PIDP Pacific Islands Development Program

A REVIEW OF ACTIVITIES IN TSB PACIFIC ISLANDS REGION:

GENERAL OVERVIEW BY POLITICAL ENTITY

aEast-Weal Center • 1777 East-Wcst Road • Burns Flail. Room 4028 • Honolulu. Hawaii 96848 A REVIEW OF AQUACULTUHE ACTIVITIES IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS REGION:

GENERAL OVERVIEW BY POLITICAL ENTITY

K. Roger Uwate with Peniasi Kunatuba, Baraniko Raobati, and Charles Tenakanai

Pacific Islands Development Program East -West Center Honolulu, Hawaii

May 1984 Table of Contents

Page No.

Preface ...... iii AMERICANSAMOA ...... 1 COMMONWEALTH OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS ...... 2 COOKISLANDS ...... 2 FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA...... 3 Ponape ...... 4 Truk ...... 4 Yap ...... 4 4 Kosrae ...... 4 FIJI ...... 5 FRENCHPOLYNESIA ...... 7 GUAM ...... 9 KIRIBATI ...... 11 REPUBLIC OFTHEMARSHALLISLANDSr ...... 12 NAURU ...... 12 NEWCALEDONIA ...... 12 NIUE ...... 14 REPUBLICOF PALAU ...... 14 ...... 15 SOLOMONISLANDS ...... 17 TOKELAU ...... 18 KINGDOMOF TONGA ...... 18 TUVALU ...... 20 REPUBLICOF VANUATU ...... 20 WALLISAND FUTUNA ...... 21 WESTERNSAMOA ...... 22

Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center Preface

The Pacific Islands Conference of 1980 established as its Secretariat, the Pacific Islands Development Program (PIDP) of the East-West Center. It also mandated PIDP to examine specific research topics, including aquaculture development in the Pacific Islands.

As a first step in the PIDP Aquaculture Project, country profiles were assembled that reviewed and documented aquaculture activities in each political entity in the Pacific Islands region. Drafts were completed by mid-1983 and sent to respective agencies in the region for review, comment, and update. Based on feedback from the region, draft reviews (for each political entity) were updated into final form in early 1984.

The review consolidated the available information on aquaculture activities in the Pacific Islands region. The information, although not definitive, provided;

an overview of the aquaculture activities in the Pacific Islands region,

insight into the problems of and potential for culturing specific species, and

. documentation for these activities.

It was hoped that the information in the review would provide a benchmark of aquaculture activities in the region to date. Knowledge of activities, whether ongoing or terminated, could provide the foundation for effective decision making on aquaculture development in the region.

With this foundation, it was hoped that the success rate of aquaculture development projects in the Pacific Islands region could be improved. This might be achieved by initiating only proposals that: (1) fully addressed past problem areas and (2) were realistically feasible in the economical, social, and biological sense. This is in concurrence with Recommendation 8 from the South Pacific Commission's Eighth Regional Technical Meeting on (1975). It recommended that detailed economic surveys be completed prior to initiating any commercial-scale aquaculture project.

This document is an extract of "A review of aquaculture activities in the Pacific Islands region," by R.R. Dwate, P. Kunatuba, B. Raobati, and C. Tenakanai. It is the summary and is found in the review under Chapter 1, C "General overview by political entity."

0

iii Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center GENERAL OVERVIEW BY POLITICAL ENTITY

AMERICAN SAMOA

Aquaculture was not a traditional activity in American Samoa. The first major aquaculture activity was in 1971 when the South Pacific Islands Fisheries Development Agency (SPIFDA) sent two aquaculture consultants, J. Glude and D.K. Villaluz, to analyze and assist in aquaculture development. Villaluz provided recommendations on finfish culture, while Glude examined mollusc culture possibilities.

In 1977, another evaluation of aquaculture potential in American Samoa was done, this time by R. Shleser and R. May. They concluded that there was no opportunity for aquaculture to become a significant export industry. However, small-scale aquaculture might be possible at the village level.

The only major aquaculture project in American Samoa was the molly baitfish project. A baitfish project was proposed by SPIFDA in 1971. SPIFDA did not follow up on its proposal. In 1972, however, the Department of Marine Resources initiated a baitfish project, and the molly was selected as the species to be cultured. Mollies were initially cultured at Coconut Point, but because of inadequate space the project was moved to Taputimu Agriculture Station. Production achieved was 5,000 fry/day.

In 1976, the project was again moved, this time to Tafuna Airport, so that production for use in trials could be further increased. The Pacific Tuna Development Foundation funded the project's expansion and later the pole-and-line fishing trials. A production target of six million mollies was set but proved to be overoptimistic. Between 2.0 and 2.5 million mollies were cultured, and 1.3 million were provided for fishing trials. Production problems were numerous and production costs were high (US$26.45/kg) since the project's objective was to produce mollies, not to be economically efficient. In 1979, the project was moved back to Coconut Point because large numbers of herons were • attracted to the cultured mollies at the airport site, creating a potentially hazardous condition. Commercial production was never attained. During the molly culture project, some polyculture trials were done with rabbitfish and penaeid shrimp.

1 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center

The culture of local oyster was recommended by J. Glude (SPIFDA) in the early 1970s. Trial culture was initiated at the airport ponds.

Tilapia was introduced to enhance inland fisheries between 1950 and 1960. It was stocked in the Anuu Island swamp and at the Taputimu Agriculture Station. Tilapia at the station was later eradicated to make room for the molly project. Tilapia was not a premium product in markets in American Samoa.

Many other species such as abalone, algae, catfish, clam, crab, , lobster, pearl, and prawn were suggested and/or discussed for possible culture, but no substantive follow-up activities could be identified.

COMMONWEALTH OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS

No reports were identified to document traditional aquaculture activities in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

In 1981, a farm site evaluation was completed by the Mayo Associates, a private consultant firm.

In 1983, aquaculture, marketing, and research priorities were researched by the West Coast Aquaculture Foundation.

Many constraints to aquaculture development were identified. As a result, development emphasis was on the harvest of wild stocks.

Although tilapia was introduced, it was neither cultured nor harvested.

COOK ISLANDS

There was no traditional fish culture in Rarotonga. However, in Patanga and Tepuka, milkfish fry were stocked each year and harvested for consumption during feasts. Fish supplies were generally poor. Because of this and the high cost of marine fisheries development, the introduction of aquaculture was considered one possibility for the fairly rapid improvement of diet.

