GOVERNMENT SYSTEM

SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 2010/11 GOVERNMENT SYSTEM 11 The Government of committed government are working together to achieve itself to investing in the preparations needed the outcomes. to ensure that Africa’s first FIFA World CupTM Delivery agreements are collective agree- was a resounding success. Government ments that involve all spheres of government also used this opportunity to speed up the and a range of partners outside government. delivery of services and infrastructure. Combined, these agreements will reflect Various government departments that government’s delivery and implementation made guarantees to FIFA delivered on their plans for its priorities. mandates within the set deadlines. Govern- They serve as a basis for reaching agree- ment is committed to drawing on the suc- ment with multiple agencies that are central cess of the World Cup to take the delivery of to the delivery of the outcome targets. major projects forward. The President regularly visits service- The outcomes approach is embedded delivery sites to monitor progress. The pur- in and a direct resultant of the electoral pose of these site visits is for the President mandate. Five priority areas were identified: to gain first-hand experience of service decent work and sustainable livelihoods; delivery and to highlight issues that need to education; health; rural development; food be worked on by the various arms of gov- security and land reform; and the fight ernment. against crime and corruption. These trans- lated into 12 outcomes to create a better life The Constitution for all: South Africa’s Constitution is one of the • an improved quality of basic education most progressive in the world and enjoys • a long and healthy life for all South Af- high acclaim internationally. Human rights ricans are given clear prominence in the Constitu- • all South Africans should be safe and feel tion. safe The Constitution of the Republic of South • decent employment through inclusive Africa, 1996 was approved by the Constitu- growth tional Court on 4 December 1996 and took • a skilled and capable workforce to support effect on 4 February 1997. an inclusive growth path The Constitution is the supreme law of the • an efficient, competitive and responsive land. No other law or government action can economic infrastructure network supersede the provisions of the Constitu- • vibrant, equitable, sustainable rural com- tion. munities with food security for all • sustainable human settlements and an The Preamble improved quality of household life The Preamble states that the Constitution • a responsive, accountable, effective and aims to: efficient local government system • heal the divisions of the past and establish • environmental assets and natural a society based on democratic values, resources that are well protected and social justice and fundamental human enhanced rights • a better Africa and a better world as a • improve the quality of life of all citizens result of South Africa’s contributions to and free the potential of each person global relations • lay the foundations for a democratic and • an efficient and development-oriented open society in which government is public service and an empowered, fair based on the will of the people, and in and inclusive citizenship. which every citizen is equally protected In September 2010, delivery agreements by law for the 12 outcomes were signed between • build a united and democratic South Africa President and Cabinet minis- that is able to take its rightful place as a ters. sovereign state in the family of nations. The Department for Performance Monitor- ing and Evaluation (M&E) in The Presidency Founding provisions will facilitate the process of regular report- As Chapter One of the Constitution ing and monitoring of progress against the stipulates, South Africa is a sovereign and agreed outputs and targets in the delivery democratic state founded on the following agreements. This process will foster an values: understanding of how the various spheres of 2010/11 Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 250 • human dignity, the achievement of equal- The Presidency, February 2011 ity and the advancement of human rights and freedom President Jacob Zuma • non-racialism and non-sexism • supremacy of the Constitution Deputy President • universal adult suffrage, a national com- mon voters’ roll, regular elections and a multiparty system of democratic govern- public. Since the establishment of Parlia- ment to ensure accountability, respon- ment in 1994, a number of steps have been siveness and openness. taken to make it more accessible and to motivate and facilitate public parti­cipation Fundamental rights in the legislative process. The website The fundamental rights contained in Chap- www.parliament.gov.za encourages com- ter Two of the Constitution seek to protect ment and feedback from the public. the rights and freedom of individuals. The Constitutional Court guards these rights and National Assembly determines whether actions by the State The National Assembly is elected to repre- are in accordance with constitutional provi- sent the people and to ensure democratic sions. governance as required by the Constitution. It does this by electing the President, provid- Government ing a national forum for public consideration Government consists of national, provin- of issues, passing legislation and scrutinis- cial and local spheres, which are distinc- ing and overseeing executive action. tive, interdependent and interrelated. The The National Assembly consists of no powers of the law-makers (legislative fewer than 350 and no more than 400 authorities), government (executive author- members elected through a system of pro- ities) and courts (judicial authorities) are portional representation. separate from one another. The National Assembly, which is elected for a term of five years, is presided over Parliament by the speaker, assisted by the deputy Parliament is the legislative authority of speaker. South Africa and has the power to make laws for the country in accordance with the National Council of Provinces Constitution. The NCOP consists of 54 permanent mem- It consists of the National Assembly and bers and 36 special delegates, and aims to the National Council of Provinces (NCOP). represent provincial interests in the national Parliamentary sittings are open to the sphere of government. Delegations consist of 10 represen­tatives from each province. The NCOP must have a mandate from the Seats in the National Assembly, provinces before it can make certain deci- following the election in April 2009 sions. It cannot, however, initiate a Bill concern- African National Congress 264 ing money, which is the prerogative of the Minister of Finance. NCOP Online (www.par- Democratic Alliance 67 liament.gov.za/ncop) links Parliament to the Congress of the People 30 provincial legislatures and local government 18 associations. It provides information on draft legislation and allows the public to make 4 electronic submissions. The NCOP came 4 into existence on 6 February 1997. United Democratic Party 4 African Christian Democratic Party 3 Law-making Any Bill may be introduced in the National United Christian Democratic Party 2 Assembly. A Bill passed by the National African People’s Convention 1 Assembly must be referred to the NCOP for Azanian People’s Liberation Organisation 1 consideration. Minority Front 1 A Bill affecting the provinces may be intro- duced in the NCOP. After it has been passed Pan Africanist Congress 1 by the council, it must be referred to the assembly.

