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INTERACTION BETWEEN the WATERHYACINTH MITE, Orthogalumna Terebrantis WALLWORK, and the MOTTLED WATERHYACINTH WEEVIL, Neochetina Eichhorniae WARNER

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INTERACTION BETWEEN the WATERHYACINTH MITE, Orthogalumna Terebrantis WALLWORK, and the MOTTLED WATERHYACINTH WEEVIL, Neochetina Eichhorniae WARNER INTERACTION BETWEEN THE WATERHYACINTH MITE, Qrthogalumna terebrantis WALLWORK, AND THE MOTTLED WATERHYACINTH WEEVIL, Neochetina eichhornlae WARNER By ERNEST SHERIDAN DEL FOSSE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1975 DEDICATION I proudly dedicate this dissertation to my late father, ne Francis Edouard Delfosse, and to my wife, Janet Ann Veronica Del Fosse, E.S.D.F December 1975 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express sincere gratitude to Drs. D. H. Habeck and B. D. Perkins, ray on- and off-campus advisors, respectively. Without the financial, intellectual and emotional support of these men, this project could not have been completed. This study was financed in part from a grant from the Florida Department of Natural Resources, dispensed through the United States Department of Agriculture, I am extremely grateful to these sources for their support. Inasmuch as this research was conducted for the most part at the USDA Aquatic Plant Management Laboratory-University of Florida Agricultural Research Center in Davie, Florida, a great debt of appreciation is due both of these agencies for use of their facilities. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. D. L, Sutton (Former Acting UF-ARC Director until September 1975) • Mr, R, D. Blackburn (USDA Location Leader until July 197*0. and Dr. K. K. Steward (Acting USDA Location Leader, July 197^-present). Both USDA secretarial help (from Mrs, G. C. Wilby and Mrs, A. G, Sullivan) and UF-ARC secretarial help (from Mrs. E. B. Ward, Mrs. A. C. Reinert, Ms. M. Gonzalez and Mrs, A. K. Connley) were also greatly appreciated. I am also grateful to UF Department of Entomology-Nematology secretaries, especially Mrs. A. Kesler and Mrs. D. Nickle, and former secretary Miss M. Davis, who helped organize Gainesville activities for me in my absence. iii I am also grateful to Mrs. T. C. Carlysle of the USDA in Gainesville; Drs. J. A. Reinert, D. L. Thomas, N. L. Woodiel, J. H. Tsai and R. E. McCoy of the UF-ARC in Davie; and Drs. W. G. Eden (former Departmental Head), V, G. Perry, T. J. Walker, R. I, Sailer, L. Berner, H. L. Cromroy and J. L. Nation of the Entomology-Nematology Department, UF, Gainesville, for their help in various aspects of this project. I thank Dr. R. L. IAttell, Department of Statistics, UF, Gainesville, for help in designing, analyzing and interpreting statistical tests used in this project. I would also like to thank Dr. R. Machisin of Nova University's Computer Center, Davie, for use of keypunching equipment and IBM duplicators, and Mrs. C. Iynn, UF, Gainesville, for help with computer work. This research was greatly facilitated by technical aid. I am very grateful to Mr. W. C. Durden and T. M. Taylor of the USDA in Davie, and Miss M. M. Lovarco, Mr. W. H. Ornes, Mss. T. R. Pearce, D. L. Johnston, C.J. Feimster and J. Jerris, Mrs. M. R. Van Montfrans, Mrs. J. Miehewicz, Miss C. J. Hay, Mrs. A. D. Jones, Mr. D. H. Turner and Mr. W. Maier of UF-ARC in Davie. I especially thank my wife, Janet Ann Veronica Del Fosse, both for typing part of this manuscript, and for her love, patience and understanding throughout our % years as Professional Students. E.S.D.F. December 1975 iv TABIE OF CONTENTS . Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii LEST OF TABLES viii LEST OF FIGURES ^ ABSTRACT -h^ INTRODUCTION i LITERATURE REVIEW 5 The Problem ............. 5 World-Wide Infestation 5 Specific Problems Caused by Waterhyacinth 6 Benefits of Waterhyacinth 12 Monetary Relationships . 16 Conflict of Interest , 17 Control Attempts Other Than Biological Control 18 Chemical Control ............. 18 Mechanical, Cultural and Integrated Control. .... 21 Biological Control 23 General Theory of Biological Control of hydrophytes. 23 Control with Neochetina spp. 25 Control with Qrthogalumna terebrantis Wallwork ... 30 Other Arthropods on Waterhyacinth 35 Control with Pathogens 36 Control with Other Biotic Agents 38 v Page Manipulation of Natural Enemies and Population Modeling ••••••••••• 39 RELEASE OF THE MOTTLED WA TERHYACINTH WEEVIL Methods and Materials 43 Results and Discussion. ...... 50 COFFIN-HOLDER TREATMENTS 66 Methods and Materials ......... 66 Results and Discussion 70 Orthogalumna terebrantis Alone 81 Neochetina elchhorniae Alone 82 Combination of N. elchhorniae and 0. terebrantis . 83 N. elchhorniae Established 3 Months, then 0. terebrantis Added &!f 0. terebrantis Established 3 Months, then N. eichhornlae Added. , . 8^ Covered Controls 85 Uncovered Controls ................ 86 MOVEMENT OF ADULT WATERHYACINTH MITES TO PICKERELWEED. ... 