• In 1971, J. Glude and D.K. Villaluz (SPIFDA) investigated the possibilities for aquaculture development. Because of reduced lagoon fish populations caused by increased fishing pressure, Villaluz recommended artificial restocking of the surrounding waters with cultured mullet fingerling and cage culture of scad (ature). and

2 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center freshwater prawn polyculture with taro crops was also suggested by Villaluz. Glude suggested the introduction and test planting of edible oyster species because native species were not suitable.

In 1971, the Oceanic Institute of Hawaii submitted a proposal to the Government of the Cook Islands to develop a Total Atoll Production System (TAPS), which was to give a better life to the Cook Islands people. The culture of mullet, oyster, prawn, and ature (scad) was part of this project. The project was initiated, but by 1975, the lack of success in the aquaculture project (TAPS) made the Cook Islands sensitive to any further experimental projects.

A farming project was initiated by the South Pacific Commission (SPC) in the Cook Islands and Fiji in 1974. The Cook Islands project, sited at Aitutaki, achieved high hatching success of green turtle eggs. However, it had feed problems since this turtle was carnivorous at year one. Fish for feed was scarce. After year one, the turtle became herbivorous. In addition, low temperatures (low 20s °C) were experienced, resulting in starvation and high disease incidence. In 1977, the project was terminated as being unfeasible.

Pearl oysters were introduced in 1905 for culture trials by the Lever Brothers. Soon after, a hurricane hit, and the venture was discontinued. Various attempts were made to revive the industry. Finally, in 1982, a pilot pearl oyster project was initiated in Rakahanga.

Tilapia was introduced in 1955 and cultured. By 1961, the introduction was considered • a "success." Trochus was absent from the lagoons, and thus was introduced in 1956. Reproducing stocks were achieved, and further seeding efforts were planned.

FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

During Japanese control (pre-World War II), pearl, sponge, and turtle culture were attempted in Ponape. During this period, sponge and turtle culture were also attempted in Truk.

In the early 1970s, aquaculture-related activities picked up. In 1971, the Ponape Marine Resources Conference was held. One of its focal points was aquaculture development in the Trust Territory.

Also in 1971, SPIFDA mollusc culture consultant J. Glude • investigated aquaculture development in Ponape, Truk, and Yap. In addition, SPIFDA's director, F. Doumenge, visited Ponape in 1971 and provided recommendations for aquaculture development.

3 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center More recently (1981), the Mayo Associates did an evaluation of marine fish farm sites in the Caroline Islands.

Ponap

According to legend, the rulers of Ponape, originally from Kosrae, practiced a form of fish culture.

Since 1975, aquaculture demonstration ponds at Sokehs have been in disuse. These ponds were plagued with problems.

In 1981, Aquatic Farms investigated aquaculture potential in Ponape. Aquaculture was then included in the five-year marine resources development plan, which was subsequently rejected by the governor. The same year, Aquatic Farms examined the feasibility of prawn culture. Even with government subsidies, the proposed project was not feasible.

Experimental culture of the algae, Eucheuma , was ongoing in 1982. By 1983, a private seaweed project was initiated with grants and loans totalling US$353,000.

T ruk

Besides limited pre-World War II Japanese activities relating to aquaculture and Glude's 1972 oyster culture recommendations, aquaculture activities in Truk have been minimal. 0 In 1983, one individual applied for a permit to construct a pond.

Yap

In the mid- 1970s, a pond was constructed by the Rull municipality. Later, however, the pond site was identified as being unsuitable by experts from the . In 1977, a 0.4-ha pond (site not identified) was used in milkfish and prawn culture experiments.

In 1981, an aquaculture feasibility study was done on Yap by a group of experts from the Philippines. Potential sites were identified.

0 Kosrae

There was speculation that traditional fish culture was practiced in Lelu. A few natural ponds were modified to retain fish.

In 1976, a 0.1-ha experimental pond was constructed. All of the fish stocked died within a few days. Two outside aquaculture

4 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center consultants provided construction advice. By 1981, the pond was not operational and was in need of much maintenance.

In Lelu municipality, a private 0.023-ha pond was constructed on porous sand. It was undergoing improvements.

Local ponds did not appear to be producing anything.

FIJI

Traditional milkfish culture was practiced in certain islands of the Lau group. As early as 1939, aquaculture was recommended as a development activity in Fiji. Freshwater fish culture experiments were initiated during World War II but were terminated because of supply and transport problems.

In 1948, an experimental pond, constructed at Naduruloulou, encountered problems in maintaining its dam. In the mid-1970s, the Naduruloulou facility was expanded to 12 ponds for carp production. By 1982, the Fiji freshwater aquaculture program center was located at Naduruloulou, and a prawn hatchery was constructed on site.

L) In 1953, a small-scale fish culture project was initiated at the Sigataka Agricultural Station using tilapia. A flood in 1964 resulted in the fish culture work being abandoned. E In 1968, ponds were constructed at Lami for carp culture experiments. Lauri later became a carp breeding station. In 1982, a small prawn hatchery was installed at Lami.

In 1972, the Raviravi aquaculture project was proposed by SPIFDA. In 1973, construction began and culture experiments were initiated on rabbitfish, mullet, milkfish, shrimp, and tilapia. A UNFAO consultant, D. Popper, supervised the project until 1976. The project was terminated in 1978. In 1981, the Fiji Government and France Aquaculture initiated a joint venture shrimp farm at Raviravi.

Carp was introduced in ponds near Koronivia in 1937 but was washed out in a flood. In 1968, grass, bighead, and silver carp were introduced to ponds at Lami. Growth and feed experiments were initiated, and some of the carp were released for aquatic weed control. In 1976, the project was moved to Naduruloulou. Carp culture experts H. Chandhuri and D.S. Murty provided assistance to this project. Spawning • trials were initiated, but brood stock were washed away in a 1980 flood. Spawning attempts and grass carp releases continued. In 1982, T. Kafuku (JICA) investigated carp spawning in the Rewa River, but results were not conclusive.