251 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system A Bill concerning money must be intro- The Department for Performance M&E duced in the assembly and referred to the will, working with other departments, provide NCOP for consideration and approval after the President with performance information being passed. of departments. If the council rejects a Bill or passes it This will include information on perform- subject to amendments, the assembly must ance in relation to the performance agree- reconsider the Bill and pass it again with ments signed with ministers, performance or without amendments. There are special against departmental strategic plans, and conditions for the approval of laws dealing an assessment of the quality of manage- with provinces. ment practices. In addition, the department is working The President with other departments at the centre of The head of state is the President and he/ government, including National Treasury, she leads the Cabinet. The President is and the departments of public service and elected by the National Assembly from administration, of cooperative governance, among its members, and leads the country and of traditional affairs, and the offices of in the interest of national unity, in accord- the premiers, to develop and pilot an institu- ance with the Constitution and the law. tional performance assessment tool, which will be used to objectively assess the quality The Deputy President of management practices in departments The President appoints the Deputy and municipalities. President from among the members of the The tool will be informed by inter- National Assembly. The Deputy President national practice, and the department will assists the president in executing govern- receive assistance and advice from the ment functions. Canadian, United Kingdom (UK) and Dutch governments in this regard. The Presidency The management practices assessed will There are two ministers in The Presidency: include basic administrative issues such Mr Trevor Manuel responsible for the as supply chain management, financial National Planning Commission (NPC) and management, human-resource manage- Mr Collins Chabane for M&E as well as ment (HRM) and development, and service Administration in The Presidency. standards. The main aim of these perform- The NPC is responsible for strategic plan- ance assessments will be to develop a ning for the country to ensure one national culture of continuous improvement in the plan to which all spheres of government Public Service. must adhere. The 25 commission members were inaugurated on 11 May 2010. Cabinet The revised Green Paper on the NPC sets The Cabinet consists of the President, as out the roles and responsibilities of this com- head, the Deputy President and ministers. mission. Members of the commission rep- The President appoints the Deputy Pres- resent various areas of expertise and reflect ident and ministers, assigns their powers a diversity of experiences and perspectives. and functions and may dismiss them. The commissioners are appointed in their The President may select any number personal capacities and do not represent of ministers from among the members of any organisation or stakeholder. the National Assembly, and may select no Minister Manuel chairs the commission more than two ministers from outside the and feeds its work into Cabinet and govern- assembly. ment in general, while the deputy chairper- The President appoints a member of the son is Mr . Cabinet to be the leader of government It was announced in October 2010, that business in the National Assembly. Minister Manuel would assist President Jacob Zuma to fulfil his new responsibility as Deputy ministers the African champion of North-South infra- The President appoints deputy ministers structure development on the continent. from among the members of the National The Department for Performance M&E Assembly. in The Presidency has been established to improve government performance and Traditional leadership monitor and evaluate the progress. The Chapter 11 of the Constitution states that department is also meant to identify prob- the institution, status and roles of traditional lem areas in the system and assist to unlock leader­ship, according to customary law, are them to speed up delivery. recognised, subject to the Constitution.

Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 252 CabinetCabinet ministers ministers and and deputy deputy ministers, ministers, as atat February November 2011 2010

Portfolio Minister Deputy Minister Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Tina Joemat-Pettersson Dr

Arts and Culture Paul Mashatile Dr

Basic Education Enver Surty

Communications Roy Padayachie

Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs Sicelo Shiceka Yunus Carrim

Correctional Services Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula Adv

Defence and Military Veterans

Economic Development Enoch Godongwana

Energy Barbara Thompson

Finance Nhlanhla Nene

Health Dr Dr Gwen Ramokgopa

Higher Education and Training Dr Prof.

Home Affairs Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma

Human Settlements Tokyo Sexwale Zoliswa Kota-Fredericks

International Relations and Cooperation Maite Nkoana-Mashabane Ebrahim Ebrahim

Justice and Constitutional Development Jeff Radebe Andries Nel

Labour Mildred Oliphant -

Mineral Resources Susan Shabangu Godfrey Oliphant

Police Makhotso Sotyu Public Enterprises Benedict Martins

Public Service and Administration Richard Baloyi

Public Works Gwen Mahlangu-Nkabinde Hendrietta Bogopane-Zulu

Rural Development and Land Reform Gugile Nkwinti Thembelani Nxesi

Science and Technology Derek Hanekom

Social Development Bathabile Dlamini Maria Ntuli

Sport and Recreation Gert Oosthuizen

State Security Dr Siyabonga Cwele -

The Presidency Trevor Manuel - National Planning Commission

The Presidency Collins Chabane Dina Pule Performance Monitoring, Evaluation and Administration

