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Banyaneer Country Profile Myanmar inprofile supporting practitioners to reinforce resilience across south & south-east asia Myanmar September 2013 A The country Fast facts Official name Republic of the Union of Myanmar Capital Nay Pyi Daw Population 47-60 Mio (census due in 2014) Currency: Kyat (MMK) Per capita GDP: USD 1,405 (PPP) / USD 854 (nominal) HDI score: Over the past decade a number of million (no census has been conducted for the 0.498 (2012, rank: 149th) developments have had major effects on past 30 years; a new census is planned for Natural hazards: Myanmar and in turn shaped the humanitarian 2014). Myanmar’s society is diverse and consists Cyclones, earthquakes, floods, droughts, landslides and development landscape. These include: of some 135 ethnic groups. Despite its natural Infant mortality rate Cyclone Nargis, which devastated large areas resources and strategic location, Myanmar is 46.31/1,000 (2013 estimate) of the Ayeyarwady Delta in 2008 and killed also the poorest country in the region, with Live expectancy at birth 138,000 people; the political reform process around one quarter of its population estimated 65.6 years (2013 estimate) begun in early 2011; ethnic conflicts including to be living in poverty (below USD1.25 per day). For more key data on Myanmar, see UN Data here and that in Kachin State; and the inter-communal The government's investment in both education the Asian Development Bank’s violence that flared up in Rakhine State in June and health is one of the lowest in the world. For Myanmar fact sheet here . 2012. With Myanmar being large, resource- much of its contemporary history, Myanmar has rich and strategically located as well as having been ruled by a military regime and was a population that is poor and heavily exposed internationally isolated. to climate change, the former isolation has Since the inauguration of a quasi-civilian given way to an influx of development actors government in March 2011, significant steps and businesses alike. While efforts to reduce have been taken towards political reform, poverty and strengthen resilience are needed, About our inprofile series working in a rapidly changing environment is including the release of hundreds of political As part of our free service to the prisoners, peace agreements with the eleven subscribers of our newsletter, we not without challenges - understanding the major ethnic armed groups, and new laws that publish concise profiles about the country’s background, issues, actors and countries we work in. If you would provide for greater freedom of expression and practical aspects is vital. like to subscribe, go to assembly, labour rights and political www.banyaneer.com/sign-up. participation. All country profiles are updated Bordering China, India, Thailand, Bangladesh annually. While all efforts are made to ensure that information provided and Laos, Myanmar is the largest country in In April 2012, Myanmar conducted is correct at the time of publishing, mainland South-East Asia. Estimates of parliamentary by-elections in which Aung San Banyaneer assumes no liability for Myanmar’s population range from 47 to 60 Suu Kyi, leader of the National League for the use of this information. www.banyaneer.com in profile | myanmar 1 supporting practitioners to reinforce resilience across south & south-east asia Map | Myanmar The 2012 riots in Rakhine State that saw more Political profile than 176,000 people affected and more than Executive: President Thein Sein, two Vice- 100 killed, as well as unrest in other areas, Presidents, cabinet served as a reminder that the reform process INDIA CHINA Legislative: Kachin State may not be without hurdles. Two legislative chambers, the 440- seat Pyithu Hluttaw (People’s As- sembly, the lower house) and the 224-seat Amyotha Hluttaw (Na- Sagaing The role of external actors tionalities Assembly, the lower Region With international sanctions and the former house). In both houses, 25% of seats are reserved for military appointees. BANG- regime’s reluctance to grant access to many LADESH Shan Main political parties: Chin State development and humanitarian actors (which State Mandalay • Union Solidarity and Development Region LAOS was heavily criticised in the aftermath of Party (USDP, military-aligned) Rakhine Cyclone Nargis), few external actors were able • National League for Democracy State Magway NAYPYIDAW Region (NLD, lead by Aung San Suu Kyi) Kayah to pursue operations prior to 2011. The number State • National Democratic Force (NDF) of businesses, NGOs and other external actors • National Unity Party (NUP) Bago Region has risen tremendously since (as the exploding Economic profile cost of living in Yangon, Myanmar’s largest city, Kayin Composition: GDP (labour force) State THAILAND testifies). Ayeyarwady Mon •Agriculture: 38.8% (70%) Region Yangon State •Industry: 19.3% (7%) Region •Services: 41.8% (23%) External actors - both from the profit and non- GDP growth profit sectors - can contribute to improving the 6.2% (2011-12 estimate) lives and livelihoods of people across Myanmar, Agricultural products: Thanintaryi both through