.5 -K122+100 Night 55 61.5 6.5 62.4 7.4 63.3 8.3

60 Nanxi K129+950 150 10 m high Day 60 50D7 51_4 52.2 Village -K130+300 Night 50 41.4 42.4 63.9

61 Pushang K120+900 170 10 m high Day 60 52.6 53.8 54.6 Village -131+100 with lichy forest Night 50 42.7 43.7 44.9 K133+320 . Day 60 62.7 2.7 63.3 3.3 64.3 4.3 62 Changtnaolin -490 160 10Om4high Night 50 53.4 3.4 54.1 4.1 55.2 5.2

K135+750 3 m lower Day 70 62.4 63.0 64.0 63 Dianqian -850 70 with lichy forest Night 55 53.7 54.3 55.5 0.5

64Shangy:ing K136+000 25 3iloDay 70 73.8 3.8 74.3 4.3 75.3 5.3 Village -300 Night 55 64.0 9.0 6S.2 102 66.2 11.2

65 Houling K139+300 110 3 m lower Day 60 59.4 60.0 61.0 1.0 Village -650 with lichy forest Night 50 49.6 50.3 0.3 51.4 1.4

83 Table 4-4-7 Schools and Hospitals along the Alignment unit: dB(A)

Distance 2005 2010 2020 from road . Durati Stan _ No. Nwme Chainage side on dard Noise Exceed Noise Exceed Noise Exceed (m) Leq value Leq value Leq value

Neixi Prim. KO+650 so Residentialhouse Day 55 60.6 5.6 61.6 6.6 62.7 7.7 Sch. In front Night 45 49.4 4.4 51.2 6.2 53.7 8.7

2 Houdai K47+940 40 Smlower Day 55 61.6 6.6 63.7 8.7 65.3 10.3 Prim. Sch. Night 45 49.4 4.4 51.4 6.4 54.1 9.1

3 K 0Guotin Sm lower Day 55 59.2 4.2 59.9 4.9 60.8 5.8 3 Prim.Sch. K(50+590 130 5mlwr Night 45 49.0 4.0 49.8 4.8 50.9 5.9

4 Zhuangqian K66+700 180 Smlower Day 55 614 6.4 62.0 7.0 63.0 8.0 Prim.Sch. _ _ _ Night 45 50.6 5.6 51.5 6.5 52.5 7.5

5 Gaolin mid. !Omhigher Day 55 60.3 5.3 60.9 5.9 63.9 8.9 Sch. K67+200 with lichy forest Night 45 50.5 5.5 51.3 6.3 52.4 7.4

6 Fanglin K69+600 I So 8 m lower Day 55 47.4 48.0 49.0 Prim. Sch. with longan forest Night 45 40.4 41.6 42.5

7 Shaxi mid. IC71+090 70 10 m lower Day 55 50.3 50.8 51.2 Sch. with fruit forest Night 45 42.3 42.8 43.5

8 Shaxi K(70+030 19( 10 MlIIC Day 55 48.1 49.3 50.5 Hospital Night 45 40.3 42.1 44.2

* 9 Tulou K71+400 Th010 20 m higher Day 55 71.0 72.3 17.3 64.7 19.7 Prim. Sch. (Throughi) Night 45 60.4 15.4 61.9 16.9 63.1 18.1

Beiqi Prim. 3 m lower Day 55 51.7 52.2 53.5 I Sch. with hill Night 45 44.1 45.2 0.2 46.3 1.3

1l | Xiqian KS5+000 80 3mlovwe Day 55 64.1 9.1 65.1 10.1 66.3 11.3 Prim.Sch. Night 45 53.0 8.0 55.0 10.0 57.4 12.4

12 | Shudong K91+400 25 6m lower Dy 55 68.9 13.9 69.5 14.5 70.6 15.6 12 rim.00 256mloer Night 45 62.1 7.1 62.8 7.8 63.1 8 1A

1 Haifeng K9200 160 2 i lower Day 55 57.2 |22 57.8 2.8 58.9 3.9 1 mid. Sch. K 1 with fruit forest Night 45 46.4 1.4 47.1 2.1 48.3 3.3

| JizaiPnm' K96+200Pm 10 2 mlower Day 55 71.0 16.0 72.4 17.4 74.6 19.6 Sch. 96 (Th20ugh) o Night 45 60.3 15.3 61.4 16.4 63.9 18.9

I5 t Yuanqian K +76 43 2 m lower Day 55 65.7 10.7 66.3 11.3 67.3 12.3 Prim. Sch. 1(116+760 with lichy forest Night 45 57.7 12.7 58.4 13.4 59.5 14.5

Note: The Tulou Prim. Schoolhas already moved away from the road side of the proposedhighway.

It can be seen from Tables 4-4-6 and 4-4-7 that, compared to the standards in GB3095-93, the noise at some sensitive spots will exceed the standards after highway construction causing remarkable adverse impact on acoustic environment along the alignment. The excess ratio in the short tern, medium term and long term of operation are 68.8 %, 72.5 % and 77.5 % respectively.

84 By 2020, the noise levels at some sensitive spots will exceed the standards to a great extent, so appropriate noise reduction measures will be taken to protect the acoustic environment. See the content of 4.4.5.2 for the details of noise proof measures.

4.4.3 Analysis of Envir.onmentalImpact during Construction Phase

1. Analysis of Impact of Transport Road on Acoustic Enviromnent It is evident from the analysis in 4.3.6 that earth, sand and stone etc all can be obtained locally and will be hauled to the construction sites form the corresponding stores directly, hence their haulage will have little adverse impact on the local acoustic environment along hauling roads. All steel, cement and timber will be purchased in the local counties or cities. Calculation shows that there will be 32 additional vehicles per hours on G324 line and Zhang-Yun highway in daytime. Therefore, noise from the hauling vehicles has no obvious influence on the environment conditions along the alignment.

2. Analysis of Impact of Construction Sites on Acoustic Environment The noise of construction sites comes mainly from road building machinery and transport vehicles. The noise levels and attenuation are shown in Table 4-4-8.

Table4-4-8 Noise Levelsof ConstructionMachines unit: dB(A) Nise Level Distancefrom the equipment (m)

Machine\ 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 Loader 90 84 78 72 68.5 66 64 61.6 Road Grader 90 84 78 72 68.5 66 64 61.6 Roller 86 80 74 68 64.5 62 60 56.5 Scraper 84 78 72 66 62.5 60 58 54.5 Paver 85 79 73 67 63.6 61 59 55.6 Mixer 87 81 75 69 65.5 63 61 57.5 Bulldozer 86 80 76 68 64.5 62 60 56.5 The construction site boundary noise limit in GB 12523-90 is 75dB(A) at daytime and 55dB(A) at night. The noise levels in Table 4-4-8 show that the distance in accordance with the standards is within 40 m at daytime, 150 m at night. It is obvious that the construction activities at daytime will not make great impact on acoustic environment. However, they will do at night, so the construction will not be permitted at night (22:00 - 6:00). In addition, for schools 100 m within the site, the construction time will be arranged to fit the timetable of teaching with consultant with schools to prevent teaching activities from being interfered. Temporary soundproof screen will be set up for Houdai Prim. Sch. which is within 50m from the roadside. It is seen from Table 4-4-8 that the noise levels resulting from the machinery are usually above 8OdB(A)or even 9OdB(A)which does great harm to the machine operators. To respond to "Noise Hygiene Standards of Industrious Enterprises" issued by the State Sanitation Ministry (Table 4-4-9), it is suggested that the work hours of the workers subjected to loud and harmful noise should be reduced as appropriate. Besides, the machinery will be maintained in good condition, and the workers exposed to the noise will be protected by wearing helmets or earphones.

Table 4-4-9 Noise Hygiene Standards for Industry Enterprises

Hours per workday exposed to noise (h) Allowable noise level dB(A) 8 85 I4 88 2 91 1 94

4.4.4 Assessment and Conclusion of Acoustic Environment 1. According to investigation and monitoring, the acoustic environment along the alignment is quite good except for Beitou and Changmnaolinwhere the noise at night exceeds class 2 standards. 2. The prediction tell us that the acoustic environment will be impacted significantly in the operation period of the expressway. The excess ratio in short term, midium term and long term operation is 68.8 %, 72.5 % and 77.5 % individually.

86 3. The red line of traffic noise in 2020 Yr. (long- term operation) is 139 m at night, which means that without any sound barrier objects at both sides of the expressway, the farthest distance impacted by traffic noise in 2020 Yr. will be 139m from the road side. Therefore, it is suggested that new houses should be built 150 m beyond the road side. 4. The noise levels of the machinery 40m beyond may reach 4 class standards in GB 3096-93. The majority of the villages along the alignment are 50 m beyond , so the construction activities at daytime will not have significant impact on residents in their life.

4.4.5 Mitigation Measures of Acoustic Environment Impact 4.4.5.1 Environmental Protection Measures against Construction Noise 1. Compared to the operation phase, the noise during the construction is short-lasting, but it will interfere with the people's life especially at night. Therefore, withinl50 m from the residential areas, no construction work with the machines such as bulldozes, vibration rollers, excavators, pile drivers, loaders, levelers or mixers will be permitted to be done between 22:00 - 6:00. 2. The county environmental protection bureaus will inspect noise of construction machines. To the machines whose noise exceed the standards, contractors will be required to change the machines in a limited period of time 4. Because loud-noise-producing machinery does harm to the operators, their working hours will be arranged reasonably or they will be replaced by other workers regularly according to "Industry Enterprises Noise Sanitation Standards".

4.4.5.2 Mitigation Measures against Noise during Operation Phase Due to the great traffic volume, the noise will be significant excess of the standards. So, the following measures will be taken at the sensitive locations of excess. 1. Due to the impact of noise, 2 schools and part of the buildings of the 27 villages will be removed. See Table 4-4-10. 2. There will be all together 20 places of soundproof screens with a total area of 10450m 2. See Table 4-4-11 for their specific locations. 3. There will be 18 places of heightening surrounding walls with total area of 7780m2 ., see Table 4-4-12 for locations and amounts. As to the afforestation for noise mitigation, the forest area planted should be wider than 1Om. The noise level reduced is about 2 dB. See Table 4-4-10 for the locations. Table 4-4-10 Environmental Protection Measures for Sound Proof

Exceed value Number of protected household I (dB) (Household) - Numberof Order Site Location Sound Heightening Trce People Time 2005Yr. 201oYr. 2020Yr Removal proof Surrounding planttion (People) screen wall plnain (el)

I Qiouzhong KO+500 Day 18 22 100 -700 Night 5.8 6.5 7.6 1 KO+900 Day 9.9 10.5 11.4 -KI+150 Night 11.9 11.5 13.7 .

KI+460 Day 0.6 1.1 3.6 3 Sucuo -550 Night 3.2 4.1 49 12 16 16 112

4 Jingxia K 1+640 Day 1.4 3.6 2120 4 Jingxia K 1-730 Night 3.3 4.0 5.2 12 12 220

K2+400 Day 1.5 23 92 a-650 Night 2.1 3.7 5.1 (175xl0m2 )

K3+900 Day 6.6 7.4 8.4 25 15 160 6 Shudou Night 5 4 6.2 70-K4+1207.1 (22510m2)

7 Dongyuan K4+000 Day 5.5 6.2 7.1 t 5 12 43 240 _ Dongy n *-250 Night 4.8 5.6 6.6 (645x12m2 )

8 Qiancuo, K4+850 Day 4.9 5.7 6 6 36 164 Houcuo -K5+050 Night 5.1 5.9 6.9 (540x14ml)

9 Cuozai K(5+200 Day 4.9 5.5 7.5 916 7 9 Cuozai | -320 Night 4.6 5.4 6.9 (140Xn0m2 ) 76

K(5+600 Day 1.4 3.0 4.2 10 Jiangcuo -700 Night 4.3 5.8 7.9 25 28 212

II Cagl 5+800 Day 2.7 3.3 4.2 15 6 Cangl | -K6+000 Night 2.0 2.7 3.8 (230xl0m2) 60

12 Xiayangfan K6+300 Day 8 13 7 148 -400 Night 3.7 4.4 5.5 (110xifn9)

13 Xinxu K6+600 Day 1.9 2.5 3.5 1II4 | 13| Xinxu | K6+600 | Night 2.6 3.4 4.4 (165xl3m')

14 Xinhe K7+500 Day 6.2 6.8 7.7 16 | 14| Xinhe | -680 Night 6.7 7.5 8.5

15 Yuanbi 1K7+820 Day 4.2 4.9 5.9 | | 7 0 5m) 48 -90 Night 4.2 5.0 6.1 (0x5I

a K7+400 Day 0.5 1.1 2.1 7 25 16 ^ Shanmei } -660 Night 0.8 1.6 2.6 |(20x20m 2 ) 25

17 Dashi K(26+900 Day 0.2 1.1 21 ( 0 19) 2 160 -K27+200 Night 2.1 3,4 4.7 (300xl0m2)

Is K271(0o 200 Day 0.9 1 i 27 220 18 Huxi ~~~~700 Night 1.8. 3.0 5.1 8 18(450x10m 2l) Continuation of Table 44-10

Exceed value Numberof protected household (d8) (Household) Numberof Order Site Location Sound Heightening Protected Time 2005Yr. 2010Yr. 2020Yr. Removal proof Surrounding plantation (People) screen wall plnaon (el)

19 Shiniuwei K40+100 Day 21 74 -300 Night 1.1 1.9 3.0

18 62 20 20 Qinshan K43-530K43+270 NightDay 1.0 1.7 2.9

21 Haibianjiao K46+770 Day 21 (420x78in) 196 -910 Night 2.2 3.1 4.2

K46+590 Day 1.8 2.4 4.4 30 22 Hougang -890 Night 1.8 3.6 4.7 (450x12m') 120

04x14m 23 23 Houdai K47+790K48+790 NightDay 4.2 5 1 6.2 25 (800X13m') 31

24 Tulou K50+250 Day 0.6 1.3 2.2 6 85120 24 Tulou K5-770 Night 7.6 88.4 6 18 (750x20m') 200

25 Guotian K50+420 NDay 7 1.2 2.8 23 79 Night 7.1 8.3 9.1

82613 26 26 Pudong K3-930K53+780 NightDay 0.3 1.0 2.2 (400 ) 136

27 Nanshan K60+690 Day 4.2 4.8 5.8 471 8162 27 Nanshan K60-940 Night 4.0 4.9 5.9 (375x15m ) |16

28Liugaowei K61+430 Day12 518 28 Liugaowei K61-830 Night 1.5 2.1 3.3 12 25 180

29 Houyin K63+500 Day 1.1 2.5 31 110 -660 Night 7.1 7.9 8.8

30 Xiagao K63+290 Day 2 30 Xiagao K63-470 Night 1.1 1.9 3.0 22 81

31 Tianping K63+640 Day 0.3 1.0 1.9 2 8 -800 Night 0.5 1.2 2.4

32 yaoli K65+350 Day 2 2 32 Yaoli -550 Night 3.5 4.3 5.7 27 120

K65+690-840 Day 0 i 3.0 34 61 432 33 Gaoshan Night 3.3 4.8 6.5

34 Ptu K72+500 Day 0.3 1.3 2.2 29 480 34 Putou -K73+300 Night 0.2 1.2 2.1

K78+800 Day 3.1 4.1 5.3 23 35 Wanxi -950 Night 2.5 4.4 6 (4oxiom) 144

36 Chuanchang K84+700 Day 3.8 4.5 105 11 -850 Night 4.1 4.8 6.0 (165xI7m2)

K92+500- Day 3.0 3.8 5.2 11 2 37 Shudong 630 Night 35 43 57 8 (180xl2m ) 76 Continuation of Table 4-4-10

Exceedvalue (dB) Numberof protectedhousehold Numberof (Household) Protected Order Site Location Sound Heightening Tree People Time 2005Yr. 201OYr. 2020Yr. Removal proof Surrounding plantation (People) screen wall plnain (el)

38 Houcuoyuan K 1O0+400 Day 4 9 988 -550 Night 3.3 4.0 5.2 (I 50x15m 2)

'39 Tinpuxu K I1 4+900 Day 0.3 0.4 2 1 5 0 39 Tianpuxu KI 15+9050 Night 5.3 6.5 78 12 14 (00x3m) 104

40 Yuanqian K 116+600 Day 1 II11 S 40 Yuanqian Kl16-900 Night 2.4 3.1 4.3 15 5 (I180

41 Wuxing KlI19-.-650 Day 0.3 1.3 57 3 Farm Night 6.7 7.4 8.5 (1000x15m2) 332

42 Waifenlou K121+850 Day 16 164 -KI22+100 Night 6.5 7.4 8+3

43Cangmolin K133+320 Day 2.7 3.3 4.3 91 913 43 Changmaolin K;_-490 Night 324 4+1 5.2 (300x14m2) 132 _.

44 Shangying K136+000 Day 3.8 4.3 5 24 23 172 Village -300 Night 9.0 10.2 11.2

45 Neixi Prim. KO6O Day 5.6 6.6 7.7 200 0 45 N cPi K0+650 Night 4.4 6.2 8.7 (people) 200

46 _Hioudai K47+940 Day 6.6 8.7 10.7 210 210 Prim. Sch. Night 4.4 6.4 9.1 (people)21

Guotian K50+59 Day 4.2 4.9 5.8 430 430 Prim. Sch. ~ '"' Night 4.0 5.8 5.9 (people)

48 Zhuangqian K66+700 Day 6.4 7.0 8.0 210 210 Prim. Sch. K670 Night 5.6 6.5 7.5 (people)21

49 Gaolinmid. K67+200 Day 5.3 5.9 8.9 1150 ! Sch. K720 Night 5.5 6.3 7A (people) 15

50 Tulou K+40 Day 16.0 17.3 19.7 35035 50 Prim. Sch. K7I1+400 Night 15.4 16.9 18.1 (people) 350 322 51 Beiqi Prim. K72+790 Day (people) 322 Sch. Night 0.2 1.3 (150X10M2 )

52 Xiqian Prim. K85+000 Day 9.1 10.1 11.3 235 235 Sch. Night 8.0 10.0 12.4 (peoplt)

53 Shudong K91+400 Day 13.9 14.5 15.6 100 100 Prim. Sch. Night 7.1 7.8 8.1 (people)

54 Haifeng K94+200 Day 2.2 2.8 3.9 1200 1200 mid.Sch. Night 1.4 2.1 3.3 (people)

Jiiai Prim. K96+200 Day 16.0 17.4 19.6 155 5 Sch. Night 15.3 16.4 18.9 (people)

56 Yuanqian |aK116760 Da 5N7 11.3 12.3 340 ~- Prim.Sch. K1670 Night 12.7 13.4 14.5 (people)34 Table 4-4-11 Locations and Number of Noise Proof Screen

Noise Number Order Site Location Max. excess length X height Area level ofPpl (dB) (__) (rn2 ) Reduced of People

I Qiouzhong K7+500- 5.8-7.6 200X3 600 1400______700 __ _ _ 20__ ___3_

Neixi KO+900- 11.9-13.7 Right 60 1 0 2 (including KI+150 (7.9-8.7) 20Rgh 600 14 200 Prim. Sch.) Bt K5+570-- Both 3 Jiangcuo 700 4.3-7.9 right & left 780 16 212 Jiangcuo 700 ~~~~130X3 ______

4 Dashi K26+980- 2.1-6.5 _ X2.5f200 S00 160 K27-i180 2-X. 5 Huxi Town K27+550- 1.8-6.1 Right 500 11 210 6 Houdai K48+000- 4.4-9.1 Right 6 (including 300 4491 300X2.5 750 16 316 Prim. Sch. I____ 7 Tulou K5480 7.6-9.5 Left 690 12 130 480+2 0 230X3______8 Guotian K50+400- 7.1-9.1 Right 660 12 100 ______~620 n220X 3

9 Liugaowei K62+70-K62+010 6I07.6.0-7.7 260Right X 2.5______650 11.5 180

10 Houyin K(63+500-660 7.1_-5.8.1.8Right 160x3 480 11.5 110

_- Yaoli K62+600- 3.5-5.7 80x3 240 10.5 120 K66+050- 3.3-6.5 Left 480 16 230

12 Gaoshan 210 _____ 160X3 40 1 3 oK66+080- 3.3-6.5 Right 420 16 202 220 14X3 4 13 Gaolin 467+360- 5.5-8.9 Left 540 12 1150 Mid. Sch. 540 _ _ _ _ _ 180X3______14 Tulou K71+580- 16-19 Already moved 300 19 350 Prim. Sch. 680 15 XiqianhK85+200- 9.1-12.4 Left 300 12.5 235 Prim. Sch. 300 100X3______16 lianpuxu 115+150- 5.3-7.8 Left 200 it 164 300 IO0X2______Yuanqian K(116+980- Left 17 (including K117+100 10.7-14.5 120X3 360 15 340 Prim. Sch.) 18 Waifenglou 31(22+100- 6.5-8.3 Right 500 11 164 ______~300 ______200X 2 .5 _ _ _ 19 Shangyingcun K136+260- 9.0-11.2 Left 450 12 380 410 150X3 Dongyuan Mid. KI+950- Left 20 Sch. K2+110 3.5-9.7 LeR 450 11 1200 20 (Link Road)

Total 20 places 10450 6253 Table 4-4-12 Locations of Heightening Walls and Work Amount

Per household Exceed Number of A Order Places Stations (length X height) value protected (e 2)a Sound proof effects (in) (dB) households _ _ _

Sucuo S50 15X2 4.5-7.7 16 480 550__ _ _ _

2 Jingxia IKS+60-15X2 3.3-5.2 22 660 730

3 Shudou K34+000 15X2 5.4-8.7 25 750 r K4+1000 4 Dongyuan 250 15X2 5.5-7.1 12 360

Qiancuo. K4+850- 1 5 HuuK50015X2 5.1-6.9 10 300 Houcuo K5+0S0 I 6 Cuozai K5+200 15X2 4.9-7.5 9 270 = _ 320 _ _ The noise level 7 Xiayangfan 00Ix2 T 3.7-5.5 13 390 decreased by K7I500- =_ _ I_heightening wall is | 8 Xinhe K7+500- 15X2 6.7-8.5 16 480 6-10 dB. Forthe 68 ______v__illages anld schools 9 Yuanbi K7+820-960 15X2 T 4.2-6.1 7 210 with high exceeding K60+690-wihhgexedn to Nanshan 90 15X2 4.0-5.9 7 210 value, more than 940. ______10______lOmwide of forest I I iwan K78t80u(i 15X 2.5-4.4 7 210 plantationshould be 950 X2 210 adopted for further K84±700- 12 Chuanchang 15 X 2 4.1-6.0 10 300 reducing of noise 850 _ level. See Table 4-4- K92+500 TOfrteseii 13 Shudong 630 15X2 3.5-5.7 8 240 p0forthespecifio 63.0~~ |_____ ~ ~~.______position of 14 Houcuoyuan KI0+4O- I5X2 | 3.3-532 9 270 plantation.