87 Methods and Materials 87 Results and Discussion 88 EFFECT OF ADULT WATERHYACINTH MITES ON WEEVIL OVIPOSITION. 89 Methods and Materials 89 Results and Discussion. ....... 92 vi Page EFFECT OF ADULT WATERHYACINTH MITES ON WEEVIL EGGS 93 Methods and Materials ••••••• .... 93 Results and Discussion, 93 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY OPTIMA: EFFECT OF ABIOTIC FACTORS . 9^ Methods and Materials • . 94 Results and Discussion 95 WATER CHEMISTRY, NUTRIENTS AND ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF WATERHYACINTH. , 99 Methods and Materials ........ 98 Results and Discussion. ... ..... 99 DISCOVERY OF A POSSIBLE KAIROMONE FROM WATERHYACINTH .... 103 Methods and Materials 103 Results and Discussion. ( 106 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL WITH PRIMARY CONSUMERS 10? APPENDIX . , Hi LITERATURE CITED ^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 1(M vii LIST OF TABLES No. Page 1 Monthly averages of weevils and mites from Area 1. 112 2 Monthly averages of weevils and mites from Area 2. , . 113 3 Monthly averages of weevils and mites from Area 3. 114 4 Monthly averages of weevils and mites from Area 4. 115 5 Monthly averages of weevils and mites from Area 5. 116 Monthly 6 averages of weevils and mites from Area 6. 117 7 Monthly averages of weevils and mites from Area 7. 118 Monthly 8 averages of weevils and mites from Area 8. 119 9 Monthly averages of weevils and mites from Area 9. 120 10 Monthly averages of weevils and mites from Area 10 . , . 121 11 Monthly averages of waterhyacinth measurements from Area 1 122 12 Monthly averages of waterhyacinth measurements from Area 2..,. ••••«.••.....,..... 123 13 Monthly averages of waterhyacinth measurements from Area 3 124 14 Monthly averages of waterhyacinth measurements from Area 4,.., 125 15 Monthly averages of waterhyacinth measurements from Area 5 126 16 Monthly averages of waterhyacinth measurements from Area 6........... 127 17 Monthly averages of waterhyacinth measurements from Area 7 128 viii No. Page 18 Monthly averages of waterhyacinth measurements from Area 8 , 129 19 Monthly averages of waterhyacinth measurements from Area 9 • • • • . 130 20 Monthly averages of waterhyacinth measurements from Area 10. 131 21 ANOVA for weevils, mites and waterhyacinth for release experiment ....................... 132 22 ANOVA for weevils, mites and waterhyacinth for coffin- holder experiment. ............ ., 133 23 Septenarial averages for mite treatment I35 2k Septenarial averages for weevil treatment I37 Septenarial 25 averages for weevil plus mite treatment. 139 26 Septenarial averages for weevil, delay, then add mites treatment. 141 27 Septenarial averages for mite, delay, then add weevils, treatment. ..... 143 28 Septenarial averages for covered coffin-holders. .... 1^5 29 Septenarial averages for uncovered coffin-holders. ... 1^7 30 Summary of septenarial averages for mite and weevil measurements for coffin-holder experiment 1^9 31 Summary of septenarial averages for waterhyacinth measurements for coffin-holder experiment. ....... 151 32 Population parameters for weevils and mites grown in incubators ....................... 153 33 Oviposition and development of mites at different temperatures ••••»....... 154 34 Water quality measurements at release site of weevils. 155 ix No. Page 35 Water quality measurements from coffin-holders and pondwater ............. 156 36 Amount of N, P, K and crude protein from waterhyacinth. 157 37 Elemental content of waterhyacinth ...... 159 38 Temperature and dissolved oxygen from release canal and coffin-holders. .......... ••• 160 x IIST OF FIGURES No « Page 1 Schematic view of waterhyacinth mat where weevils were released. 45 2 Aerial view of Davie, Florida ........ 3 Monthly trends of weevil populations. 52 k Monthly trends of mite populations 55 5 Monthly trends of air temperature in Davie 57 6 Monthly trends in rainfall and evaporation in Davie ... 59 7 Monthly trends of waterhyacinth measurements 63 8 Experimental design of coffin-holder experiment ..... 69 9 Monthly trends of weevil populations in coffin-holders. 72 Monthly trends 10 of mite populations in coffin-holders. 75 11 Monthly trends of waterhyacinth measurements in coffin- holders ....o. ........ ••••• 77 12 Monthly trends of waterhyacinth measurements in coffin- holders • ••••••••••••• 79 13 Schematic view of mite aspirator. ............ 91 lk Monthly changes in water temperatures in coffin-holders . 102 15 Schematic view of olfactometer 105 xi Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy INTERACTION BETWEEN THE WATERHYACINTH MITE, Orthogalumna terebrantis WALLWORK, AND THE MOTTLED WATERHYACINTH WEEVIL, Neochetina eichhorniae WARNER By Ernest Sheridan Del Fosse December, 1975 Chairman: Dr. Dale H. Habeck Co-chairman: Dr. B. David Perkins Major Department: Entomology and Nematology Seven hundred adult mottled waterhyacinth
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