direct action as well as through Region Rice, pulses, beans, sesame, support and advocacy to the government. With groundnuts, sugarcane; fish and fish products; hardwood Myanmar standing at rank 149 out of 186 countries assessed for the Human Development Industries: Agricultural processing; wood and Index (2012), and the country lagging behind all wood products; copper, tin, 0 250 500 km of its ASEAN neighbours in indicators for tungsten, iron; cement, construction poverty, health and education, much is to be materials; pharmaceuticals; Democracy (NLD) was elected to Parliament. done to advance the lives of its people - fertilizer; oil and natural gas; She acknowledged the role of President Thein garments, jade and gems especially as climate change brings additional Sein in leading Myanmar towards democratic burdens. Ethnic profile reform. In signs of continuing reform, the The government identifies eight Myanmar parliament has agreed to review the national ethnicities which comprise Effective coordination between agencies, 135 "distinct" ethnic groups. These Constitution. The next parliamentary elections adherence to the “Do No Harm” principle, and a are the Bamar (68%), Shan (9%), are due in November 2015. Kayin (7%), Rakhine (4%), Mon (2%), focus of needs-based interventions will be key to Kachin (2%), Kayah (1 %) as well as a successful support role of external actors. many small ethnic groups. Unrecog- As the International Crisis Group (ICG) points nised ethnic groups include Myan- out, Myanmar’s political transition and eco- mar Indians and Myanmar Chinese who form 2% and 3% of the popula- nomic reconstruction are intimately entwined: tion respectively, and the Rohingya. “Achieving either depends on achieving both. [...] It is hard to imagine a successful political tran- Over 80% of the population are Therveda Buddhist, with the sition unless the government can secure macro- remainder being Christian, Muslim, economic stability and sustained improvement Hindu or Animist. to the lives of ordinary people, just as it is hard to imagine successful economic reform without 1. See: Myanmar: The Politics of Economic Reform, ICG Asia political stability and a continued shift away Report No. 231, 27 July 2012. from the authoritarian past.”1 2 myanmar | in profile www.banyaneer.com supporting practitioners to reinforce resilience across south & south-east asia Chart | Myanmar administrative structure MIMU Created in the aftermath of Cyclone Union Territory (Nay Pyi Taw) Nargis, the Myanmar Information and 14* States and Regions Management Unit (MIMU) provides a broad range of information and Districts facilitates coordination. It maintains (70) lists of maps, baseline data, publications, a contact list and urban Townships rural features a library. areas (330) areas Website: Cities or towns Sub-townships http://themimu.info (394) (84) Address: Wards Village tracts No. 5 Kanbazwa Street (3,063) (13,618) (opposite Pearl Condo) Bahan Township Phone: 01-230 5663 * There are 14 States and Regions - however, Shan State is sub-divided Villages into three sub-states and Bago Region into two sub-regions. (66,777) Source: Myanmar Information Management Unit, March 2013 B The issues Myanmar’s reform process offers a major Security Information Network (FSIN) 4 are opportunity to improve the lives of its people mechanisms for coordination and information- through interventions in a range of fields. We sharing amongst stakeholders in this sector. present some of the key issues related to resilience below. Disaster risk management Myanmar ranks first on OCHA’s 2012 list of Agriculture, livelihood and food security most at-risk countries in the Asia Pacific region. Lack of access to credit and inputs have had a The country is vulnerable to floods, cyclones, 2. See UNDP 2011: Integrated negative impact on food security, livelihoods earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis. Between Household Living Conditions Assessment (IHLCA) II; available and the rural economy. According to a UNDP 2002 and 2013, 2.6 million people were affected at: http://www.mm.undp.org/IHLCA/ survey in 2011 2 , 26% of Myanmar’s population by cyclones and 500,000 by floods. OCHA has index.html lives below the poverty line, with the propor- produced a fact sheet that is available here. The 3. For more information on the TGFSA and DLWG, see tions being much higher in some areas, such as combined effects of climate change add to this http://themimu.info/ Agriculture_Livelihoods_Food_Security/ Chin State (73%), Rakhine State (44%), Tanin- risk: a 2011 study ranks Myanmar second out of index.php tharyi Region (33%), Shan State (33%) and 233 countries/territories in terms of the threat 4. See http://www.fsinmyanmar.net/ Ayeyarwaddy Region (32%). The nationwide posed by both agricultural productivity losses 5. See Wheeler, D. (2011): prevalence of moderately underweight children and sea-level rise, and fifth in terms of the threat Quantifying Vulnerability to is 32%. The proportion of total household from weather extremes. 5 The experience from Climate Change: Implications for Adaption Assistance.
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