Community Leadership and Poverty Reduction in Uganda
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COMMUNITY LEADERSHIP AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN UGANDA: THE PEAP IN MUKONO DISTRICT (2004 – 2008) BY NAMUTEBI LYDIA 2007/HD03/8092U SUPERVISOR: DR.WAGABA WILLIAM A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPERTMENT OF RELIGEOUS STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN LEADERSHIP AND HUMAN RELATIONS STUDIES, MAKERERE UNIVERSITY. AUGUST 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………. i DECLARATION…………………………………………………….. ………....... iv DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………….…….. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………. vii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….. vii CHAPTER ONE………………………………………............................................ 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………….. 1 1.1 Background …………………………………………………………………. 1 1.1.1 Theories of Leadership……………………………………………………… 2 1.1.2 Community and Community Leadership …………………………………... 8 1.1.3 Community Leadership in Uganda ………………………………………… 9 1.1.4 Poverty and Poverty Reduction ……………………………………..…….. 12 1.1.5 Poverty Eradication in Uganda……………………………………………… 14 1.1.6 Poverty Reduction in Mukono District …………………………………….. 20 1.2 Statement of the Problem …………………………………………................ 23 1.3 General Objective ………………………………………………………….. 23 1.3.1 Specific Objectives …………………………………………………………. 23 1.4 Research Questions …………………………………………………………. 24 1.5 Scope ……………………………………………………………………... … 24 1.6 Justification of the Study ……………………………………………............ 25 CHAPTER TWO…………………………………………………………………... 27 2.1 Nature and Scope of Leadership …………….………………………………. 27 2.1.1 Classic Leadership styles in Organization ………………………………… 30 2.1.2 The Managerial Grid Model ………………………………………………. 34 2.1.3 Development of the Leadership Theory ……………………………………. 40 2.1.4 Significance of Transformational Theories in Poverty Reduction …………. 41 2.1.5 Community Leadership ……………………………………………………... 45 2.1.6 Community Leadership in Uganda …………………………………………. 47 2.2 Perceptions of the Challenges and Causes of Poverty ……………………… 49 2.2.1 The Modernization Paradigm ………………………………………………. 52 2.2.2 The Social Welfare Development Paradigm ………………………………... 54 2.2.3 The Causes of Poverty in Uganda …………………………………………... 55 2.3.4 The PEAP and the MDGs in Uganda ………………………………………. 57 2.3 Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………... 68 2.3.3 Transformational Theories ………………………………………………...... 68 CHAPTER THREE............................................................. …………………..….. 71 3.1 Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………………..…. 71 3.2 Research Design ………………………………………………………………72 3.3 Study Area …………………………………………………………………… 73 3.3 Target Population ……………………………………………………….……. 74 3.5 Sample Size …………………………………………………………….…….. 75 3.6 Sampling Procedure ………………………………………………………….. 75 3.7 Data collection Methods …………………………………………………….. 76 3.8 Research Instruments ………………………………………………………... 76 3.8.1 Questionnaires ……………………………………………………………….76 i 3.8.2 Interview Guide ……………………………………………………………... 77 3.8.3 Group Discussion ……………………………………………………………. 77 3.8.4 Observation Checklist …………………………………………………….. 78 3.9 Data Analysis …………………………………………………………….. 78 3.10 Limitations ……………………………………………………………….. 79 3.11 Ethical Considerations ……………………………………………………. 80 CHAPTER FOUR ……………………………………………………………… … 83 4.1 Respondent Background Information ……………………………….……. 83 4.1.1 Respondent Profile by Gender ………………………………………….… 83 4.1.2 Respondent Category by Highest Academic Qualification ……………..... 84 4.1.2 Respondent Categories by Marital Status …………………………………. 86 4.14 Respondent Categories by Age Group …………………………………….. 88 4.1.5 Respondent Leadership Training. …………………………………………..90 4.2 Economic/Poverty Status of Goma and Nakisunga Sub-Counties …………92 4.2.1 The Main Economic Activities in Goma and Nakisunga Sub-County ……..92 4.2.3 Opportunities and Challenges in Goma and Nakisunga Sub-Counties …... 105 4.3 Role of Community Leaders in the PEAP ………………………………… 108 4.3.1 Definition of a community leader………………………………………….. 111 4.3.2 Categories of Community Leaders ……………………………………….. 112 4.3.3 Role Played By Community Leaders In The PEAP ……………………….117 4.3.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of Community Leaders ………………………..130 CHAPTER FIVE……………………………………………………………………132 5.1 Discussion …………………………………………………………………. 132 5.1.1 The levels and indicators of Poverty in Goma and Nakisunga Sub-county . 132 5.1.2 Role of Community Leaders in the PEAP in Goma and Nakisunga ……… 144 5.2 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… 149 5.3 Recommendations …………………………………………………………. 154 5.3.1 Respondent recommendations …………………………………………….. 154 5.3. General Recommendations ………………………………………………... 156 References ………………………………………………………………… 160 Map of Mukono District ………………………………………………….. 