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Science and Knowledge Informing Policy and People: the Human Dimensions of Wave Energy Generation in Oregon Final Report to Th

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Science and Knowledge Informing Policy and People: the Human Dimensions of Wave Energy Generation in Oregon Final Report to Th Science and Knowledge Informing Policy and People: The Human Dimensions of Wave Energy Generation in Oregon Final Report to the Oregon Wave Energy Trust September 30, 2009 Introduction to this Report Flaxen Conway September 2009 Things were moving fast in 2004-2008 Oregon Sea Grant (OSG) and Oregon State University (OSU) have been investigating and supporting the development of ocean-based renewable energy for several years. By 2004, things began to move quite quickly. There was motivation from the State to get things moving quickly. The POWER group was meeting regularly. There were several developers who were eying Oregon as a “sweet spot” to test and launch their technology. Terms like “the gold rush” were being used on a regular basis to describe the situation. OSG’s role was to support research and connect scientists, engineers, and developers to ocean users – specifically the commercial fishing industry – to talk, listen and share perspectives and experience about this new technology and the ocean place/space. During this time, at the peak, seven or more preliminary permits had been applied for. Yet there were so many questions unanswered and issues that needed to be addressed. A series of environmental issues and questions led to an “environmental impacts” conference in Newport. A report of this conference is available. Equally important yet – to this date – left unaddressed were a series of human dimension issues and questions. How is wave energy generation off of the Oregon coast being perceived in general? Who are the stakeholders and how are they engaged? Is this activity further defining differences in rural and urban perceptions of the coast and the direction of its economic and social development? Cumulatively how does the human dimension of the wave energy equation impact public perceptions, public policy and the successful adoption of wave energy technology along Oregon’s coast? At the same time, policy maker and government were struggling to keep up in many ways. Who’s responsible for planning and regulating this new use of the ocean? FERC? MMS? State or local government? What should the processes be for permitting? What are all of the correct steps that should be followed? In 2007, the Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) put out a request for proposals to begin to discover answers to many of the environmental and human dimensions questions. A multidisciplinary group of social scientists – Flaxen Conway, Brent Steel, Michael Harte, and Bryan Tilt, Oregon State University – responded to this call. Working together, they created a new research program at OSU. The Human Dimension of Wave Energy (HDWE) research program was created to provide the opportunity for a cadre of social scientists – professors and graduate students – to study this new use of the ocean space and place. 2 Why invest in human dimension research? Six individual yet interrelated projects under four project areas would coordinate their efforts to understand wave energy in terms of the political and regulatory process, and environmental, social and economic sustainability and acceptability. Researchers Delli Carpini and Keeter note that public knowledge "is essential if citizens are to discern their real interests (emphasis added) and take effective advantage of the civic opportunities afforded them" (1996: 3). Daigle argues the need for greater public involvement in coastal policy issues stating, "the only hope for further progress on environmental protection and sustainable development lies with a public that is not only informed but also engaged" (2003: 230). We believed, therefore, that it was important to assess the scope and depth of policy-relevant knowledge among stakeholders and the public, to learn where people tend to acquire their information about wave energy, and to flesh out the link between policy-relevant knowledge and understanding and acceptance of wave energy generation. By more clearly specifying the connection between knowledge holding and support for wave energy, purposeful public education and information dissemination efforts could be targeted more effectively, and policy processes could be designed to meet citizen and community concerns and maximize policy input. In short, by examining the literature, doing comparisons with other jurisdictions that have implemented wave energy, and gathering new scientific information, the HDWE was designed to discover information that could inform people, policy makers and their decisions about the best available social information and best management practices to integrate this information into wave energy planning and permitting. Why have a research program? Several people have asked us “Why have a research program and not just one or two projects – such as an economics study or a social study?” The answer is simple. This new use of the ocean space and place is multidimensional and complex. Just as you cannot have one research project that studies all of the environmental issues in one project, you can not have one research project study all of the human dimensions issues. OSU and OSG has learned from past experience – such as the Adapting to Change research program of the 1990s – that it’s important to study the various aspects of an issue or set of issues, but to not do it in a vacuum. Methodologies could be complementary instead of competitive. The overlap of commitment and time could be positive, not negative, but it would take each aspect being communicated and coordinated so as to enhance co-learning and co-discovery. The timing was right and, with care, the funding could come together. There were six graduate students – five masters candidates (Holly Campbell, John Stevenson, Zack Covell, Daniel Hunter, and Yao Yin) and one PhD candidate (Maria Stefanovich) – who were here, ready, and interested. The funding from OWET could leverage almost twice as many dollars to support this effort. As stated earlier, the HDWE investigated four facets of the human dimensions complex, with each facet represented by a related but independent research project area: 3 Project Area 1: The Socioeconomic and Sociopolitical Influences on Wave Energy Permitting and Planning. This area has two research projects associated with it. The first (Stefanovich) project studied – through surveys – the level, depth, and connection between people’s knowledge, values, and opinions and their actions/ resources that support or oppose wave energy (regionally, nationally, and internationally). The second (Stevenson) project focused on the role of government, citizens, and scientists in the implementation of energy policies. What roles are being played by government representatives, community leaders, and scientists? Who controls critical resources? What strategies and venues will they use to achieve their objectives? The goals of this project area was provide OWET and others information about the best management practices within the US, regionally, nationally, and internationally for identifying and addressing social and political acceptance or resistance. Project Area 2: A Comparison of Wave Energy Generation to other forms of Electricity Generation. This area had one project associated with it (Yin). This project reviewed and synthesized the existing literature and secondary data comparing the economic, social and environmental costs of wave energy generation to LNG, oil, nuclear, hydro, wind, biomass, solar, and geothermal. The goal of this comparison was to provide useful information for OWET, decision makers, stakeholders, and the public in determining the best ways to avoid or overcome risks and barriers. Project Area 3: Ocean Zoning in Oregon and Around the World: An assessment of best legal and regulatory practices for permitting and managing wave energy in Oregon. The project (Cambell) in this area went beyond looking specifically at existing ocean energy laws and regulations. It sought out approaches from other ocean resource laws and regulations that may be applicable to ocean energy development in Oregon --these were international, as well as regional and national examples related to other uses of the coastal ocean. Although many of the details are constantly changing, the goal of this work was to provide OWET and others with the best management practices within the US and internationally for permit streamlining and expedited roll-out of emerging energy technologies. Project Area 4: A Stock Take of Perceptions of, and Effects on, Communities of Place and Communities of Interest. The goal of this work was to provide OWET and others achieve their goals of promoting the wave energy industry and ensuring responsible wave energy development in a way that is consistent with its guiding principles. These principles include understanding and respecting all stakeholder perspectives, coordinating collaborative efforts among stakeholders, and engaging stakeholders to find lasting agreements. There were two projects associated with this area. One (Covell) looked at communities of interest (organized interest groups) – how informed and involved are they? The other (Hunter) looked at three coastal communities of place (certain pieces of ocean space and their connecting shores and people) – how is or could wave energy effect it economically and socially? 4 So What …What can OWET and others do with this? Research and experience have shown that permitting processes rarely fail on technical or science grounds, but rather because of a failure to pay attention to the human dimension. The emerging wave energy industry has
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