15 Yuanqian 9ii6+o00 15X2 2.4-4.3 5 150 K133+320- 16 Changmaolin 490 15X2 3.4-5.2 5 150

17 Guotian K50+590 150X3.0 4.0-5.9 43(pol)| 450

s18 ighfng K94+200 300 X3.0 1.4-3.9 1200 900 |High Sch. ______(people)

Total 7780

L 4.4.5.3 Feasibility Analysis of Heightening the Surrounding Walls The following measures will be taken to mitigate the traffic noise on Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway. 1. People who live within 30m from the alignment and in whose residences the noise level exceeds 13 dB will be removed. 2. People who live so near to the alignment that the noise level in their residences exceeds 9 dB will be removed. 3. Those whose courtyards are sparsely scattered at places where the noise level is within the range of 8-4 dB will be removed. 4. Afforestation will be undertaken for the residences more than 1OOm away from the alignment, where the noise level slightly exceed the standards The feasibility analysis of heightening the surrounding walls to reduce the noise level can be seen in Table 4-4-13.

Table 4-4-13 Feasibility analysis of heightening the surrounding walls Measures Analysis 1. Good soundproof effect Soundproof %valls 2. High cost (700 yuan/m2) 3. Adverse influence of too much wall on the surrounding landscape I. It is of good soundproof effect (noise level is reduced by more than 10 dB) 2. The additional layer of a window costs RMBl.000 yuan. and RMB3.000 yuan will be spent for one household. Double-layered 3. It would be impossible for the southem farmers to close their windows all the year round unless all their houses were to be equipped with air conditioners. The electricity bill would become unbearable for the farmers because the owner could pay for neither electricity nor the maintenance of the air conditioners. 1. 4-8 dB decrease can be obtained. 2. It is suitable for the sparsely populated areas along the alignment. Wall heightening 3. It is of low cost. (100 yuan/mn or RMB 1,500 yuan/household) 4. The heightened walls will not block much' of the sunlight since a household usually has a large courtyard. I. It is the most economical measure. Soundproof 2. It is also beneficial to the improvement of the landscape. afforestation 3. Its noise reduction effect is limited, for example, a lOm wide tree belt can only decrease the noise level by only 2-4 dB.

From the above analysis, wall heightening is recommended for the 18 villages with a noise lCvelof 4-8 dB above the standards, since the double layered windows are unacceptable to the southern farmers while the belt of soundproof forest is not effective enough to reduce the noise to the specified level. The owner can use other mitigation measures where appropriate. 4.5 Prediction and Assessment of Impact on Ambient Air

4.5.1 Prediction Model Gauss Line Source DiffiusionEquation for diffusion concentration of fumes has been taken as the prediction model of impact on ambient air quality.

C-= tQ, fdl where: C -concentration of the pollutant (mg/m3 ); QL -emission strength from line source (mg/m * s); L-iength of line source (m); Uh -wind speed at emission location (m/s); dl-increment of the length of line source (m); f -atmospheric diffusion function. In an orthogonal coordination, f is determined as follows:

1 ___ (Z-h) _Z___h f2,ra (exp(- 2 )exp[ 2 exp[- -

Where:

Oc, :, - diffusion parameters in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively(m); h efficient height of vehicle exhaust gas(m); In the integral experimentation of model (1), limited by the included angle between wind speed and highway direction, the effect between wind speed and included angle will be taken into account.

4.5.2 Identification of Various Parameters in Prediction Model 1. Source strength of Vehicular Exhaust Gases (I) Source strength model n Qj= A,K,K,.K; where: Q,-total amount of pollutants of j kind of vehicle in an unit period of time and in an unit length of road, i.e. source strength ( mg / s. m. ); A, -designed traffic volume of i kind of vehicles on the road ( v / s); K, -emission coefficient of single vehicle representing i kind of pollutants per kilometer (mg / m .v.;

K' - renew coefficient of vehicles of i kinds, 0.95 is adopted; r

Ki - depreciation coefficient of i kind of vehicles, 1.10 is adopted; - - n - kinds of vehicles on road. (2) Emission strength of vehicular exhaust gases Based on the predicted traffic volune in the project feasibility study report of Zhangzhou - Zhaoan Expressway of the years 2010 and 2020, and the traffic volume of peak hours, the emission strength of pollutants is obtained, see Table 4-5-1 . 2. Diffusion parameters The diffiusionparameters of exhaust gases are:

Cr = (a2 + 02 )0.5 where: o ya-diffusion parameters of lateral eddy wind; o -diffusion parameters of vertical eddy wind; , --- initial lateral diffusion coefficient; , --- initial vertical diffusion coefficient.

Table 4-5-1 Emission Strength of Vehicular Exhaust Gases unit: mg/r .s

Traffic CO NOX l Sections condition 2005Yr. 201OYr. 2020Yr. 2005Yr. 201OYr. 2020Yr.

Daily 5.47 7.44 11.54 0,69 0.94 1.46 Xiangcheng- average Zhangpu Peak hours 9.86 13.39 20.77 1.25 1.70 2.64 Daily 4.78 6.59 10.18 0.61 0.83 1.29 Zhangpu- average Yunxiao Peak 8.61 11.86 18.35 1.09 1.51 2.33 hours _ Daily 4.48 6.24 9.66 0.57 0.79 1.23 [ Yunxiao- average Zhaoan Peak 8.06 11.24 17.39 1.03 1.43 2.21 hours

3. Wind speed in model of line sources The wind speed Uh in line source model is:

Uh -max(U,U } uc= 1.85Uo' 4cos2 0 where: Uhis the speed ( m /s) Ucis the wind speed caused by the running vehicle; 9 is the angle between wind and road (°).

4.5.3 Prediction of Concentration of CO and NOx 1. Concentration calculation of pollutants along the alignment. The average daily and hourly concentrations of CO and NOx on both roadsides in the years 2005, 2010 and 2020 after construction were predicted based on the traffic volume of each section, terrain and meteorological conditions. For prediction calculation conditions, see Table 4-5-2.

Table 4-5-2 Calculation Conditions for Prediction of Air Pollutants Concentration of an hour Daily average concentration Background concentration Max. concentration Max. daily of an hour average concentration Traffic volume Traffic volume of peak hour Daily traffic volume Atmosphere stability E-F All kinds of stability Wind directions Leading wind directions All wind directions

2. Calculation Results Based on traffic volume, terrain and meteorological conditions, four cross sections of Huxi, Cili, Guanyinting and Xishan were chosen for prediction of the concentrations of CO and NOx. For the results, see Table 4-5-3. Based on the results, the average daily concentrations of pollutants at various sections were made. See Figure 4-5-1 and 4-5-4 for detail. It can be seen from Table 4-5-3 that: (1) By 2020Yr. in operation, the maximum daily and hourly concentrations of CO at four sections are 2.01 mg /m3 and 4.44 mg/m3 at Xishan, both under class 2 standards (4.00 and 10.00) in GB3095 - 1996. (2) By 2020, the maximum daily and hourly concentrations of NOx at four sections are 0.084 mg/m3 and 0.149 mg/ m3 respectively, both under class 2 standards (0.10 and 0.15) in Gb3095 - 1996, but the hourly concentrations will increase significantly compared with the background levels. Therefore, we can conclude that the construction of the expressway will not have significant impact on the quality of the ambient air, but the concentrations of NOx will go up as compared to the background levels.

Table 4-5-3 Predicted Concentration of Air Pollutant Unit: mg/m3

Distance from roadside Back (in) Site Pollu Value ground Year tant type value 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 200

Daily 2005 1.52 1.44 1.38 1.36 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.28 DiY 1.22 2010 1.63 1.52 1.45 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.34 1.31 average 1020 1.85 1.68 1.59 1.51 1.46 1.42 1.40 1.37 Co 2005 2.89 2.71 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.29 2.24 2.18 Hourly 1.88 2010 3.25 3.01 2.79 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.38 2.29 Huxi. Average 1020 4.01 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.88 2.76 2.65 2.51 (K 17+200) 2005 0.050 0.039 0.033 0.029 0.026 0.024 0.023 0.021 . Daily 0.012 2010 0.058 0.045 0.038 0.033 0.029 0.027 0.025 0.023 average 1020 0.084 0.064 0.052 0.045 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.029 NOx ILI_ 2005 0.083 0.070 0.063 0.054 0.049 0.044 0.041 0.036 Hourly 0.015 2010 0.102 0.090 0.080 0.069 0.061 0.055 0.050 0.044 Average 1020 0.149 0.131 0.117 0.099 0.086 0.077 0.070 0.060

Daily 2005 1.26 1.19 1.15 1.13 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.03 2010 1.34 1.25 1.20 1.17 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.10 average 1020 1.51 1.37 1.29 1.24 1.21 1.18 1.16 1.14 Co 2005 1.88 1.76 1.63 1.54 1.48 1.44 1.39 1.35 Hourly 1.12 2010 2.16 1.98 1.81 1.69 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.43 Average 1020 2.73 2.45 2.19 2.01 1.88 1.78 1.71 1.60

ciii (K59+100) . 2005 0.040 0.032 0.028 0.025 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.018 Daily 0.012 2010 0.051 0.040 0.034 0.029 0.027 0.025 0.023 0.021 averaitmge 1020 0.072 0.055 0.045 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.029 0.026

NOx - - - 2005 0.075 0.066 0.056 0.050 0.045 0.042 0.040 0.036 Hourly 0.020 2010 0.095 0.083 0.070 0.061 0.055 0.050 0.047 0.042 avemgre 1020 0.139 0.115 0.097 0.084 0.074 0.067 0.062 0.054

47 Continuation of Table 4-5-3

Distance from roadside Polu Vaue Back (in) Site Pollu Value ground Year ___n)

tant type value 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 200 ,

Daily 2005 1.23 1.17 1.14 1.12 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.07 Daily 1.03 2010 1.30 1.23 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.09 average 1020 1.45 1.33 1.26 1.22 1.19 1.17 1.15 1.13 Co I I. 2005 1.78 1.67 1.56 1.49 1.44 1.39 1.36 1.32 Hourly 1.12 2010 2.04 1.88 1.73 1.62 1.56 1.50 1.45 1.39 average 1020 2.55 2.29 2.07 1.91 1.79 1.71 1.64 1.54 Guanyinting (K84 I 100) Daily 2005 0.037 0.030 0.026 0.023 0.022 0.020 0.019 0.018 aveie 0.012 2010 0.046 0.037 0.031 0.027 0.025 0.023 0.022 0.020 average 1020 0.065 0.050 0.041 0.036 0.032 0.029 0.027 0.024 NOx._ Hourl 2005 0.067 0.055 0.047 0.041 0.037 0.034 0.032 0.029 aourly 0.015 2010 0.087 0.070 0.059 0.051 0.046 0.042 0.039 0.034 _average 1020 0.120 0.101 0.083 0.071 0.063 0.056 0.052 0.045

DailyI 2005 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.68 1.66 1.65 1.65 1.64 DailY 1.59 2010 1.86 1.79 1.74 1.71 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.65 average 1020 2.01 1.89 1.83 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.68

co - - I 2005 3.67 3.55 3.44 3.37 3.31 3.27 3.24 3.20 Hourly 3.00o I2010 3.90 3.77 3.62 3.51 3.44 3.38 3.34 3.28 average 1020 4.44 4.18 3.96 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.52 3.43

Xishan | (K120+200) 2005 0.041 0.034 0.030 0.027 0.025 0.024 0.023 0.022 Daily 0.016 2010 0.050 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.029 0.027 0.026 0.023 average 1020 0.070 0.055 0.046 0.040 0.036 0.034 0.031 0.027

NOx I 2005 0.072 0.060 0.052 0.046 0.042 0.039 0.037 0.034 Hourly 1 0.020 2010 0.093 0.076 0.064 0054 0.051 0.047 0.044 0.040 average 1020 0.130 0.107 0.089 0.077 0.068 0.062 0.057 0.054

98 3 -o-- 20025C - . | = ~~~~~~200 -"7 2

...... -...... ,., ...... ,,, , , .. , ... ,,,,., .. .. ,,,,,.,......

. .,: '

75. rW .a !>> !iZS175 2 uistar.ces trom the side of hichway im)

r tl. -,n-Cr fiU,!di -+. gn,t ; X ?

-t a--

It- rs e.eE,- .. a.es E>- -. .- *--. ~--

0.02~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

e~~~~~~~~~~~ -;......

Sit r E- f0t ron tre 5 ie 0; r.1iF y 'nNa:. !4

tN,-_,! 8n_t!3. n _i i PtoIb -(! .

Figure4-5-1 Distribution of Daily AverageConcentration of CO and NOx at Huxi Section . ~-C- -- 20200 I'C1Z2 ,,,~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~; ') 2 2G

E r

Distances from the side os hiQhway (im)

Cr Conc.ntSrtinf dlEtribhijtionC (CiLi'

d- K- - - --

-*s7 * . . e. ,ne _

ae!4

F.h - - ---

a - w -~ -.------9

uta:br.CeS trom t;-e Sinee_ n1rn in, .~~~~ ,n,_ ¢ 1_

Figure4-5-2 Distributionof DailyAverage Concentration of CO andNOx at CiliSection 201I

.n - et- 3~~~~~ - . ~~~~. a

!~~ri ~r.r,-_n~~~rn.iirn 5'_! ,n.-.,sn(f_U r i-:

Fi 4-5-3 D2ri o A o wi wt C CEt .- at -i Y n

x * -- ~~~~- ,, . a I

5: 7-''._:______!q

Distances from tnesie of his,it ay (m):

!!NOxC-ncentF.3tjonn di st!ribUtio'n (3unYi rTi ng;

Figure 4-5-3 Disitributionof Daily AverageConcentration of CO and NOY at GuanyintingSection

1 Al 7

at Xisa S*.cio

---- ,!1 C7

1 . i I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_I.

' ,- -- - - _.…

,.;. , - I ----- 2-- ;'

e I7 ,~ a_eo~ ~ ~ '~tne fro the FOl*:/'

Fiur 4-5- Ditibto of Dal!vrg ocnrto fC n -~~~~~~~~a-iha Sect e*io 4.5.4 Assessment of Impact on Ambient Air Quality in the Study Areas After consideration of present environment, traffic volume and local meteorological conditions, as well as the CO and NOx data shown in Table 4-5-3, the statistic data of CO and NOx concentration at sensitive spots have been gotten, see Table 4-5-4. It can be seen that by the year of 2020 in operation of the expressway, the average daily and hourly concentrations of both CO and NOx meet the standards of class 2 in Gb3095 - 1996. However, as the traffic volume will increase gradually during the operation period, there will be certain impact on the ambient air.

Table 4-5-4 Concentration Distribution of Air Pollutants at Sensitive Locations unit: mg/Nm3 Distance Concentrationof pollutants(daily average) Ordcr StationsPlaces from Pollu 2005Yr. 201OYr. 2020Yr. Order Stations Places roadside tants Concen Excess Concen Excess Concen Excess (in) tration times tration times tration times CO 1.50 0 1.60 0 1.80 0 l K0+700 Qiuzhong .10 _ KO+700 Qiuzhong 10 NOx 0.048 0 0.056 0 0.080 0 NeixiPrim. CO 1.36 0 1.40 0 1.51 0 2 K0+650 80 Sch. NOx 0.029 0 0.033 0 0.045 0 CO 1.50 0 1.60 0 1.80 0 3 K1I+100 Neixi 10 _ . 08 _ _ NOx0.048 0 0.056 0 0.080 0 CO 1.52 0 1.63 0 1.85 0 4 Kl+50(1 Sucuo Through0 008 0 NOx 0.050 0 0.058 0 0.084 0 CO 1.44 0 1.52 0 1.68 0 5 K1+700 Jingxia Through NOx 0.039 0 0.045 0 0.064 0 CO 1.44 0 1.52 0 1.68 0 6 K(2+500 Chaxie 30 NOx 0.039 0 0.045 0 0.064 0 CO 1.40 0 1.48 0 1.62 0 7 K4+000 Shudou 40. NOx 0.035 0 0.040 0 0.055 0 CO 1.38 0 1.45 0 1.59 0 8 K(4+100 Dongyuan 50 NOx 0.033 0 0.038 0 0.052 0

9 K5+000 Qiancuo, 100 CO 1.33 0 1.37 0 1.46 0 Houcuo NOx 0.026 0 0.029 0 0.039 0 CO 1.36 0 1.40 0 1.51 0 10 K5+300 Cuozai 80 NOx 0.029 0 0.033 0 0.045 0

CO 1.52 0 1.63 0 1.85 0 11 K5+650 Jiangcuo Through NOx 0.050 0 0.058 0 0.084 0 CO 1.32 0 1.35 0 1.42 0 12 K5+900 Cangli 130 NOx 0.024 0 0.027 0 0.036 0 CO 1.50 0 1.60 0 1.80 0 13 K6+300 Xiayangfan 10 NOx 0.048 0 0.056 0 0.080 0 Continuation of Table 4-5-4

Distance Concentration of pollutants (daily average) Order Stations Places from Pollu 2005Yr. 201 OYr. 2020Yr. roadside tants Concen Excess Concen Excess Concen Excess (in) tration times tration times tration times CO 1.36 0 1.40 0 1.51 0 14 K6+600 Xinxu Through NOx 0.029 0 0.033 0 0.045 0 CO 1.37 0 1.43 0 1.55 0 15 K7+600 Xinhe 130 NOx 0.031 0 0.035 0 0.049 0 CO 1.33 0 1.36 0 1.44 0 16 K7+900 Yuanbi 10 _ NOx 0.025 0 0.028 0 0.038 0 CO 1.37 0 I1.43 0 1.55 0 17 K7+800 Shanmei 80 NOx 0.031 0 0.035 0 0.048 0 CO 1.45 0 1.55 0 1.71 0 18 K8+200 Neijiatang 60 ______NOx 0.041 0 0.047 0 0.069 0 CO 1.37 0 1.43 0 1.55 0 19 K21+900 Hekeng 60 NOx 0.031 0 0.035 0 0.048 0 CO 1.44 0 1.52 0 1.68 0 20 K27+000 Dashi 70 I NOx 0.039 0 0.045 0 0.064 0 CO 1.50 0 1.60 0 1.80 0 21 K27+200 Huxi 60 NOx 0.048 0 0.056 0 0.080 0

22 K30+500 Jingweixin 30 CO 1.44 0 1.52 0 1.68 0 Village NOx 0.039 0 0.045 0 0.064 0 CO 1.31 0 1.34 0 1.41 0 23 K38+500 Xilinqian 140 - NOx 0.023 0 0.026 0 0.034 0 CO 1.17 0 1.22 0 1.33 0 24 K40+200 Shiniuwei 40 NOx 0.030 0 0.038 0 0.050 0 CO 1.15 0 1.20 0 1.29 0 25 K42+000 Xiwei 50 NOx 0.028 0 0.034 0 0.045 0

