Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-7, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Using Stereotypes to Challenge Stereotypes: A Study of the Presentation of Stereotypes in the Animated Series Arthur

Abigail Persaud Cheddie University of Guyana

Abstract: This paper examines how the child and adult viewers, appears to be that of the presentation of stereotypes in the animated value of individuality. The song, performed by television series Arthur advances one of the show’s Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers, opens with core messages –individuality. How the stereotyping the message about each individual’s distinct technique operates in two layers is examined uniqueness and equal worth in society: “Every day through a close study of eight characters. The first when you’re walking down the street,/ Everybody section of the paper highlights the main stereotypes that you meet/ Has an original point of view” and how distinctly different they are. The second (Arthur – Theme Song) [2]. The ideas in these lines section utilizes examples from the episodes to proclaim how very different, unique and valid each examine how these same stereotypes are constantly person or character is. Interestingly, in the series challenged, renegotiated and subverted throughout the differences are made most pronounced through the series, so that the individual’s multi- the presentation of the characters in stereotypes, for dimensional qualities are revealed. Ultimately, we instance, Binky, the bully; Buster, the comedian see how the interplay of layers one and two and Brain, the nerd. Each character is different, function to renegotiate the original stereotypes at unique, ‘original’. Additionally, the theme song layer one and regenerate the characters in the elaborates on another crucial aspect of series. individualism – belief in self-worth: “It’s a simple Keywords: Animated series, Arthur, children’s message, and it comes from the heart/ Believe in cartoons, stereotypes, subversion, characters yourself…, /Well that’s the place to start….” The characters in the show are often aware of their distinctness and through the existence or 1. Introduction subversion of their stereotypes they, along with their audience come to explore their personalities The year 2016 marked 20 years since the more deeply and value who they are. In addition, animated series Arthur debuted. To see a cartoon the subversion of the constructed stereotypes serves television series still airing long after children from to challenge and renew the audience’s the ’90s have left childhood behind, attests to the understanding of each ‘type’. extent to which the show has continued to resonate One major aspect of the success of the with viewers over two decades. Arthur is still as characters then, specifically Arthur and his friends, popular and well-loved now as it was back in 1996. is that throughout the twenty seasons, they are The series’ 12 awards and 32 nominations spanning given a great deal of room to develop and this is the years 1998 to 2016 (“Arthur (1996- ) Awards”) done through the navigation of stereotypes. By [1] point to the sustained impressive quality of the stereotype here, I mean the composition of both the series. Twenty years plus later, viewers must negative and positive qualities that make up a fixed conclude that there is some kind of ‘secret success’ or familiar personality image. Buster, for instance, formula that contributes to the striking composition largely embodies the stereotype of the laid-back and longevity of this cartoon series that continues comedian: he embraces the mantra of ‘all play and to gain new child viewers and retain seasoned adult little work’ – he is the epitome of breezy fans. friendliness, humor and optimism and is the model Over the years, close observation shows that of the classmate who frowns upon homework and one of the components of the success formula of avoids any extra reading if he can. All of the main Arthur is the complex construction of the characters are presented in a stereotypical mold characters and how intricately their presentation similar to Buster’s and the stereotypes seem to be seems to be bound up with the show’s main presented in several layers, two of which are message that appears in its theme song. One of the readily identifiable. core concepts of the main message, relevant to both

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-7, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Firstly, the initial presentation of the characters different personalities and abilities, and the establishes a layer of familiar stereotypes: the perpetuation of familiar stereotypes in these fixed series succeeds in communicating basic stereotypes one dimensional extremes makes the characters like the nerd, the bully, the spoilt heiress and the easily accessible to children and even adults. It is aforementioned comedian. A second layer then through the fixed types that the audience is able to establishes the subversion and negotiation or recognize the clear distinctness of each character. renegotiation of the stereotypes themselves. On the first layer, the stereotypes are specific, rigid Interestingly, this technique often brings new and consistent. There is no deviation. The audience meaning to the initial stereotypes created at the first knows the list of roles and how they are filled. layer. Binky, for instance, moves through a How Arthur and some of his friends tidily construction of the stereotypical terrifying Bully, conform to their individual stereotypical roles is feared and excluded by others, to the layer where examined below. the stereotype of ‘Bully Binky’ is broken by First up, in alphabetical order, is Binky Barnes. seemingly incompatible qualities like sensational Binky without a doubt fills the role of the class ballet dancer, well-informed art critic, talented bully both in appearance and attitude. It is easy for musician, attentive role model and doting big him to command other children in his class because brother. Eventually, what we see is a renewal of the he is larger in size than most of them. Sometimes characters brought about through the interplay of even the camera angle from which Binky is the two layers of the stereotyping – the first layer presented helps to emphasize his physical of creating the stereotype and the second layer of stereotype; for example, when viewed from the challenging the said stereotype. With any layer vantage point of the smaller person at whom he is operating at any given time, this stereotyping staring down, his height, girth, the size of his head technique works by transforming the stock and menacing frown appear magnified. This ‘buff’ characters into dynamic constructions. In doing so, appearance along with his name Binky Barnes with the stereotyping technique magnifies the “simple the startling B-B alliteration complement the tough message” of the theme song, the message about behavior that he tries to convey as the leader of the everyone being equal in their “original point[s] of Tough Customers club. He easily cements his role view” and the need for believing in self. as class bully by displaying bad manners and even This paper will show how the series explores traumatizing his friends by taking their lunches and the concept of individuality by developing the desserts. An example of one of the many times he characters through the use of stereotypes. I will does this is when he stalks Arthur, Buster and D.W. examine: 1) how the presentation of basic into Pizza Paula’s, pulls the layer of toppings off of stereotypes functions as the first layer in Arthur’s slice of pizza, eats it, belches loudly and establishing a framework for the message of leaves (The Good, The Bad, and The Binky) [3]. In individuality and 2) how the stereotypes are Bully for Binky [4], all of Arthur and his friends subverted and how the subversion of the (except Sue Ellen) are extremely terrified of Binky stereotypes depends on the interplay of the two to the point where they feel powerless and layers so as to renegotiate the original stereotypes frustrated, with even the knowledgeable highly at layer one, in order to further advance the scientific Brain concluding that “There’s no one on message of the role of the individual in society and earth big enough to challenge Binky” (00:03:14- ultimately renew the characters. To do this, close 18). Binky conforms to a role that is very easy for attention will be paid to the presentation of Arthur the audience to be wary of; whenever he and seven of his classmates. Mention will be made approaches it is expected that he will inspire fear of other characters. and discomfort, as he falls without a doubt into the category of class bullies. Binky’s bully image 2. Layer 1: The Presentation of immediately sets him apart from his other Individual Stereotypes classmates. Then there is the stereotype of the easy-going Arthur and his classmates are individually comedian. Amicable and nonchalant, Buster fills stereotypical to begin with. They generate meaning the role of the funny, warm, non-judgmental and while being presented as a group through their approachable chum. The audience finds it easy to individual stereotypical constructions: among them be at ease with him. In The Buster Report [5], after we can easily identify their stock types, for Mr. Ratburn tells the class to prepare an oral report example, the ‘nerd’ – Brain; the comedian – on someone they admire, some of the pupils decide Buster; the spoilt snobbish heiress – Muffy; the to do reports on influential adults like Sue Ellen’s tomboy – Francine; the bully – Binky; the quiet karate teacher, a firewoman and even Mr. Ratburn invisible boy – George; the introverted writer – himself. George though, chooses to do a report on Fern; and the ‘average’ relatable one – Arthur. As a Buster saying “I have the best person of all. He’s group, these characters represent individuals of really funny and he’s outgoing….” (00:13:39-43).