Tourism Thokozile Xasa

Trade and Industry Dr Rob Davies Elizabeth Thabethe Thandi Tobias-Pokolo

Transport Sibusiso Ndebele Jeremy Cronin

Water and Environmental Affairs Edna Molewa Rejoice Mabudafhasi

Women, Children and People Lulu Xingwana - with Disabilities

253 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system Government remains committed to The powers and duties of the house are strengthening the institution of traditional also outlined. It must promote, among other leadership and appreciates the role it plays things, nation-building, stable communities, in society. the preservation of culture and traditions, The Department of Traditional Affairs was and socio-economic development and established in April 2010 to underline the service delivery. The house is also tasked critical focus on traditional leadership. This with adapting customary law to comply with signifies the importance that is placed on the the provisions of the Constitution’s Bill of role and place of traditional leaders in the Rights. lives of people, especially in rural areas. Parliament may also refer Bills to the The department is working on a range of house for consideration. The house also policies which, among other things, include has the power to advise and make recom- policy on unity and diversity, initiation, tra- mendations to government on issues within ditional healing, traditional leaders protocol, its area of jurisdiction, and to advise Cabinet family trees, involvement of the Khoisan ministers on traditional matters. The house people in the system of governance in South will be consulted on development projects Africa, and remuneration and benefits of that impact directly on rural communities. traditional leaders based on uniform norms Cooperative relations and partnerships and standards. with national government are to be estab- Government regards traditional leaders lished in the interests of development and as partners in the implementation of its service delivery. programmes. The Act instructs government to adopt Numerous pieces of legislation have been certain measures to help the house carry passed and a variety of programmes imple- out its designated functions. Such support mented to ensure that traditional leadership may include provision of infrastructure, makes an important contribution to the finances and HR. Staff may be seconded development of society. from the Department of Traditional Affairs to meet this obligation. Legislation In terms of accountability, the house is National House of Traditional Leaders expected to submit a report to Parliament Act, 2009 (Act 22 of 2009) every year detailing its activities and pro- The Council of Traditional Leaders Act, 1997 grammes of action. (Act 10 of 1997), was amended through the Council of Traditional Leaders Amendment Traditional Leadership and Act, 1998 (Act 85 of 1998), and the National Governance Framework Amendment House of Traditional Leaders Amendment Act, 2009 (Act 23 of 2009) Act, 2000 (Act 206 of 2000). The Traditional Leadership and Governance In February 2010, President Zuma signed Framework Amendment Act, 2009 aims to, the National House of Traditional Leaders among other things: Act, 2009 into law. The legislation was pub- • amend the Traditional Leadership and lished in the Government Gazette. Governance Framework Act, 2003 The Act paves the way for the establish- (Act 41 of 2003), so as to substitute defini- ment of the National House of Traditional tions and to insert definitions Leaders. The house will serve a term of five • recognise kingships or queenships and years and meet at least once every quarter. the withdrawal of such recognition by the The legislation sets out how the institution President is to be structured. The law declares that • establish and recognise principal tradi- at least one-third of the members must be tional communities women. Members are elected within each • further regulate the establishment and provincial house from the ranks of senior recognition of traditional councils and traditional leaders. principal traditional councils The Act also stipulates the criteria for • establish and recognise principal tradi- membership and on what grounds a seat in tional councils and kingship and queen- the house becomes vacant. ship councils The workings of the house will be over- • regulate the Traditional Leadership and seen by a chairperson and deputy-chairper- • Governance Framework Amendment Act, son. The act specifies on what grounds a 2009 chairperson must vacate the position.

Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 254 Members of the executive councils of provincial governments, as at December 2010

Eastern Cape Ghishma Gloria Barry Safety and Liason Mlibo Qhaboshiane Local Government and Traditional Affairs Zoleka Capa Rural Development and Agrorian Reform Mandla Makupula Education and Training Mcebisi Jonas Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and Tourism Sicelo Gqobana Health Provincial Planning and Finance Thandiswa Marawu Public Works, Roads and Transport Helen August-Sauls Human Settlements, Safety and Liason Xoliswa Tom Sport, Recreation, Arts and Culture Social Development, Women, Youth and People with Disabilities Sekgobelo Elias Magashule Premier Mamiki Qhabathe Agriculture Tate Pule Makgoe Education Cooperative Governance, Traditional Leadership and Human Settlements Sisi Elisa Mabe Health Seiso Mohai Provincial Treasury Thabo Manyoni Police, Roads and Transport Fezi Ngubentombi Public Works and Rural Development Sefora Social Development Dan Kgothule Sport, Arts, Culture and Recreation Mxolisi Dukwana Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs Nomvula Paula Mokonyane Premier Nandi Mayathula-Khoza Agriculture and Rural Development Education Mandla Nkomfe Finance Ntombi Mekgwe Health and Social Development Humphrey Memezi Local Government and Housing Nonhlahla Faith Mazibuko Community Safety Sport, Arts, Culture and Recreation Qedani Dorothy Mahlangu Economic Development and Planning Bheki Simon Nkosi Infrastructure Deve­lopment Ismail Vadi Roads and Public Transport KwaZulu-Natal Dr Premier Lydia Johnson Agriculture, Environmental and Rural Development Senzo Edward Mchunu Education Mike Mabuyakhulu Economic Development and Tourism Catharina Magdalena ronje Finance Sibongiseni Maxwell Dlomo Health Nomusa Dube Local Government, Housing and Traditional Affairs Dr Bonginkosi Meshack Radebe Social Development Magasvarie Govender Public Works Thembinkosi Willies Mchunu Transport and Community Safety and Liaison Weziwe Gcotyelwa Thusi Arts, Culture, Sport and Recreation