5 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center Milkfish, mullet, and tarpon were experimentally cultured in 1948 at the Vatuwaqa Station. In the mid-1970s, mullet, milkfish, and tarpon were reared in polyculture with tilapia at Raviravi. Milkfish was not abundant in natural waters and thus was an unfamiliar fish and had a low market price. Mullet fry was also scarce. In the 1980s, mullet, milkfish and tarpon were reared in Government Training Center ponds in Suva.

A molly culture project was initiated in 1982 to support a pole-and-line tuna . A pilot project was initiated but later terminated as not being economically feasible.

The green mussel was introduced in 1975 and test cultured at USP. No natural spawning was evident. In the early 1980s, additional culture trials were done using raft culture.

Various species of oysters were introduced in the late 19th century. No additional activity was identified until the late 1960s, when oyster culture experiments were initiated using a variety of local and introduced species. The SPIFAA mollusc consultant, J. Glude, provided short-term support for this project. A long-term FAO consultant, T. Ritchie, supported the project until 1976. Extensive grow out and spat collection trials were ongoing. Later, market studies were also done. By 1979, the oyster project continued but on a reduced • scale because of limited success in cultivation, natural disasters, inappropriate site, and theft of stocks. By the early 1980s, interest was renewed with the arrival of a JICA oyster expert.

A pearl culture project, initiated off of Gau Island in the late 1960s, was relocated to Namarai Bay. One commercial farm eventually developed.

The possibility of prawn culture was suggested and has been explored since the early 1960s. It was not until 1980 that actual culture trials and a hatchery were initiated. Two pilot ventures were also initiated.

Various species of shrimp were experimentally cultured at Raviravi in the mid-1970s. The project closed in 1978. In 1981, a joint venture shrimp culture project was initiated at Raviravi. A hatchery was constructed on site, and results were "encouraging."

Tilapia was introduced at Sigatoka in 1949. By 1954, fingerling could be purchased. In the late 1950s, tilapia was released into various natural waters and became the basis for a small-scale fishery. In the mid-1970s, tilapia was polycultured at Raviravi. It was also • used in baitfish trials but gave poor results. In the early 1980s, tilapia was cultured at Naduruloulou. In addition, a new program was initiated to develop private tilapia ponds.

6 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center A hawksbill turtle culture project was initiated by the SPC at USP in the mid-1970s. were successfully hatched and reared but would bite one another. This resulted in disease outbreaks and a high mortality rate. Trials were also conducted at Raviravi. In 1977, the turtle project was terminated as not being viable.

Algae culture was attempted with poor results. Aquatic macrophytes were cultured for feed. One species of aquatic macrophyte became a pest in the Rewa River, and in 1968 trials began on its control using grass carp. Large- and smallmouth bass, introduced into Sigatoka ponds, apparently did not survive. Clam culture, recommended by J. Glude of SPIFDA, was initiated but failed. Cockle culture, recommended by Glude, was initiated at the experimental level. Crab was polycultured at Raviravi as a side-product. In addition, one backyard crab farm was initiated. Rabbitfish was reared in polyculture at Raviravi in the mid-1970s. Tawes, introduced to supply pituitary material for grass carp spawning experiments, was cultured and released into natural waters in the late 1960s. Trout, introduced as a basis for a fishery, never was cultured.

FRENCH POLYNESIA

No documentation was found on traditional fish culture activities in French Polynesia. However, prior to 1957, mullet was periodically harvested from "man-made ponds" and some natural brackish water ponds. • The man-made ponds were actually small bays formed as a result of the construction of the causeway encircling the island of Tahiti.

By 1961, there was still no established fish culture program in French Polynesia. During the early 1970s, two aquaculture experts, J. Glude and D.K. Villaluz, were sponsored by SPIFDA to examine aquaculture potential.

In 1972, the Centre National pour l'Exploitations des Oceans (CNEXO) set up the Pacific Oceanographic laboratory (COP) at Vairao. This laboratory was developed to support all CNEXO aquaculture projects in tropical areas. COP complemented efforts by the local fisheries service that supported aqua culture/fisheries activities. An aquaculture team was established under the umbrella of COP and CNEXO. It did research and published reports under the name AQIJACOP.

By 1983, the CNEXO, Tahiti, had about 70 researchers and technicians working on aquaculture. A major problem was the supply of • feed from low-priced local products. Thus research into developing suitable feeds, such as unicellular algae, was ongoing.

In addition to efforts by CNEXO, in 1983, Lepa, the agriculture college on Moorea, offered training courses in aquaculture.

7 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center Algae ( Eucheuma ) culture was attempted but failed. Later, algal feed production for larval shellfish using mass culture techniques was successful. Spirulina culture trials were ongoing.

Milkfish culture was initiated in 1971 at Avatoru village. In the late 1970s, milkfish culture for bait was done to support fishing trials. In addition, molly culture was done to provide a medium quality live bait for the local skipjack fishery.

Culture and spawning trials with an introduced mussel were initiated in 1978. Reliable hatchery techniques developed, and culture was successful. Marketable size was reached in one year.

Oyster culture experiments were initiated in 1966 by the fisheries services. The local fisheries service supplied oyster spat and provided extension services to culturists during initial development. Private oyster culture was a part-time activity. In 1971, J. Glude provided recommendations on oyster culture. The California oyster, subsequently introduced, experienced high worm infestation and pilfering. By 1974, there were 100 local oyster farms. The COP hatchery production was successful, but commercial production declined from its high in 1975. Research was ongoing to identify and culture more suitable species of oysters.

Two Japanese companies initiated pearl culture experiments in 1961. Commercial production did not develop. Pearl farms were initiated by a French company in 1968, and by a Japanese joint venture in 1971. Local farms were also initiated, and research by the fisheries service was ongoing. By 1978, the Japanese joint venture terminated. By 1981, pearl culture became the top export in French Polynesia. In the early 1980s, spawning experiments were initiated but were not yet successful.

Local prawns were experimentally cultured in the early 1970s, but the project was terminated by SPIFDA. Prawns from Hawaii were subsequently introduced. Reproduction techniques and larval feed were developed. Mass hatchery production and large-scale grow-out operations were then achieved. Closed-system culture was done experimentally. By 1983, the CNEXO prawn hatchery had a capacity of 5 million FL/year. In addition, a total of about 15 ha of prawn ponds were in operation, including the 10-ha AQUAPAC commercial farm (a subsidiary of France Aqua culture).