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 448

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-7, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

In like manner, throughout the show everyone likes Thomas Edison and forces them to feel inadequate Buster and is at ease with his personality. In in their stage roles. Undoubtedly, Francine fills the Buster’s Best Behavior [6], Arthur highly praises slot of the aggressive tom-boy. Her visibly feisty Buster’s personality and comedic abilities, to which personality maintained throughout the series can D.W. responds “Bubster sounds like fun. I bet he’d provoke an ambiguous response – admiration for make a great brother. Can we trade? Bubster can her aggression in sports but unease with her equally live here and he [Arthur] can move out” (00:15:41- matched aggression in her social world. Francine’s 510. In the group, Buster neatly fills the stock role athleticism and temperament set her aside from her of that one warm funny person who everyone sees other classmates. as friendly and non-threatening. Yet another stereotype is filled by George Another stereotype is portrayed by Mary Alice Lundgren. George’s main role is to be the quiet ‘Muffy’ Crosswire who solidly fills the role of the invisible boy. In many episodes he appears rich spoilt self-absorbed snob. It is very difficult passively in the background. The most startling not to view her through the lens of this stereotype episode that highlights this is The Silent Treatment which she advances without fail in every new [11], in which George and eventually everyone else season. She is set apart from the other characters realizes that he is indeed being treated as if he were with her access to material things: a limousine, a not there. Throughout the show, George says things butler-chauffer-personal assistant, a swimming like: “What about noticing me for a change? It’s pool and her dad’s credit cards for unlimited like I’m invisible” (00:02:00-05); “You forgot to shopping. In addition, she is often seen in situations find me. And you got ice cream?” (00:02:53-56); that test and confirm her stereotype. In Poor Muffy “They forgot I was even there. I could have stayed [7], Muffy succeeds in being a most ungracious behind that tree forever,” (00:03:14-19) and “No guest in the Frensky home when she throws one ever pays attention to me. It’s like I don’t even tantrums about having leftovers for dinner, brings exist” (00:03:27-31). In addition, having his an unreasonable amount of her belongings into ventriloquist’s dummy Walley for a best friend is Francine’s room and criticizes the ‘sparse’ number very telling about his level of visibility among his of television channels that the Frenskys have. ‘real life’ friends. George hardly ever fails in his Muffy manages to stay true to this snobbish role as the well-behaved passive quiet boy in the attitude in some degree throughout the entire series. class. It is very easy to access George’s stereotype Whenever she appears, it is expected that she will as he stays true to it and it contrasts with the rigidly adhere to this unnerving stereotype of visibility of the main characters. having lots of things and lots of ‘bad’ attitude, and In addition to these stereotypes, it would be often she does so unflinchingly. No other character remiss of the series to have a classroom without a has the combination of Muffy’s assets and attitude. nerd. Alan Powers, nicknamed “The Brain” or Next, Francine Frensky is presented as the Brain, embodies the stereotype of the nerd. Brain group’s aggressive tom-boy who appears awkward functions as the thinker, the knowledge carrier, the in dresses, is comfortable playing sports and whose cerebral superior on which the rest of the class, and friends often cower beneath her loud, out-going sometimes even the teacher, is propped up. So well and larger than life personality. In the very first does Brain fill his role that it becomes easy to episode, Francine’s Bad Hair Day [8], her role forget that he still has a birth name. In Prove It becomes evident when she expresses concern about [12], D.W. says “Hi Alan” to which Arthur asks looking stupid wearing a dress. She builds up her “Who are you talking to?” Brain then provides a stereotype by ignoring the possibility of getting the reminder that he is a whole person and not just a dress dirty and runs into the game, outshining the brain: “Me, my name’s Alan,” and Arthur offers a other players on the muddy field and winning the nervous chuckle “Oh, right” (00:12:06-12). In The game against the fourth graders. Her success and Perfect Brother [13], Brain is the embodiment of aggression in sports seem to have a symbiotic efficiency: he effortlessly finishes his homework relationship with how loud, confident and speedily so that he can read ahead on the next aggressive she is in her social world. An example week’s lessons; he then plays basket-ball of this is seen when she self-assuredly acclaims to impressively, teaches the dog new tricks, makes a the principal that she should have won the Athlete dysfunctional model plane fly, shows Mr. Read of the Year Award: “Mr. Haney, I’m the captain of how sandwiches can be made more effectively, re- the softball team, the captain of the hockey team, programs Mrs. Read’s computer and reads a story the captain of my temple’s basketball team, and the to DW. Always super-efficient like this, throughout only person who can sit on Binky’s head. I should the series, Brain is always the brain of the crew and have won that award” (The Good Sport 00:04:10- never once does he move out of character. He 19) [9]. This aggression is also meted out to her always retains his reliability and seeming friends, driving them away, such as in Francine infallibility and everyone looks up to him when the Frensky, Superstar [10], when she plays the part of most difficult problems are there to be solved.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-7, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Because he embodies his revered stereotype so Once the stereotypes are accessed, the well, it becomes difficult to see him as anything characters then consistently conform to them and else at all but The Brain. His character is very ultimately to the audience’s expectations. The distinct as his brain sets him aside from everyone formulaic overtones of these characters make the else’s brain. series interactive because the viewer knows what to There is also the stereotype of the introverted expect of the individual presentations and derives timid writer seen in Fern Walters. In I’m a Poet satisfaction from seeing those expectations [14], Francine says “Fern never said she wrote confirmed. There is for example, evoked poetry”, to which Binky replies, “Fern never says discomfort and disapproval in Binky and Muffy’s anything,” (00:02:31-35) and again in Draw [15], stereotypes, while there is a sense of ease with Francine insensitively says of Fern: “Fern, that Buster and Arthur’s stereotypes, a sense of mouse? What’s she gonna do? Be quiet at me?” reverence for Brain’s, ambiguity in Francine’s and (00:16:21-26). In fact, since Fern doesn’t get to say neutrality in George and Fern’s. The stereotypical much, it is difficult to pay attention to her except roles contain and protect the identities and when she is deliberately thrust into the limelight for ultimately the consistent presentation of the her writing. In this way, Fern’s stereotype of the characters. Season after season, viewers keep background introverted writer functions effectively. returning to Arthur because the characters are Her silence and her writing augur well with each stable and predictable in their stereotypical roles other and set her apart from the other more and therefore easy to access. More importantly, the talkative characters in the group. uniqueness of each individual is most distinctly In addition, other stereotypes are represented, emphasized because of the overt use of the above like the well-travelled, culturally diverse, multi- highlighted stereotypes. All the characters are talented Sue Ellen, the chatterbox Ladonna, the foremost individual and equal in their own regard silent shy athlete Jenna and the flaky fortune-teller, as their roles require them to be. Prunella, each as distinct in talent and temperament as the other. Even Mr. Ratburn’s individuality 3. Layer 2: Challenge, Renegotiation shines through in his stereotype – that of the home- and Subversion of Stereotypes work giving, quiz-making, ‘hard-as-nails’ unbending stereotypical teacher – as he stands in contrast to the other more relaxed third grade While in the first layer the stereotypes remain teachers. rigid, in the second layer, the same stereotypes are Finally, in comparison to his classmates above, subverted. The very stereotypes that are used to the eponymous Arthur on one level, seems not to evoke a measure of fixed judgment are in turn used be stereotyped at all, except to say that he is like to challenge this judgment and renegotiate each the majority of people – standard, regular, usual, stereotype’s place in the group. The use of this conventional – which in some regard, is a kind of technique advances in depth and with care how stereotype: the stereotype of being ‘average’. This extremely unique each of the individual characters stereotypical average Joe image is conveyed by is. This deeper appreciation for the dynamism and Arthur’s family’s relatable middle-class income; by worth of the individual is arrived at through the his academic mid-ground – not too brilliant, not too renegotiation of the initial judgment made at the lax; and by his generally moral, trustworthy, first layer. For example, when George is viewed responsible and reliable behavior when necessary. afresh through the lens of his exceptional talent in In The Contest [16] a story of Buster’s depicts a woodworking and ventriloquism, his stereotype of character called Arthur who aliens wouldn’t eat invisibility is challenged as he becomes a visible because he was high in cholesterol. To this story craftsman and entertainer, thereby forcing a Arthur responds in a rather disturbed and offended renegotiation of the way in which he was once tone: “You don’t think aliens would eat me?” measured and categorized. The subversion of the (00:03:47-49), “I’m just as edible as anybody!” stereotype transforms the audience’s old (00:03:55-57). Arthur feels like it has been implied measurements and labels of quiet passive George that he’s not good or unique enough, even if it is to into perspectives of closer awareness for the be eaten by aliens, a sentiment echoed when he individual and an increase in regard for his says of playing checkers, “I don’t know if I’m good personality and talents. Through the new lens, enough. I’m kind of average” (A is for Angry George seems to be anything but passive. In 00:01:29-33) [17]. Arthur never veers off from addition, ultimately, the renegotiation and being the stabilizing average force among his subversion of stereotypes renew each of the friends. The eponymous Arthur conforms to the characters, in the same way that George’s image is stereotype of the anchor or stable ground for continually remodeled into a greater degree of everyone else who appears in extremes. visibility in the progressing episodes, though he still remains within the framework of his original

