5· Experiment in Autobiography, Ch. 8, V, P. 623. 2. William Paley, Evidences of Christianity (1794) and Natural Theology (1802
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Notes INTRODUCTION 1. George Orwell, 'Wells, Hitler and the World State' in Collected Essays (London, 1961), P· !64. 2. George Steiner, 'Imagining science', Listener, LXXXVI, No. 2225 (18 Nov. 1971), p. 686. 3· M. R. Hillegas, The Future as Nightmare (New York, 1967), pp. 5, 34· 4· E. I. Zamyatin, Herbert Wells (St Petersburg, 1922), p. 54· 5· Experiment in Autobiography, Ch. 8, v, p. 623. I. THE CONVERSION TO SCIENCE 1. Huxley, well known as an agnostic, if not an atheist, was highly amused at his title. He wrote to Sir john Donnelly, 'I am astonished that you don't know that a letter to a Dean ought to be addressed, "The Very Revd." I don't generally stand much upon etiquette, but when my sacred character is touched I draw the line.' Leonard Huxley, Life and Letters rif Thomas Henry Huxley (New York, 1901), II, P· 38. 2. William Paley, Evidences of Christianity (1794) and Natural Theology (1802). 3· T. H. Huxley, 'Mr Darwin's critics', Contemporary Review, xvm (Nov. 1871), 443· 4· H. G. Wells, 'Huxley', Royal College rif Science Magazine, XIII (Apr. 1901 ), 21 1. 5· Experiment in Autobiography, Ch. 5, i, pp. 201, 204. 6. Ibid., Ch. 5, ii, p. 210. 7· Ibid., pp. 220-1. 8. Ibid., Ch. 6, vi, pp. 356-7. 9· VanWyck Brooks, The World of H. G. Wells (London, 1915). 10. Short Stories (London, 1929), p. 1076. 11. Marriage, m, Ch. 4, vi, pp. 514-15. 12. Short Stories, vol. x, p. 570. 13. Love and Mr. Lewisham, Ch. 1, p. 241. 14. The Food of the Gods, Ch. 1, p. 4· 15. 'The discovery of the future', Nature, LXV, No. 1684 (6 Feb. 1902), 326. 16. Ibid., p. 330. 17. Ibid., p. 331. 18. A. G. N. Flew, Evolutwnary Ethics (London, 1967), p. 31. 19. E.g. E. M. Forster, 'The Machine Stops' in The Eternal Moment; Aldous Huxley, Brave New World; George Orwell, 'Wells, Hitler and the World State' in The Road to Wigan Pier, Ch. XII. 20. Karl Marx, who wanted Darwin to accept dedication of at least part of Das 253 254 H. G. Wells: Discoverer of the Future Kapital, sought support in theories of organic evolution for the kinds of processes he believed to occur in society: 'The course of history is a struggle of class as life itself is a struggle for existence.' 21. A Modern Utopia, Ch. I, p. 7· 22. The Open Conspiracy, Ch. I2, pp. I63, 168. 23. New Worldsfor Old, Ch. 2, pp. 23-4· 24. Marriage, Bk 11, Ch. 3, xvii, p. 383. 25. C. Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (London, 1901), Ch. 2I, p. 947· 26. B. Bergonzi, The Early H. G. Wells (Manchester, I961), Ch. 1. 27. 'For his successful progress, man has been largely indebted to those qualities which he shares with the ape and the tiger.' T. H. Huxley, Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature (New York, I897), p. I55· 28. T. H. Huxley, 'Evolution and Ethics' in J. S. Huxley and T. H. Huxley Evolution and Ethics (London, 1947), pp. 8o, 82. 29. Ibid., p. 82. 30. Men Like Gods, I, Ch. 6, p. 107. 31. Introduction to Works, Atlantic Edition (London, 1924), n, p. ix. 32. 'Human evolution, an artificial process', Fortnightly Review, LXVI ( 1896), 590-5. 33· The Island of Dr. Moreau, Ch. 14, p. 91. 34· Ibid., Ch. 14, p. 91. 35· Ibid., Ch. 14, p. 97· 36. Ibid., Ch. 16, p. 123. 37· Ibid., Ch. 21, p. 167. 38. Charles Darwin, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (London, 1887), Vol. n, P· 312. 39· 'Consider for a moment the problem of evil. There are four possibilities with regard to evil. Either God is able but not willing to overcome it, or perchance he is not able, though he may be willing. It may be that he is neither able nor willing to overcome evil. Or it remains that he is both able and willing. Only the last would seem to be worthy of a good God, and it does not happen.' R. Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678) (London, 1845). 40. J. Tyndall's address to the 1874 Meeting of the British Association, published as 'The Belfast Address' in Fragments of Science (New York, 1892), n, p. 201. 41. Dr. Moreau, Ch. I6, p. I23· In this case, unlike the passage quoted above, Moreau is represented, for the sake of realism, as being almost helplessly caught up in this process, rather than as directing it. In general, the only emotion he feels for wasted life is impatience at the delay it causes him. 42. Ibid., Ch. 14, pp. 44-5. 43· Ibid., Ch. 14, p. 93· 44· Ibid., Ch. 8, p. 45· 45· Ibid., Ch. 8, p. 45· 46. Ibid., Ch. 14, pp. 98-g. 47· Ibid., Ch. I2, p. 73· 48. Ibid., Ch. 14, p. 97· 49· Ibid., Ch. I8, pp. 132-3. 