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The Kashmir Series The Kashmir Series by Jia Lal Kilam Compiled by: Sunil Fotedar For KASHMIR NEWS NETWORK (KNN) ( http://ikashmir.org/ ) PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com The Kashmir Series Page Intentionally Left Blank ii KASHMIR NEWS NETWORK (KNN). PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com A History of Kashmiri Pandits TThhee KKaasshhmmiirr SSeerriieess by Jia Lal Kilam Published by: S. N. Dar Secretary Gandhi Memorial College, Managing Committee SRINAGAR, KASHMIR Compiled by: Sunil Fotedar Allen, Texas, USA August 2002 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://SunilFotedar.com for KASHMIR NEWS NETWORK (KNN) ( http://ikashmir.org/ ) First Edition, September 2002 Copyright © 2000-2010 by Kashmir News Network (KNN) (http://ikashmir.org/) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of Kashmir News Network. For permission regarding publication, send an e-mail to [email protected] KASHMIR NEWS NETWORK (KNN) iii PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com The Kashmir Series Contents page Contents..........................................................................................................................................v 1 Preface..................................................................................................................................1-2 2 A Survey of the Ancient Hindu Rule...................................................................................2-3 3 Advent of Islam..................................................................................................................3-11 4 Spread of Islam..................................................................................................................4-13 5 The Pandit Reborn.............................................................................................................5-17 6 Pandits during the latter Salatins........................................................................................6-21 7 Civil War............................................................................................................................7-25 8 Emperor Akbar and the Pandits.........................................................................................8-30 9 Pandits and the latter Moguls.............................................................................................9-33 10 Pandits after Aurangzeb...............................................................................................10-36 11 A Survey of Mogul Rule in Kashmir...........................................................................11-39 12 Afghans appear on the Scene.......................................................................................12-43 13 Sukh Jiwan's Meteoric Career......................................................................................13-46 14 Kailas Dar comes to power..........................................................................................14-49 15 Kailas Dar and Conquest of Kashmir..........................................................................15-52 16 Murder of Kailas Dar...................................................................................................16-54 17 Rise of Pandit Dila Ram..............................................................................................17-56 18 Dila Ram The Madarulmiham.....................................................................................18-59 19 Dila Ram wins fresh Laurels........................................................................................19-62 20 Dila Ram's Murder and After.......................................................................................20-65 21 Pandit becomes Dewan at Kabul.................................................................................21-67 22 Pandit Sahaj Ram - The Diwan....................................................................................22-69 23 Pandits after the Sikh Retreat.......................................................................................23-71 24 Pandits and End of Afghan Rule..................................................................................24-73 25 A Survey of Afghan Rule in Kashmir..........................................................................25-76 26 Sikh Rule and the Kashmiri Pandits............................................................................26-81 27 Pandits and the Later Sikh Rule...................................................................................27-84 28 Kashmiri Pandits at Ranjit Singh's Durbar..................................................................28-86 KASHMIR NEWS NETWORK (KNN) v PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com A History of Kashmiri Pandits vi KASHMIR NEWS NETWORK (KNN) PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com A History of Kashmiri Pandits 1 Preface This small book was written by me at Jammu in the winter of 1951. But then I stopped at that. For this reason or that I did not feel inclined to publish it though I got some alluring offers from many Indian publishers. The book would have thus remained without seeing the light of the day, had not my friend Pandit Shambu Nath Dar, intervened. He made a request to me to make a gift of the book to Gandhi Memorial College, Srinagar of whose Managing Committee Pandit Shambu Nath is the Secretary and I, the President. This I could not refuse and I at once handed over the manuscript to Pandit Shambu Nath, who arranged its printing. Pandit Shambu Nath himself belongs to a high family of the Kashmiri Pandits. He is a direct descendant of Mirza Pandit Dar who has an assured place in the history of Kashmir. But then I offer no apology for having written the book, which I might say has been written with a definite purpose. This was to show that a small community also can hold its own against all odds even under most adverse circumstances, provided it has equipped itself with those basic virtues which provide moral strength and, therefore, justification for it to live a life of self-respect and self-reliance. The epoch- making changes that have swept over the country in no distant past have created a sort of fear and anxiety in the minds of many persons belonging to the Kashmiri Pandit community. These fears and anxieties can be removed only if the people firstly realize the inevitibility of change and then prepare themselves for adjustment to the changed circumstances. The Kashmiri Pandits had understood this secret of life in the past and their history shows that they acted up to this principle all through. At times it demanded of them colossal suffering and sacrifice. But they continued the struggle with methods both right and righteous and succeeded in maintaining their existence as effective partners in the great drama of life. There can be no denial to the fact that the Kashmiri Pandits have had a great past, but they should know that too much emphasis on the past alone is not going to do any good to them. They must certainly draw inspiration from the past, but then their approach to the present day problems must be in terms of the modern world. They must equip themselves with a mental outIook that is neither narrow nor sectarian and with a single-minded devotion, unmindful of results, they must offer a relentless battle to all disruptive forces like communalism, parochialism and sectarianism wherever they exist. If they act thus, their future both as a community or as a group of individuals is assured for all time. JIA LAL KILAM Srinagar, 14th June 1955. 1-2 KASHMIR NEWS NETWORK (KNN) PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version http://www.fineprint.com The Kashmir Series 2 A Survey of the Ancient Hindu Rule THE history of Kashmir, as elsewhere in India, begins with the story about the Brahman-Kshatriya alliance, one supporting the other for their common good. The Kshatriya ruling classes made rich endowments upon the Brahmanical institutions and the Brahmans in their turn sang their praises and helped in the creation of an ideology in their favour. The social polity which guaranteed to both an ascendency over others lasted as long as the tribal economy prevailed in the society. The history of this period in Kashmir naturally deals only with the exploits and achievements of these two classes. But such a state of affairs could not last for long. The society did at last emerge itself out of the primitive tribal communistic stage and even in Vedic times we find the birth of a rich trading class. This class by its contact with the outside world became the harbinger of a new set of ideas free from the shackles of rigid Brahmanical tenets. This gave rise to a system of materialistic thought even prior to the advent of Buddhism. In course of time, the trading classes gathered much political power and gradually organized themselves in guilds to protect themselves from the undue exactions of their Kshatriya rulers. They sought the alliance of the freed Shudras and husbandmen who had by now begun to own
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