CO 1.19 0 1.25 0 1.37 0 26 K43+300 Qinshan 30 I NOx 0.032 0 0.040 0 0.055 0 CO 1.26 0 1.34 0 1.51 0 27 K46+800 Haibianjiao Through NOx 0.040 0 0.051 0 0.072 0

CO 1.11 0 1.14 0 1.21 0 28 K46+800 Hougang 100 NOx 0.023 0 0.027 0 0.035 0

Houdai CO 1.16 0 1.22 0 1.33 0 29 K47+940 40 - Prim.Sch. NOx 0.030 0 0.036 0 0.049 0 Continuation of Table 4-5-4

Distance Concentration of pollutants (daily average) from Pollu 2005Yr. 201OYr. 202OYr. OrderStatio Plaees Proadsde.roadi_e_tant tants Concen Excess Coneen Excess Concen Excess

(in) tration times tration times tration times _ _ ~~~~~~~CO1.26 0 1.34 0 1.51 0 / 30 K48+000 Houdai Through co 0.04 0 0.04 0 0.07 0 NOx _0.04 0 0.051 0 0.072 0 CO 1.26 0 1.34 0 1.51 0 31 K50+500 Tulou 50 NOx 0.04 0 0.051 0 0.072 0 32 K50+90 Guotian10 CO 1.10 0 1.13 0 1.18 0 Prim. Sch. NOx 0.021 0 0.025 0 0.031 0 CO 1.15 0 1.18 0 1.27 0 33 K53+800 Pudong 60 NOx 0.027 0 0.31 0 0.042 0 CO 1.15 0 1.18 0 1.27 0 34 K58+800 Ciii 60 NOx 0.027 0 0.031 0 0.042 0 CO 1.13 0 1.17 0 1.24 0 35 K60+800 Nanshan 80 NOx 0.025 0 0.029 0 0.039 0 CO 1.20 0 1.27 0 1.40 0 36 K61+500 Liugaowei 20 NOx 0.034 0 0.043 0 0.060 0 CO 1.24 0 1.30 0 1.46 0 37 K63+300 Xiagao 10 , 37 K63 __00Xiagao _ _ NOx 0.038 0 0.048 0 0.066 0 CO 1.13 0 1.17 0 1.24 0 38 K63+700 Tianping 80 NOx 0.023 0 0.027 0 0.035 0 co 1.24 0 1.30 0 1.46 0 39 K65+400 Yaoli 10 I______NOx 0.038 0 0.048 0 0.066 0 co 1.26 0 1.34 0 1.51 0 40 K65+800 Gaoshan Through NOx 0.040 0 0.051 0 0.072 0

Zhuangqian 18 CO 1.08 0 1.10 0 1.14 0 41 K66+700 Prim.Sch. 0 NOx 0.018 0 0.021 0 0.025 0

42 K67+200 Gaolin Mid. 10 co 1.10 0 1.13 0 1.19 0+ 42 K67+200 GaolicnhMi.S 100 NOx 0.022 0 0.025 0 0.032 0

CO 1.18 0 1.25 0 1.27 0 43 K69+200 Shanabian 20 I NOx 0.031 0 0.040 0 0.054 0 44 K6460 Fanglin 10 co 1.09 0 1.11 0 1.15 190 44K69+600 Prim. Sch. NOx 0.019 0 0.022 0 0.027 0

CO 1.12 0 1.15 0 1.22 0 NOx 0.023 0 0.027 0 0.036 0 Continuation of Table 4-5-4

Distance Concentration of pollutants (daily average) from Pollu 2005Yr. 2010Yr. 2020Yr. Ordsroadside tants Concen Excess Concen Excess Concen Excess (m) tration times tration times tration times CO 1.17 0 1.23 0 1.33 0 46 K70+800 Xishan 30 NOx 0.030 0 0.037 0 0.050 0 CO 1.07 0 1.09 0 1.13 0 47 K70+030 Shaxi clinic 70 NOx 0.018 0 0.020 0 0.024 0 Shaxi Mid CO 1.12 0 1.16 0 1.23 0 School NOx 0.023 0 0.028 0 0.037 0 Tulou CO 1.19 0 1.25 0 1.35 0 49 K71+400 Primary 20 School00 Pria 2 NOx 0.032 0 0.039 0 0.054 0 School I _ ~~~~CO1.10 0 1.12 0 1.18 0 50 K71+500 Shaxi Town 120 NOx 0.020 0 0.023 0 0.030 0 5 ___K72_800 Putou 1 CO 1.21 0 1.28 0 1.43 0 51 K72+800 Putou 10 NOx 0.035 0 0.044 0 0.062 0 CO 1.11 0 1.14 0 0 52 K74+200 Panliao 90 r1.20 NOx 0.022 0 0.026 0 0.033 0 Beiqi CO 1.11 0 1.14 0 1.20 0 53 K77+790 Primary 90 School NOx 0.022 0 0.026 0 0.034 0 CO 1.18 0 1.25 0 1.35 0 54 K78+000 Luowanjing 20 NOx 0.032 0 0.039 0 0.053 0

CO 1.11 0 1.14 0 1.20 0 55 K78+800 Haiwan 85 NOx 0.023 0 0.026 0 0.034 0 CO 1.11 0 1.13 0 1.19 0 56 K79+500 Shizi 100 I NOx 0.022 0 0.025 0 0.032 0 CO 1.09 0 1.11 0 1.15 0 57 K80+500 Wutian 200 NOx 0.019 0 0.022 0 0.027 0

I 8 K84I 80 IChuan- i CO 1.10 0 1.13 0 1.19 0 158 IK84+800 11110 chang NOx 0.022 0 0.025 0 0.032 0 Xiqian CO 1.12 0 1.15 0 1.22 0 59 K85+000 Primary 80 School NOx 0.023 0 0.027 0 0.036 0 CO 1.14 0 1.17 0 1.25 0 160 |K85+1 00 |Xiagaoxi 200I 60 K85+100 Xiagaoxi 200 NOx 0.025 0 0.030 0 0.039 0 CO 1.10 0 1.13 0 1.19 0 61 K92+600 Shudong 100 III I NOx 0.022 0 0.025 0 0.032 0

, ~ ~, ~ ~~~., ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Continuation of Table 4-5-4

Distance Concentration of pollutants (daily average) from Pollu 2005Yr. 201 OYr. 2020Yr. roadside tants Concen Excess Concen Excess Concen Excess (m) tration times tration times tration times Haifeng Mid. CO 1.09 0 1.11 0 1.15 0 62 K96+000 160 -I Sch. NOx 0.019 0 0.022 0 0.027 0 CO 1.14 0 1.17 0 1.25 0 63 K96+200 Jizai 60 NOx 0.025 0 0.030 0 0.039 0

64 K96+200 Jizai Prim. Through CO 1.23 0 1.30 0 1.45 0 Sch. T NOx 0.037 0 0.046 0 0.065 0 CO 1.15 0 1.20 0 1.30 0 65 K 100+500 Houcuoyuan 40 NOx 0.027 0 0.033 0 0.045 0 CO 1.15 0 1.20 0 1.30 0 66 K 106+100 Yancang 40 0.027 _03_045 __L __ ~~~~~NOx0.027 0 0.033 0 0.045 0 CO 1.71 0 1.76 0 1.86 0 167 K114+900 ITianpuxu 40 67LK 4+900I Tianpuxu 40 'NOx 0.032 0 0.037 0 0.050 0

|68 68 K116+7K116+700 | Yuanquanrim.Sch. 40 CO 1.713 0 1.76 0 1.85 0 Prim. Sch. NOx 0.031 0 0.037 0 0.050 0 CO 1.69 0 1.73 0 1.81 0 I69 K116+800 IYuanqian 60I I. I I NOx 0.029 0 0.034 0 0.045 0 CO 1.70 0 1.74 0 1.83 0 70 K1 19+650 Wuxing Farm 50 NOx 0.030 0 0.035 0 0.046 0 71 K122+000 Wanfeniou 40 CO 1.71 0 1.76 0 1.86 0 171 K 122+000 IWanfenlou 40 I___ I I I_ NOx 0.032 0 0.037 0 0.050 0

72 _130+90 | Xinan CO 1.66 0 1.69 0 1.75 0 Village NOx 0.025 0O 0.029 0 0.036 0

73 K130+900 Pushang 200 CO 1.65 0 1.67 0 1.71 0 Village NOx 0.023 0 0.026 0 0.031 0 CO 1.68 0 1.71 0 1.78 0 174 K133+400 Changmaolin 160 I I__I 74 K133+400 Changmaolin 160 NOx 0.027 0 0.031 0 0.040 0 CO 1.69 0 1.73 0 1.82 0 75 K135+800 Dianqian 60 ___ NOx 0.029 0 0.034 0 0.044 0

Shangying co 1.77 0 1.84 0 1.98 0 76K136+100 Village 40 NOx 0.040 0 0.048 0 0.066 0

77 K1I39+600 Houling 80 co 1.68 0 1.71 0 1.78 0 Village NOx 0.027 0 0.031 0 0.040 0

107 4.5.5 Prediction Analysis of CO Concentrations in Tunnel There are two tunnelsto be built,the locationsand their lengthare shownin Table4-5-5. 4.5.5.1 Prediction Model for CO Concentrations in Tunnels The concentrations of CO in tunnels C(X) can be calculated by using the following model.

C(X) = q +aCb + (Coq aCb)( +aX)(I+k K+a K+a 1 u Where q is the source strength of CO from vehicles, C. is the concentrations of CO in ventilation coming into the tunnel, k is the settlement coefficient on the surface of tunnels, u(x) =u, + ax is the speed of ventilation in tunnels, u0 is the speed of the coming air at the entrance of tunnels, a is the coefficient of mechanical ventilation, C0 is the concentration at the place where X = 0 at the entrance of the current.

4.5.5.2 Concentrations of CO in Tunnels Two tunnels are proposed to be built, namely Kuzhishan Tunnel and Dabushan Tunnel, the cross sections and length of them are shown in Figure 4-5-5 and Table 4-5-5 respectively. The CO distribution in tunnel under peak traffic volume in the year of 2020 has been forecast, and the ventilation strength for the concentrations has not exceed the designed standards (185 mg / m3 = 150 ppm).

Table 4-5-5 Tunnels to Be Built for Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway

Tunnels Stations Length(m) Note Kuzhishan Left K31+505-K34+040 2535 A long tunnel .______IRight K31+470-K34+050 2580 Dabushan Left K88+973-K90+990 2017 Dabushan______Right K88+985-K90+970 1985 A longtunnel

Figure 4-5-6 shows the distribution of CO in tunnel under peak traffic hour in 2020. Figure 4-5-6(a) is the distribution of CO when the speed of natural wind U0 = 0.5 m without forced ventilation, while Figure 4-5-6 (b) shows the distribution of CO when the speed of natural wind U0 = 1.0 m/s without mechanical ventilation. Based on calculation, when the speed of natural wind is less than 1.0 m/s, mechanical ventilation will be adopted to reduce concentrations of CO. When the speed of natural wind U0 = 0.5 m/s, then the coefficient of mechanical ventilation a = 0.00018. The effective ventilation per hour will exceed 2,325 m 3/min, with natural wind added up, the total effective wind will be 4,245 m3 / min. Figure 4-5-6 (c) shows the distribution of CO and NOx at the exit of Kuzhishan Tunnel. It can be seen that 30 - 40 m beyond the exit, the concentrations of CO and NOx do not exceed the standards. The amount of mechanical ventilation at Dabushan Tunnel is slightly more than the above levels. We know from Figure 4-5-6 (a) that, no mechanical ventilation is needed when the length of tunnel is less than 900 m, since the natural wind can suit the designed standards ( < 15Oppm). . 300/2 30/ iS~~inesurface\

OCD constructionlimited bou:ndary\ ol C~omid ~ dle line of the lane

R1l439. 16.53

J , 125.0, 900.0 I15 PI 1215.4

400~~~'1

u-I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- '''''DC"'' ' ''

Figur 4-5- (a) Ditiuino7OCnetatosi uhsa une 600 -;. ,ii _

200

E C( 400

distaceentrnce frm o th thetunnesta0dakmd

Figure 4-5-6 (a) Distribution of COConcentrations in Kuzhishan TunneI (Uo= 0.5mIs, a =0) 250 t I I-~~~~- 2504} i!, $ f} i j !, ! ! i i | !i stand!ard

.9 > 100C(50 ': ...:::.: :.-..::..:..x..

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 distance from the entranceof thetunnel X=0 ( km

Figure 4-566(b) Distribution of CO Concentrations in Kuzh-ishan Tunnel (LTO=1.0m Is, a=0)

2~~~~~~~~UolOm/,aO . 4E..l a-:_ ,I- -...... -: neutral

distancefrom thenrne eison h sourcel X=((m m

F=igure4-5-6 (b) Distributions of COConcentrationsitno Kuzhishan Tunnel t -= LLu r

H LI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ =Y' MSm

| ~~~~distancefromthe emission source (in)

Figure 4-5-6 (c) Distributions of CO and NOs at Exit of Kuzhishan Tunnel

11(n 4.5.6 Analysis of Impact of Flying Dust on Environment during Construction The major impact on environment during construction is flying dust coming from mixing sites, hauling vehicles and machinery activities. The TSP monitored 50 m away from the mixing sites downwind direction were 8.90 mg / m3; 100 m away were 1.65 mg/r 3; 150 m away were 1.00 mg /m3 . TSP along the route is mainly resulted from the flying dust caused by the hauling vehicles. Since there is abundant water along the whole line of the proposed highway, spraying water on the surface of the road can be an effective measure to minimize the flying dust in construction sites.

4.5.7 Assessment and Conclusion and Environmental Protection Measures

4.5.7.1 Conclusion of Assessment 1. Concentrations of CO, NOx and TSP in the Study Areas meet class 2 standards in GB3095 - 1996, so the air environment is quite good. 2. Concentrations of CO and NOx by 2020 in operation will not exceed assessment standards of ambient air, so the construction of the highway will not have significant impact on environment. 3. The levels of pollutants predicted all meet class 2 standards in GB3096 - 1996 at sensitive locations, so the air quality will not be affected significantly. 4. During the construction phase, fi_itive dust from hauling trucks will pollute the air, so mitigation measures will be taken. 5. Mechanical ventilation will be adopted at Kuzhisnan and Dabushan Tunnel to meet design standards of CO.

4.5.7.2 Environmental Measures and Suggestions 1. Measures against Construction Dust Quarries, material borrow sites and transportation routes to construction sites were identified as the major places that create dust and other air pollution. Road surfaces, excavation areas and construction sites will be sprayed with water and kept moist particularly near town and villages. By doing so the dust can be reduced by 70%. The trucks transporting earth and stones will be covered to prevent air pollution. 2. Measures against Asphalt Smoke The proposed highway will be paved with asphalt, so a great amount of asphalt will be used. The asphalt for pavement will come from mixing stations. The Asphalt mixing equipment will be equipped with dust collectors and will be located at least 300m away from the residential areas on the down wind directions. The locations of asphalt mixers will be determined in construction draNvingdesign stage because they are related to the locations of construction sites. Open or half-open mixing of asphalt will be absolutely forbidden. The asphalt and concrete mixers must have dust removing installations. 3. The design mechanical ventilation for Kuzhishan Tunnel is 2,352 m3 / min, 12 axial fans needed. While the design mechanical ventilation for Dabushan Tunnel is 1,825 m3 / m, 8 axial fans needed. 4. Mitigation measures for the accidents in the tunnels: a. More than 50% of the ventilation fans should operating routinely in the accident inspection period. b. Multi-source electricity supply systems should be arranged for tunnels. Electricity supply should be resumed in a short period of time by adjusting switch operation in case of electricity cut off. 5. The safety protection measures considered in tunnel designing are as follows. a. Fire hydrants will be built. b. Expressway emergency telephone system will be built. c. 1.5cm thick fireproof materials will be paved on the inner surface of the tunnels d. Crossing passageways will be built in the long tunnels. 6. Training plan for members of tunnel management groups will be been made. Fire fighting equipment and vehicles will be provided. 7. The waterproof measures in the tunnels should be adopted. Although the exploration revealed the Dabushan Tunnel locates in an area with low water content, the waterproof layer for the tunnel still should be planed in the design. 4.6 Prediction and Assessment of Impact on Water

4.6.1 Analysis of Pollution Source Strength

The major pollution sources of the expressway mainly come from pavement runoff and facilities of the service centers.

4.6.1.1 Analysis of RunoffPollution Source Strength Pavement runoff pollution mainly comes from running rain on the pavement with the major pollutants including a. Suspended particulate; b. Pavement area (width and length); c. Pavement materials; d. Pollution extent above the pavement or other factors. The pavement runoff of expressway has less effect factors compared to ordinary highway. So far there has been no model available due to accidentals of various factors. Based on "Specifications for EIA" HJ/T 2.1 - 23 - 93 and other scientific data, the prediction of pollution source strength was conducted. In predictioni, the maximum precipitation and average precipitation of characteristic years was taken into account. 1. Pavement runoff calculation Zhan - Zhao Expressway passes over some sections of rivers in Longhai City, Zhangpu County, Yunxiao County and Zhaoan County. The runoff flowing into these rivers was obtained based on the data of precipitation provided by the meteorological stations concerned.

Table4-6-1 PollutantConcentration Range in PavementRunoff unit:mg/I JioulongR. Yangmei JiouzhenPort ZhangR. Port (Nanxi) reservoir (Luxi) Widthof catchmentpavement 26 26 26 26 26 (m) - Lengthof catchment 1282 724 1436 1269 1017 pavement (m) Areaof catchmentpavement 33332 18824 37336 32994 26442 (m) L Precipitation Max. 121 118 109 117 110 (mm/d) Average 10.6 11.0 13.2 10.9 10.9 Runoff Max. 168 92.5 170 161 121 (mn3/h) Average 14.7 8.6 20.5 15.0 12.0 2. Concentration Range of Pollutants in Pavement Runoff Because there are different factors affecting pollutant concentrations and various elements in pollutants, no ready model for determination of concentrations is available. So analogue methods were used. See Table 4-6-2.

Table 4-6-2 Pavement Runoff of River Sections Concerned Timeduration after runoff begins (m) .- 0-15 15-30 30-60 60-120 > 120 CODcr 170 130 110 97 72 170 120 BOD5 28 26 23 20 12 28 20 Oils 23 17.5 6 I.55 23 12 SS 390 280 190 200 160 370 280

3. Prediction of Pollution Source Strength Pollutant emission model of pavement runoff is WIj=Q C, where W, emission of i kinds of pollutants; Q - avement runoff C, - oncentrations of i kinds of pollutants.

Based on the above model, we can get emission of pavement runoff. See Table 4-6-3

Table 4-6-3 Emission of Pollutants of Pavement Runoff unit: g/s Pollutant CODc,ICODM | BOD5 l l SS index Section Max. Average Max. Average Max. Average Max. Average Discharge _ JioulngRivr 7.9/4.7 0.49/0.29 1.31 0.08 1.07 0.05 17.3 1.2 (Nanxi)_____ Yangmei 4.4/2.6 0.29/0.17 0.72 0.05 0.59 0.03 9.5 0.7 Reservoir Jiouzhengang 8.0/4.8 0.68/0.41 1.32 0.11 1.09 0.07 17.5 1.6 (Lu x i) ______ZhangRiver 7.6/4.6 0.50/0.30 1.25 0.08 1.03 0.05 16.5 1.2

Port 5.7/3.4 0.40/0.24 0.94 0.07 0.77 0.04 12.4 0.9

I 11 4.6.1.2 Analysis of Pollution Source Strength from the Service Areas 1. Facilities in the Service Areas (1) Service Areas There are 2 service areas to be built along the proposed alignment, namnelyJiuzhen and Changshan. (2) Toll stations There are 9 toll stations to be built. The locations of toll stations are at the following interchanges Dongyuan, Zhaojiabao, Zhangpu,.Duxun, Yunxiao, Changshan, Lintou, Xishan, Zhaoan. (3) Administrative agencies and maintenance groups There are three of them, and all of them will be incorporated with toll stations. (4) Tunnel administration teams There are two of them at the entrance of Kuzhishan Tunnel and at the exit of Dabushan Tunnel respectively. The facilities mentioned above will discharge some wastewater polluting the environment. 2. Analysis of pollution strength (1) Service centers () Domesticsewage Calculation is based on analogue information. The number of staffs of department stores, restaurants, hotels, filling stations, repair shops and toll stations will be 270; and 2000 peoples of passengers equal to 200 peoples of routine workers. Assuming the daily assumption of water per person is 2001, then for one service center, 54 t of water will be used a day (270 X 200=54), and if we have the same amount as allowance, considering double volume for a spare part. Then 108 t of water will be used and discharged. According to "Sewage Discharge Standards" GB8978 - 1996, the domestic sewage will be disposed of properly before discharged. Supposing the concentrations of the discharged waste water are

COD4 , < 150 mg/I;

BOD5 < 60 mg/ Il Oil <15 mg/ I The pollutant source strength of the domestic sewage is not greater than

COD0 . :16.2 kg/ d; BODs :10.8 kg! d; Oil 1.62 kg/ d. (©) Scouring waste water comes from filling stations, repair shops and parking plots. The total amount of sewage discharged each day will be: COD", :7 kg / d; BOD5 :5kg /d; Oil :4kg/d, under conditions that 5 vehicles can be washed at the same time, and it takes 15 minutes to wash a car, and the working hours a day is ten, then 200 vehicles will be scoured a day, and supposing that each vehicle discharges 35 g of CODCr,25 g of BO

D5 and 20 g of oil. Besides, the filling stations and repair shops will be washed once a day, emitting: CODcr :4 kg / d;

BOD5 :3kg/d; Oil :6kg/d. Put together, we have CODcT : 27.2 kg / d;

BOD5 :18.8kg / d; Oil :11.62 kg/ d. (2) Pollutants from other service facilities The amount of the sewage from ten toll stations, three management sections and maintenance areas is very minor, causing no considerable impact on the surrounding environment.