255 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system Members of the executive councils of provincial governments, as at December 2010

Limpopo Cassel Charlie Mathale Premier Namane Dickson Masemola Education Saad Cachalia Provincial Treasury Mirriam Segabutla Health and Social Development Soviet Lekganyane Local Government and Housing Pitsi Paul Moloto Economic Development, Environment and Tourism Dipuo Letsatsi-Duba Agriculture Dr Happy Joyce Mashamba Sport, Arts and Culture Pinky Kekana Roads and Public Transport Dikeledi Magadzi Public Safety and Liaison George Muthundinne Phadagi Public Works Premier Candith Mashego-Dlamini Agriculture, Rural Development and Land Administration Norman Mokoena Economic Development, Environment and Tourism Regina Mhaule Education Dikeledi Mahlangu Health and Social Development Siphosezwe Masango Human Settlement Clifford Mukansi Public Works, Roads and Transport Yvonne Pinky Phosa Finance Sibongile Manana Culture, Sport and Recreation Vusi Shongwe Community Safety, Security and Liaison Madala Masuku Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs Premier Norman Shushu Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development Education John Block Finance, Economic Affairs and Tourism Mxolisi Simon Sokatsha Health Kenny Mmoiemang Corporate Governance, Human Settlement and Traditional Affairs Patrick Mabilo Transport, Safety and Liaison Alwin Botes Social Services and Population Development Pauline Williams Sport, Arts and Culture Environmental Affairs and Nature Conservation Dawid Rooi Roads and Public Works North West Premier Partick Chauke Sport, Arts and Culture Boitumelo Tshwene Agriculture, Conservation, Environment and Rural Development Tebogo Modise Economic Development and Tourism Mothibedi Gordon Kegakilwe Local Government and Traditional Affairs Raymond Elisha Education Magome Masike Health and Social Development Moruakgomo Louisa Mabe Finance Mahlakeng Mahlakeng Public Works, Roads and Transport Howard Yawa Public Safety Desbo Sefanyetso Human Settlements

Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 256 Members of the executive councils of provincial governments, as at December 2010

Western Cape Premier Gerrit van Rensburg Agriculture Community Safety Donald Grant Education Local Government, Environmental Affairs and Development Planning Finance, Economic Development and Tourism Health Housing Transport and Public Works Social Development Cultural Affairs and Sport

The Traditional Leadership and Governance Houses of traditional leaders Framework Amendment Act 2009 aims to, The Constitution mandates the establish- among other things: ment of houses of traditional leaders by • amend the Traditional Leadership and means of either provincial or national legis- Governance Framework Act, 2003, so lation. as to substitute definitions and to insert The National House of Traditional Lead- definitions ers was established in terms of the National • recognise kingships or queenships and House of Traditional Leaders Act, 1997 the withdrawal of such recognition by the (Act 10 of 1997). Its objectives and func- President tions are to promote the role of traditional • establish and recognise principal tradi- leadership within a democratic constitutional tional communities dispensation, enhance unity and under- • further regulate the establishment and standing among traditional communities recognition of traditional councils and and advise national government. principal traditional councils Provincial houses of traditional leaders • establish and recognise principal tradi- were established in all six provinces that tional councils and kingship and queen- have traditional leaders, namely the Eastern ship councils Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, the Free State, Mpu- • regulate the election of members of local malanga, Limpopo and North West. houses of traditional leaders The Traditional Leadership and Govern- • regulate the roles of traditional leaders ance Framework Act, 2003 (Act 41 of 2003), • provide for the reconstitution and opera- provides for the establishment of local tion of the Commission on Traditional houses of traditional leaders. leadership Disputes and Claims. The national and provincial houses of traditional leaders enhance the cooperative Institutions relationships within national and provincial Traditional councils government, while the establishment of local Legislation has transformed the composi- houses of traditional leaders will deepen and tion of traditional councils to provide for cement the relationship between municipali- elements of democracy (40% of members ties and traditional leaders on customary law must be elected) and gender representivity and development initiatives. (one-third of members must be women). Legislation has also opened up an oppor- Commission on Traditional tunity for municipalities and traditional coun- Leadership Disputes and Claims cils to achieve cooperative governance. Tra- The commission was established in terms ditional councils have been given a strong of Section 22(1) of the Traditional Leader- voice in development matters and may now ship and Governance Framework Act, 2003. enter into partnerships and service-delivery The main objective of the commission is to agreements with government in all spheres. investigate and make findings on traditional- leadership disputes and claims.