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-7, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in stereotype. The natural interplay between the two hangs the painting correctly in the museum. In this layers keeps renegotiating the image of the original episode, Bully Binky has been overturned by stereotypes and advances the audience’s Academic Binky forcing viewers to reassess their opportunity to explore more in depth the role of feelings of Binky as they reach new levels of being each individual character in the series, while impressed with his intelligence. Binky’s scholarly ultimately regenerating the characters’ overall activities therefore challenge Bully Binky and images. renegotiate Bully Binky’s place in the classroom. To begin, let us examine how we come to a As he takes his new place as legitimate researcher, deeper understanding of Binky as his stereotype is Academic Binky subverts the old stereotype Bully continually renegotiated, subverted and regenerated Binky. When we see Binky again, in following throughout the series. In Brother Can You Spare A episodes, it becomes impossible not to see him with Clarinet [18], Arthur’s opening comment about his newly regenerated image operating within the Binky’s character appears to summarize the framework of the old pre-existing stereotype under symbiosis of layer one and layer two – the original which he still appears. As such, not only is Binky stereotype and the subverted image: “Sometimes I reassessed but perhaps so is the image of class just can’t figure Binky out; it’s like he’s two bullies everywhere. different people: Bully Binky and that other guy” Other qualities that challenge the audience’s (00:00:26-33). This assessment proves true as perception of the stereotype are Binky’s adeptness every time Binky’s bully stereotype is challenged, at and interest in ballet and his kindly treatment of the audience sees Binky afresh, in a new light as little children including his newly adopted sister his characteristics are renegotiated. (Revenge of the Chip [22], The Good, the Bad and Take something as basic as his birth name for The Binky [23] and Big Brother Binky [24]). In instance: Binky’s birth name which is Shelley addition, his wide musical knowledge and refined Barnes (What’s in a Name?) [19] eschews the talent sets him apart from his classmates – as startling B-B alliteration, which he usually goes by, Arthur, a competent piano player himself says: and connotes a nature image since Shelley means “Binky Barnes knows music better than any other “clearing on a bank” (“Shelley,” Behind the Name) kid I know. He can play classical, he can play [20]. This nature image is indicative of the softer, jazz…” (Binky’s Music Madness 00:00:02-11 highly sensitive and deeply emotional polar [25]); and 4). Furthermore, Binky’s protective opposite qualities that rival and ultimately subvert nature towards gentle animals such as butterflies the stereotypical physically tough bully Binky. (Binky Barnes, Wingman [26]) confounds his stock Such sensitivity and emotion are seen in qualities image of the bully. The evoked amusement by like his intelligence, musical prowess and kindness Binky’s character is made possible by the constant to people and things smaller than himself. When interplay between the old stereotype and the Binky is seen as a more emotionally sensitive qualities that blatantly subvert the said stereotype. person, his bullying tactics become reduced and he With every episode that challenges the reinforced becomes a more dynamic character. stereotype, our interest in and respect for Binky One memorable example of Binky’s stereotype grows. The audience eventually refuses to fully being completely subverted occurs in Binky accept Binky’s bully tactics, even though that Barnes, Art Expert [21]. Firstly, Arthur and Buster stereotype is kept firmly in place. In fact, the confirm Binky’s stereotype by imagining that he stereotype is given the opportunity to be would most likely bully them into doing the entire renegotiated and reinterpreted because it keeps its art project without contributing any valuable ideas position firmly in place. Binky must remain the of his own. However, their perception that he is bully in order for his other more dynamic qualities academically slow, lazy and unfair is broken when to take on any significant meaning; the same Binky’s report turns out to be the most highly technique holds true for the other characters. Also, researched and applauded one in the class. His surprisingly, the stereotype Bully Binky even knowledge and appreciation for art is cemented becomes likable and sometimes even laughable and when he emphasizes that a painting is hanging endearing. The character Binky allows for a close sideways in the art gallery. Bully Binky is study into the complexity of individual class bullies completely subverted as Academic Binky takes and their emotional dimensions. over: he makes an observation – the painting is Ways in which the other stereotypes are hanging side-ways; establishes a hypothesis – they challenged are examined below with examples must have hung it the wrong way; tests the from the episodes. It is the challenging of the hypothesis – goes to the library, makes copies of stereotypes and the constant rebuilding of the the painting, gets the addresses of art experts and characters that influences the in depth development writes to some of them; gets results – receives a and longevity of characters like Buster, Muffy, video of the artist putting up the painting the right Francine, George, Brain, Fern, Arthur and others. way; and effects change in his society – the artist Through the interplay of the two layers of the