4.6.2 Prediction and Assessment of Impact on Water Environment 4.6.2.1 Prediction Method of Pavement Run-off Impact 1. Prediction method for tidal reaches The extra large bridge of Nanxi is located at Nanxi where the Nanxi stream and the Jioulong River joint and then flow into the sea. Affected by tides, the river water regime changes periodically with time. The pavement runoff of the bridge will flow into the river course through roadside drainage systems. To meet the requirements in " EIA Technology Guidelines" HJ/ T 2.1 2.3 - 93, average water quality of high tide, medium tide and low tide will be adopted for 3 Class assessment. For this prediction, we use two- dimensional stable water quality model and its solution. Assuming that the pollutants are mixed very soon after discharged at the current (Z), ac 0,ac -C =0,- 0O AT aZ so, the basic equation of the two-dimensional stable water quality model will be ac a2c a2c U-=M -+M - ax aXb2 Yu 2 iY

The first item-on the right side of the above formula is so minor compared with the second item that it can be ignored. So the above formula can be reduced to ac a2c u-=M - ax y cl2

As to discharge at stable sources, the discharge source is at the longitudinal coordinate X = 0, and the width of the river is B. Considering the one-time reflection of the bank, and under the initial cross sections, the solution of the two-dimensional stable water quality model can be obtained:

2 2 u~~2B-y) C(x, Y)= ;Q; (exp(- )+ exp[- u (2B -_ HV7zuXM~ 4MYX 4Y

where Cp ollutant emission concentrations, mg /1; Qp-sewage discharge, mIs; H- nean water depth, m; M, longitudinal mixed coefficient, m /s.

AM, is deternined by using Taylor's method

My = (0. 058H + 0. 0065B) +gHI

B-river width, m; g-gravitational acceleration, m Is'; I -hydraulic slope fall, m /m; u nmeancross section speed, m / s. 2. Prediction of water quality at Jiouzhen Port, Zhang River (dockyard) and the Port Jiouzhen extra large bridge, Dockyard extra bridge and Port extra large bridge being located in close range to Zhaoan Bay, Dongshan Bay and Jiouzhen Port, the polluted runoff is mixed with the water in the bays in no time. Based on Class 3 assessment of " Environmental Technology.Guidelines", the average water quality of high and low tide can be calculated by using complete mixture model.

C= CPQP+ ChAQh Qp +Qh 3. Prediction of water quality in Yangmei Reservoir

11'7 Being an extra large viaduct crossing the valley, Jiaoling Bridge flies over Yangmei Reservoir, the area of which is 5.1 square kilometers, with 12.6 km of river course. Based on "Environmental Technology Guidelines", it is of Class 3 assessment of medium-sized lake. Calawshov model is used

C = Cp- (Cp - C", )( r )QOM where Cr --- ean concentrations of pollutants in segmental area, nig/ 1, C,-discharge concentrations of pollutants, mg / 1; C,O given concentrations of pollutants at r point, mg /1;

5 -discharge at the bank is taken as ; H average water depth, m,

jXl -radial mixed coefficient, m2/ s; Q,-waste water discharge amount, m2/ s.

4.6.2.2 Prediction at the Service Areas One-dimensional mixed model is adopted for prediction at Jiuzhen and Changshan Service Areas due to the fact that small amount of discharged sewage is easily mixed with river water.

4.6.2.3 Prediction of River Water Quality along the Proposed Highway 1. Prediction of Water Quality in Jioulongjiang River and Nanxi Stream According to the hydraulic parameters, discharge of runoff pollutants and discharge concentrations, two-dimensional stable model prediction of water quality in Nanxi stream was conducted. The prediction involves (1) Mean CODMnduring low and high tides and tidal periodicity under maximum discharge. (2) Mean COD. of tide periods under average discharge. (3) Mean oil concentrations of tidal periodicity under maximum discharge.

According to the field survey in January, 1998, the mean levels of CODM, at lower reaches of Nanxi stream during low tide, high tide and average of tidal periodicity are 3.10 mg/l, 2.95 mg/l and 3.05 mg/l; those of oil are 0.06 mg/I, 0.05 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l respectively. Under maximum discharge of pavement runoff, the increment of maximum concentrations of CODw, during low tide is 0.325 mg/ I which can meet Class 2 standards of sea water when'superposed with current background levels. Due to the fact that the current background levels of oil higher with an average of 0.05 mg /1, the maximum concentration increment is only 0.006 mg/l under normal discharge. However, under maximum discharge, the maximum concentration increment is 0.070 mg /1, which results in exceeding the Class 2 Standard of Seawater and the Class II Standard of Surface Water. 2. Prediction of Water Quality in Zhangjiang River Mouth One-dimensional mixed model is used for concentration increment on account of the fact that the run-off from the extraordinarily large bridge at the dockyard and the sewage from Changshan Service Center flow into the river mouth. See Table 4-6-6 for detail.

Table 4-6-6 Prediction Results of Pollution Concentration Increment at Zhang River Mouth unit: mg/l Tide levels Iemleves Low High Average

CODm,, Max. 0.062 0.04 0.08 Aver. 0.070 0.004 0.008

Oils Max. 0.0163 0.001 0.002 / I Aver. 0.0034 0.0002 0.0004

According to the field survey, the average of COD., at the mouth is 2.30 mg/l, and the oils detected are 0.025 mg/i, so the Class 2 of seawater standards and the Class II of surface-water standards can be met when superposed with the increment. 3. Prediction of water quality at Jiouzhen Port Discharge of the runoff from pavement of Jiouzhen extra large bridge will flow into Jiouzhen Port, leading to pollution increment. See Table 4-6-7 for detail. The average of CODmMnmonitored is 2.5 mg/I, and the oils detected are 0.025 mg/I, so the water quality can meet the Class 2 of seawater standards. 4. Prediction of water quality at the Port The pavement runoff of the large bridge flows into the port causing concentration increment of pollutants as shown in Table 4-6-8. Table 4-6-7 Prediction of Concentration Increment of Pollutants at Jiouzhen Port unit: mg/_ de levels Low High Average Max. 0.0038 0.0021 0.0027 CODMf Aver. 0.0005 0.0002 0.0003 Max. 0.010 0.0006 0.0007 Oils Aver. 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 Table 4-6-8 Prediction of Concentration Increment of Pollutants at the Port unit: mg/l 1edsv Low High Average Max. 0.004 0.002 0.003 CODM,} Aver. 0.0003 0.0001 0.0002 Max. 0.0008 0.0005. 0.0006 Aver. 0.00004 0.00003 0.00003

The data monitored show that the concentration of COD. is 2.825 mg /1, and no oil has been detected. So the water quality can meet Class I standards after superposed with the maximum increment. 5. Prediction of water quality in Yangmei Reservoir Pavement runoff of the Yangmei Reservoir Bridge flows into the reservoir, causing pollution increment in the reservoir as shown in Table 4-6-9. The average of CODMDmonitored is 2.25 mg/I, and the oils detected are 0.025 mg/l. The predictive results after adding concentration increment shows COD., satisfied the Class II standard of surface water quality, while the oil detected surpass the Class II of the surface water quality. Table4-6-9 Predictionof PollutionIncrement in YangmeiReservoir unit:mg/l Pollution Distance sollurcen 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Max. 27.27 19.96 15.34 11.90 9.14 6.82 4.82 3.04 1.44 Pavement mn Aver. 2.05 1.44 1.08 0.82 0.62 0.46 0.32 0.20 0.10 runoff Oils Max. 5.66 4.14 4.18 2.47 1.90 1.42 1.00 0.63 0.30 Aver. 0.28 0.20 0.15 0.11 ] 0.09 |_0.06 0.05 0.03 0.01

4.6.2.4 Prediction Analysis of Impact during Construction Phase 1 .In the construction of bridge piers, the water will become turbid by digging mud or washing sand, impacting the water quality near the inlet. 2. The waste oil from construction ships or other building machines will go into the waters causing oil concentration to exceed the standards. 3. The domestic sewage, garbage and feces from construction workers will be discharged into the waters, directly polluting river sections. 4. Oil leakage from construction ships or other kinds of waste oil will pollute the waters, which must be prevented. 5. Construction materials such as asphalt, oils or chemicals may be washed away to enter the water bodies. 6. Earthof cutting and filling may be washed away to flow into the water bodies togetherwith runoffto cause the suspendedsubstances in the water to go up. Becausethe factors effecting the water quality are hard to be determined, management will be strengthenedto reducepollution of the waters. 4.6.3 Conclusionof WaterQuality Analysis 4.6.3.1 AssessmentSummary of CurrentSituation of Surveyof Water Quality The following conclusions can be made based on assessments and surveys of differentsections (1) The water at lower reaches Nanxi Stream satisfies the Class 2 of seawater standardsand the Class II of surface-waterstandards; (2) The water in Yangmei Reservoir is fairly good that it meets the Class II standardsof surfacewater; (3) The water in JiouzhenPort downstreamLuxi Stream is of the quality meeting Class 2 seawaterstandards; (4) The water lower reaches of Zhang River and the mouth is of the quality meeting the Class 2 of seawaterstandards and the ClassII of surface-waterstandards; (5) The water at Zhaoanwan Port belongs to seawater quality meeting Class 2 standards. 4.6.3.2 Summaryof WaterQuality Impact Prediction Based on the predictionand superpositionof incrementwith backgroundlevels, we see that 1. The water quality of lower reaches of Jioulong River and Nanxi stream and the mouth meets the Class 2 of seawater standards and the Class II of surface-water standards. 2. The water qualityof lower reaches of Zhang River and the mouth meets the Class 2 of seawaterstandards and the ClassII of surface-waterstandards; 3. The water qualityat JiouzhenPort meets the Class2 of seawaterstandards; 4. The water qualityat ZhaoanwanPort meets the Class 2 of seawaterstandards; 5. The water bodies in the assessmentarea may be impacted by oil pollution during the operationphase. The original set service area near YangmeiReservoir is canceled to prevent fromwater pollution. 6. Earthworks during construction phase extra bridge construction will have remarkableimpact on the water qualityof all rivers and other waters. 4.6.4 EnvironmentalProtection Measures and Suggestions 1. Suggestionsagainst pavement runoff pollution (1) Roadsidedrainage will not be dischargeddirectly into rivers or fishponds. Runoff from pavement of Xinxu Bridge will not be dischargedinto YangmeiReservoir. The drainageand runoffwater should be drawn into irrigationchannels by roadside ditches. (2) The drainagesystem will be providedwith gates and/or other settling facilities beforethe wastewaterdischarged into the river. (3) In case of emergencysuch as spills of oil, chemicals or toxic substances, the water gates will be closedto prevent pollution of the water bodies. (4) Aquaticfanning should not be locatedin the vicinityof bridges. 2. Environmental Protection Measures in Service Centers (1) Filling stations and car-washing shops will be installed with oil separating tanks, and the water will be recycled; (2) The service centers will be provided with class 2 sewage disposal device. After treatment, the wastewater must satisfy the standard requirement before discharging. The domestic sewage from restaurants and toll stations will be treated in septic tanks. The treated water will be used for irrigation and fertilization. (3) Based on the suggestions from environmental assessment unit, the designing has already changed the position of the service area originally designed at the vicinity of Yangmei Reservoir to Hekeng. The impact on the water quality of Yangmei Reservoir has been avoided. 3. Measures against water pollution during the construction phase (1) Advanced techniques such as steel case coffering or drop shaft sinking method will be adopted in bridge construction to reduce mud loss. (2) Oil leakage from bridge construction machinery will be avoided strictly. Waste oil and garbage will not be allowed to be discharged or dumped into water bodies. Oil collecting tanks should be set under machines. Ships should be installed with oil-water separators. (3) Fixed garbage collecting stations should be set on ships or in construction sites, to insure periodical cleaning and assemble treatment of garbage. (4) Construction materials such as asphalt, oil or chemicals will not be allowed to be stocked near the rivers. (5) One garbage heaping plant and one septic tank will be set up for every construction camp. (6) Muddy water from material washing should be settled before discharged. (7) Wastewater from washing vehicles, ships or other machines, or other kinds of oil- contained wastewater should be treated before discharging. 4. Management during operation phase (1) The management stations of expressway will inspect the load of vehicles, and to prohibiting over loaded vehicles at the toll stations. Leakage or spilling of oil, earth or sand will be avoided; (2) Administration Station will be informed of the haulage of hazardous materials, which should be strictly monitored and supervised. (3) Garbage will be collected regularly and disposed of at fixed places in the nearby counties instead of dumping into rivers directly. (4) In case of emergency such as car crash near water bodies or leakage of toxic materials, Public Security Department and environmental protection agencies will be informed of immediately by the management stations or patrolling men to take appropriate measures to minimize pollution.

122 4.7 Environmental Protection of Interchanges and Link Roads

4.7.1 Interchanges Nine interchanges are planned to be built and they will be connected with the existing highways for the sake of the local economic growth. See Table 4-7-1 for detail.

Table 4-7-1 Link Roads of the Highway

Order Name of Class Length Connecting lines & their uses .______interchange (km) Class 1, plain I Dongyuan light undulate 5.0 Connecting Zhang-Yun Highway; leading to Gangwei Development Area. area Class 2, plain 2 Zhaojiabao light undulate 8.0 Connecting Fuotan-Huxi Highway, and Provincial Highway 210. area _ Class2, level .. Connecting Zhangpu-Jiouzhen Highway, leading to Zhangpu County Town. 3 Zhangpu undlatea 0.53 Connecting Provincial Highway 210, and Niujiu Highway. area Class 2, level i Connecting Zhang-Yun Highwvay,leading to Gulei Development Area. 4 Duxun unduarea0.48 Connecting Provincial Highway 210. area Class 2, level Connecting Zhang-Yun Highwvay,serving as an exit of the county town & 5 Yunxiao undulate 0.50 Dongxia Towni. area Connecting Provincial Highway 210. Class 2, level Connecting Highway 324, serving as an exit of the southern part of Yunxia 6 Changshan undulatea 0.85 county & Dongshan County area Class 2, level 7 Lintou undulate 0.90 Connecting Dongshan County Town area Class 2, level 8 Xishan undulate 0.95 Connecting Highway 324, serving as an exit of Zhaoan County area Class 2, level 9 Zhaoan undulate 0.66 Connecting Highway 324, serving as an exit of Zhaoan County area

1. The interchanges will impacts on the environment in the following aspects: (1) Vehicles enter and exit the expressway from interchanges, and stop to hand in fees here. Due to the large numbers of vehicles with rather low speed, the exhaust gas will cause rather serious impact on the air environment. (2) The interchanges will constructed with toll stations and parking lots. In the surrounding area of interchanges, repairing and commercial businesses will developed. Although it will be beneficial to the local economy, environment issue as pollution may

123 be induced. (3) 100mu for one interchange, the interchanges will occupy a rather large amount of land, which cause economic impact on farmers. Calculated result shows that for one interchange, I1 t of grains will be lost. (4) Rainwater accumulation is a general existing problem of interchange. Attention should be paid to it in the designing. (5) The interchanges will bring convenience to the local traffic, which will promote the development of local economy. Interchange areas are the main part of plantation areas along the expressway. The beautify designing for plantation will develop the natural scenery. (6) Either side of the Xialoucun village near Duxun Interchange will be impacted by the ring road of the interchange. The noise level will exceed the standard 4.3 dB(A). Afforestation will be adopted out side of the village to eliminate the noise and exhaust gas pollution, and the first line building facing the proposed highway will reconstructed to stocking house or shops. (7) Guanyinting village and Xiagaoxi village near Yunxiao Interchange will be impacted by the ring road of the interchange and the existing 324 National Highway. Afforestation out side of the village will be adopted to eliminate the noise and exhaust gas pollution. (8) Zhangpu Interchange locates between two hills with no villages nearby. However, the route line and several ring road of the expressway will pass through the existing irrigation ditch for 6 times. To avoid the impact on the farmland irrigation system, fly- over or channel altemation works for the irrigation system should be finished before the construction of interchanges. (9) No residents site or any other sensitive spot near the Changshan, Lintou, Xishan, Zhaoan Interchanges. So, there is no unfavorable impact on local residents. The environmental impact of Dongyuan and Zhaojiabao Interchanges is specified in the following.

4.7.2 Dongyuan-Fugong Link Roads 1. Engineering Introduction Dongyuan (Gangwei) Interchange is the start point of the Dongyuan-Fugong Link Roads, where vehicles get up and down the expressway. The link road will promote the development of the largest development area of Zhangzhou City-Gangwei development area. The link road is 4 lane Class I highway with a total length of 5km. Total investment is 105.6397 million yuan RMB. The start point of the link road is located near Dongyuan Village, namely the exist of

124 Dongyuan (Gangwei) Interchange toll station. The route extends eastward along the hillside, via mountain slop behind Huangkeng village, passes Linghou village, goes through a large tract of paddy field, flies over the Fugong extra-large bridge, then connectes Shugang Port highwvayat north of hantouwang village. See Figure 4-7-1 for the route trend. See Table 4-7-2 for the traffic volume prediction. Table 4-7-2 Traffic Volume Prediction of Link Road Unit: small v./d (Sep. 1998)

Year 2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2023 Traffic 3267 4321 7614 11716 15679 18674 volume

2. Environmental Impact (1) Impact on Ecological Environment The link road will cause environmental impact such as the influence to agriculture by land acquisition; deterioration of plantation; soil erosion induced by large volume of earth and stone works; and the impact to construction safety by the unfavorable geology. Land acquisition area of this link road is 31 Smu, including 188mu of wet field, 95mu dry field, 32mu other kinds of land. Grain product loss due to the construction will be 315.262 t, which values to 504,400yuan RMB. The link road locates in Longhai City where soil erosion is not serious with a erosion module of 402.5t/km2 * y. The start road section KO-K2 will be on the low mountain slopes, where the volume of cutting is larger than filling. At other following road sections, the major work will be filling. Total volume of earth and stone work is 475,280 m2. The cuttings and fillings of the road construction should be balanced. It is calculated that the erosion module will be 402.5t/km2 - y during the construction period, which is 5.211 times the value before construction. The mitigation measures during construction period include a. Balance the cuttings and fillings of the road construction as less spoil as possible. b. In the early construction, the following works will be completed at the same time if possible: subgrade, slope protection, drainage, retaining walls, plantation of trees and grass. c. The earth and stone work for subgradge will be obtained from the borrow sites and quarries authorized by local government and enviromnental protection bureau. d. The soft soil ground is distributed at the section of KO+OO0-KO+500and K2+300-K5+000. Protection treatments by using plastic drainage boards, soil replacement, geotextile and cement stirring piles should be adopted.

125 (2) Impact on Social Environment Total length of the link road is 5km. See Table 4-7-3 for the villages within 200m on both sides of the highway in the assessment scope. Number of removing households will be 75. Number of impacted households will be 476. Number of impacted people will be 1653. The link road is closed Class 1 highway, which will separate the people at the two side of the road. The designing institute did not specify the number of the passageways. The EIA shows that more than 11 passageways should be built for the convenience of the local residents, which has already been adopted in.the designing.

