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Aporte Al Conocimiento De La Pesca Artesanal Y Biología APORTE AL CONOCIMIENTO DE LA PESCA ARTESANAL Y BIOLOGÍA REPRODUCTIVA DE Ocyurus chrysurus (PISCES: LUTJANIDAE), ENTRE MARZO Y JULIO DE 2005 EN ISLA FUERTE, CARIBE COLOMBIANO JUDITH NOHEMY ARANDA GUZMÁN Trabajo de grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar el título de BIÓLOGA PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS CARRERA DE BIOLOGÍA BOGOTÁ, D. C. FEBRERO 2006 NOTA DE ADVERTENCIA Artículo 23 de la Resolución Nº 13 de Julio de 1946: “La Universidad no se hace responsable por los conceptos emitidos por sus alumnos en sus trabajos de tesis. Sólo velará por que no se publique nada contrario al dogma y a la moral católica y por que las tesis no contengan ataques personales contra persona alguna, antes bien se vea en ellas el anhelo de buscar la verdad y la justicia”. APORTE AL CONOCIMIENTO DE LA PESCA ARTESANAL Y BIOLOGÍA REPRODUCTIVA DE Ocyurus chrysurus (PISCES: LUTJANIDAE), ENTRE MARZO Y JULIO DE 2005 EN ISLA FUERTE, CARIBE COLOMBIANO JUDITH NOHEMY ARANDA GUZMÁN APROBADO: --------------------------------------- Fabio Gómez D, Biólogo MSC Director ------------------------------------ -------------------------------------Carlos Barreto Francisco Gutiérrez, Biólogo Marino PhD Biólogo PhD Jurado Jurado APORTE AL CONOCIMIENTO DE LA PESCA ARTESANAL Y BIOLOGÍA REPRODUCTIVA DE Ocyurus chrysurus (PISCES: LUTJANIDAE), ENTRE MARZO Y JULIO DE 2005 EN ISLA FUERTE, CARIBE COLOMBIANO JUDITH NOHEMY ARANDA GUZMÁN APROBADO: ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- Angela Umaña MPhill. Andrea Forero Decano Académico Directora de Carrera A Dios por su amor siempre fiel, a mi hermanita por forjar este sueño y vivirlo conmigo hasta su último día, a mi papito por su gran ayuda económica, a mi mamita por su inquebrantable amor y compañía y a mi hermanito por la fortaleza que me provee. Agradecimientos • A Dios por proporcionarme la vida, el conocimiento, la paciencia y permitirme conocen tanta gente linda y tantos lugares extraordinarios. • A mi familia por acompañarme y apoyarme en mis sueños, por ser el motor de mi vida • A Fabio Gómez quien más que un director de trabajo, es una gran persona, a quien le deseo todo lo mejor. • A Giovanni Gonzáles (Coordinador de campo) y Diana Correa por el gran apoyo, cariño y compañía que siempre nos brindaron. • A Catalina Ramírez y Andrea Ramírez quienes más que mis compañeras constantes de trabajo, fueron mi maravillosa compañía durante la estadía en la isla. • A Bibiana García, Gerardo Ramírez, Hilder Matoza, Arnold y Luís Llorente Petro por su gran compañía y colaboración durante el desarrollo del trabajo de campo. Por todos los momentos bonitos que compartimos. • A cada uno de los pescadores de Isla Fuerte por la paciencia y gran colaboración durante el desarrollo del muestreo, pues sin ella este trabajo no se hubiera podido llevar a cabo. • Por último a mi hermanita que ya no se encuentra con nosotros y quien al no poder cumplir sus sueños, intercedió para que los míos ya desvanecidos se hicieran realidad. Que Dios la Bendiga donde quiera que esté. Tabla de Contenido Página 1. Introducción 1 2. Área de estudio 3 2.1. Clima y Oceanografía 7 2.1.1. Condiciones Meteorológicas 7 2.1.1.1. Vientos 9 2.1.2. Condiciones Oceanográficas 10 2.1.2.1. Corrientes 10 2.1.2.2. Olas 12 2.1.2.3. Mareas 12 3. Marco teórico 13 3.1 Descripción de la especie 13 3.1.1. Clasificación taxonómica 13 3.1.2. Sinonimia 13 3.1.3. Nombres comunes 13 3.1.4. Distribución geográfica 14 3.1.5. Hábitat 14 3.1.6. Características 14 3.1.7. Hábitos alimenticios 15 3.2. La actividad pesquera 16 3.2.1. Marco legal e institucional de la pesca en Colombia 16 3.2.2. Marco Socioeconómico de la Pesca 17 3.2.3. Tipos de pesca 19 3.2.4. Estructura de la actividad pesquera 20 3.2.5. La pesca artesanal marítima 20 3.2.6. Descripción de la unidad económica de pesca (UEP) 21 3.2.7. Artes de pesca 22 3.2.7.1 Artes pasivos 22 3.2.7.2. Artes activos 24 3.2.8. Evaluación de la Captura por Unidad de Esfuerzo (CPUE) 25 3.2.9. Aspectos biológicos 27 3.3.1. Crecimiento 27 3.3.2. Biología reproductiva 29 3.3.2.1. Proporción de sexos 29 3.3.2.2. Desarrollo reproductivo 30 Índices Gonadosomático, Hepatosomático, de Nutrición y Factor de 3.32.3. Condición 31 3.4. Antecedentes 32 3.4.1. Pesca artesanal 32 3.4.2. Reproducción 34 4. Problema y Justificación 37 4.1. Problema 37 4.2. Justificación 38 5. Objetivos 39 5.1. Objetivo General 39 5.2. Objetivos Específicos 39 6. Materiales y métodos 40 6.1. Diseño de la investigación 40 6.1.1. Población de estudio