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Fishbase and AUXIM As Tools for Comparing Life-History Patterns, Growth and Natural Mortality of Fish: Applications to Snappers and Groupersa

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Fishbase and AUXIM As Tools for Comparing Life-History Patterns, Growth and Natural Mortality of Fish: Applications to Snappers and Groupersa fishBase and AUXIM as Tools for Comparing Life-history Patterns, Growth and Natural Mortality of fish: Applications to Snappers and Groupersa D. PAULY International Centerfor LivingAquatic Resources Management MCPO Box 2631 0718 Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines Fisheries Centre, 2204 Main Mall University ofBritish Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. Canada V6T 1Z4. C. BINOHLAN International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management MCPO Box 2631 0718 Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines PAULY, D. and e. BINOHLAN. 1996. FishBase and AUXIM as tools for comparing the life-history patterns. growth and natural mortality of fish: applications to snappers and groupers [FishBase y AUXIM como herramientas para comparac/6n de patrones. de estrategias de vida, crecimiento y mortalidad natural de peces: aplicaci6n a pargos y merosJ, p. 218-243. In F. Arreguin-Sanchez, ].L. Munro. M.e. Balgos and D. Pauly (eds.) Biology. fisheries and culture of tropical groupers and snappers. lCLARM Conf. Proc. 48. 449 p. Abstract The FishBase 96 CD-ROM. the computerized encyclopedia of fishes. contains. among other things. 4 434 fully documented sets of growth parameters for t t t 5 species. and t 70 families of fish. This allows definition of the growth patterns typical of various taxa. and the prediction of likely growth parameters in little studied groups. as well as the identification of outliers in well studied ones. A software tool called AUXlM is presented which. based on growth parameters. facilitates definition and quantification of the "growth space" inhabited by various taxa. here the Lutjanidae (t 17 cases; t 5 spp.) and the Epinephelinae (34 cases; 6 spp.). It is shown that AUXIM and its underlying concept. the growth performance index $'. can be used to verify ages and/or growth parameter estimates in species for which previous growth parameter estimates exist. and to infer likely growth parameters in unstudied species. Various predictors of natural mortality (M) in groupers and snappers are examined. and earlier work by S. Ralston is confirmed which suggested that the von Bertalanffy parameter K is a good predictor of M for this very homogenous group of fishes. FishBase graphs on the longevity of lutjanids and the brain size of serranids are finally used to illustrate the power of FishBase for presenting in fishes previously unconnected aspects of their life­ history. and morphology. respectively. ., ICLARM Contribution No. 1334 218 219 Resumen £1 CD-ROM de FishBase 96, la encielopedia computarizada de peces contiene, entre otras cosas, 4434 conjunto de datos sobre parametros de crecimiento totalmente documentados para I 115 especies, y 170 familias de peces. £sto permite la definicion de parametros de crecimiento tipkos de varios taxa, y la predicci6n de valores aproximados para pequenosgrupos poco estudiados, as! como la identificaci6n de estimaciones erroneas en aquellos bien conoeidos. Tambien se presenta un programa Ilamado AUXIM el cual, con base en los parametros de crecimiento, faeilita la definicion y cuantificaci6n del "espacio de crecimiento" en el cual se ubican los diferentes taxa, en este caso los Lutjanidos (117 casos; 15 especies) y los £pinephelidos (34 casos; 6 especies). Se muestra AUXIM, y el concepto que 10 sostiene, el !ndice de crecimiento <1>', puede ser usado para verificar edades y/o estimaeiones de parametros de crecimiento en especies no estudiadas. Se examinan varios predictores de mortalidad natural (M) para pargos y meros y el trabajo inicial de S. Ralston es confirmado, el cual sugiere que el parametro K de la ecuaci6n de von Bertalanffy es un buen predictor de M para este muy homogeneo grupo de peces. Finalmente se utilizan algunas graficas de FishBase sobre longevidad de lutjanidos y el tamano del cerebro de serranidos para ilustrar el poder de FishBase para presentar aspectos sobre cic/os de vida y morfolog!a de peces que anteriormente aparecfan desconectados entre si. world, among other things, to provide a Introduction basis for new insights and generalizations, e.g., on growth and mortality patterns. Growth and mortality studies of fish have An early version of FishBase was pre­ been crucial to the emergence of fisheries sented at the workshop of which this vol­ biology as a discipline of its own (Petersen ume is the proceedings, but the following 1891; Baranov 1918; Mohr 1927,1930,1943, account is based on the data in FishBase 1994; Beverton and Holt 1959; Smith 1994). 