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WIND ENERGY Renewable Energy and the Environment WIND ENERGY Renewable Energy and the Environment © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC WIND ENERGY Renewable Energy and the Environment VaughnVaughn NelsonNelson CRC Press Taylor Si Francis Group BocaBoca RatonRaton LondonLondon NewNewYor Yorkk CRCCRC PressPress isis an an imprintimprint ofof thethe TaylorTaylor && FrancisFrancis Group,Group, anan informa informa businessbusiness © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-7568-7 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For orga- nizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nelson, Vaughn. Wind energy : renewable energy and the environment / Vaughn Nelson. p. cm. -- (Energy and the Environment) “A CRC title.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-7568-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Wind power. 2. Wind power plants. I. Title. II. Series. TJ820.N44 2009 621.31’2136--dc22 2009000877 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Series Preface .................................................................................................................................xi The Series Editor .......................................................................................................................... xv Preface..........................................................................................................................................xvii The Author....................................................................................................................................xix Chapter 1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 1.1 History.................................................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Dutch Windmill.....................................................................................................1 1.1.2 Farm Windmill ......................................................................................................2 1.1.3 Wind Chargers.......................................................................................................4 1.1.4 Generation of Electricity for Utilities ...................................................................5 1.2 Wind Farms .......................................................................................................................10 1.3 Small Systems ...................................................................................................................11 Links............................................................................................................................................11 References...................................................................................................................................11 Chapter 2 Energy ............................................................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Philosophy.........................................................................................................................13 2.1.1 Advantages/Disadvantages of Renewable Energy ..............................................13 2.1.2 Economics...........................................................................................................13 2.2 Definition of Energy and Power........................................................................................14 2.3 Fundamentals Concerning Energy ....................................................................................15 2.4 Energy Dilemma in Light of the Laws of Thermodynamics.............................................16 2.4.1 Conservation........................................................................................................16 2.4.2 Efficiency ............................................................................................................16 2.5 Exponential Growth ..........................................................................................................18 2.6 Use of Fossil Fuels............................................................................................................21 2.6.1 Oil and Natural Gas.............................................................................................21 2.6.2 Coal .....................................................................................................................23 2.7 Nuclear ..............................................................................................................................24 2.8 Mathematics of Exponential Growth ................................................................................25 2.8.1 Doubling Time ....................................................................................................25 2.8.2 Resource Consumption .......................................................................................25 2.9 Lifetime of a Finite Resource............................................................................................26 2.10 Summary ...........................................................................................................................27 Links............................................................................................................................................28 References...................................................................................................................................28 General ........................................................................................................................................29 Questions/Activities ....................................................................................................................29 v © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vi Contents Order of Magnitude Estimates ....................................................................................................30 Problems......................................................................................................................................30 Chapter 3 Wind Characteristics..................................................................................................................... 33 3.1 Global Circulation.............................................................................................................33 3.2 Extractable Limits of Wind Power....................................................................................33 3.3 Power in the Wind.............................................................................................................35 3.4 Wind Shear........................................................................................................................37 3.5 Wind Direction..................................................................................................................41 3.6 Wind Power Potential........................................................................................................41 3.7 Turbulence.........................................................................................................................43 3.8 Wind Speed Histograms....................................................................................................44 3.9 Duration Curve..................................................................................................................45
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