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-7, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in stereotyping technique, each of the characters’ negative attitudes is Muffy. Like Binky, whose many qualities shine through and the worth of the stereotype may render him an outcast – because individual is elevated. nobody wants to befriend a bully, Muffy’s This challenging of the stereotype can be seen stereotype of rich snob takes her to the fringes of in Buster’s occasional struggle with his role as being almost as an outcast as well – nobody wants comedian. His easy-going comedic liberal to be friends with a snob. But Muffy often turns out approach to life is sometimes to his detriment. to be extremely sensitive to others, especially when Because he often neglects his homework in favor Francine shows her how to view life from a of reading joke books and watching television and different social and economic perspective (Arthur’s is easily impressionable and believes in aliens, Perfect Christmas [32], Poor Muffy [33]). Time UFOs and creatures such as skunka munka (The and again, Muffy manages to transcend her Boy who Cried Comet [27] and For the Birds [28]), materialistic ideology by proving that she can show he feels that his friends find it hard to take him genuine appreciation for people, usually exhibiting seriously. His struggles to be viewed outside of his an intriguing softer humanistic side, for example by stereotype can sometimes be heard in his being the first one of her classmates to literally try exclamations. He regrets how he has deliberately to do chores for Mrs. MacGrady after learning that slowed his own academic progress – “If I’d gone to she has cancer (The Great MacGrady [34]). The that pre-school for geniuses, I would have come out subversion of Muffy’s character is intriguing since just as smart as the Brain” (Buster’s Second she is always learning to move from focus of self to Chance 00:02:42-47 [29]). Once, he even speaks of interest in others, thereby arriving at a deeper kind himself in third person while giving his things of self-worth. away saying that they belonged to “…old Buster, Muffy’s stereotypical act of ‘lording it’ over that laughing stock who would believe any old everyone is renegotiated when she tries to belong thing” (Buster isn’t Buying it 00:03:27-31[30]). to her grade level or group of friends by proving Instances of self-doubt like these propel the that she is their equal rather than their ‘wealthy renegotiation of his stereotype. superior’. She manipulates her visibility to the In Buster’s Garden of Grief [31], Buster others’ advantage, thereby making herself a service challenges his comedian status in a way that neither chameleon, serving her friends whether she needs his friends nor he thinks that he can. He manages to to be visible or invisible. This can be seen in ways grow in responsibility and take care of the like when she fades into the background, for community garden. For someone who had always example, by helping Arthur with his initiative to left his homework for last, he surprises everyone by clean garbage in the park (Arthur Cleans Up [35]), developing consistency, discipline and drive to or helping Buster maintain the community garden finish his homework and make the community (Buster’s Garden of Grief [36]). The renegotiation garden thrive at the same time. Even though later in of her stereotype can also be seen when she makes the episode, he second guesses his own level of herself visible in order to help them achieve their responsibility, this is one of the episodes in which goals. In Elwood City Turns 100! [37], she really Buster subverts his stereotype by portraying a high turns out to be the lively executive, using her skills level of serious intense productivity contrary to his and resources to help her class produce their more laid back come-what-may style. By pushing musical. Blowing on a flute and gesturing with it, the stereotypical comedian outside of his comfort she says in motivational militaristic style: “We zone, his standard nonchalant attitude is were chosen out of fifteen schools to put on this challenged, so that when we meet Buster the show, but maybe they were wrong to pick us, comedian again, it is through new lens that we see maybe they should have picked Mighty Mountain him, even as he sees himself through lens of a or Glenbrook, after all, would they be arguing? No! greater degree of self-worth. In ways like these, the They’d be working together, something we just character Buster experiences a kind of can’t seem to do” (00:09:37-58). By serving as a regeneration, so that when he recurrently appears in motivational catalyst in the production of the his stereotypical role, we really see him afresh with musical, she manages to bring praise to her friends, more respect for him in spite of his ‘lesser’ her teacher, her whole school and ultimately all of qualities like his aversion to homework. The Elwood City. Similarly, on many occasions, Muffy character of Buster is an interesting study of the proves that she has team spirit and is not selfish, individual who must find the balance between such as when she cheers for her team and as goalie, passivity and pro-action, between spending time helps them to tie the game in Muffy’s Soccer amusing his friends and learning skills to mature in Shocker [38]. As a service chameleon, she can life. either make herself blend in or stand out to be at Similarly, Muffy’s stereotype undertakes the service of her friends thus subverting her selfish consistent revisions. In fact, one of the characters dimensions and proving to be rather giving by who undergoes the most overt tests to amend her