50. B. Bergonzi, op. cit., Ch. 4, p. 112. 51 . Prendick, like Wells, has studied biology at the Royal College ofScience under Huxley. Notes 255 52. The Times (17June 18g6), p. 17; The Athenaeum (9 May 1896), pp. 615-16; The Speaker (18 Apr. 1896), p. 430, The Saturday Review (11 Apr. 1896), p. 368. 53· The Island of Dr. Moreau, Ch. 22, p. 170. 54· 'The Chronic Argonauts', Pt n, quoted by Bergonzi, op. cit., Appendix 1, pp. 2og-1o. 55· 'The Rediscovery of the Unique', p. III. 2. SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND WELLS's CREDENTIALS 1. Letter from Wells to Bennett, 19 August 1go 1, reprinted in Arnold Bennett and H. G. Wells (ed. Harris Wilson) (London, 1g6o), p. 59· 2. E. R. Lankester, 'The present judged by the future', .Nature, LXV. Supplement (13 Mar. 1902), iv-v. 3· 'A lunar romance', .Nature, LXV, (9 Jan. 1902), 218. 4· Arnold Bennett, 'Herbert George Wells and his work', Cosmopolitan Magazine, XXXIII (Aug. 1902), 466. 5· L. Silberstein, The Theory of Relativiry (London, 1914), p. 134· 6. L. Szilard, 'Reminiscences', Perspectives in American History (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), II, p. 99· 7· Ibid., p. 102. 8. J. S. Huxley, 'H. G. Wells', The Spectator CLXXVII (16 Aug. 1946), 161. g. The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind, Ch. 11, ii, pp. 66-7. 10. Ibid., p. 67. 11. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, 1, iv. 12. A. West, 'H. G. Wells', Encounter, VIII, No.2 (Feb. 1957), 53· 13· Experiment in Autobiograpl!J, Ch. 5, ii, pp. 225--6. 14. 'The rediscovery of the unique', Fortnightly Review, L Ouly I891), 106, III. 15. B. Bergonzi, The Early H. G. Wells (Manchester, 1961), p. 168. 16. The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind, Ch. 11, ii, p. 67; iv, p. 76. 17. See Verne's contrasting of Wells's work with his own, as quoted by J. Kagarlitski, The Life and Thought of H. G. Wells (London, 1966), p. II3; V. Brome, H. G. Wells, A Biograpl!J (London, 1951), p. 70; G. Murray, 'Gilbert Murray's reminiscences ofliterary giants', John O'London's, 11 ( 14 Apr. 1g6o), 427-8; A. C. Ward, Twentieth-Century Literature (London, 1964), Ch. 11, p. 34; I. Raknem, H. G. Wells and His Critics (Oslo, 1962), p. 206. 18. B. Bergonzi, op. cit., Ch. I, pp. J6-17. 19. The Wonderful Visit, Ch. 18, p. 172. 20. 'Human evolution, an artificial process', Fortnightly Review, LXVI (I8g6), 590- 21. 'The Door in the Wall', Short Stories, pp. 159-16o. 22. Ibid., p. 161. 23. Experiment in Autobiography, Ch. 5, iii. 24. Letter to Arnold Bennett, October 1897, reprinted in Arnold Bennett and H. G. Wells, PP· 34-5· 25. Ibid., p. 35· 26. The Invisible Man, Ch. 20, p. 128. 27. B. Bergonzi, op. cit., Ch. 7, p. 166. 28. Experiment in Autobiograpl!J, Ch. 8, v, p. 624. 29. W. Heisenberg, Pl!Jsics and Philosophy (New York, 1962). H. G. Wells: Discoverer if the Future 30. ].Jeans, The New Background of Science (Michigan, 1959), p. 2. 31. Experiment in Autobiography, Ch. 6, ii, p. 309. 32. Ibid., Ch. 3, ii, p. g6. 33· Charles H. Hinton, Scientific Romances No. 1. 'What is the Fourth Dimension?' (London, 1884). Proceeding by analogies with 'Linelanders' and 'Flat landers', Hinton proposes that either we exist in three dimensions only and hence, like the 'Linelanders' and 'Flatlanders' are mere abstractions in the mind of a being that conceives us, or else we have a four-dimensional existence. 'In this case, our proportions in it must be infinitely minute, or we should be conscious of them ... it would probably be in the ultimate particles of matter that we should discover the fourth dimension.' 34· Raknem claims that 'The Canterville Ghost' makes use of time-travel, but it does not in fact suggest this, and speaks only of a fourth dimension of space, and that in the most casual terms without any allusion to the idea of time at all. 35· A. Einstein, 'Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper', Annalen der Physik, XVII (1905), 8g1-g21. 36. The Time Machine, p. 5· 37· lbid.,p.13. 38. W. B. Pitkin, 'Time and pure activity', Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Method, XI (1914), 524. 39· The Time Machine, pp. 13-14. It is, of course, an intentional irony that it should be the psychologist who raises the very objection to which he should know the answer. It is another example of that inability to apply what one knows in one situation in another less familiar context- a state of mind which Wells repeatedly satirised.