Table 4-7-3 Village and Town along the Proposed Highway (Sep. 1998)

Distancefrom Numberof Numberof Order Nameof the village Position the roadside impacted the Impacted (m) households People IDongyuan KO+500-K+ 50-100 I 130 468 Kl+OCO-Kl+ 2 Huangkeng 400 0-50 240 816

K2+50-K2+3 3 Linghou 00 30 3 115

4 4Fegig Fengming K2+350-K2+600 100 62 210 5 Shantouwang K4450 J 150 12 44 Total 476 1653

(3) Impact on Water Environment The greatest river along the link road is Nanxi. There will be an extra-large bridge built on Nanxi with a length of 545.5m. The construction of this bridge will be difficult due to the tidal influence. To eliminate the impact of the construction of bridge piers on the river water, reasonable procedures will be taken such as cofferdam method or drop shaft sinking in construction. Oil-water separator will be installed on the construction ships. Septic tanks will be set at construction camps and toll station for the treatment of domestic sewage. Garbage collecting station will be set at the construction camps for regularly assemble. Washing water used for construction materials will be settled before discharging. (4) Impact on Acoustic Environmnent There are 6 sensitive spots impacted by the traffic noise. The number of impacted people is 1758. See Table 4-7-4 for the prediction result of the acoustic environment at

126 sensitive spots. Dongyuan Mid. Sch. is the most seriously standard exceeded spot. Soundproof Screen (High 2m, Length ISOm) will be built for mitigation of the noise impact. Traffic noise will slightly impact Dongyuan village in 2010. Afforrestation will be adopted around the village. Other villages will not surpass the standard, where the acoustic environment is rather good.

Table 4-74 Acoustic Environment Prediction for Dongyuan-Fugong Link Road Unit: dB

Distance 2005Yr. 1 201OYr. 2020Yr. Order Order Spots roadfrom sirde the TimeTie StandardSadr Noise Exceed Noise Exceed Noise Exceed (m) Level value Level value Level value

Dav 60 58.3 60.6 0.6 64.1 4.1 l Dongyuan 50-100 Night 50 50.3 0.3 53.6 3.6 55.7 5.7

2Dongyuan 80 Day 55 58.5 | 3.5 61.3 6.3 63.1 8.1 2 Do g u n80 ______Mid. Sch. Night 45 49.4 5.4 52.8 7.8 54.7 9.7

Day 70 1 60.6 1 64.2 66.7 3 Huangkeng 50 _ Night 55 53.4 56.7 1.7 58.5 3.5 Day 70 59.3 62.4 65.1 4 Linghou 30 _ I Night 55 51.2 54.3 56.7 1.7 Day 70 62.0 62.4 63.4 5 Fengming 100 Night 55 51.7 52.3 53.7 6Shantouwang 150 Day 60 59.1 559.5 60.5 0.5 6 Shantouwang 150 ___ Night 50 47.8 48.5 49.8

(5) Impact on Environmental Air Based on the prediction results, the daily average concentrations of CO will be less than 1.28-1.38 mg/Nm3 , hourly average concentrations of CO will be less than 2.55-2.18 mg/Nm3; the daily average concentrations of NOx will be less than 0.021-0.33 mg/Nm3 , hourly average concentrations of NOx will be less than 0.036-0.063 mg/Nm3 . Which shows the air environment is quite good.

(6) EP Investtnent Estimation See Table 4-7-5.

127 Table 4-7-5 Investment Estimate of Dongyuan-Fugong Link Road

Order Measures Calculation method Cost (10,000yuan) Domestic sewage treatment of toll 50,000 uan/tank, I tank 5 _station by septic tanks,. ' _ 2 Domestic sewage treatment of 50,000yuan/tank 3 tank ______construction camps by septic tanks y 3 t 3 Domestic garbage disposal of toll 3,000yuan/place, 4 places 1.2 station & construction camp 4 Passageways 150.000yuan/place, 1lplaces 165

5 Sound proof plantation I 0,O00yuan/place,6 places 6

6 Oil-water separators installed for every 20000yuan/ separator, 9 separator 18 construction ships 7 Settlement ponds at construction sites 15.000yuan/pond, 3 ponds 4.5

8 Dust prevention by wxaterspraying at I 0.OOOyuanI/sprayer, 3 simple 3 construction sites wvatersprayer vehicles Drainage system for interchange int,ercyuan/interchange,2 20

10 Sound proof screen at Dongyuan Mid. 700yuan.m2 , 150X 2 m2 21 10 Sound ~~Sch. I ______II Environmental monitoring and training Environmental monitoring 10 Environmental_monitoring_and_trammg 60,O00yuan, training 40,000yuan Total 26870 4.7.3 Huxi(Zhaojiabao)-Fuotan Link Roads 1. Engineering Introduction Huxi (Zhaojiabao) Interchange is the start point of the Huxi(Zhaojiabao)-Fuotan Link Road, where vehicles get up and down the expressway. The link road will promote the development of the south eastern coastal area of Zhangpu County. The link road is Class 2 highway alternated on the base of existing road. Total length of the link road is 8km. Total investment is 35.0578 million yuan RMB. Land acquisition area of this link road is 300mu, including 179mu of wet field, 90mu dry field, 31mu other kinds of land. Number of the household to be removed will be 213, people to be removed will be 826. Total earth and stone work of the link road will be 270,800m3 . Trend of the route: The start point of the link road is the exist of Huxi(Zhaojiabao) Interchange toll station. The route passes Xiaoshi, Guotian, Shanrennei, Xinan, Shigu, then connects the Provincial Road 210 at Renjiacun. See Figure 4-7-2 for the route trend. See Table 4-7-6 for the traffic volume prediction.

Table 4-7-6 Traffic Volume Prediction of Link Road Unit: small v./d (Sep. 1998 Year 2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2023 Traffic 1892 2289 3522 4740 6456 7146 volume

128 2. Environmental Impact Analysis Land acquisition area of this link road is 269mu. Grain product loss due to the construction will be 299.67 t, which amounts to 479,500yuan RMB. The link road is located in the south eastern light rolling coastal area. There will be cuttings and fillings during construction. Soil erosion will be worse during the construction period. Therefore, in the early construction, the following works must be completed at the samnetime if possible, subgrade, slope protection, drainage, retaining walls, plantation of trees and grass. There are 6 sensitive spots impacted by the traffic noise. Number of impacted people is 1060 or 280 households.. See Table 4-7-7 for the prediction result of the acoustic environment of sensitive spots. This link road will be built according to class 2 standard, which will be plane intercross structure. Warning signs should be set for the safety and convenience of local residents. Septic tanks will be set at construction camps and toll station for the treatment of domestic sewage. Garbage collecting station will be set at the construction camps for regularly assemble. Washing water used for construction materials will be settled before discharging and irrigation. The traffic volume of this link road is rather small (6456 small vehicles / d in 2020Yr.). According to the prediction results in Table 4-7-8, no serious acoustic and air pollution will be caused by the traffic on this link road before 2020. According to the analogue analysis result with Dongyuan-Fugong Link Road, the air quality will not be impacted by the construction of this link road. According to the analogue calculation with Dongyuan-Fugong Link Road, The EP investment of this link road will be 1.3085 million yuan RMB. 3. EP cost estimation for Huxi-Fugong Link Road With a rather low traffic volume, the operation of.the road will have little impact on the environment. The EP measures taken will be mainly in the construction period. See Table 4-7-9 for the EP investment.

Table 4-7-7 Village a d Town alon the Proposed Highway ep. 1998) Distancefrom Number of Numberof the Order Nameof the village Position the road side impacted Impacted ______(m) households People 1 Xiaoshi K0+000 80 43 163 2 Guotian K1+050 110 35 95 3 Shanmennei_K2+450 50 16 60 4 Xinshe K3+750 100 13 50 5 Xinan K5+120- 60 132 500 K5+400 . 6 Renjiacun K7+450- 200 51 200 K7T850 2801060 Total 280 1060 Table 4-7-8 Acoustic Environment Prediction for Huxi(Zhaojiabao)-Fuotan Link Road Unit: dB

Distance 2005Yr. 201OYr. 2020Yr. Order Spots from the Tie Sadr Order Spots roa°dsihde Time Standard Noise Exceed Noise Exceed Noise Exceed (m) Level alue Level value Level value

Xiaoshi80 Day 70 53.6 0 54.3 0 57.9 0 Night 55 43.2 0 44.1 0 50.3 0 2 Guotian 110 Day 60 51.6 | 0 52.4 0 56.0 0 Night 50 41.1 0 41.5 0 47.7 0 3 Shanmennei 50 Day 70 56.6 0 57.3 0 60.9 0 3_ _ Shanmennei 50 Night 55 47.1 0 48.0 0 54.2 0 Day 60 52.2 0 52.9 0 56.6 O Night 50 41.3 0 42.2 48.6 O Day 70 55.3 0 56.1 O 59.6 0 SXinan 60 Night 55 45.5 0 46.4 0 52.6 j 0 Day 60 47.8 0 48.6 0 52.2 0 nc2ight 50 378.57 0 39.8 0 42.6 0

Table 4-7-9 EP cost estimation for Huxi-Fugong Link Road

Cost No. EP Measures Amount & method of calculation 11 ______( I o )

Septic tanks at construction camps 50.000yuan each, 2 sets 10

2 Garbage treatment at construction camps 3,000yuan each, 3 camps I

3 Warning sign for passage way 5.000yuan each, 16 spots 40

4 Afforestation for EP 10,O00vuan each, 6 places 6

5 Settlement ponds at construction sites 15,000yuan each, 15 places 4.5

6 Water spraying for dust prevention I 0,00yuan each, 3 simple sprayer 3

60,000yuan for monitoring, 1 7 Monitoring & training 40,0yuan for training 0

| Total 74

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5.1 Introductionof EngineeringSchemes

Two major two alternativealignment schemes (West Line Scheme and East Line Scheme) have been put forward by Fujian CommunicationsPlanning and Design Institute in the ProjectPre-feasibility Study Report.The East Scheme was determinedas the recommendedscheme after pre-feasibilitystudy. In the East Schemethere are several partial alternativeschemes specified as follows.See Figure 2-1.

Introductionof the two alignmentscheme of the whole line (WestLine Schemeand East Line Scheme) WestLine Scheme: The starting point is Beitou of Longhai City, then the line extends to southwest passes Dongsi, Guanxun,Caopuqian. From there on, the line is along the side of National Highway No.324. It passes Chaiqiao, Shuimuoling, Yuanmen, Longfu, Pantuoling, Shuanggongmiao,Huotian, Caipu, Yanwuting,combine with the recommendedscheme at Shenlong. East Line Scheme: The middle line from Longhaito Zhangpuis adopted. Begin from Beitou which is the starting point of Xiamen-ZhangzhouHighway, extending southwestward,it passes Baishui, Neijiayang, Xifengling, Youkeng, Huxi, Kuzhishan, Jiouzhen, Cili, Guangyinting,Dabushan, to Shenlong.From thereafter,the alignment is the same with West-LineScheme. The East Line Schemeis the recommendedscheme, while the West Line Scheme was abandonedin the pre-feasibilitystudy period.There are three sections of alternative schemesin the recommnendedEast Line Scheme,which is introducedas follows:

1. Threealternative schemes of the sectionfrom Beitouto Jiuzhen (1) Outer line scheme: The starting point is Beitou Village, which belongs to Haicheng Town of Longhai City. From there on, the line passes Dongyuan, Jiangcuo, Xifengmiao, extending southeastwardsit passes Guoxi, Ciyao, then turn to south it passes Yuanzhongyang, Hujiao, turn to west at Biantang,it combineswith Middle Line Schemenear Jiuzhen. (2) Middle line scheme: The starting section from Beitou to Xifengmiao is the same as the Outer Line Scheme.Extending southward from Xifengmiaoit passes Youkeng,Hekeng, Zhaojiabao

131 Interchange, Kuzhishan Tunnel, Xidong, then connects with Outer Line Scheme at Jiuzhen. (3) Inner line scheme: The starting point is Beitou of Longhai City. The route extending westwards, passes Jianshan, Guanxun, Wuping, Daqian, Keling Tunnel, then it combines with Middle line scheme at Xidong. The Middle Line Scheme is the recommended scheme of engineering.

2. Two alternate schemes for the section from Andou to Xizhang (1) Yunxiao Inner Line Scheme: The starting point is at north of Andou Village of Shaxi Town Shaxi in Zhangpu County. After passing Luowanjing, Saizai, Wutian, Guanyinting, fly over Zhangjiang to Haotan, through Dabushan Tunnel, to Shudong, getting to Shenlong, then Houcuoyuan, passes north of Zhugang, north of Lincun, combines with outer line at north of Xizhang. This Inner Line Scheme is the recommended scheme. (2)Yunxiao Outer Line Scheme: The starting point is the same with the inner line scheme, at north of Andou Village. The line passes Huqiou, through Mulinshan, and Jintouing tunnels, through Linkenling and Shuangling tunnel, then passes the north of Shuangling. Then, After passing Chendai, Zhugang, Yancang, combines with inner line at north of Xizhang. The recommended Yunxiao Inner Line Scheme have two road sections (Wutian-Dapu Section & Shudong-Guanlin Section) of alternative schemes:

A. Two Alternative Schemes for Wutian-Dapu Section a. Baita Tunnel Scheme: Starting from the east of Wutian Village and passing Hebu, Houdun, the line comes to the Baita Tunnel (860m length) through Shanmei Mountain by the tunnel, then turns to the south to Shenlong Interchange, then combine with the Dabushan Tunnel Scheme. b. Dabushan Tunnel Scheme: Starting from the east of Wutian Village, passing Guanyinting and Dabushan Tunnel (2000m), the line turns to south to Shenlong Interchange, combine with Baita Tunnel Scheme.

B. Two Alternative Schemes for Shudong-Lintou Section a. Inner Line Scheme: Starting from the northwest of Shudong Village, which locates at the exist of Dabushan Tunnel (K91+000), the line passes Shudong, Dapu Interchange, then passes south of Gaotangzhai, via Lintou Interchange. It combines with the Outer Line Scheme at the north of Houdu Port in Zhaoan County.

132 b. Outer Line Scheme: Start point is the same with the Inner Line Scheme. The line passes Shudong Village, Shenlong, Houcuoyuan, north of Zhugang Village, north of Yancang, north of Lintou Village, end at the east of Houdu Port in Zhaoan County.

3. Two AlternativeSchemes for Zhongzai-HoulingSection (1) Inner Line Scheme: Start point is located on the mountain slope of south of Zhongzai Village (K144+000), passes north of Tianpuxu Village, north of Yuanqian Village, flies over National Highway 324 between Dapu and Caiyuanpu, through Jixinling Tunnel, comes out of the tunnel, the line passes Shanbian Mountain (30m depth of digging) the distributes along the north of Dongshen Village, then passes north of Shangmei Village, south of Weizai Village, south of Xinshanlong Village, north of Shangyuan Village, south of Shuyamei Village, getting to the Rendishan Mountain, where the line combine with the Outer Line Scheme. (2) Outer Line Scheme: Start point is the sarne as the Inner Line Scheme, the line passes south of Tianpu, Village, Yuanqian, south of Waifenglou Village, south of Shijiang,osuth of Xinan Village, Changmaolin, flies over National Highway 324, ending at the foot of Rendishan Mountain where it combines with the Inner Line Scheme.

5.2 EnvironmentalComparison of Schemes

From the point view of environmentalprotection, the advantageand disadvantages of the alternativeschemes are comparedspecifically in follows. 1. Environmental Comparison of the three schemes on Beitou-Jiuzhen section See Figure 2-1 for the three schemes of Beitou-Jiuzhen section. Environmental factor comparisons are shown in Table 5-2-1. (1) Middle Line scheme has the least amount of villages along the highway, with less land acquisitionand houseremoval. The disturbanceto the socialenvironment and life of residents is the lightest. (2) The rout line of the MiddleLine Schemewill distributein mountainarea, which will bring benefit to the economicdevelopment of mountainarea. It will greatly satisfy the social and economicdemand of Zhangzhouarea. (3) With less residentialareas along the highway,Middle Line Schemewill have the lighter impact on the life of local residentsduring constructionand operationperiod. The cost of environmentalprotection will be less than the other two schemes. Fromthe environmentpoint of view,the Middle Line Schemeis superior to the Inner Line Scheme and. Outer Line Scheme. However the following environmental issues should still be paid attention to. a. Spoils from the Kuzhishan Tunnel should be properly arranged to prevent from soil erosion. b. Safety management in tunnels should be strengthened. c. Life environment of the local residents should be protected properly.

Table 5-2-1 Environmental Comparison of the Three Schemes on Beitou-Jiuzhen Section Item Unit Outer Line Scheme Inner Line Scheme Middle Line Scheme Route length km 54.461 45.402 45.052 Volume of stoneC& I000n Volumeofstoc10000m3 684.30 671.92 661.77 earth work Subgrade drainage 10000m3 44.673 40.236 40.020 and protection Soft ground 6.44 basement enforce 7 Tunnel m/tunnel 3170/1 2580/1 Land taken mu 6590 5780 5735 House removed m2 21110 10250 8734 Link road km 5.0 ( class I) 16.5 ( class 2) 5.0+8.0 Large bridge m/ bridge 2520/9 . 1200/6 1129/7 Extra-large bridge m/ bridge 1609/2 1212/2 1606/2 EP investment 10000yuan 480.18 294.11 292.14 The route line is near to the sea Less impact of Less impact of Safety shore, which may be impacted typhoon and fog typhoon and fog I by typhoon and fog weather weather weather Near to the National Locating between the Nearth oNatonal outer line and inner Planningof The route line is near to the sea Highway 324, the line Mid ine shore, service area will be less operation of Zhangzhou area .rScheme is conform than the Inner Line Scheme expressway will be I I disturbed ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tothe planningnof disturbed Zhangzhou area Total cost j 10000yuan 167645.4 163881.3 161582

2. Environmental Comparison of the Altemative Schemes for Andou-Xizhang Section See Figure 2-1 for the alignments of alternative schemes for Andou-Xizhang Section. The comparison of the Inner Line Scheme and the Outer Line Scheme are, shown in Table 5-2-2. (1) The route line of Outer Line Scheme is near to the seashore, the safety of the vehicles on the highway which will be impacted by typhoon and fog weather. The route line of Outer Line Scheme is distributed in the rolling and mountain area along the seashore with more tunnels and spoils, and the subgrade of the highway will be scoured by tides, which will impact the safety of the proposed highway. But with less land taken

I 'Y and removal, this scheme will have lighter impact on the environment during operation period. (2) The Inner Line Scheme will cause 7134m2 more houses demolished, and 541mu more land acquisition. The impact on the life environment (acoustic) of the residents by this scheme will be heavier than the Outer Line Scheme, but the impact on the ecological environment and soil erosion will be much lighter, and the social and economic benefits of this scheme is superior to the Outer Line Scheme. Based on the comparison, we agree with the Inner Line Scheme. However, the following environmental measures should be adopted. a. Jizai Prim. School will be removed. b. Soundproof screen will be built for Xiqian Prim. School. c. Proper mitigation measures will be adopted for other impacted sensitive spots. d. Locations of tunnel spoil plants should be appointed.

Table 5-2-2 Environmental Comparison of the Alternative Schemes on Andou-Xizhang Section Item Unit InnerLine Scheme OuterLine Scheme Route length km 33.00 29.95 Volumeof stone& earth work I 0000m3 262.25 389.65 Subgradedrainage and I 0000m3 19.53 20.76 protection I Soft groundbasement enforce km 8.46 3.7 Tunnel m/tunnel 2000/1 3440/4 Land taken mu 3961 3420 Houseremoved m2 19610 12476 EP investment 10000vuan 280.2 174.6 The route line is near to the sea Safety weather shore,which maybe impactedby typhoonand fog weather More impactedby the tidingof the Impactedby thetiding Lessimpacted by the tiding river mouthof ZhangjiangRiver The complicated geology near ConstructionDifficulty seashore will bring about difficultiesin construction.