y muestra 40 6.1.2. Variables de estudio 41 6.2. Métodos 42 6.3. Recolección de la información 43 6.4. Análisis de la Información 43 6.4.1. Descripción de la UEPs; Artes, Métodos y Carnada 43 6.4.2. Identificación de los caladeros 43 6.4.3. Captura por Unidad de Esfuerzo (CUEP) 43 6.4.4. Relación talla – peso 44 6.4.5. Talla media de madurez sexual 45 6.4.6. Proporción de sexos 45 6.4.7. Madurez sexual 46 Índices Gonadosomático, Hepatosomático, de Nutrición y Factor de 6.4.8. Condición 46 7. Resultados y Discusión 48 7.1. Unidades Económicas de Pesca 48 7.2. Arte y métodos de Pesca 49 7.2.1. Arte 49 7.2.2. Método de pesca 50 7.3. Carnada 51 7.4. Conservación, procesamiento y comercialización 51 7.5. Épocas de Pesca 52 Identificación de los caladeros donde se realiza la extracción de O. 7.6. 55 chrysurus. 7.7. Evaluación de Captura por Unidad de Esfuerzo. 56 7.7.1. Captura 56 7.7.2. Esfuerzo de Captura 60 7.7.3. Captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE) 61 7.8. Aspectos biológicos 65 7.8.1. Composición por tallas 65 7.8.2. Relación Talla – Peso 67 7.8.3. Talla mínima y media de madurez sexual 68 7.8.4. Proporción de sexos 70 7.8.5. Desarrollo reproductivo 71 Índices Gonadosomático, Hepatosomático, de Nutrición y Factor de 7.8.6. 73 Condición 8. Conclusiones 77 9. Recomendaciones 79 10. Referencias 80 Índice de Figuras Página Figura 1 Ubicación de Isla Fuerte - Colombia -. Tomado de www.googleearth. 4 Figura 2 Épocas Climáticas. 8 Figura 3 (a) Valores históricos de precipitación mensual promedio desde 1958 hasta 1995; (b) Valores de precipitación mensual durante el año de 1994; Estación 1309007 Tolú IDEAM (Sierra, 1996, en Barreto y Col., 1999). 8 Figura 4 Ocyurus chrysurus, Tomado de www.njscuba.net 15 Figura 5 Medidas de longitud tomadas al cuerpo de los peces. 28 Figura 6 Modelo general de un cordel y sus partes. 50 Figura 7 Harengula humeralis, tomado de Fishbase (2005). Especie utilizada como carnada en Isla Fuerte, Caribe Colombiano. 51 Figura 8 Volumen de captura de O. chrysurus asociado a luna llena, entre marzo y julio de 2005 en Isla Fuerte Caribe – Colombiano. 54 Figura 9 Volumen de captura de O. chrysurus en los cinco caladeros más representativos, entre marzo y julio de 2005 en Isla Fuerte Caribe – Colombiano. 56 Figura 10 Volumen de captura mensual de O, chrysurus, entre abril y julio de 2005 en Isla Fuerte Caribe - Colombiano 58 Figura 11 Esfuerzo invertido en los diferentes meses (a) y en los cinco caladeros más representativos en cuanto a volumen de captura se refiere (b) para la captura de O. chrysurus, entre abril y julio de 2005 en Isla Fuerte, Caribe colombiano. 61 Figura 12 CPUE mensual (a) y el los cinco caladeros más importantes en cuanto a volumen de captura se refiere (b) de O. chrysurus, entre abril y julio de 2005 en Isla Fuerte Caribe Colombiano. 62 Figura 13 Frecuencia de tallas de Lt de de O. chrysurus entre abril y julio de 2005 en Isla Fuerte, Caribe Colombiano. 67 Figura 14 Relación Talla – Peso de O. chrysurus entre abril y julio de 2005 en Isla Fuerte, Caribe Colombiano. 68 Figura 15 Talla de madurez sexual mínima y media de O. chrysurus entre abril y julio de 2005 en Isla Fuerte, Caribe Colombiano. 69 Figura 16 Número de individuos en cada uno de los estadíos de desarrollo de O. chrysurus entre abril y julio de 2005, en Isla Fuerte Caribe colombiano. 72 Figura 17 Variaciones mensuales de los promedios del IGS, IHS, K e IN de O. chrysurus para machos (a) y hembras (b) entre abril y julio de 2005, en Isla Fuerte Caribe colombiano. 74 Figura 18 Regresiones lineales para IGS, IHS y K de 823 individuos de O. chrysurus. 76 Índice de Tablas Página Tabla 1 Descripción de los estadíos del desarrollo gonadal de Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1971). Tomado de Claro (1983a) 30 Tabla 2 Caladeros de donde se extrae O. chrysurus en Isla Fuerte Caribe colombiano y la correspondiente georeferenciación. Fuente: Giovanni Gonzáles, Biólogo, de la PUJ. 55 Tabla 3 Captura en kilogramos por caladero y mensual de O. chrysurus entre abril y julio de 2005, en Isla Fuerte, Caribe colombiano. 57 Tabla 4 Valores del número de pescadores, % de visitas, esfuerzo y CPUE por caladero de O. chrysurus, en Isla Fuerte Caribe Colombiano. 63 Tabla 5 Valores mensuales por caladero de volumen de captura (kg) y CPUE de O. chrysurus entre abril y julio de 2005 en Isla Fuerte, Caribe Colombiano. 64 Tabla 6 Longitudes máximas y mínimas de O. chrysuruss encontradas 66 Tabla 7 Frecuencia de hembras y de Machos, Proporción de sexos por mes y total y Valores de Chi cuadrado -X2-de O.
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