Shrimp culture and spawning experiments were initiated in 1972 using several species of shrimp. Out of 10 species examined, only four were considered suitable for culture. Spawning and hatchery experiments were successful, and by 1983, a hatchery was developed with a capacity of 10 million PL/year.

Tilapia was introduced into French Polynesia by 1957. It was cultured by a private rancher. It was also cage cultured by the

8 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center fisheries service for bait in skipjack fishing trials but proved to be a poor bait.

Culture of various bass species was ongoing in 1982. Experiments had been done on giant clam and cockle culture in the early 1980s. Trial jack culture in tanks and cages showed promising results in the 1970s. Lobster breeding and larval culture trials were unsuccessful. Porgy culture trials were initiated in 1980. Rabbitfish culture trials were attempted in 1982. Experimental trochus spat production was ongoing in 1983. A turtle ranching project run by the fisheries service was terminated in the mid-1970s. A study of the local turtle population was initiated in 1983.

GUAM

Documentation was not found on traditional aquaculture in Guam. However, structural remnants of a fish weir or enclosure have been identified in Sasa Bay.

In the mid-1950s, H. Van Pel (SPC) suggested aquaculture development at a small-scale backyard level to supplement fish supplies.

In 1973, the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources initiated an aquaculture development program. Demonstration facilities were constructed to test the feasibility of culturing prawn, eel, carp, milkfish, tilapia, mangrove crab, and oyster. Between the mid-1970s and early 1980s, the Government of Guam supported a variety of aquaculture studies and assisted in its development. The culmination of these efforts was the 1982 Guam Aquaculture Development Plan. Additional support came from the Guam Aquaculture Association and the University of Guam. The UOG provided training in aquaculture and published a newsletter titled Guam Aquaculture .

Eel culture, attempted on an experimental level, had good results in 1973. In 1977, a private venture was initiated with an initial stocking of from South Carolina. Subsequent seed importations were from , , and the People's Republic of . By 1979, two operations were ongoing and exported most of their production live to Japan.

Milkfish was introduced and experimentally cultured in 1974. Local and proximal fry supplies were too unpredictable to support an operation. An export ban by the Philippines Government contributed to shortages of fry supplies. A private farm was, however, ongoing.

Prawns were introduced in 1974, and experimental culture was initiated. Private farms developed received post-larvae from the Hawaii Fish and Game Department with support from the Guam Division of Aquatic

9 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center and Wildlife Resources. Post-larvae quotas limited industry expansion. As a result, a general feasibility study was done by Aquatic Farms on prawn culture development. Alternative sources of prawn post-larvae were investigated. In 1979, a multiple-use hatchery was proposed and investigated by Aquatic Farms. By 1982, the UOG set up a hatchery, and a private hatchery with technical support from the University was established. Neither was successful, but attempts to culture and study the local prawn were ongoing at UOG.

Experimental culture of various species of rabbitfish was initiated in 1973 by UOG. Experimental spawning was successful, but a low-cost, high-protein feed (supplement) could not be identified, and thus commercial farming did not develop.

Shrimp culture was initiated in 1978 when a freshwater shortage prompted one eel farmer to fill a pond with ocean water and stock it with shrimp. Shrimp was considered an option of the proposed multi-use hatchery. In 1981, a shrimp hatchery was completed based on a feasibility study by the Mayo Associates. Commercial production was planned. The hatchery developed problems, which prompted the SPC to sponsor an individual to visit CNEXO, Tahiti, to obtain information on shrimp culture.

Tilapia was introduced in 1954 and test cultured. This initial • effort was unsuccessful. In 1974, the reddish-orange hybrid was introduced and experimentally cultured. It was initially considered to be of secondary importance, but by 1979, hybrid commercial culture was • ongoing. The hybrid was marketed as "cherry snapper" since tilapia had a poor market image. Experimental culture of monosex populations of tilapia was ongoing.

Soft-shelled turtle culture was attempted in 1977 by a private entrepreneur, but the turtles escaped. A second individual later attempted turtle culture with seed stock from Taiwan. Turtles were cannibalistic and thus had to be segregated. Turtles were grown for eight to ten months and marketed in Hawaii.

UOG investigated algae culture and suggested the culture of various species. A limited local market existed, but the possibilities of penetrating the export market were small. Aquatic macrophyte culture was investigated as a possible water purification system. A variety of carp species was introduced for culture in 1974. Polyculture with prawn was suggested, and by 1982, an experimental hatchery for fish such as carp was under construction. The Southeast Asian catfish was introduced for culture in 1973. Initial results were unfavorable, but culture efforts continued. Culture of mangrove crabs was attempted on a trial basis but proved unsuccessful. Culture of the coconut crab was also suggested. Mullet culture was investigated by the UOG. Culture of introduced oysters, recommended by J. Glude, the mollusc expert sponsored by SPIFDA, was initiated along with spat collection trials.

10 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center KIRIBATI

The people of Kiribati have a tradition of milkfish culture. However, production was low. As a result, in 1963, tilapia was introduced into Kiribati to increase the yield of inland waters. By 1968, tilapia, with its rapid reproduction rate, posed a major threat to milkfish production. Gilbertese, who found tilapia unpalatable, did not harvest it. Overpopulation and stunting of tilapia resulted. Drastic reductions of milkfish production occurred. By 1968, government efforts were aimed at tilapia eradication using the fish poison rotenone.

In 1972, SPIFDA sponsored D.K. Villaluz to examine aquaculture potential in Kiribati. This effort was followed by a two-year consultancy on baitfish culture by J.K. Liang of the FAO.

Baitfish stocks were identified as a constraint limiting the development of the skipjack tuna fishery in Kiribati. Culture of various baitfish species was investigated. As a result, milkfish was selected as the baitfish species to be cultured.

Milkfish culture then became the primary baitfish production activity. This UNDP/FAO project was under V. Gopalakrishnan until 1982. Fertilization and feeding trials were initiated in 1975, and by 1976 results were promising. Production by 1978/79 was 15,000 kg in 40 ha. An additional 40 ha of ponds were constructed in 1981 with assistance from the European Economic Community. Initial culture trials with milkfish were excellent. With 80 ha of ponds, an estimated production of 91 mt bait/year could be produced, if sufficient fry could be captured.