3. Environmental comparison of alternative schemes for Wutian-Dapu Section This road section is a part road section involved in Andou-Xizhang section. See Table 5-2-3 for environmental factor comparison. (1) Dabushan Tunnel Scheme will have less residential sites along the highway, which will have lighter impact on the environment during operation period. Although the mileage of the tunnel is rather long, the construction work is not difficult. The benefits of Dabushan Tunnel Scheme are the same as that of the Baita Tunnel Scheme. (2) Baita Tunnel Scheme will have more residential sites along the highway, which Inner Line Scheme. We recommended the Outer Line Scheme. However the following EP measures should be adopted. a. Jizai Prim. School will be removed. b. Surrounding wall will be heightened for Haifeng High School. c. Soil erosion mitigation measures should be adopted. Table 5-2-4 Environmental comparison of alternative schemes for Shudong-Lintou section

Item Unit Inner Line Scheme Outer Line Scheme

Route length km 17.625 19X

Volume of stone & earth work I 0000m3 232.71 202.33

Subgrade drainage and lOOOOm3 9.429 6.668 protection

Large bridge m/ bridge 690/3

Land taken mu 2797 2373

House removed m2 3575 3658

EP investment lOOOOyuan 108 133

Total cost 10000yuan 43326.50 37606.94

5. Environmental comparison of alternative schemes for Zhongzai-Houling Section See Figure 2-1 for the alignments of alternative schemes of Zhongzai-Houling Section. The comparison of the Inner Line Scheme and the Outer Line Scheme are shown in Table 5-2-5. (1 ) The number of the impacted people of the Inner Line Scheme is about one times more than that of the Outer Line Scheme. The cost of EP measure will be much lass. (2) The Outer Line passed area has a smooth land feature, no tunnel, with much less earth and stone work than the Inner Line Scheme, which will have less impact on the ecological environment. But the amount of construction land taken and the removal is more than the Inner Line Scheme. (3) Outer Line Scheme conforms to the traffic planning of Zhaoan County. It is favorable to the development of local areas. The comparison shows that both schemes have advantages and disadvantages. The Outer Line Scheme will have less impact on the life environment of the local residents and ecological environment than the Inner Line Scheme. And the social economic benefits of the Outer Line Scheme will be better than the Inner Line Scheme. Therefore, we recommend the Outer Line Scheme. But proper EP measures should be adopted for the recommended scheme. Table 5-2-5 Environmental comparison of alternative schemes for Zhongzai-Houling Section Item Unit Inner Line Scheme Outer Line Scheme Route length km 23.32 25.2 Volume of stone & earth work 1OOOOm 3 250.43 245.48 Subgrade drainage and protection 1000Om3 14.66 16.30 Soft ground basemcnt enforce km 8.0 Tunnel m/tunnel 1815/1 Land taken mu 2638 2800 House removed M2 5688 8830 Number of Impacted People person/household 614/86 321/46 EP investment I OOOyuan 664 114 Total cost lOOOOyuan 71030.95 72484.48

5.3 Comparison Analysis on Alternate Schemes of Sensitive spots Based on the suggestions from WB expert, EIA working team, designing institute and resettlement office studied environment of the major sensitive spots. Alternative schemes are put forward and comparisons have been done. 1. Changed scheme of Jiangcuo-Neijiafang Section The sensitive spots impacted by the Original Scheme are Cuozai, Jiangcuo, Xinxu, Xinhe, Neijiafanig and Baishui Mid. Sch. The Changed Scheme goes around the villages with less land acquisition, less impact on the residents while satisfied the engineering indices. The Changed Scheme will not pass through Xinhe and Neijiafang, which greatly mitigated the removal and number of impacted people. See Table 5-3-1 for the comparison of between two schemes. Table 5-3-1 Environmental Indices Comparison between the Original Scheme and the Changed Scheme of Jiangeuo-Neijiafang Changed scheme compared with the Item Unit Changed Scheme Original scheme original scheme Add lessen Length of the highway km 9.1 9.0 0.1 Earth & stone work 10,000m3 107.73 104.51 3.22 Drainage and protection of _ 68850 64800 4050 subgrade 6 Soft ground enforcement km 4.6 4.55 0.05 Culverts pass 26 25 l Medium and small bridges rn/No. 176/4 388/8 212/4 Land acquisition mu 815.8 806.7 9.1 Building removed m2 2617 7948 5321 No. of resettlement impacted person/househo 180/25 409/56 229/31 household Id No. of environmental person/househo 204/28 581/77 378/49 impacted household Id _ EP investment 10,OOOyuan 23.2 108.4 _ 85.2 Total investment 0,OOOyuan 37983.2 37894 89.2 The changed scheme has already been adopted by engineering design

1.,o 2. Huxi sensitive spot The Original Scheme will pass through Huxi Village with a large volume of resettlement and serious impact on the villagers. Although the Changed Scheme need more engineering works and investment, it goes around the Huxi Village, avoided the impact on the residents. See Figure 5-2 for the route trend. See Table 5-3-2 for the environmental factor comparison.

Table 5-3-2 Environmental Indices Comparison between the Original Scheme and the Changed Scheme of Huxi Village

Chaniged Changed scheme compared with the Item Unit Changed Original scheme original scheme Add lessen Length of the km 3.7 3.63 0.07 highway

Earth & stone work 10.000m3 48,1 47.2 0.9

Drainageand 25900 26499 599 protection of subgrade

Land acquisition mu 339 332 7

Building removed m2 1530 5948 4418

No. of impacted person/household 128/18 533/74 406/56 people of resettlement No. of environmental impacted people person/household 396/55 1495/205 1099/150

EP investment I0,0o0yuan 3.2 36.4 33.2

Total investment 10,000yuan 18043.2 17985.62 57.58

The changed scheme has already been adopted by engineering design

3. Liuban, Zhulin sensitive spots The Original Scheme will pass through Liuban Village and Zhulin Village with a large volume of resettlement and serious impact on the villagers. Changed Scheme goes around the Liuban and Zhulin, avoided the impact on the residents. See Figure 5-3 for the route trend. See Table 5-3-3 for the environmental factor comparison.

139 Table 5-3-3 Environmental Indices Comparison between the Original Scheme and the Changed Scheme of Liuban Village and Zhulin Village

Changed scheme compared with the .tem Unit Changed original scheme Item Unit Scheme Onginal scheme Add lessen

Length of the km 3.1 3.0 0.1 highway

Earth & stone work 10,000m3 66.4 71.5 5.1

Drainage and m3 21210 21920 710 protection of subgrade

Land acquisition mu 273 275 2

Building removed m2 1828 6347 4519

No. of impacted 404/67_ eopeof rttleme person/household 43/6 447/73 404/67 people of resettlement No. of environmental 8 person/household 320/45 958/135 638/90 impacted people EP investment I 0,000yuan 9796.44 9801 J 456

Total investment I 0,000yuan 9822.84 9851.4 | 28.56

The changed scheme has already been adopted by engineering design

4. GaoshanVillage SensitiveSpot The Original Scheme passes through the middle of the Gaoshan Village. 84 householdwill have to be removed.If the route line move to the north of the Gaoshan Village(the AlternativeScheme in Figure 5-4), there will be no removal. However the alignment can not satisfied the engmneeringstandard. Study result shows that the AlternativeScheme is infeasibledue to the low standardline shape, which will impact the safetyof running vehicles.So, the designinginstitute insistedthat the original scheme be adopted. The EIA unit suggestedthat the opinions and requirementsfrom villagers should be paid attention to, and Original Scheme should be moved considering the unfavorable impact on the village. After discussion among EIA unit, villagers and designingunit, agreementis attainedthat the route of the OriginalScheme will be moved 50m northwards (the Changed Scheme in Figure 5-4). Then, 25 household will not remove. However, the environmentalimpact still exists. To mitigate the unfavorable impactof traffic noise, 160mX 3m and 120mX 3m soundproofscreen will be built here. 34 household will be removed, and a crossing passageway will be built under the expressway for the convenience of the villagers. The changed scheme and EP measures are all informed to the villagers, who accepted the solving methods. See Figure 5-4 for the route trend. The comparison of the schemes is shown in Table 5-3-4.

Table 5-34 Environmental Indices Comparison between the Original Scheme and the Alternative Scheme of Gaoshan Village Altemative scheme compared with Item Unit Original scheme Alternative the original scheme Scheme Add Lessen Length of the km 5.0 5.26 0.26 highway km_____5 26_0_26

Earth & stone work 10,000m. 116.3 157.8 41.5

Extra-large and large 106/1 106/1 bridges rn/No 1610/ Medium and small I briumandgesml m/No. 216.5/4 134/3 82.5/1 bridges ______

Land acquisition mu 445.8 470 24.2

Building removed m2 4922 4922

No. of resettlement . 4/5 impactedpeople person/household 1 424/59 _ l 424/56

No. of environmental impacted people person/household 985/147 985/147

EP investment I 0,000yuan 73.5 73.5

Total investment 10,000yuan 16347.4 17884 1536.6

The Alternative Scheme is infeasible due to the low standard line shape, which will impact the safety of running vehicles. Based on the discussions among EIA unit, villagers and designing unit, agreement is attained that the route of the Original Scheme will be moved 50m northwards as the Changed Scheme in Figure 5-4. The changed scheme has already been adopted by engineering design - ~~~ChangedScllelc 3

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6.1 Economic Benefit Analysis of the Project

Zhangzhou - Zhaoan Expressway is one of the important sections of the national trunk line (Tongjiang in Heilongjiang Province - Sanya in Hainan Province) located in Fujian Province with a total length of 140.459 km. Investment of the project is 5054.22 million RMB yuan. Construction period will be 4 years; it will be put into operation in August 2003. When the proposed highway is used, the transportation condition will be improved greatly, traffic volume 'will be increased, the stopping time of vehicles in the way and transportation mileage will be shortened, Economic benefits is obvious. The benefits to the whole society can be summarized as follows.

1. The upgrade of the highway will reduce the transportation cost and improve transport condition. 2. The shortening of the mileage will reduce the cost: transportation cost will be saved. 3. A large amount of traffic volume will be attracted by the good condition of new built expressway. 4. The high-grade road will provide a good transport condition, perfect service, faster speed, which will produce economic benefit from time saving of transportation vehicles. 5. The cost saved by less accident: the improvement of highway grade will reduce the chances of accidents, which will reduce economic loss. 6. The mixed traffic on existing highway induces low running speed and extra transportation cost. The proposed expressway will attract part of the traffic volume, then the crowding situation will be alleviated on the existing highway. Transportation cost will be saved by less crowding. See Table 6-1-1 for the economic benefits. Table 6-1-1 Statistic of EconomicBenefit unit: 10000yuan

Benefitfrom Savedcost by Benefitfrom Timesaving Benefitfrom Benefitfrom Year upgradingof mileage attractionof for passenger less traffic crowding highway shortened trafficvolume and cargo accidents alleviate

2005 21634.11 4014.71 2913.63 20088.55 579.68 5511.02

2010 32447.45 5981.49 4198.65 43855.17 828.88 7620.46

2020 88194.00 11995.18 11765.21 270111.08 1318.49 32845.08

6.2 Analysis of Economic Sensibility If the unfavorable situation where the cost rises more than 20%, while the benefit goes down more than 20% occurs, the gross national economic assessment will be as follows. 1. Direct Economic Effects (1) Economic Benefit-cost Ratio (EBCR): 1.16 (2) Economic Net Present Value (ENPV): 578million yuan (3) Economic Inner Rate of Return (EIRR): 13.31% (4) Economic repay period (EN): 22.42 years From the gross national economic assessment, this project is feasible, and it has a rather strong capability against risks. 2. Indirect Economic Effects (1) Industrial exploration effects To promote corporation, improve technical level, and international commerce. (2) Agricultural exploration effects: To raise the exportation of high value commodities, expand the market, and form production base area. (3) Aquatic production exploration effects To raise the exportation of high value commodities, expand the market. (4) Scenery sites exploration effects To improve the continuation and communication of traveling. (5) Commercial exploration effects To promote the commercial economic development and scope, to activate the national communication, and expand the international commercialism (6) Market exploration effects To expand the market scope, to expand the exportation and to promote foreign exchange transaction (7) For rationalization and effectiveness of transportation production

(8) For rationalization, effectiveness and . modernization of communication procession (9) To alleviate the crowding situation of existing highway, railway and waterway; For rationalization and effectiveness of traffic system. (10) To promote the communication between urban and rural areas, which will bring benefits to the poor remote countryside. 3. Unfavorable results (1) Communication of residents will be separated by the heightened embankment, which will induce a lot of inconveniences. (2) Reduce of farmland and farm crop output. (3) The environmental problems caused by highway construction, such as the soil erosion aggravated during construction period; traffic noise during operation period, the environment pollution by tail gas; environment pollution by wastewater from toll station and service center, etc.

6.3 Estimation of EP Investment According to environmental protection measures put forward by this EIA report, the cost in EP works has been estimated. For the EP measures will be adopted in this project. See Table 6-3-1. The cost has involved the cost for EP engineering works, staff training, environmental monitoring during construction period, and link road EP investment, while it does not include the engineering cost of plantation, sides lope protection, and water drainage, which has already been listed in the cost of engineering. Table 6-3-1 Estimated Cost in EP Works

Order EP Measures Calculationmethod Cost (10O,000yuan) I Assessmentof EnvirownentalImpact Calculatedaccording to the assessmentof Fujian Provincial 37 standard

2 Designingof EP engineering Calculatedas 2% of engineeringinvestment 90

3 Waterspraying vehicles 4 X 150,O00yuan 60

4 Removal of schools 2 X 3,000,000yuan 600

5 Temporarysound proof screenin construction 300yuanim'X 200mat Houdai Prim. Sch, 6

6 Oil-waterseparator installed on ships 20,000vuan/shipX I Oship 20

7 Septic tanks in constructioncamps 40 X 50.000yuan 200

8 Garbagedisposal in constructioncamps 40X3,000yuan 12

9 Ventilationfans in tunnelsfor EP 6X500,000yuan 300

I0 Sewage disposal for servicecenters 2 X 900.O0)yuan 180

l Septic tanks at toll station,highway management station 5 x 50,00Oyuan 65 and tunnel managementstation _ _ 12 Sound proof screen 700 yuan/nt', 10450m2 371.5

13 Heighteningof surroundingwaall 100yuan/m2 , total 7780m' 77.8

14 Noise proof afforestanon 150,000yuan/site x 29site 145

15 EP stafftraining 8times,197 peoples 240 45

16 Environmentalmonitoring in construction 160,000yuan/yearX 3year 48

17 Afforestationnear the interchanges 9 places 435

18 Cistems at interchanges I 0,OOOyuan/eachX 9 19 Borrow sites & rehabilitation 8 places 150 of tempomrilyused 20 Spoil plants 7 plants 240

21 Rehabilitationof the existingroads after completionof the 100 project ______22 Environmentalsupervision during construction EP,soil erosion, EP constnrctionacceptance and accident 60 treatment

23 Maintenanceof EP facilities 200,000yuanin 10 years 200

24 Road afforestation.side slope protection Has been accountedin the constructioncost and drainageworks 25 Dongyuanlink road EP cost See Table4-7-5 of the EIA for the method of calculation 268.7

26 Huxi link road EP cost See Table4-7-9 of the EIA for the method of calculation 74 27 Archeologicalsurvey and excavationof cultural and 44 historical relics______28 Preservationof cultural and historicalrelies Constructionof bridge,reduction of vibration, excavation I50 28 Presetvation of culumaland historicalrelics and preservationcost

I AC The total investmnentof the project is 5.054 billion yuan RMB, including 42.6445 million yuan EP investment, which is 1.05% of the total investmnent. The cost of plantation, resettlement and side slope protection has not been involved. Compare to the total amount of project investment, the cost of EP works is rather a small part of the investment. However, when this part of EP investment surely be used for the EP facilities, the environment problems will be settled once and for all.

6.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection Investment The planned highway will have severe adverse effect on the environment in many ways. During operation of the highway, vehicle exhausts will pollute the atmospheric and water environment; dust and noise will impact on the environmental quality in residential areas. The health of people living on both sides of the highway will be affected to some extent and the normal life and work of these people will be affected as well. Therefore, practical enviromnental protection measures must be taken, such as sound proof measures and plantation along the road sections near sensitive spots to reduce the negative effects caused by traffic on the environment. After taking environmental protection measures, the economic loss will be retrieved each year (equal to the direct economic benefit of environmental protection), See Table 6-4-1 for the economic loss retrieved each year. The retrieved economic loss is calculated according to the analogical EIA data for Sanyuan-Tongchuan class 1 highway in Shaanxi Province. The data were provided by the High Grade Road Management Agency of Shaanxi Province.

Table 6-4-1 Yearly Retrieved Economic loss

EP measures (Yr0000yuan) Effects of the measures Watersprinkle during 30 Lesscompensation for dust construction pollutionand health care Wastewatertreatment 50 Lesswater pollution Lesssoil erosion,farmland Spoilsites 40 protectionpoeto Weak geology 150 Less slides, safety protection Impact on residentsand schools Noise control 15 is mitigated Reductionof accidents 36.2 Safetyassurance Maintenanceof soil . . . . conservationfacilities Total 341.20 The following formula is used to analyze the economic benefit ratio of environmental protection measures:

Ei Si 'H

Where E,- economic benefit ratio of environmental protection expenditure

Si -- economic loss that can be retrieved each year after environmental protection measures are taken

H - expenditure of environmental protection investment per year The total EP investment of this project is 42.6445 million yuan, during 20 years of operation, 2.1322 million yuan annual investment, then the economic benefit for environment protection each year is calculated out based the formula above: EL=2.31, which illustrates that the investment of environment protection is reasonable. Thus, it is of great importance to execute the environmental protection measures suggested in the EIA when building the highway. The construction unit should take environmental protection measures step by step as suggested in the assessment to ensure the coordinate and sustainable development of construction and environmental protection. 7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

7.1 EnvironmentalManagement Agencies and TheirResponsibilities

Diagramof variousEP agenciesduring the constructionphase is as shown in Fig.7-1. The functionsof the personnel and agencies at different levels during the construction phase are explainedbellow. 1. FujianProvincial Expressway Construction Directory Office (FPECDO) Therewill be one deputy commanderresponsible for the drafting of EP management plan, its implementation,management and monitoring.His leadership will ensure the fulfillmentof all workrelevant to EP. 2. ECDO(Expressway Construction Directory Office) of ZhangzhouCity One deputy commanderwill direct the EP work, and one environmentalengineer will be in chargeof EP management,data monitoringand collection,etc. 3. ZhanzhouECDO and other CDO (ConstructionDirectory Office) In each CDO there will be one deputy commanderdirecting the EP work, and one environmentalengineer guiding environmentalsupervising and monitoringwork at each section of the projectand directly dealingwith the routinework. 4. Each Section In each section,one environmentalengineer will oversee the EP supervisionwork, construction noise and dust reduction monitoring work. Hie is to ensure the implementationof the constructionbidding documentationand EP measure in the EP action plan.

7.2 EP Agenciesand Their FunctionsDuring Operation Phase Diagramof variousEP agenciesduring the operationphase is as shown in Fig. 7-2. The functionsof the personneland agenciesat differentlevels during the operationphase are summarizedbellows. 1. EP Officeof FPECDO It is to guide the EP managementand to draft monitoringplan, regulationsand rules for highwayEP, etc, its implementation,management and monitoring.His leadershipwill ensure the fulfillmentof all such work. 2. ZhangzhouExpressway Corporation Ltd. One deputygeneral manager and one environmentalengineer will be responsiblefor EP work in ZhangzhouExpressway Corporation Ltd., under which will be two offices.In each office, one environmentalengineer will be in chargeof EP work. Fujian Provincial Expressway Construction Directory Office (FPECDO) Environmental Protection Office (3 persons) (I direcor and 2 clerks)

EnvironmentalMonitoring Zhangzliou-Zhaoan ExpresswayCDO EnvironmentalMonitoring Stationof Fujian Province,and One deputy commander will direct EP work, and one Stationof Fujian Province,and EnvironmentalMonitoring environmentalengincer will be in chargeof the concreteEP work EnvironmentalMonitoring Stationof ZhangZhouCity Stationof ZhangZhouCity

BaishuiLarge Bridge CDO CDO of Huxi-Chiling CDO of ZhangZhou--l-luaan One cnvironmcntal engineer Sectionin ZhangpuCounty Section will be in chargeof EP work. Oneenvironmental enginecr Oneenvironmental engiicer will be in chargeof EP work. will be in chatgeof EPwork.

* There will are 9 sections for the main expressway F_, § 1and 2 sections for the link roads. BaishuiLarge Bridge | Huxi-ChilingHighway No.l No. * CDO stands for Construction DirectoryOffice.

Note: Foreach section along the Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway and sub-project therewill beone engineer in chargeof EPand supervision work.

Figure 7-1 Diagram of EP and Management Agencies during Construction Period Fujan Provincial Expressway CDO EP Office (3 persons) (I director, 2 clerks)

...... ~~...... Fujian Provincial Existing Expressway CDO Zhangzhao-Zhaoan Expressway Corporation Ltd. ExpresswayCorporation Ltd. of One deputy general manager will direct the EP work. and 1 uzhoii-Qtuanihou, Quanzhou-Xiamen or Xiamen-Zhangzhou one environmental engineer bc in charge of concrete EP work Onedeputy general manager will direct the EP work. and one environmentalengineer be in charge of concrete EP work

Zhanzhao Office YuxiaoOffice Each office of the above Corporations Ltd. one environmental engineer one envircinmentalengineer l . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oncenvironinictitalengiincer be in cliargeof EP work will be in charge of EP work will be in charge of EP work c e

Longhai-Zhangpu section Yunxiao--Zhaoansection Road sections undereach office

for the proposed project * CDO stands for Construction Directory Office...... g...... e...... o......