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-7, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in investing her time, energy, advice and money on George’s stereotype too, of the quiet invisible others, without expecting any returns. boy, is subverted as George manages to appear in Ultimately, Muffy manages to be as kind, many visible and surprisingly pronounced ways approachable, problem-solving and dependable as throughout the series. His ‘invisibility’ is used to much as she is spoilt, selfish, mean and give his character visibility. In the opening scene of contemptuous. In fact, despite her tantrums, Muffy The Silent Treatment [42], George looks directly can be one of the most intriguing and likable into the camera, knocks on the audience’s characters every time we see her afresh perhaps television screens and asks the question that his because of her upbeat outlook on life and her character provokes: “What about you guys, do any willingness to change. Muffy’s character presented of you see me?” (00:02:05-09) George’s stereotype through the interplay of two the layers, allows for a constantly prompts us to see him afresh through the closer study of the positive qualities of a character sum of his presence as his invisibility pales in usually merely dismissed as snobbish, as there are comparison to the new qualities that we observe in countless occasions on which she manages to go him. through extensive transformations. For one thing, George stands out as the only Francine’s stereotype is also challenged when student really interested in woodworking. In the she is forced to exude a more emotional side. The same episode, in his dream, we see the importance audience looks for ways in which Francine will be of George’s role in the subject area, as without him less aggressive to others. In the renegotiation of her the woodworking room would not exist. In addition stereotype, she shows that she is capable of a range to being an inspiring woodworking student and a of less aggressive emotions. In Meek for a Week talented ventriloquist, he also turns out to be a [39], Muffy tells Francine that she’s “like a hiker much to the shock of his friends and the walking talking poke in the eye” (00:03:51-54) and audience as he succeeds in the hours-long walk she bets Francine that “…that [she] couldn’t even from Crown City to Elwood city, raising money for be nice for an entire week…” (00:04:00-10). This autism research in the process (The Long Road episode serves as an experiment in testing how well Home [43]). In this activity of intense endurance, Francine can contain her temper, aggression and George breaks through his stereotype of invisibility loud tones. She subverts her stereotype by when everyone cheers for him and is impressed managing to be docile for the most part, even that he has succeeded in the walk. He also turns letting someone else help score a goal in hockey for out to be the unlikely candidate who wins an a change. An even more emotional side is shown important video-making competition (The Making when she is seen to be affected by the of Arthur [44]), and in addition he does the school consequences of her aggression as she bursts out proud when he represents them on a radio quiz crying: “Oh Mrs. MacGrady, I wish they’d stop show and answers questions to win them $500 making fun of me! I know I shouldn’t have called (Fifteen [45]). These are all positions of Fern a mouse, but why do they all have to be so importance, which seem to occur naturally but mean to me?” (Draw 00:24:05-12 [40]) On yet quietly for the character George. Another more another occasion, Francine proves to be a highly unlikely occurrence is when he accidentally sensitive person when she helps Arthur discover discovers his incredible talent as a sports what has been affecting his little sister. In D.W.’s announcer, which initially comes across as an Very Bad Mood [41], Francine takes D.W. for ice unlikely position for him to fill since he does not cream, demonstrates that she understands D.W.’s usually fill a talking role (Baseball Blues [46]). All feelings of being left out, makes her feel better and of these experiences help George to have pride in invites D.W. to her own birthday party. In the end, himself as the stereotype of the silent passive boy is Arthur’s mom concludes, “What a nice friend deftly renegotiated with each instance and is Francine is” (00:11:18-21). As much as Francine is overturned by all of his skills and talents. aggressive and bossy, she is attentive, In addition, George turns out to be an understanding and accommodating. Her emotional understanding, supportive and loyal friend to displays of less aggressive qualities appear often whoever needs his help. He helps Fern to get her and in varying degrees and these displays endear piece published and find herself again through her the audience to Francine even in the face of her writing when she wavers in belief in herself spirited bossiness. The interplay of the two layers (Fern’s Flights of Fancy [47]); he befriends Carl allows for a challenging of Francine’s aggression and makes an attempt to understand how Asperger through the renegotiation of her moods from one- syndrome works so that he can be a better friend to dimensional to a wider more sensitive range of Carl (When Carl Met George [48]); and, he proves emotions. In this way her characteristic gruffness is to be an impressive dance partner to Francine and subverted to deeper sensitivities. Whenever helps her to enter a dance competition (Dancing Francine appears in the continuing episodes, her Fools [49]). The image of the loner is subverted gruff image become redefined