As side activities to this UNDP/FAO effort, fry collection, feed manufacturing, and food activities were developed. In addition, mono- and polyculture trials were done with a variety of species, including mullet, prawn, common mojarra, and shrimp. In 1982, the Fisheries Division took over this project.

The possibility of culture on Kiritimati (Christmas Island) was examined by P. Helfrich in 1973. Funding for the study was from the University of Hawaii Sea Grant Program and private industry. Helfrich suggested the simultaneous development of other commercial ventures on Christmas Island, including culture of brine shrimp, turtle, and seaweed. This would assist in cost-sharing as well as distribute the risk of a sole venture. In 1974, a pilot brine shrimp project was initiated by a Hawaii firm. Technical and management complications occurred, resulting in the Fisheries Division taking over the project in 1979. In 1980, P. Sorgelloos, on a FAO consultancy contract, evaluated the brine shrimp project. He recommended the cessation of brine shrimp culture activities. Extensive milkfish culture operations replaced the brine shrimp project in Kiritimati. Milkfish were exported to Nauru and Hawaii.

11 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center A seaweed culture project was started in the late 1970s on Kiritimati with funds from the Overseas Development Administration and technical support from the University of Hawaii. The pilot project was subsequently moved to Tarawa.

Other aquaculture-related activities included (1) the culture of cockle by the Atoll Research Unit of the University of the South Pacific and (2) the planting of silver lip pearl oysters in Kiritimati lagoon in 1902. No evidence was found of silver lip oyster survival. However, black lip oysters were found on Kiritimati.

REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS

Turtles were occasionally kept as pets in the Marshall Islands and either were released or later escaped.

Experimental pearl culture was done by a Japanese firm before World War II. The plantings were abandoned during the war. Experimental sponge culture was also done by the Japanese before World War II. Results indicated that sponge culture had commercial potential.

A 2-ha commercial blue shrimp farm was proposed in 1983 for the Marshall Islands by B. Evans.

NAURU

The people of Nauru had a tradition of fish culture. They stocked local reef fish in Buada Lagoon. Tilapia was introduced in 1961 but became a problem because it was not locally accepted. A tilapia eradication program was launched by the Food and Agriculture Organization in 1978 at a cost of US$14,132.

NEW CALEDONIA

In 1954, H. Van Pel (SPC) noted that species diversity of indigenous aquatic fauna was poor and was primarily composed of Kulhidae, Mugilidae, Anguillidae, and freshwater prawns. Exotic fish introductions were recommended to offset this condition. In 1955, tilapia was introduced into by the South Pacific Commission. However, no tilapia culture trials were done in the Territory.

12 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center In 1971, an aquaculture center was proposed at St. Vincent Bay by the Territory and the South Pacific Islands Fisheries Development Agency (SPIFDA). SPIFDA obtained two consultants, D.K. Villaluz and J. Glude, to examine aquaculture potential. Both consultants provided recommendations for aquaculture development. The proposed center was funded by SPIFDA and the Territory of New Caledonia. R. Derijard, a SPIFDA consultant, supervised the construction of the facility and the development of its research program. After SPIFDA terminated (in 1973), administrative and logistic support was provided by the Association for the Development of Aquaculture in New Caledonia (AQUACAL). The Centre National pour 1'Exploitation des Oceans (CNEXO) was the scientific and technical director of AQUACAL.

The center at St. Vincent Bay was completed in 1974. Production and mass rearing experiments were done on various aquatic species, including algae, cockle, lobster, milkfish, mullet, mussel, oyster, prawn, rabbitfish, shrimp, and trochus.

Project support was from the public non- profit Compagnie pour 1'Aquaculture Caledonienne, which included public and private interests.

Oysters were introduced in 1967, and a private farm was successfully initiated. In 1971, oyster operations and potentials were examined by J. Glude, who provided assistance and recommendations for oyster culture development. By 1972, commercial culture was achieved. Other oyster farms were started. Oyster spawning experiments were initiated by AQUACAL at St. Vincent Bay, New Caledonia. Culture trials since 1972 were disappointing. Despite this, an oyster culture project was initiated by CNEXO in 1983.

The Philippine green mussel was introduced in 1972 for experiments at the St. Vincent Bay Station. By 1976, mussels were stocked at a private farm. By 1979, a few private farms cultured mussels. Spawning was achieved with floating rafts at one farm. Mussels were locally marketed in 1980. In 1981, a hurricane destroyed the rafts used in culture. Further interest was noted in mussel culture.

Shrimp culture possibilities were examined by Villaluz in 1972. Shrimp culture experiments were initiated at St. Vincent Bay. The stock reached the reproductive stage within three months. Initial experiments indicated that commercial farming was economically feasible but was dependent on post-larvae supplies. Feed research based on local byproducts was also initiated. The center was involved with medium- 0 scale penaeid farming supported by post-larvae from its hatchery. Experiments continued, and by 1982 production of 2.8 mt/ha/year was reported.

The Society d'Aquaculture Caledonienne (SODACAL) 125-ha shrimp farm was initiated at Mara in 1981. CNEXO/France Aquaculture held a major interest. Post-larvae was to be provided by an expanded St. Vincent Bay hatchery. In addition to the SODACAL farm that focused on the export

• _. 13 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center market, there were two private shrimp farms that produced for the local market.

Prawn culture was also suggested by Villaluz in 1972 and was later initiated at the St. Vincent Bay Station. Technical feasibility was shown. An experimental prawn production unit was completed and was to • be tested at the village level.

NIUB

According to T. Chapman, Niue has had limited experience in aquaculture activities.

REPUBLIC OF PALAU

Pre-World War II aquaculture activities were limited to crocodile, pearl, and sponge culture. Sponge culture was on an experimental basis, while crocodiles were cultured commercially at one farm. Pearls were cultured by Mikimoto Company and later by three other Japanese companies at eight farms. These operations ceased during the war, and pearl farms were not reestablished in Palau until the early 1980s.

In 1956, A. Van Pel (SPC) recommended milkfish, mullet, oyster, and tilapia culture. He also noted early turtle culture activities.

As part of the South Pacific Islands Fisheries Development Agency's effort in 1971, D.K. Villaluz and J. Glude visited Palau and made recommendations on aquaculture development. That year, SPIFDA made plans to establish a demonstration center in Palau. Despite technical problems with SPIFDA's involvement, the Micronesian Mariculture Demonstration Center was opened in 1972. Research at the MMDC included culture work on algae, clam, milkfish, molly, mullet, oyster, prawn, rabbitfish, shrimp, trochus, and turtle. In 1983, a review of the MMDC was done, and plans were formulated to make it a self-sustaining entity.