164 Appendices….. ………………………………………………………….... 165 ii FIGURES AND TABLES Figure: 2.1 Classic leadership styles..............................................................31 Figure 2.2: A graphic presentation of the Managerial Grid ………………. 35 Figure 2.3: The Leadership Framework ……………………………….......38 Figure 2.7: The Deprivation Trap…………………………………………. 54 Table 2.1 Category and Type Of School In Mukono District ………..........66 Table 2.2: Medical Facilities in Mukono District ………………………… 66 Figure 3.1: The Components of Transformational Theories……………… 72 CHAPTER FOUR Table 4.1: Respondent Categories by Gender. …………………………… 83 Table 4.2: Respondent Category by Highest Academic Qualification ……85 Table 4.3: Respondent Category by Marital Status……………………….. 87 Table 4.4 Respondent Category by Age Group ………………………….. 89 Table 4.5: Leadership Training Experience ……………………………….91 Table 4.6 Crop Growing in Goma and Nakisunga Sub-Counties ………... 94 Table 4.7: Livestock Keeping in Goma and Nakisunga Sub-Counties …... 97 Table 4.8 Gender & Employment Distribution in Nakisunga and Goma. .. 99 Table 4.9: Changes in Household Incomes ………………………………. 105 Table 4.10 Challenges in Goma and Nakisunga Sub-county …………….. 110 Table 4.11: Rating of Respondents’ Definition of a Community Leader ... 113 Table 4.12: Definition of a Community Leader by Different Respondents. 115 Table 4.13: Types and Frequency of community leaders ………………... 117 Table 4.14 Role Played Community Leaders in the PEAP ………………. 120 Table 4.15: Community Leadership Role in Sensitization. ………………. 121 Table 4.16: Respondent Gradation of Motivation ……………………….. 123 Table 4.17: Community Leadership Role in Supervision. ……………….. 126 Table 4.18: Community Leadership role in Monitoring Evaluation ……... 128 Table 4.19: Strengths and Weaknesses of Community Leaders …………. 131 CHAPTER FIVE………………………………………………………… 131 Table 5.1: Challenges, Causes and Effects of Poverty…………………… 133 iii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is my original work and has not been presented to any other university or institution of learning for the award of any academic qualification or for publication. NAMUTEBI LYDIA DATE …………………………. ………………………… APPROVAL This is to certify that this dissertation is approved for submission by the supervisor ……………………. DR. WAGABA WILLIAM iv DEDICATION This research is dedicated to all those who have been with me when I needed them. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Blessed be the name of the Lord God Almighty for walking with me through this tough academic journey. This work would not have been possible without the guidance of my supervisor, Dr. Wagaba William. I am grateful for his uncompromising professionalism and dedication towards my work. I am also grateful for the love and support of my family and friends. In particular, my beloved mother - Lyton Namugga, who offered me her moral and technical support where possible. In the later stages of analysis, I was greatly honoured by a colleague and friend, Dr. Ferdinand Kaddu Mukasa of Lugazi University, who spent countless hours proof-reading my work. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CBOs Community Based Organisation DC District Council GOU Government of Uganda IGG Inspector General of Government IMF International Monetary Fund MFPED Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development HIV Human Immune-Deficiency Virus NAADS National Agricultural Advisory Services NGOs Non- Governmental Organisations OVC Orphans and other vulnerable children PMA Plan for Modernisation of agriculture PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan RDC Resident District Commissioner SGBV Sexual and Gender Based Violence UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics UN United Nations UNAIDS United Nations Programme on AIDS UNDP United Nations Development Programme PLE Universal Primary Education UPAP Uganda Participatory Assessment Plan USE Universal Secondary Education vii ABSTRACT Community leadership is central for communities in their search for solutions and resources to solve current and future problems. It is argued that the degree of poverty or prosperity in a community is logically attributed to the ineffectiveness or otherwise of community leadership. The relationship between good leadership and people’s welfare was therefore examined, using the PEAP as a case study. In 1997, the Government of Uganda developed the PEAP, as a national planning framework for development. Consecutively, when the international community introduced the MDGs in 2000, they were to be understood in the context of the PEAP. One would imagine that Uganda was then in a better position to reduce poverty after all the striking principles established by the PEAP since 1997, and the MDGs since 2000. However, available information indicates that 9.9 million Ugandans still leave in absolute poverty that is, on less than a dollar