Fig. 7-2 Diagram of EP and Maiiagement Agencies during Operational Period 7.3 Major Issues in Environmental Protection Management Plan See Table 7-1 for the major issues considered in management plan of EP.

Table 7-1 Environmental Protection Management Plan

Environment . Cost Implementation Responsible ClauseNo. Issue Measures(Locations & Amounts) (10,000yuan) time entity in Contract

A.Designing period

I.Comparison I.The designing unit has put forward Has been Engineering Designing of alignment two major alignment schemes for listed in the feasibility unit schemes comparison cost of studyperiod 2.Alternaiiveschemes for three parts of engineering road sectionshas been put forwardfor the recommendedscheme. 3.Based on the major issue put forwardedby EIA, schemecomparisons have been done for 38 sznsitivespots. 4. At the start point,the first4-km of the high embankmenthas been changedto viaduct. 144mucultivated land has been reserved.

2.1mpact on I.Altogether 292 passages have been Has been Engineering Designing publicmass designed for convenience of people, listed in the feasibility unit animalsand tractors. cost of studyperiod engineering 3.Soilerosion l.ln designing, fully utilizing the Has been Engineering Designing situationsof the land featureto balance listed in the feasibility unit the cuttingsand fillings. cost of study period 2.Protection, drainage and sides lope engineering plantation works should be carefully designed. 3. The 7 Spoil sites and 8 borrow sites will be carefullychosen in designing.

4.Flood I.Fully consideredthe drainageof food Has been Engineering Designing prevention water in designing of bridges and listed in the feasibility unit culverts. cost of study period engineering Continuation of Table 7-1

Environment . Cost Implementation Responsible Clause No. Issue (10,000 yuan) time entity in Contract

B.Construction period I.Land I1580mu cultivated land, Has been Before Expressway acquisition 4602mu uncultivated land, listed in the construction CDO 31 00mu temporary land taken cost of & local I.At the start point, changing from high Resettlement governments embankment to viaduct reserved 144mu cultivated land. 2.Organizations for land acquisition and resettlement will be strengthened 3.Surplus labor will be arranged during construction phase; 4.Compensation will be made according to regulations. _ _ l 2.Soil erosion I.Pipe culverts will be built before | 70+ 30 During construction (During subgrade construction; Has been construction of unit construction 2. 7 spoil sites and 8 borrow sites will be listed in the embankment period the soil chosen, which will be designed according cost of erosion situation to the regulation. engineering is 5.211 times 3.There are 66 places of mortar bound of that before the protection of slopes, altogether 186080 construction) m2 4. Interception ditches built for slope protection will be 40884m 5.Reducing earth borrow and spoil by the adjust of earth and stone works for the nearby road sections in the construction 6. In time recovery of afforestation 3.Embankment Altogether 445 culverts and 71 middle or Has been Pipe culverts construction biocked natural small bridges on the whoie line iisted in the wiii be built unit runoff cost of prior to the engineering subgrade construction 4.Construction 1. Four sprayer vehicles purchased, each 60 Construction ECDO of 201.04. dust construction site provided with a portable phase Zhangzhao 201.05 sprayer, times of water sprinkling Expressway, everyday will be decided by the construction supervisor; units 2. Material transport vehicles will be covered by mufflers; 5. Asphalt fumes 1. Integral asphalt concrete mixers Arranging by During construction 307.05 purchased; the construction of unit 2.Mixers shall be located 300m construction pavement downwind of residential areas. unit

152 - Continuation of Table 7-1 Environment [ Cost Implementation Responsible Clause No. Issue (10,000 yuan) time entity in contract 6.Construction 1. No construction work will be allowed Construction Construction 102.13 noise between 22:00-6:00 for residential sites phase unit within 150m. 2. The workers will be take in turn when work in a high noise condition 3. Temporary soundproof screen 100 X 6 2m will be set at Houdai Prim. Sch. 4. Jizai Prim. Sch, Shudong Prim. Sch, 600 will be removed. 7.Sewage and 1. 40 septic tanks will be built at 200 Construction construction 103.01 wastes disposal construction camps, phase unit 205.10 of construction 2. 40 garbage collecting station will be 12 camp set for domestic garbage; 3. Sewage will be discharge of after treatment 8.River 1. Cofferdams and drop shaft sinking 20 construction construction 102.13 pollution by methods should be used during pier phase unit bridge construction; construction 2. Oil-water separators to be installed on construction ships; 3. No asphalt, fuel and chemicals wvill be . allowed to be piled near rivers 9. Removal Altogether 70097m2 house wvill be Has been Before ECDO of demolished, including 2 primary school listed in the construction Zhangzhao 1. Compensation will be given to the cost of Expressway, removal family according to the policy; engineering Local 2. Land owning to build new house will government be authorized by the local government 10.Recovery of I. Altogether 515.27mu plantation area in Has been After pavement Construction vegetation the middle separation belt of the listed in the construction unit expressway: cost of 2. Plantation of 8412.6mu along both engineering sides of the expressway 3. 1080mu plantation at interchanges; 4. 46.2mu plantation at toll stations and service centers; 5. 215mu plantation at the entrance and exit of tunnels. 11.Cultural and 1. A bridge is to be built, and measures to 150 Construction Subgrade Construction historical relics reduce vibration be taken to preserve period construction unit the Fenglingwei Hui Temple. 2. Rescuine archeological excavation will be carried. 3. Cultural and historical relics will be preserved propery.

153 Continuation of Table 7-1 Environment | Cost Implementation Responsible Clause No. Issue Measures (Locations & Acounts) (10,000 yuan) time entity in contract C.Operation period I.Air pollution I.Lead free oil shall be used at extend 300 Operation Zhangzhao 201.05 exceeding possibility phase Expressway 502.03 standard during 2.Trees shall be planted by nearby enterprises: Corporation operation 3.Automobiles will be modernized and Ltd. & inspected for the waste gas discharged; Construction 4. There are 20 ventilators will be installed in unit proper locations in tunnels. 5. 50% of the ventilation fans should be kept operating routinely during machine inspection.

2.Traffic noise 1. 27 villages and 2 schools will be removed; During Zhangzhao during 2. Altogether 22 places of soundproof screens 371.5 construction Expressway operation phase with total area of 10450 m2 will be built; phase Corporation 3. 7780 m2 surrounding walls of 18 villages 77.8 Ltd. & and schools will be heightened; Construction 4. 27 places of soundproof afforestation will 145 j unit be adopted. 5. New houses along the proposed highway should be built 150m beyond;

3.Domestic 1. The 2 service centers including Jiuzhen and IS0 trial operation construction 1103.01 sewage and Changshan will each set up a Class2 waste phase unit production water disposal station. 65 waste water of 2.Toll stations anid tunnel management service zone stations will set up septic tanks. 3. Oil separation pond will be set at gas stations and vehicle washing plants. Vehicle washing water will be recycled. _ 4.Pavement 1. Pavement runoff should not be discharged construction Each rainfall runoff directly into rivers or fish ponds but should be phase management led to other places along the side ditches. office 2. Careful attention will be paid to the protection of water quality in 'Y'angmei Reservoir. 5.Wild animal L.Poaching is prohibited around the construction construction protection construction camp; phase unit 2.Whenever found protective animals and plants, safety removal measures will be adopted. 6.Traffic I.ln poor visibility weathers, driving speed operation phase Each accidents shall be limited or temporarily close the road; management 2. To Strengthen the management of tunnels office to prevent fire and traffic accidents; 3. Two power supply sources will be provided in tunnels. 50% of the ventilation fans should be kept operating routinely during machine inspection.

154 Continuation of Table 7-1

Cost Implementation Responsible Clause Environment Issue Measures (Locations & Amounts) (1,0 yun) eme entity i ContractNo. (Il ,000 yuan) time entity in Contract D. Link Roads

Dongyuan- Fugong Link Road I .Domestic One septic tank at toll station, 3 septic 30 Construction Construction sewage treatment tank for the construction camps phase unit 2.Domestic One toll station, 3 construction camps 2.2 Construction Construction garbage disposal each with a garbage collecting spot. phase unit 3.Passages 11passages 165 Construction Construction phase unit 4.Oil-water 9 separators will be installed for 16 Construction Construction separator construction ships phase unit 5.Settlement 3 ponds 4.5 Construction Construction ponds at phase unit construction sites 6.'Aaming signs 16 places 1.0 Construction Ditto of passageway phase 7.Dust prevention 3 simple Xwatersprayer vehicles 6 Construction Ditto by water spraying phase at construction sites 8.Drainage system 4 set of drainage systems 20 Construction Ditto at interchanges phase 9.Sound proof Sound proof screen at Dongyuan Mid. 24 Construction Ditto screen Sch. phase 10.Sound proof 6 places 6 Construction Ditto plantation phase

Subtotal 261.70 Huxi(Zhaojiabao) Analogously calculated as 1/2 of the cost 130.85 Construction Headquarter for Dongyuan-Fugong Link Road phase at Longhai, Fuotan Link Road Construction unit

Total 3449.95 7.4 Environmental Protection Supervision Plan To insure the quality of EP works, EP supervision plan is made for this project, see Table 7-2.

Table 7-2 Environmental Protection Supervision Plan

Stage Agency Work content Purpose

EA -1 NEPB LExaminethe EIA outline. I.To ensure the EIA content has a fully FPEPB 2.Examine the EIA report. covered topic arrangement, with key points < WB 3.Examine the EP action plan. highlighted. 2.To ensure the possible serious problems of co the project to be addressed properly. 3.To ensure the feasibility of action plan.

t NEPB I.Examine preliminary design for I.To carry out the " Three FPEPB environment protection & EAP. Simultaneousness" policy and EAP. cEPB of city or county 'S EPB t3 or ty 2.To examine the realization of cost for 2.To ensure investment for environmental environmental protection protection. = 3.To check material handling, asphalt and 3.To make sure the work site meet the concrete mixing plant arrangement. requirements of environmental protection. 4.To check dust & noise control measures 4.To reduce the impact. To ensure the & work time schedule. implementation of regulations 5.To check the storage & emission of l 5.To reduce the impact on the surrounding & poisonous or harmful material. to implement the regulations

6.To check discharge & disposal of 6.To make sure surface water not to be wastewater or waste oil. polluted. 7.Cutting & borrowing site. spoils 7.To make sure the landscape & the land disposal, soil erosion, blocking of resources being preserved & resumed. drainage system & rivers.

8.To check the implementation of "Three 8.To make sure the implementation of EP simultaneous" policy & EPA , to perfect policies. the implementation work.

9.To examine the environmental 9.To make sure the environmental protection protection facilities. facilities meet the acceptance level. Provincial Historical lO.To check if there are any historical IO.To protect historical relics. Relics Bureau relics. FPEPB I.Check the implementation of EPA. I.To ensure realization of EPA. n EPB of city or county 2.Check the implementation of 2.To ensure realization of monitoring plan. monitoring plan. 3.To - ensure consideration of various 3.Inspect the sensitive spots to find environmental problems. environmental problems. 4.Strengthen environmental management, to 4.1nspect the environment of sensitive protect health of people. regions based on the standard. 5.To ensure wastewater discharged meet the 5.Check waste water and garbage discharge standard. disposal in toll station, service centers, 6.To eliminate the causes of accident in and management zones. traffic to avoid pollution accident 6.Strengthen accident management and monitoring system, set up emergency action plan for emergencies and to prevent pollution from spreading once accident happens.

1

Table 7-3 EP Staff Training Plan

Training Numberof Duration Cost style Stage& place PersonnelAttended People (days) I 0000yuan/ S

Year2000 FPCD,FPECDO, FPCPDI. 8 21 39.61 / 47600 Abroad ExpresswayDirectory Office of Year2003 ZhangzhouCity 6 26 29.64/35700

Year 1999 FPCD,FPECDO, CDO of city or Construction county.CDO of everyroad section, b60 5 90 (ZhangzhouCity) supervisionengineers

Year2000 FPCD,every, level of CDO, leaders 2022 Construction fromEP Bureauof city or county | l (Zhangzhou City) In the Year2001 Supervisionengineers of every road 30 3 27 country Construction section 3 (Zhangzhou City) _ _ FPCD,FPECDO, CDO of city or Yearu2to2 county,CDO of everyroad section, 20 3 18 CZhagzhonrucitin supervisionengineers, EP Bureauof (ZhangzhouCity) city or county

Year2003 Wholestaff of theenvironmental 12 7 25.2 Operation monitoringstation of FPCD

Total 240.45

Note: I. Trainingcontent of abroad will includeEP & EIA for Highway construction,environmental management during constructionand operationphases. 2. The trainingfee in the year 2000 will come from Fujian HighwayProject I and the traineeswill mainly consist of thosefrom Zhanzhao-ZhaoanExpressway Project.

Note:FPCD------Fujian Provincial Communication Department FPCPDI---- Fujian ProvincialCommunication Planning & DesigningInstitute FPECDO- FujianProvincial Expressway Construction Directory Office 7.6 Environmental Monitoring Plan 7.6.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan in Construction Phase Environmental monitoring plan in construction phase for Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway, and the two link roads (Dongyun-Fugong and Huxi-Fuotan) is drawn up (see Table 7-4).

Table 7-4 Environmental Monitoring Plan during Construction

Items Monitoring Spots Frequency Monitoring entity Supervisor Spots will be set based on the reality, i.g asphalt plants, unpaved road once every month, I 1. Air environment sections, lime mixing days every time.. Ad Entrusted monitoring Zhangzhao ECDO quality. TSP, asphalt plants, and simple hoc will also be stations fumes hauling roads. a& local EP bureau 2 spots in Longhai; 4 spots in Zhangpu; 3 spots in Yunxiao; 3 spots in Zhaoan Spots will be located at villages & schools within I 50m from the road, and at monthly, nighttime Entrusted monitoring Zhangzhao ECDO 2. Noise quarry, or in the & daytlime stations & local EP bureau residential areas near the hauling roads, as required. Monitoring and sampling spots will be located at the down stream side of the bridges, such as (1)CODea Xinyu river section once every 3 months, Entrusted monitoring (2)COil,, of Nanxi 2 days every time, Ditto Yangmei Reservoir am. & p.m. a day (3)SS Jiuzhen Port Chuanchang river section of Zhangjiang River Zhaoanwan Port 4.Others construction sites, Owner (I )domestic garbage spoil plants, borrow CDO of Expressway supervision (2)spoil sites and Once every 15 days road sections engineer and local (3)soil erosion prefabrication plant EP bureau (4)plantation for the bridges

158 7.6.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan in Operation Phase Environmental monitoring plan in operation phase for Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway, and the two link roads (Dongyun-Fugong and Huxi-Fuotan) is made (see Table 7-5).

Table 7-5 Environmental Monitoring Plan during Operation

Items Spots Frequency Monitoring entity Supervisor

I.Atmosphere twice one vear in (I)CO Xinzhong, Cili, lan. & July, Environmental Expressway Co. Ltd., (2)NOx Guanyinting, Xishan monitoring 3 days monitoring stations local EP bureau (3)TSP one time of expressway Baishui Mid. Sch., Huxi. 4 times in one year, Jiuzhen Port, Gaoshan, Idays each time with Environmental 2. Traffic noise Andou Prim, Sch., double monitoring in monitoring stations ExpresswayCo. Ltd., Guanyinting, Lintou, davtime and of expressway Waifenglou nighttime ___ _ 3.Surfacewater Xinyu river sectionof | twice one year in 3.Surface)pH er Nanxi Jan. & July, single (])pHDM Yangmei Reservoir monitoring in Environmental (2)CODf Jiuzhen Port continuous 3 days as monitoring stations Expressway Co. Ltd.,

(4) Oil Chuanchang river section one time, double of expressway (4) Oil of Zhangiiang River monitoring in each Zhaoanwan Port day

7.6.3 Equipment, Expenditure, and Reporting of Monitoring The owner has entrusted the environmental monitoring work in construction period of this project to the local environmental monitoring stations. The environmental monitoring station of expressway will carry on the monitoring work in operation period. The monitoring equipment can be share with Fuzhou-Xiamen Expressway. The cost for monitoring in construction period will be 160,000 yuan/yearX 3 year =480,000 yuan. The cost for monitoring in operation period will be 100,000 yuan/year. See Figure 7-2 for the reporting regulation of monitoring NEPB EP office of MOC WB

FPEPB EP Office of FPCD

FPECDO (Construction period) Fujian Provincial Expressway Co. Ltd (Operatiornperiod)

| EPB of Nanagem.entM station of Toadsections county or city Management parties of tunnels

Figure 7-3 Monitoring Reporting Procedure 8 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

8.1 EarlyStage of the Project

The proposed expressway has a total length of 140.459 km, total investment 4952millionyuan, 4 years of constructionperiod (June 1999-May2003). The population affectedwithin 200m on both sideswill be 0.0472million. The proposed highway will pass through the whole administrative area of ZhangzhouCity, includingLonghai City, Zhangpu County, Yunxiao County, and Zhaoan County. The effected areas have covered the 4 cities and counties above. Economic developmentof these areas will be greatlypromoted by the constructionof this project. In order to protectthe interestof local people and residentialenvironment, different kinds of opinions were solicited among public masses and officers. Investigation and suggestionacquisition has been doneby constructionunit and EIA unit. 1. "Inspection Meeting for Planning Scheme of Zhangzhou-ZhaoanExpressway" organizedby FujianProvincial Planning Committee in 1993. 2."Pre-feasibility Study Report of Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway " was put forwardby Fujiang CommunicationsPlanning and Design Institutein 1993. 3."PrefeasibilityStudy Report of Zhangzhou-ZhaoanExpressway " was inspected by Fujiang ProvincialPlanning Committee in 19934. 4. In December 1996 and October 1997, Pre-feasibility Study Report has been revisedand amendedrespectively. 5. In September1997, the pre authorizationof this highwayproject was made. In the procession of the early stage work of this project, the FPECDO, Fujiang CommunicationsPlanning and Design Institute carried out on-the-spot survey and studiesfor the route alignment,positions of interchanges.Innovation was made several times accordingto the suggestionsfrom public masses and local govermnentagencies. 6. In October 1997, assisted by the Fujiang CommunicationsPlanning and Design Institute, the EIA working team from Xian TransportationUniversity did On-the-spot investigationalong the whole line of the proposed highway. The EIA Outline was compiled then, and the authorizationof NEPB (see appendix II for the reply from NEPB) was obtained. 7. In March 1998, the EnvironmentalMonitoring Station of ZhangzhouCity carried out the present environmentalquality monitoring for air, soil,noise, surfacewater.

8.2 InvestigationSubjects and Wayof Participation Public participationis one of the most importantparts in determinationof the proper alignment scheme. Opinions from affected masses and enterprises should be paid full attention to, and the benefits of them should be considered substantially. The investigation and consultation work such as visiting, discussion, meetings, mail contacting, especially the random collection of questionnaires along the proposed highway. There are 441 forms of questionnaires spread to private persons, units and government agencies with 388 forms returned. The investigation subjects are: (DDivisions of EP, Agriculture, Water conservancy, soil conservation and plann ing, and governments of different levels were consulted; (9)Opinions from ordinary masses were collected; (U)Opinionsfrom experts and enterprises were solicited; QOpinions from households to be removed were sought in particular.

8.3 Examples of Typical Consultations and Hearings 1. Consult Meeting at Zhangpu County On October 28, 1997, vice-magistrate of Zhangpu County (Mr. Chen Liming ) presided over the consult meeting in the meeting room in Zhangpu Hotel. The participants are listed in Table 8-3-1. There were aliogether 17 persons, belonging to 11 different units. First, vice-magistrate of Zhangpu County (Mr. Chen Liming) explained and specified the purpose of the meeting, the importance of the project, the arrangement of the meeting as expression of suggestions to the alignment, the promotion to economy, and unfavorable impact on the lives of local residents, etc. Mr. Qiu Qiumu: 68km of this expressway, almost half of its total length, is in our Zhangpu County. We hope that it should not only passed through and closed. A interchange should be add between Longhai and Jiuzhen, because there are two minority townships in this section, which locate in mountain areas, convenience should be provide d for their communication, then the expressway may bring many favorable economic developing chances for the minority villages. Mr. Cai Heping: The decision that construction of Chiling Interchange will be considered later is not rational. The Gulei Port is developing fast recent year, which is the largest glass sand producing base in China, the traffic volume will be increased in a high speed, so we should prepare and wait, but should be considered immediately. XiaZhai Port is also important, with 7000mu developing zone, and the planning of industrial zone all need the operation of the proposed expressway. Mr. Gup Kezai; The alignment of the proposed highway is rather clear now, but the public concemed still do not know in detail of the specific alignment, land taken, resettlement, etc. Propaganda and publicity should be done more actively to own the

162 assistant and understand of ordinary people. Mr. Zengrongbin: To the land acquired and house removed residents, economic compensations should be given according to the local policy and the quality of demolished house. Resettlement should be done in time, and extra economic difficulties brought to the residents by this project should be considered. Record and video of the meeting was made by the EIA unit, summary was written. The collected suggestion and opinions have been informed to construction unit.