Algae culture was limited to site identification, algae harvest, and trial shipment.

Clam research was ongoing since 1972/73 at the MMDC. By 1982, four • of six giant clam species had been reared to maturity and spawned. A hatchery was established, and commercial production was considered to restock reefs.

14 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center Milkfish culture was studied at the MMDC. In addition, milkfish was privately cultured on a neighboring island.

Molly culture was done in the mid-1970s to provide bait for pole-and-line fishing trials. Mollies were a superior bait in rough weather since their mortality was lower than that of natural bait. This project was discontinued.

Despite inadequate mullet fry stocks, mullet culture was attempted at the MMDC.

oyster culture trials were done at the MMDC based on recommendations by Glude. Local and introduced species were cultured. In addition, rabbitfish was used to control fouling of oyster netting. The project experienced heavy losses during a hurricane. A hatchery was proposed, but inadequate technology limited its establishment.

Prawn culture was examined at the MMDC. A hatchery was constructed, and prawn were successfully spawned and reared. The project was, however, terminated due to several constraints. The periodic critical shortage of freshwater was one of these constraints.

Rabbitfish were cultured and successfully spawned at the MMDC. However, survival of fry was low. Production costs were too high, so _ the project was terminated.

Marine shrimp was also successfully spawned and reared at the MMDC. However, efforts were sporadic and were terminated in 1975.

Trochus was successfully spawned at the MMDC. A hatchery was developed, and seed produced was stocked in Ngederrak Reef.

Turtle was raised by both the Marine Resource Development Service and the MMDC. Hawksbill turtle was reared to six months, and then released. In 1983, the hawksbill turtle head start program was reinitiated. A proposal was also received from Japanese interests to develop a commercial turtle hatchery and farm.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Traditional aquaculture was nonexistent except in the Manus Island area and in outer New Guinea islands where giant clam was gathered and cultured. In addition, fish culture had a long tradition in Bougainville.

In 1950, W.H. Schuster recommended aquaculture for the inland areas because the diet of the inland people was deficient in protein. With the formation of the Division of Fisheries in 1954, efforts were aimed

15 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center at fish culture in the highlands and in freshwater systems. Despite initial opposition, introduction of exotic fish species was considered necessary since species diversity of indigenous aquatic fauna was poor.

The Government initiated a fish culture project, and numerous public and private ponds were established. However, H. Van Pel (SPC) in 1956 noted numerous errors in pond construction and management that were attributed to the lack of qualified personnel. As a result, Van Pel provided recommendations for the establishment of experimental fish culture stations staffed with qualified personnel.

Consequently, experimental stations were established at Aiyura and Dobel in the highlands and at Bomana and Kanudi on the coast. Experimental culture of aquatic organisms was then initiated. The Dobel and Bomana Stations also served as quarantine stations for holding imported fish. In 1975, the introduction of all exotic fishes except trout was banned.

Carp introductions began in 1958/59 with caution, as carp was considered a noxious fish in some countries. However, since tilapia and culture trials in the highlands had failed, its introduction was considered a necessity. Carp was cultured and fry was distributed to the highlands region, where (according to one report) up to 7,000 fishponds had been built. Carp, also introduced into natural waters, flourished. By the mid-1970s, the carp project was considered to be a failure. However, in 1983, the carp project was reinitiated at Aiyura.

Crocodile culture was initiated in the late 1960s as a means of conservation. By 1977, more than 200 village farms were operating. UNDP support was obtained to assist in the development of this cottage industry.

Attempts at oyster culture failed in the mid-1950s. Further culture trials were done with some success. In 1973, there was a shellfish poisoning incident that prompted some precautions. By 1982, commercial production had not been achieved.

Two pearl projects were initiated in the mid-1960s. One was a village-level scheme at Milne Bay, and the other was an Australian- Japanese joint venture at Fairfax Harbour. Initial results were promising, but by the mid-1970s, the Fairfax Harbour operation had closed because of economics and pollution. The Milne Bay operation developed into a multi-village operation. Financial problems resulted in the drastic decline of the Milne Bay industry by the 1980s.

Tilapia was introduced in 1954 for pond culture in the highlands. However, its growth there was poor. It was distributed (naturally and by man) through the country and later became the basis for a large subsistence fishery. The "sal pis" Sepik River fish- salting project was based on this fishery.

16 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center Trout, introduced in 1949 to stock highlands streams, became established in natural waters. In 1971, a trout hatchery was constructed to support the local trout fishery. Later, a trapping station was also constructed. In addition to Government efforts, a private tro ut farm was started at Goroka in 1970. The operation relied on imported trout eggs and by 1983 still required a subsidy to continue operations. In more than 10 years it had never made a profit.

Introduced and local species of catfish were experimentally cultured in the 1960s with no sustainable success. Giant clam culture, done traditionally, was being investigated at the University of Papua New Guinea in the early 1980s. Culture of native eels was attempted at the experimental level, but no commercial operation resulted. Introduced giant and snakeskin gourami were experimentally cultured but did not breed or grow well in the highlands. The snakeskin gourami later became established in natural waters. Mosquito fish, introduced for mosquito control, was cultured and widely distributed but proved ineffective in malaria control. Introduced and local mullet were experimentally cultured, but by 1982, only a subsistence project on Huon Gulf was ongoing. Various species of perch were introduced and experimentally cultured with no significant results. Local species of prawn were experimentally cultured with little success. Tawes was introduced and experimentally cultured but had poor growth rates.

SOLOMON ISLANDS r In 1956, H. Van Pel (SPC) noted the poor species diversity of indigenous aquatic fauna in the Solomon Islands. He recommended the introduction of exotic fish to enhance freshwater fish stocks. In 1957, tilapia was introduced into Lake Te Nganno an Rennell Island and into Malaita. By 1980, tilapia had spread to most freshwater areas and had become a pest. The fish was not readily accepted by local people, who preferred fresh reef fish. Consideration was given to the introduction of a predator fish into Lake Te Nganno to control its fast—growing tilapia stock.