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-7, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in every time George turns out to be sociable and 00:10:11-15 [54]). The audience constantly looks helpful. for instances like these where Brain appears more George’s character seems to derive a dynamic human and average, thus subverting his seemingly power from his silence. His stereotype is subverted superhuman composition. By making Brain more and renewed every time we see him again. Even human, a more holistic image of him is presented, though overall he goes back into his stereotypical reminding the audience never to use or see another role and exists in the background behind Arthur, person only for the one thing that they are most Buster, Francine, Muffy, the Brain and Binky, he is noted for. still the one who stands out on some of the most On several occasions, Fern also subverts her memorable occasions and for some of the most stereotype of being introverted. One such occasion cumulatively impressive successes in the series. occurs in I’m a Poet [55], where she breaks the George provides us with the opportunity to study stereotype of the quiet introverted writer by the many dimensions of the quiet individual and angrily, loudly and clearly challenging her remember to never take this personality type’s classmates to write a poem each: “You only make silence as the only dimension of their selfhood. fun because you couldn’t write a poem if you tried” Similarly, the audience is constantly amazed (00:03:03-05), “Quieeett! I bet that none of you can when Brain’s stereotype is subverted. This often write a poem and finish it in time to submit it to the happens when he shows even a sliver of emotion or poetry contest….Anyone who doesn’t, has to join academic laxness in his otherwise logical modus the poetry club for a year. Bet? Or are you a bunch operandi and his robotic one-dimensional cerebral of chickens?” (00:3:51-4:16) In this way, she uses personality. The episode It’s a No-Brainer [50], the very thing which constructs her stereotype – examines Brain’s biggest fear, thus subverting his quiet reading and writing – to renegotiate the academic position as first place to an average stereotype. She gives herself voice among her space. His brain is shown to be malfunctioning friends and audience thereby readjusting her place after he passes on the question, in order to “go among them. Similarly she uses books to make easy” on Buster; his brain is depicted as saying herself visible: in Fernfern and the Secret of Moose “What are you doing? You want these people to Mountain [56], she manages to help Francine find think you’re an ignoramus? …millions of people the way out of the dangerous forest because of will think you don’t know what a hypotenuse is!” something she had read in a comic. Also, she and (00:2:57-3:08) Brain’s brain is shown to be George often have countless adventures as the suffering from the tremendous fear that all the imaginary detectives Watteau and Bastings, other brains in the room would be laughing at his, supposedly mirroring Agatha Christie’s Poirot and thereby making his brain equal to theirs, and thus, Hastings’s adventures. Fern’s timidity and apparent challenging his state of being. Brain’s question to shyness on the surface layer are challenged as she his parents “What would you think of me if I ever uses reading and writing to negotiate her way got anything wrong?” (00:05:25-28) and his among others in order to subvert her more silent imaginings of his IQ falling until he is declared qualities into expressions of ferocity, practical average, demonstrate that he is indeed human and imagination and intensely loyal friendship. Fern’s renegotiate his robotic academic edifice to a more character gives validity to the uniqueness of the holistic individual. The subversion of Brain’s literary introvert. Because she is often seen afresh stereotype emphasizes that as an individual, Brain as functional and practical, whenever she returns to too has emotions, and he too can have big and her quiet routine, the value of her introversion irrational fears. increases. His stereotype is also occasionally subverted In contrast to his friends above, there does not when his superhuman intellect is contrasted with seem to be very much that Arthur can do to his self-doubt. This self-doubt shows up at times surprise the audience, and perhaps this is fitting such as when he is afraid of swimming (Water and since he is the constant, the fixture, the eponymous the Brain [51]) and when he perceives himself as a average Arthur. Maybe we aren’t meant to see his nobody, a mere bug from the perspective of his stereotype challenged and subverted. And yet, friends (Bugged [52]). In addition, he’s very Arthur is as important as all the others. It is almost guarded about what he considers to be his major as if he is the schema through which we make failures, such as when he flunked kindergarten meaning of the others, judging him always as the because he wasn’t “emotionally ready” (00:02:38- framework of the show, the structure to which we 40) for elementary school (Brain’s Shocking Secret can return for meaning making. It is through Arthur [53]) and when in what he calls his “only failure” and his stereotype that we interpret the other (00:00:08-09) he fails to help Buster learn his characters and often their stereotypes – Buster is multiplication tables, exclaiming, “How could Arthur’s best friend; Francine is Arthur’s best Binky have been a better tutor than me? Math is female friend; Muffy is Francine’s best friend, and one of my best subjects!” (Brain’s Biggest Blunder by extension Arthur’s friend too; Brain is Arthur’s