Table 8-1 Participants in the Consult Meeting of Zhangpu County

Name Unit belongto Position Contactphone code

ChenLiming Govemmentof ZhangpuCounty Vice-magistrate 3221837

Guo Kezai National People's Congress office of Director 3221037 Zhangpu County ______Lin Wanfu Governmentoffice of Zhangpu Vice-director 3221032 County Qiu Qiumu CommuniactionBureau of Zhangpu Headof Bureau 3221172 Countv HongQiushan LandPlanning Bureau of Zhangpu Headof Dept. 3221552 County Dept. 3221552 Chen Songhua Land PlanningBureau of Zhargpu Headof Bureau 3222273 County Cai Heping PlanningBureau of ZhangpuCounty Headof Bureau 3221035

Zeng Rongbin ConsultativeConference of Headof Bureau 3221082 ZhangpuCounty H ZhuangYashan Planningoffice of ZhangpuCounty Director 3221253

ZhenXiaolu ExpresswayOffice of Zhangzhou Director

C ity ______FujianCommunication Plan and Su Ruitong DesignDeig InstituteInttt Engineer Xie Weidong EP Instituteof ZhangzhouCity Engineer

CaoShencun Xian HighwayTransportation Univ. EIA teammember

ZhaoAiqi Xian HighwayTransportation Univ. EIA teammember

Liu Yingling Xian HighwayTransportation Univ. EIA team member

ShangLian Xian HighwayTransportation Univ. EIA teammember

Zhao Meixin Xian HighwayTransportation Univ. EIA teammember 2. Public consultation and hearings at sensitive spots For the purpose of hearing and collecting public opinions from the impacted areas along the proposed highway, especially from the removing households, EIA working team and Expressway Headquarter of Zhangzhou City had held consultation meeting and hearings with villagers, students and teachers at Qiuzhong, Neixi, Jiangcuo, Hekeng, Houdai, Liugaowei, Xiagao, Gaoshan, Putou, Chuanchang, Tianpuyu, Changmaolin, Shangyingcun, Zhangqian Prim. Sch., Gaolin Mid. Sch., Shaxi Mid. Sch., Tulou Prim. Sch., Jizai Prim. Sch., Shudong Prim. Sch.. etc. , altogether 19 sensitive spots from Dec. 16 to Dec. 22, 1998. There were 195 participants with different sex, age and education level. For examples, see Table 8-2 and 8-3 for the registration list at the meetings.

Table 8-2 Hearing Participants at Neixi Village Name Sex |Age Education Signature Qiu Ximing Male 38 | Primaryschool Su Jin Female 44 Junior middle school Refer to the Zeng Wanzhu Male 44 Junior middle school original record Huang Qinghe Male 37 j High school

Table 8-3 Hearing Participants at Gaoshan Villaee Name Sex Age Education SigDature Huang Sanjiang Male 55 Primary school Huang Tianmao Male 60 Primary school 1 Huang Laoxi Male 37 High school Li Sancai Male 61 Primary school original record Li Zaorui Female 33 Primary school

8.4 Statistic Results of Public Participation and Opinion Treatment 1. The statistical results of public participation See Table 8-4 for the results, which shows that Among the investigated people, 94% of the public had understood the highway project to some extent, others understood the route alignment and the project through our investigation and introduction; 51% of the public believe the current transport condition is not satisfactory; 60% of the public believe the construction and operation of this project will bring unfavorable impacts to the life of residents; 100% of the people hoped to be resettled in their original villages; 45% of the people believe the expressway will bring about favorable conditions to the economic development of local areas. 61% of the public agree to the alignment of the Recommended Scheme; 86% of the public hope that the expressway be constructed as soon as possible.

Table 8-4-3 Statistics of Public Suggestions about the Proposed Project

Contentof Investigation Choice Numberof People

Much 2 1 Understandingextent of the A little 73 highway No 6

Satisfactiondegree of the present Quitesatisfied 9 trafficsituation Basicallysatisfied 40 Not satisfied 551

Unfavorableimpact on residential& Great 60 livingenvironment No idea 7

Expectto be resettled 100 in theirown vi'ilagc Attitudeto removal& resettlement Ee toeir esettledag Expect to be resettled in the othervillage Relationbetween the highway Favorable 45 constructionand localeconomic Unfavorable 35 development No idea 20

Yes 61 Whetheragree to the route No 17 alignment No idea 22

Start as soon as possible 86 Attitudeto this project Postponethe work 14 Cancel

Date of investigation October1997

Site locationof investigation ZhangzhouCity, LonghaiCity, ZhangpuCounty, YunxiaoCounty, Zhaoan County

441 forms of questionnairespread 388 were collected. Consultationsand hearings held a t sensitive spots. The investigatedpersons are local residents includingworkers, teachers. cadres, and farmers,also representativesof people Situationsand conditionsof the and governmentagencies. Education levels among them include university investigatedobjects graduated level, university under graduated or high school graduated level, middle school level, and primary school. Most part of the people are local farmers, especially the removing houscholds, students and teachers of removingschools along the proposedhighway. 2. Public Opinion Public opinions are collected and organized as follows: (1) Local farmers generally demanded that land acquirement should be as less as possible. For example, at Dongyuan and Neixi, the farmers agree that the highway project will be beneficial to the local economy, but feel regret to the land occupied in their village, which all belongs to the Class I protected farm land. (2) The leaders of Zhangpu County demanded that a interchange be set up between Longhai and Jiuzhen. It will bring benefits to, the communication and economic development of the two towns at Chiling and Huxi. (3) The public strongly demand that economic compensation for land acquisition & removal should be strictly based on the regulations of polices, the compensation be paid practically, no other usage or interception of it is permitted. Works of this part for public or individuals should be done carefully and considerately, for it is critical for highway construction. (4) Villagers in Gaoshan Village and several other villages demanded passageways should be built near the village for their convenience. (5) EIA working team had explained the to the villagers of the sensitive spots such as Qiuzhong, Neixi, Jiamgcuo, Putoi, etc. that sound proof wall will have to be built at their villages. The mass shown an attitude of understanding, while they strongly demanded that the sound proof wall be built simultaneously with the expressway. (6) During authorization of EIA report, environmental experts suggested that the service center set near Yangmei Reservoir would induce water pollution. (7) The removing households hold diverse opinions. People with new house worry about the compensation may not be enough. However people living in old houses hope to remove as soon as possible, then they can build new houses with the compensation. (8) The mass along the proposed highway had known the information of this project three years ago. They hope the construction of this project start as soon as possible. Then the local farmers can arrange the positions of their new house and business. 3. Treatments of Public Opinion Through the consultations and hearings, the EIA working team had explained and shown the mass the information of this project, instructed the alignments of the highway, the possible impacts on their environment and solving methods. We collected and organized the public opinions, then informed FPECDO and FPCPDI. Most of the problems have been solved as follows. (1) The service center originally set near Yangmei Reservoir has been moved to Heken, which is 5km away to the reservoir. The impact on the water quality has been avoided. (2) There are altogether 3 interchanges on the road section between Longhai and Jiuzhen (44km). No more interchanges can be add on this road section based on the requirement of engineering designing. Local people have accepted the explanation, and shown an attitude of understanding. (3) After discussion and consultation, the designing institute has changed the alignmnentsat following sensitive spots: Cuozai, Jiangcuo, Xinyu, Xinhe, Neijiafang, Baishui Mid. Sch., Huxi, Liuban, Zhulin, Tulou. (See Chapter I for the alternative schemes). (4) Considereing the suggestions from farmers of Neixi and Dongyuan, the designing institute have changed the 4km of high etnbankment road section to viaduct so that 144 mu cultivated land can be preserved. (5) EIA working team had explained the to the villagers of Gaoshan that the route cannot make a detour at their village, but a 3m high, 150m long sound proof wall will be built at both sides of the expressway, and passageways will be built for the convenience of the local people. The villagers shown an attitude of understanding, while they demanded the passageways and sound proof wall be built. (6) The farmers at sensitive spots as Hekeng, Houdai, Xiagao, and Chuanchang had shown a warm and welcome attitude to the expressway. They believe it will be beneficial and convenient for them to transport their vegetables, flowers, and fruits to other provinces or abroad. They are now unsatisfied to the low prices selling at local areas. (7) EIA working team has informed the owner of the public opinions demanding more interchanges and passageways and their specific position. It also informed the resettlement office of the public opinion that the economic compensation for land acquisition & removal should be strictly based on the regulations of polices, to ensure the compensation be paid practically, no other usage or interception is permitted. 9 CONCLUSIONS

9.1 Alignment Scheme Selection In the pre-feasibility study report of engineering, there are two alignment schemes, i.e., west-line scheme and east-line scheme. The west-line scheme is abandoned during the pre-feasibility study period. In the east-line scheme, there are still two sections of comparative schemes, one is the three kinds of alignment schemes for Longhai-Zhangpu section ( outer line, inner line, and middle line); another is the two schemes of the section in Yunxiao County (outer line, inner line). Considering the synthetic demands of environmental impact element, technical specifications, and economic indices, the assessment results show that the engineering recommended scheme is the most reasonable one. However, to meet the demanding of public opinions, the alignment of some road sections has been changed after consultation and discussion among the EIA working team, owner, and the designing unit. For example: (1) Considered the suggestions from farmers of Neixi and Dongyuan asking for less land acquirement, the designing institute has changed the 4km long of high embankment road section at the start point to viaduct, 144 mu cultivated land is preserved. (2) The service center originally set near Yangmei Reservoir has been moved far away. The impact on the water quality has been avoided. 9.2 EIA on Ecological Environment 1. Five monitoring spots have been set for the assessment of lead content in soil along the proposed highway. As the monitoring result shown, the lead content in 5 soil samples is between 24.5-34.6 mg/kg, which is far more less than the assessment limitation (300mg/kg), and near to the back ground level of Fujian Province (geometric average 36.4 mg/kg ). Therefore, soil along the proposed highway has not been seriously polluted by lead dust yet. Analogous analysis has been done for lead content in crops and fruits. It can be seen that for coarse rice, yam, taro, orange and tangerine, all of their lead content has not exceed the standard. 2. Based on the prediction, after the highway is put into operation, the lead dust will be accumulated continuously because of the increased traffic volumes, thus leading to increased lead content and decreased of lead capacity. The background value of lead content at present at Xinzhong, for example, is 26.8 mg/kg. In 2010, the 7th year of operation, however, the lead content will come up to 36.62 mg/kg. While in 2020, the amount will be as high as 47.75 mg/kg, which is far less than the assessment standard 300mg/kg. The increase of lead content year after year in soil, or the decrease of lead capacity in soil, is caused by the pollution of the lead particulate from the vehicular exhaust pipes. However, beginning from Jan. 2000, only lead free oil can be use in our country, the exhausted gas from traffic vehicles will not cause lead pollution to the environment. 3. The permanent acquired land by construction of this project is 11385 mu, which will induce 20.2926 million yuan worth of annual loss on grain production, 2608mu orchard acquired will induce 52.16 million yuan annual loss; 195 mu fishpond acquired induce 5.85 million yuan annual loss. 4. In this EIA assessment, the total area of plantation for road side, separation, service center, interchange, and both sides of the road is 10269.07 mu, which is 53.25% of the engineering land occupation. 5. In the rather long period of construction. a large amount of earth and stone works may cause the deterioration of vegetation, and make worse the situation of soil erosion. It is predicted that the soil erosion volume will be 5.211 times of that before the construction of this project. To mitigate the situation of soil erosion, this EIA statement put forward the measures as 66 places of large area slope protection, 7 chosen spots of spoil plants, 10269.07 mu total area of plantation along the road, which is 53.25% of the engineering land occupation. 9.3 EIA on Social Environment 1. Construction of this project will improve the investment environment of local areas, it will surely promote the regional economic development. 2. In the assessment scope within 200 m along the proposed highway, there are 65 villages, 14 schools, and 1 hospital. Altogether 20858 m2 of concrete brick mixed house; 41161 m2 of brick, wood and stone house; 2126 m2 of simple constructed house will be demolished. Although economic compensation will be given to the resettled families, there is still a lot of inconvenience brought to the residents. 3. To minimize the adverse impact on residents by the separation of highway, altogether 9 interchanges, 79 grade separations and 292 underpasses will be built to satisfy the necessary of local residents. 4. During construction of the expressway, the construction vehicles may damaged the local roads to some extent, repairing work should be done by the construction unite after construction. 5. Measures should be strengthened for the management of the expressway to eliminate traffic accidents. 9.4 EIA on Acoustic Environment 1. According to investigation and monitoring, the acoustic environment along the alignment is quite good except for Beitou and Changmaolin where the noise at night exceeds class 2 standards. 2. The prediction tells us that the acoustic environment will be impacted significantly in operation. The excess ratio in short term, mid term and long term operation is 68.8%, 72.5% and 77.5% individually. 3. Traffic noise mitigation measures are as follows (1) Temporary sound proof screen 100 X 2m will be built at Houdai Prim. Sch. (2) 27 villages and 2 schools will be removed. (3) Altogether 10450 m2 of soundproof screens will be built at 20 places. (4) Altogether 7780 m2 of surrounding walls for villages and schools will be heightened atl 8 places; 27 places of soundproof afforestation will be adopted. (5) The red line of traffic noise in 2020 (long- term operation) is 139 m at night, so it is suggested that the new houses be built 150 m beyond. 9.5 EIA on Environmental Air Quality 1. Concentrations of CO, NOx and TSP in the Study Areas meet class 2 standards in GB3095 - 1996, so the air is quite good. 2. Predicted concentrations of CO and NOx by 2020 in operation will not exceed assessment standards of ambient air, so the operation of the highway will not have significant impact on environment. 3. During the construction phase, fugitive dust from hauling trucks will pollute the air, so mitigation measures will be taken. Water spraying will be done regularly at construction sites and roads. 4 new spraying vehicles have been prepared, each construction site will provided with a simple spraying vehicle. 4. The asphalt for pavement will come from mixing stations. The Asphalt mixing equipment will be equipped with dust collectors and will be located at least 300 m from residential areas on the down wind directions. The locations of asphalt mixers will be determined in construction drawing design stage because they are related to the locations of construction sites. Open or half-open operation will not be allowed. The asphalt and concrete mixers must have dust removing installations. 5. The design mechanical ventilation for Kuzhishan Tunnel is 2,352 m3 / min, 12 axial fans needed. While the design mechanical ventilation for Dabushan Tunnel is 1,825 m3 / m of ventilation, 8 axial fans needed. 6. Beginning from Jan. 2000, only lead-free petrol can be used all over the country. Therefore the exhausting gas from traffic vehicles will not result in lead pollution to air and soil. 9.6 EIA on Surface Water Environment 1. Assessment results and analysis of present water quality (1) Nanxi Stream of Jiulongjiang River System

I7n The water quality of Nanxi Stream met the adopted Surface Water Quality Standard (Class III), but exceed the adopted Seawater Quality Standards (Class 2). (2)Yiangmei Reservoir The water quality of Yiangmei Reservoir satisfied the adopted Surface Water Quality Standard (Class II). (3) Jiouzhen Port The water quality of Jiouzhen Port satisfied the adopted Sea Water Quality Standard (Class 2). (4) Zhangjiang River The water quality of Zhangjiang River met the adopted Surface Water Quality Standard (Class HI), but exceed the adopted Seawater Quality Standards (Class 2). (5) Zhaoanwan Port The water quality of Zhaoanwan Port met the adopted Seawater Quality Standards (Class 2). 2. According to the prediction calculation, except for the oil index of the water quality of Yangmei reservoir and Naxi Stream, the water quality of the other surface waters along the alignment will meet their assessment standards when the proposed highway being put into operation. 3. The construction of extraordinary large bridges will induce unfavorable impact on water bodies. 4. The following measures will be adopted (1) The service area originally set at the vicinity of Yangmei Reservoir is changed to Heken, which is 5km away from the reservoir. (2) The service centers will each set up Class2 waste water disposal stations. (3) Toll stations and tunnel management stations will set up waste water facilities. (4) Cofferdams should be used during pier construction; (5) Oil-water separators will be installed on construction ships; (6) Domestic garbage will be collected and assembled, then transport to nearby cities or counties for central treatment. 9.7 Environmental Impact of Interchanges and Link Roads 1. Either side of the Xialoucun village near Duxun Interchange will be impacted by the ring road of the interchange. Guanyinting village and Xiagaoxi village near Yunxiao Interchange will be impacted by the ring road of the interchange and the existing 324 National Highway. Afforestation will be adopted out side the village to aleviate the noise and exhaust gas pollution. 2. Zhangpu Interchange locates between two hills with no villages nearby. However, the route line and several ring road of the expressway will pass through the existing irrigation ditch for 6 times. To avoid the impact on the farmland irrigation system, fly- over or channel alternation works for the irrigation system should be finished before the construction of interchanges. 3. The construction of the extra-large bridge on Nanxi will impact the water quality. To eliminate the impact by the construction of bridge piers on the river water, reasonable procedures such as cofferdam method or drop shaft sinking will be taken in construction. Oil-water separator will be installed on the construction ships. 4. Dongyuan Mid. Sch. is the most seriously standard exceeded spot. Heightening surrounding wall (High 3m, Length 140m) and afforrestation in the school will be adopted for mitigation of the noise impact. 5. 11 passageways will be built for the convenience and safety of the residents separated by the expressway. 6 The domestic sewage of construction camps and toll station will be treated by the septic tanks. Garbage collection stations will be built for regular assemble and disposal. 7. Rain water accumulation under the interchange is a general existing problem of interchange. It should be paid attention to in the designing. Drainage facilities such as pumps should be provided in case the pavement under the interchange is not high enough for drainage. In sum, the construction and operation of Zhang-Zhao Expressway will be beneficial to the traffic, economic development and investment circumstances. The environmental issues impacted by this project are as follows. In construction period: loss of land resources, plantation deterioration, soil erosion increased during construction, construction noise and dust, asphalt fume pollution. In operation period: traffic noise impact, the impact on water quality and other aspects of environment by domestic sewage and garbage from service centers and on other assistant facilities. Environmental protection measures with 4264.45 million yuan RMB investment have been put forward in this EIA. According to the assessment, if all the measures of environment protection are implemented, the environmental impact problems caused by the project can be effectively controlled and mitigated. So we can draw the conclusion that the construction of this project is feasible based on the results of environmental impact assessment. REFERENCES

1. "ProjectPre-feasibility Study Report of Zhangzhou-ZhaoanExpressway" 2. "ReportDocument for PrimaryInspection of Zhangzhou-ZhaoanExpressway" 3. ZhongliangshanTunnel Design Papers 4. "EnvironmentalScience", 17 vol.1996 ( EIA SpecialEdition) 5.'Soil Erosion& Control"by Lu Chenglongand Huang Yang,March, 1991 6. "SoilErosion Equation in EIA" by Fang Yongshan,Oct.1991 7. "Techniques& Methodsof EIA for HighwayConstruction Projects" Translated by ZhangWangyu & Cao Shencun,Oct. 1994 8. "ResearchReport for the EmissionFactor of HighwayVehicles" by Deng Shunxi, Cao Shencun,etc. Dec. 1996 9. " EIA Specificationsfor HighwayConstruction Projects (trial)", JTJ 005-96: MOC of P.R.C. July 1996,Beijing. 10 Jing Qiting. Zhang Qinling, etc. " A practical Handbook of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment", ShaanxiScience and Technology PublishingHouse, 1989. Xian. 11. " Background Value of Soil Elements in China ", China EnvironmentalScience PublishingHouse, 1990,Beijing. 12. Xian Highway TransportationUniversity, " Research on EIA Specifications for Highway ConstructionProjects", Nov. 1993, Xian. 13. Xian HighwayTransportation University, " A Study Report on Pollution by Road Surface Runoff and It's Prediction Model ", Feb.1995, Xian. 14. NEPBand EnviromnentalMonitoring Station of PRC,"EIA TechnologyGuide on None Pollution EcologicalImpact", June 1, 1998. 15. "Annals of the History of Longhai City", 1997 16. "AlmanacStatistical Data of LonghaiCity", 1996 17. "AlmanacStatistical Data of ZhangzhouCity", 1996 18. "AlmanacStatistical Data of ZhangpuCounty", 1996 19. "AlmanacStatistical Data of YunxiaoCounty", 1996 20. "AlmanacStatistical Data of Zhaoan County", 1996 21. "PopularInvestigation for Soil Erosionin Fujian Province", 1986 |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o I ;FTm D- ll<-WA4>S X :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~K5~5.16-

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