Oyster and pearl farming projects were attempted during the 1970s by private interests, but after some initial successes, they closed down. Lack of marketing facilities, problems with spat collection, and lack of skilled manpower were identified as factors in their failures. During the same period, turtle farming, thought to be a suitable local "cash crop" industry, was at the experimental level. Both green and hawksbill turtles were cultured.

In 1980, the Government of the Solomon Islands requested assistance from the British Overseas Development Administration to look into the potential for aquaculture in the country. D. Swift and J. Wickins conducted the survey. Various organisms were considered, but only

17 Pacific Islands Development Program East — West Center details on the culture of marine algae, mullet, freshwater prawn, and milkfish were provided. Suitable sites for mussel and oyster culture were also identified. However, with a limited local market and a distant export market it was doubtful that any aquaculture industry (except seaweed) would be economically attractive in the near future. The Government had no potential for supporting aquaculture, thus Swift and Wickins recommended changes to the Government's 1972 Fisheries Act to protect against undesirable introductions of aquatic and plants. In addition, the licensing of all aquaculture industries by the Ministry of Agriculture was recommended.

Although there were attributes favorable to aquaculture, including an abundance of freshwater, limited available flatland, and an abundance of suitable brackish and marine seawater sites, there were also constraints, such as land, finance, and the necessity given the presence of huge untapped natural reef resources.

By 1983, plans for aquaculture development in the Solomon Islands were limited to a private prawn/giant clam project. In addition, a few small crocodile farms, similar to those in Papua New Guinea, were developing.

TOKELAU

Traditional and modern fish culture activities were nonexistent in Tokelau. To date, there had been no plans for development in this field.

KINGDOM OF TONGA

No documentation was found of traditional fish culture activities.

In 1956, H. Van Pel (SPC) recommended culture of milkfish, mullet, and oyster.

In 1971, D.K. Villaluz (SPIFDA) examined aquaculture potential. At that time, a demonstration pond was under construction at Sopu by the U.S. Peace Corps. In 1975, additional pond construction at Sopu was funded by New Zealand.

In 1978, a mariculture center was donated by the Government of Japan. It was completed in 1979 but was subsequently used as an enclosed storage area.

18 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center Algae culture in Tonga was assessed in 1981. In 1982, a pilot study was initiated in Vava'u by Coastal Biological Ltd., a private New Zealand firm.

A preliminary study was done on giant clam populations in the late 1970s. Aspects of clam culture were examined.

Milkfish spawned naturally in Lake Ano Ava. In the late 1960s, milkfish was polycultured with tilapia and mullet in the Sopu ponds. Milkfish culture was also attempted as part of the baitfish program.

Molly culture trials were initiated at Sopu in 1974. Culture efforts were successful, and field trials were carried out. Molly was a poor bait alone but effective when mixed with other species. In 1977, an earthquake occurred that set the project back. In 1979, the project was terminated with inconclusive results.

Mullet culture was polycultured with milkfish at the Sopu ponds. This project terminated in 1979 with inconclusive results. In 1983, a mullet culture feasibility study was done for Vava'u. Results indicated that it was not economically feasible.

Mussel culture was suggested in 1973. The following year, a project was initiated with local and introduced mussels. Spat supply • problems were encountered. Assistance was obtained from the New Zealand Fisheries Research Division. By 1979, no meaningful results had been achieved. In 1982, a five-year aid package was provided by New Zealand to support mussel culture, but there were no further plans for mussel culture.

Oyster culture trials were initiated in 1973. Raft culture was done with several local and introduced species of oysters with technical assistance from New Zealand. Culture results were disappointing because oysters fell prey to various predators. By 1981, the project to culture local oysters was terminated due to poor growth rates and low market prices. In 1982, aid was provided by New Zealand for a five-year oyster project.

A pearl culture project was undertaken in Tonga in the early 1960s. In the mid-1970s, a Japanese company was involved in pearl culture trials. By 1980, the company had begun negotiations with the Government to initiate a commercial operation. In 1982, the pilot project was damaged by a hurricane. C Tilapia was introduced for mosquito control in the mid-1950s but did not control mosquito populations. In 1968, tilapia culture was initiated at Sopu in polyculture with milkfish. Cultured tilapia was fed to pigs. Tilapia was later reared for pole-and-line baitfish trials that were never completed. Distribution of tilapia continued throughout the Kingdom.

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A turtle hatchery was established at Sopu in 1971 to restore turtle stocks. Six-month-old turtles were released. The closed season was also extended.

TUVALU

Fish culture was not a traditional activity in Tuvalu. Fresh marine fish supplies were sufficient, and thus the need for aquaculture development for food production was questionable.

In the early 1970s, oyster and pearlshell culture were suggested by J. Glude, a SPIFDA consultant. There were limited natural habitats for edible oysters. No follow-up action was taken.

In 1976, Fisheries Development Limited examined the fisheries development potential of Tuvalu, including aquaculture. Descriptions of existing ponds were provided. In addition, FDL recommended culture of crab, mullet, milkfish, pearlshell, and turtle. According to FDL, Tuvaluans had some experience in hatching and rearing turtles for later ocean releases.

In 1981, an aquaculture feasibility study was done by two FAO experts, D. Popper and M. de San. Popper and de San recommended milkfish and molly culture. In addition, they provided suggestions on how to deal with tilapia that had infested lagoon and pond areas.

• In 1983, a proposal was submitted to ESCAP for the funding of molly and milkfish culture for bait. Tuvalu was awaiting a response from ESCAP.

In Tuvalu, small-scale land crab and milkfish farming was investigated by P. Panapa. Land crab cage culture was demonstrated as a means of supplying animal protein when marine fish were not available.

In Nukalaelae, pearl culture met with some success. Small-scale operations were ongoing, but limitations, including poor communications, theft, and poor diving equipment, existed.

Tilapia was introduced and later infested ponds and the lagoon by the Funafuti airfield. It was not an accepted food, but it probably could not be eradicated.

0 REPUBLIC OF VANUATU

No evidence of traditional aquaculture practices was documented.

20 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center In the early 1970s, there was a program of research on aquaculture development. No details were identified for this program.