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-7, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in somewhat ‘binary opposite academic pair’ – the This kind of subversion of general stereotypes can overachiever in comparison to Arthur’s often be seen appearing throughout the series. averageness; Binky is Arthur’s somewhat ‘binary The interplay of this layer with the first opposite temperamental pair’ – Bully Binky versus succeeds in challenging old stock stereotypes: the Polite Arthur; George and Fern often function as a ‘nerd’ is not only a brain; the comedian is as pair because they are the male and female versions serious as anyone else; the spoilt heiress is of introverts and they stand in contrast to the more unselfish; the aggressive tomboy has a range of visible group lead by Arthur, and so on. Arthur emotions; the bully is gentle; the quiet invisible then is the constant ‘stereotype’ around which the boy is one of the most famous characters; and, the other stereotypes are built. introverted writer is fierce and direct. With every Arthur is the show’s anchor and so it is new appearance, the characters in Arthur are difficult to subvert his character. Since he is developed as distinct and multi-dimensional already loyal, kind and admirable, it is difficult to individuals. In each new episode, the audience renegotiate his stereotype into a more admirable looks forward to seeing how their old stereotypes like the others. However, on a few occasions, he is will be challenged and how they will renegotiate seen in a more holistic light, as having negative their images. The audience looks forward to new qualities, such as when his behavior is a bit subversions in which the bully can be gentle or the disappointing when he punches D.W. on her Brain can slip up and be ‘normal’, or the spoilt rich shoulder (Arthur’s Big Hit [57]) and when he girl can really get her hands dirty with chores. teases Sue Ellen about her outfit and calls her a Every time the old stereotype is subverted, the sheepdog (So Funny I Forgot to Laugh [58]). In characters are renewed and are viewed in a these instances, Arthur seems to display qualities of different light, and this renegotiating can occur as a physical and verbal bully, but not for long. He often as possible. This type of regenerative always realizes the consequences of his behavior technique undoubtedly leads to the show having and undergoes positive change, thereby retaining characters that are not only complex but long- his old rounded stereotype. lasting. Other characters also challenge or transcend their stereotypes at some point in the series. Jenna, 4. Conclusion for instance, is cast mostly as a background Most of the characters in Arthur are developed character, but her stereotype is subverted in the through the navigation of their respective most dramatic of ways when she wins athlete of the stereotypes. The handling of these stereotypes is year award (The Good Sport [59]). By competing done in two main layers. In the first layer, the with Francine, who we have undoubtedly come to characters are introduced by way of their fixed accept as the most avid athlete on the show, Jenna roles. Their individual uniqueness is highlighted by catapults from being invisible to being an the elements that compose the framework of their impressive awardee, thereby subverting her stereotypes. In the second layer, the stereotypes stereotype from the proverbial ‘zero to hero’ in a established in the first layer are then subverted. single episode. Similarly, other characters like These subversions allow for the challenging of the Molly and Rattles – the tough customers, have initial stereotypes and the exploration of the tough images that are subverted at some point as characters in a more in depth and multi- they can usually be kind. In addition, other familiar dimensional manner. We learn more about the stereotypes like the blind girl and the wheel chair different dimensions of several different bound girl – Maria and Lydia, challenge their usual individuals within the group and arrive at a deeper pity arousing audience response through understanding of each of the main characters’ negotiations with their athleticism – soccer and unique qualities. Further, every time the basketball respectively (Prunella Sees the Light stereotypes are subverted the characters are [60], The Wheel Deal [61]), thereby subverting renewed, their roles are regenerated in the series. their old images as ‘handicapped’. So, for instance, a character like Francine is not Other kinds of stereotypes challenged can be static; every time she reappears, she is perceived seen among the adults in the show, such as the anew as Less Aggressive Francine, despite portrayal of Mr. Read as the caterer and dad who whatever aggression she appears to be actively cooks, something traditionally accepted as the portraying at the given moment. mother’s job. There is also Arthur’s modern mom, Ultimately, despite these subversions, Brain Mrs. Read whose job is as an accountant, a always goes back to being the brain of the group, numbers based job traditionally seen as a field for Binky retains his bully status and despite his many males. Another case is also the subversion of notable achievements, George often fades into the traditional reactions to certain types of jobs, for background again. Francine retains her tomboy example, traditional disdain for garbage collectors status and Muffy’s newly acquired sensitivities is challenged by Mr. Frensky’s pride in his job.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-7, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in never hinder her image as the rich heiress. Buster www.youtube.com/watch?v=rddwJFavyiA. never ceases to be a comedian, Fern, the class poet and Arthur, throughout the twenty seasons, hardly [4] “Bully for Binky.” Arthur, Season 1, Episode 23a. moves beyond his status of Average-Joe. Whenever YouTube, uploaded by TheArthurReadFeed, 4 Oct. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6hOtwP_Ocw. they all reappear in the series, they adhere to these roles. We cannot fully access these characters [5] “The Buster Report.” Arthur, Season 14, Episode 1b. without viewing them in their stereotypical roles. YouTube, uploaded by 90jojo90, 25 Mar. 2015, They must first be viewed in these stereotypical www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_B8zIs9Vv4. roles before the significance of the roles and the subversions of the stereotypes can be maximized. [6] “Buster’s Best Behavior.” Arthur, Season 4, Episode In addition, both layers, though mostly separate in 9b. YouTube, uploaded by Idella Ernest, 27 Jan. 2016, function, can interweave at any given time. This www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBWThvbV0B0. means that the characters can be both their original [7, 33] Poor Muffy. Arthur, Season 1, Episode 26b. stereotype and their renegotiated version at the “ ” YouTube, uploaded by Alfred Dart, 16 Nov. 2016, same time, for instance, Muffy can be an www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qt5IJjYlcxg. enthusiastic selfless team player while wearing designer sneakers and hoping that they don’t get [8] “Francine’s Bad Hair Day.” Arthur, Season 1, muddy. Episode 1b. YouTube, uploaded by ArthurReadFan, 4 By stereotyping the characters, their Jan. 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoVnl82W-OU. individuality is fixed. By challenging their stereotypes, their individuality is strengthened. [9, 59] “The Good Sport.” Arthur, Season 6, Episode 9a. Challenging the stereotype is one of the crucial YouTube, uploaded by 90jojo90, 25 Mar. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=YL8RD1Gag-o. techniques of the series that advances the message of the individual’s uniqueness and worth. In [10] “Francine Frensky, Superstar.” Arthur, Season 1, addition, by challenging these specific stereotypes, Episode 10b. YouTube, uploaded by there is also the subliminal message for viewers to The90sKidsCartoons, 27 Oct. 2010, train themselves to allow for the renegotiation and www.youtube.com/watch?v=52WdtPKuj4M. subversion of old stereotypes that can be seen all around them. The stereotyping technique appears to [11, 42] “The Silent Treatment.” Arthur, Season 13, embrace the message of the theme song by Episode 2b. YouTube, uploaded by Kannis Patte, 12 Aug. showing us how to see individuals in a 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPm3gq-IfGE. psychologically healthy regenerative manner rather [12] “Prove It.” Arthur, Season 4, Episode 4b. YouTube, than merely through the judgmental stock lens of uploaded by David Helsing, 3 Aug. 2015, socially conditioned labels. At the end of each www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTdmkN8HKY. episode, each character takes his equal place in a harmonious group of friends who learn how to [13] “The Perfect Brother.” Arthur, Season 1, Episode accept and view each other as valid unique 21b. YouTube, uploaded by 90jojo90, 24 Mar. 2015, individuals. www.youtube.com/watch?v=IoSx-LtsjS4.

In the two decades, the characters of Arthur [14, 55] “I’m a Poet.” Arthur, Season 1, Episode 28a. have increased in likability and complexity. With YouTube, uploaded by Alfred Dart, 16 Nov. 2016, every new episode, the use of framework of the www.youtube.com/watch?v=esOluVTJEPI. stereotypes – their presentation, renegotiation and subversion provides new and intriguing lens [15, 40] “Draw.” Arthur, Season 2, Episode 1#. YouTube, through which to view the individual qualities of uploaded by TheArthurReadFeed, 20 Oct. 2016, Arthur and his friends. www.youtube.com/watch?v=_q6cJYZpUCM.

[16] “The Contest.” Arthur, Season 4, Episode 4a. 5. References YouTube, uploaded by 90jojo90, 24 Mar. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=it8sN4IHwiw. [1] “Arthur (1996- ) Awards.” IMDb, IMDb.com, Inc.,

1990-2017, [17] A is for Angry. Arthur, Season 9, Episode 7b. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0169414/awards. “ ” YouTube, uploaded by Trenton Lafferty, 17 Oct. 2015,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzoOxuA4bYo. [2] “Arthur Theme Song,” Ziggy Marley, Featuring

Arthur and the Melody Makers. Genius. Genius Media [18] Brother Can You Spare A Clarinet. Arthur, Group Incorporated 2017, genius.com/Ziggy-marley- “ ” Season 6, Episode 4b. YouTube, uploaded by arthur-theme-song-annotated. TWCAaron, 2 Nov. 2014,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Pap26e7VlI. [3, 23] “The Good, The Bad, and The Binky.” Arthur,

Season 13, Episode 4b. YouTube, uploaded by Kannis [19] What s in a Name? Arthur, Season 15, Episode Patte, 12 Aug. 2015, “ ’ ”

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6b. YouTube, uploaded by David Helsing, 3 Aug. 2015, 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ui5Sy-q9CA4. www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXs5OWEstpo. [39] “Meek for a Week.” Arthur, Season 1, Episode 17a. [20] “Shelley.” Behind the Name. Mike Campbell, 1996 YouTube, uploaded by TheArthurReadFeed, 2 Oct. 2016, – 2017, www.behindthename.com/name/shelley. www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTB-sN7YmFQ.