96, whose CD-ROM was released in June This has resulted in large amounts of size­ 1996 (Froese and Pauly 1996), and on material at-age data, growth curves and growth extracted from the other contributions in parameters, and of estimates of natural this volume (to be included in the 1997 mortality having been published in a widely release of FishBase). scattered literature. However, attempts to derive theories from these data have been Materials and Methods few and generally marred by ad hoc ex­ planations, suited for only a small subset Materials of the data at hand (e.g., Weatherley and Gill 1987). One reason for this may be that Comparing vectors ofsizes-at-age is pos­ the regularity among species, genera, and sible, but is not a straightforward way of families of fish growth and mortality pat­ comparing the growth parameters of fish, terns had not been made visible to the prac­ especially when they widely differ in their titioners, who are thus left to deal with what longevity. they believe are peculiar features of their Rather, parameters expressing the shape favorite taxa. of a growth curve can be compared, e.g., The need to overcome parochialism of the parameters L= and K ofthe von BertalanfIY this sort, and related considerations led, growth function (YBGF), viz in the late 1980s to the launching by ICLARM L = L= (I - exp (-K (t - to))) ••• of the FishBase Project, devoted to the crea­ t 1) tion of a database on fish, which would make available to fishery biologists and other where L, is the mean predicted length at scientists key data on all fish species of the age t, L= is the mean length the fish would 220 reach if they were to grow forever, K ex­ for Epinephelinae and Lutjanidae super­ presses the rate (here always with unit imposed as black dots. year· l) at which L~ is approached, and to Our second approach is to compute for is the theoretical age the fish would have each set of growth parameters the at length zero, were they to grow accord­ corresponding value of the growth per­ ing to the VBGF from the onset on (Bertalanffy formance index <1>', defined by 1938; Beverton and Holt 1959; Pauly 1980). Note that to is of no importance to the con­ ...2) siderations which follow. The data for this contribution were all where K is year'l and LjTL) is expressed taken from the POPGROWTH table of incm. FishBase, whose layout is detailed in Binohlan Our third method to document patterns and Pauly (1996a). Overall, 250 sets ofgrowth ofgrowth performance in groupers and snap­ parameters were extracted, pertaining to pers is to analyze the available growth pa­ 41 species of Serranidae (subfamily rameters using AUXIM, a software pack­ Epinephelinae, i.e., groupers) and to 43 age documented in Pauly et al. (1996), species of Lutjanidae, i.e., snappers (Ta­ based on the theory of fish growth of Pauly ble 1). These species' taxonomic status is (1979) and further developed in Pauly (1994) as defined in the recent revision ofHeemstra and in Longhurst and Pauly (1987). and Randall (1993) and Allen (1985), re­ This software is built on the observation spectively. that in closely related groups (e.g., in Also, 29 independent estimates ofnatural population of the same species, and usu­ mortality (M; year'l) were extracted from ally in species of the same genus), L~ and the relevant fields ofthe POPGROWTH Table K not only tend to vary inversely (as has (Table 2). been widely reported in the literature), but To ensure comparability of the growth that their interrelationship can be more pre­ and mortality parameter sets, estimates of cisely captured by asymptotic size initially expressed as fork (FL) or standard length (SL) were re-expressed log K = <1>' - 2 log L~ ...3) as total length (TL), based on the taxonomically correct graphs in the above­ i.e., the inverse ofequation (2), and wherein cited species catalogues. Estimates of W~, the slope (2) is the mean of a large number the weights corresponding to L~, were ob­ of plots of the same forms as equation (3) tained by using appropriate length-weight (Pauly 1979). relationships in the LENGTH WEIGHT Ta­ In reality, however, observed pairs of ble ofFishBase 96 (Binohlan and Pauly 1996b). L~, K, pertaining, e.g., to different populations of the same species are not aligned as sug­ Methods for growth compilrlsolls gested by equation (3), but form ellipsoid clouds, whose main axis has a mean slope Our first approach for demonstrating the of -2 (Pauly 1979; Moreau et al. 1986; Pauly presence of strong patterns among growth 1991). Such ellipses can be designed to parameters uses the plotting routine of define the 95% confidence perimeter around FishBase 96. i.e., to output its growth-re­ the data points representing sets ofgrowth lated graphs, showing all relevant entries parameters from a given species (Pauly et in the database (lighter dots), with the entries al. 1996), which can be taken as defining 221 Table 1. Growth parameters of groupers and snappers In FlshBase. IPar.imetros de crecJmlento de meros y pargos en FlshBase.1 W~ L K Sex Data type/ References' (g) (TL, em) (year'l) Method Family Serranidae Subfamily Epinephelinae Cephalopholls cruentiftif Curac;ao I. 1218 42 0.13 unsexed 1/- 3090 3092 Jamaica 704 34 0.35 unsexed 6/b 3090 3093 Jamaica 690 34 0.34 unsexed 6/b 29 Ceph;r/opholis fulva Jamaica 638 34 0.63 unsexed 6/b 29 1784 Virgin Is.
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