Oysters were present and their culture was suggested by H. Van Pel (SPC) in 1956. However, it was not until 1972 that an oyster farm was begun. The farm, at Espiritu Santo, was developed by private interests. Native and imported oysters were cultured. In 1972, a hurricane caused serious damage to the facility. Rack culture was attempted at Espiritu Santo with good results. In addition, concrete ponds were used in rearing young oysters in polyculture with rabbitfish.

In 1973, a second oyster farm was initiated, this time by the French administration in Port Sandwich. Spat supply and other problems resulted in the closure of the Port Sandwich Farm in 1975.

In 1975, the Santo Farm received additional funding. The project, however, was eventually closed because of problems with oyster parasites and the high mortality rate of imported oysters.

Prawn experimental culture trials were initiated in 1979. In 1983, this project terminated.

Tilapia was introduced in the mid-1950s into inland waters but was never cultured. n

WALLIS AND FUTUNA

No documentation could be found of traditional fish culture in Wallis and Futuna. Tilapa had been introduced prior to 1969 but was not fished or accepted by locals.

In 1969, J.T. Hinds (SPC) did a fisheries reconnaissance of the Wallis Islands. Interest by the Wallis Island 's Society in expanding into the field of aquaculture prompted Hinds to suggest that the society seek assistance from SPIFDA.

In 1972, the Territory of Wallis and Futuna development plan included the farming of a wide range of aquatic organisms.

As a follow-up to a 1980 general biological survey, the Centre National pour 1'Exploitation des Oceans (CNEXO) examined the potential for aquaculture in Wallis and Futuna. Key physical, socioeconomic, and ecological factors were identified. CNEXO identified short-term possibilities, including the introduction and eventual culture of cockle, green mussel, and oyster. Medium -term possibilities included milkfish and molly cage culture to support a pole-and-line fishery and prawn culture. Restocking of reefs with trochus was considered a long-term possibility.

21 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center WESTERN SAMOA

In L954, the potential of aquaculture was examined by H. Van Pei (SPC). At that time, there was a serious shortage of fish in Western Samoa and the animal protein ration was low. • In 1971, SPIFDA sponsored D.K. Villaluz to examine aquaculture potential. Western Samoa's topography limited fish culture development since the coast had only small deltaic areas, scattered reefs, and small lagoon surfaces. SPIFDA recommended that limited pilot experiments on the feasibility of fish culture be started with brackish and freshwater ponds.

In 1978, FAO assigned D.M. Popper to develop a baitfish culture project. Milkfish was considered as a baitfish, but seed supplies were inadequate. Instead, the molly was selected for culture. It was successfully cultured and proved effective as a live bait when mixed with milkfish. Polyculture trials were done with milkfish, prawn, shrimp, and tilapia. Despite initial encouraging results, tuna catches using mollies as live bait were low. The project was abandoned in 1983 because it was economically unfeasible.

Mussel was cultured by a private venture prior to 1981. However, no records on it could be found. In 1981, a green mussel project was initiated by the Fisheries Division with CIDA and UNDP support. Spat were imported from AQUACOP, Tahiti. The first trials gave poor results because of poor handling and binding techniques, as well as vandalism. In 1983, additional spat were imported. Grow out was good, and mussels harvested were sold at the Apia .

A prawn culture project was initiated in 1980 to supply post-larvae to a local farmer. A hatchery was established, and simple reliable propagation techniques were developed. By 1983, one farm was being supplied with post-larvae.

Tilapia had been successfully introduced by 1961. It was stocked in natural waters, as well as cultured in ponds. Market tests, however, revealed that tilapia was not readily accepted by locals, as they preferred marine fish.

A green turtle hatchery project was initiated in 1972. However, • only hawksbill turtles were found, and these were raised instead. A good inexpensive source of feed for the carnivorous hawksbill turtle was never found. If not well fed, turtles would nip each other. Turtles were released at age two- to three-months. Thousands of young turtles were released. However, the eggs became scarce and few could be collected. In 1983, the project was terminated because of poor management, land disputes, lack of funds, and reduced hunting pressure.

22 Pacific Islands Development Program East-West Center By 1983, most aquaculture projects had been abandoned. Plans for mariculture and aquaculture development included integrated prawn and fish culture (probably grass carp), the cultivation of a local oyster, coastal cage farming (though experienced expertise was lacking), and the development of mangrove salt and brackish water ponds for mullet culture.

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• 23 Pacific Islands Development Program East— West Center THE EAST-WEST CENTER is an educational institution established in Hawaii in 1960 by the United States Congress. The Center's mandate is "to promote better relations and understanding among the nations of Asia, the Pacific, and the United States through cooperative study, training, and research.

Each year nearly 2,000 graduate students, scholars, professionals in business and government, and visiting specialists engage in research with the Center's inter- national staff on major issues and problems facing the Asian and Pacific region. Since 1960, more than 30,000 men and women from the region have participated in the Center's cooperative programs.

The Center's research and educational activities are conducted in five institutes— Communication, Culture Learning, Environment and Policy, Population, and Resource Systems—and in its Pacific Islands Development Program, Open Grants, and Centerwide Programs.

Although principal funding continues to come from the U.S. Congress, more than 20 Asian and Pacific governments, as well as private agencies and corporations, have provided contributions for program support. The East-West Center is a pub- lic, nonprofit corporation with an international board of governors. PACIFIC ISLANDS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

The purpose of the Pacific Islands Development Program (PIDP) is to help meet the special development needs of the Pacific Islands region through cooperative research, education, and training. PI DP also serves as the Secretariat for the 1980 Pacific Islands Conference, a heads of government meeting involving leaders from throughout the Pacific region, and for the Pacific Islands Con- ference Standing Committee, which was established to ensure follow-up on development problems discussed at the Conference.

PI DP`s research, education, and training activities are developed as a direct response to requests from the Standing Committee. PI DP's projects are planned in close cooperation with the Committee to ensure that the focus and the organization of each project address the needs identified by the heads of government on the Committee, a process which is unique within the East-West Center and in other research and educational organizations serving the Pacific.

A major objective of the program has been to provide quality in-depth analytical studies on specific priority issues as identified by the Pacific Island leaders and people. The aim is to provide leaders with detailed information and alternative strategies on policy issues. Each Island country will make its own decision based on national goals and objectives. Since 1980, PI DP has been given the task of research in six project areas: energy, disaster preparedness, aquaculture, govern- ment and administrative systems, roles of multinational corporations, and business ventures development and management.