[21] “Binky Barnes, Art Expert.” Arthur, Season 2, [41] “D.W.’s Very Bad Mood.” Arthur, Season 2, Episode 2a. YouTube, uploaded by David Helsing, 3 Episode 18b. YouTube, uploaded by BounceTV, 3 Nov. Aug. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBpozhaPAhI. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2au8y_3_34.

[22] “Revenge of the Chip.” Arthur, Season 3, Episode [43] “The Long Road Home.” Arthur, Season 14, 5b. YouTube, uploaded by 90jojo90, 24 Mar. 2015, Episode 10b. YouTube, uploaded by 90jojo90, 25 Mar. www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxXz2EvxLRo. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDLxDYLCuMY.

[24] “Big Brother Binky.” Arthur, Season 11, Episode [44] “The Making of Arthur.” Arthur, Season 11, 10. YouTube, uploaded by 90jojo90, 25 Mar. 2015, Episode 6a. YouTube, uploaded by David Helsing, 3 www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLspTStwwiY. Aug. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=yisDRuaF6lA.

[25] “Binky’s Music Madness.” Arthur, Season 17, [45] “Fifteen.” Arthur, Season 15, Episode 1. YouTube, Episode 10a. YouTube, uploaded by David Helsing, 3 uploaded by 90jojo90, 25 Mar. 2015, Aug. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=LpHqm8qBy2Q. www.youtube.com/watch?v=mj7d05okMCU. [46] “Baseball Blues.” Arthur, Season 16, Episode 7a. [26] “Binky Barnes, Wingman.” Arthur, Season 4, YouTube, uploaded by John Bushey, 12 Mar. 2017, Episode 7a. YouTube, uploaded by 90jojo90, 24 Mar. www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLoyw_Lxj_s. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yx1R0getfOY. [47] “Fern’s Flights of Fancy.” Arthur, Season 20, [27] “The Boy who Cried Comet.” Arthur, Season 6, Episode 2a. YouTube, uploaded by mari bordes, 24 Nov. Episode 5a. YouTube, uploaded by David Helsing, 3 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwB5N74_0qI. Aug. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkJ5ZiG6ZRA. [48] “When Carl Met George.” Arthur, Season 13, [28] “For the Birds.” Arthur, Season 12, Episode 4a. Episode 6a. YouTube, uploaded by Kannis Patte, 12 Aug. YouTube, uploaded by Kannis Patte, 12 Aug. 2015, 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvqwifl9m6w. www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZZ348UVMkw. [49] “Dancing Fools.” Arthur, Season 11, Episode 6b. [29] “Buster’s Second Chance.” Arthur, Season 20, YouTube, uploaded by David Helsing, 3 Aug. 2015, Episode 1a. YouTube, uploaded by William Dawson, 9 www.youtube.com/watch?v=yisDRuaF6lA. Dec. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gYBQRk4SIs. [50] “It’s a No-Brainer.” Arthur, Season 5, Episode 3a. [30] “Buster isn’t Buying it.” Arthur, Season 19, Episode YouTube, uploaded by Idella Ernest, 27 Jan. 2016, 5a. YouTube, uploaded by William Dawson, 9 Dec. www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzJ06UZur9k. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKhYYZywHoo. [51] “Water and the Brain.” Arthur, Season 2, Episode [31, 36] “Buster’s Garden of Grief.” Arthur, Season 15, 13a. YouTube, uploaded by Edward Knight, 9 Dec. 2016, Episode 9a. YouTube, uploaded by 90jojo90, 25 Mar. www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nw_AGWDMGFg. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tq_2vNfc6c. [52] “Bugged.” Arthur, Season 8, Episode 3b. YouTube, [32] “Arthur’s Perfect Christmas.” YouTube, uploaded uploaded by 90jojo90, 25 Mar. 2015, by 23Zttack1915, 18 Dec. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcO4CbWpXCg. www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygXALnyCa0c. [53] “Brain’s Shocking Secret.” Arthur, Season 11 [34] “The Great MacGrady.” Arthur, Season 13, Episode Episode 4b. YouTube, uploaded by Kannis Patte, 12 Aug. 5. YouTube, uploaded by David Helsing, 3 Aug. 2015, 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=tatQCvGBbBU. www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqnYq7fUd1I. [54] “Brain’s Biggest Blunder.” Arthur, Season 16, [35] “Arthur Cleans Up.” Arthur, Season 1, Episode 25b. Episode 7b. YouTube, uploaded by Chonte Oagley, 14 YouTube, uploaded by TheArthurReadFeed, 4 Oct. 2016, Sep. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_f5pqApjVE. www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mlznQgM814. [56] “Fernfern and the Secret of Moose Mountain.” [37] “Elwood City Turns 100!” Arthur, Season 7, Arthur, Season 8, Episode 2a. YouTube, uploaded by Episode 5. YouTube, uploaded by Ostrich Penguin, 3 90jojo90, 24 Mar. 2015, Feb. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DYUk-sLl1w. www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQFSJ4qmdmg.

[38] “Muffy’s Soccer Shocker.” Arthur, Season 6 [57] “Arthur’s Big Hit.” Arthur, Season 4, Episode 1b. Episode 4a. YouTube, uploaded by Arthur Vids, 10 Jan. YouTube, uploaded by Idella Ernest, 27 Jan. 2016,

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-7, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRITD3DZyQI.

[58] “So Funny I Forgot to Laugh.” Arthur, Season 16, Episode 10a. YouTube, uploaded by Arthur Reed, 22 Aug. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=lz624NNdWb0.

[60] “Prunella Sees The Light.” Arthur, Season 7, Episode 9a. YouTube, uploaded by Ostrich Penguin, 3 Feb. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz-IDg2sKdI.

[61] “The Wheel Deal.” Arthur, Season 14, Episode 1a. YouTube, uploaded by 90jojo90, 25 Mar. 2015 www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_B8zIs9Vv4.

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