257 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system In July 2010, President Zuma approved Department of Cooperative five of the seven kingships and their kings Governance were confirmed by the commission, while The Department of Cooperative Govern- the remaining two were still awaiting the ance oversees the implementation of, commission’s recommendation on the among other things, the following: rightful incumbent for the position of king or • Intergovernmental Relations Framework queen. Act, 2005 (Act 13 of 2005) In terms of the commission’s findings, • Municipal Property Rates Act, 2004 existing kings, who were found not to qualify (Act 6 of 2004) for the status of a kingship, will be allocated • Municipal Finance Management Act, 2003 a principal traditional leadership. (Act 56 of 2003) On the basis of the Traditional Leadership • Disaster Management Act, 2002 (Act 57 and Governance Framework Amendment of 2002) Act, 2009, the seven recognised and legit- • Municipal Systems Act, 2000 (Act 57 of imate kingships in South Africa are those of 2002) Abathembu under King Buyelekhaya Zweli- • Municipal Structures Act, 1998 (Act 117 banzi Dalindyebo, AmaXhosa under King of 1998) Zwelonke Sigcau, AmaMpondo under King • Local Government: Municipal Demarca- Zanozuko Sigcawu, AmaZulu under King tion Act, 1998 (Act 27 of 1998) Zwelithini Zulu, AmaNdebele wakwaManala • White Paper on Local Government and AmaNdebele as a whole, as well as (1998). VhaVenda. The rightful incumbents for the positions of king or queen for amaNdebele Strategic priorities and VhaVenda will be determined by a new The department aims to realise objectives, commission, which will be set up through such as: the Traditional Leadership and Governance • a single election for national, provincial Framework Act, 2009. and local government • halving poverty and unemployment

Structure and functions of the South African Government

Legislative authority Executive authority Judicial authority Parliament Cabinet Constitutional Court • National Assembly • President Supreme Court of Appeal (350 – 400 members) • Deputy President High courts • National Council of Provinces • Ministers Magistrate’s courts (90 delegates)

Deputy ministers Judicial Service Commission

Provincial governments State institutions supporting democracy Public Protector Northern Cape Human Rights Commission Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Limpopo Religious and Linguistic Communities KwaZulu-Natal Commission for Gender Equality North West Auditor-General Free State Independent Communications Authority of South Africa Gauteng Mpumalanga Legislative Authority Executive Authority Provincial Legislature Executive Council • Premier • Members of the Executive Council

Municipalities/municipal councils (metropolitan councils/district councils)

Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 258 • empowering and capacitating organs of These powers can be exercised to the people’s power extent that provinces have the administra- • training councillors, traditional leaders, tive capacity to assume effective respons- officials, ward committee members, com- ibilities. munity development workers (CDWs) and Provinces also have exclusive com- community activists petency over a number of areas, which • achieving clean audits for all provinces include: and municipalities • abattoirs • cleaning cities, through the management • ambulance services of waste in such a way that it creates • liquor licences employment • museums other than national museums • reducing infrastructure backlogs • provincial planning • eliminating service-delivery protests • provincial cultural matters • reducing municipal debt by half. • provincial recreation and activities • provincial roads and traffic. Provincial government The President’s Coordinating Council (PCC) In accordance with the Constitution, each of is a consultative forum where the President the nine provinces has its own legislature, discusses issues of national, provincial and consisting of between 30 and 80 members. local importance with the premiers. The number of members is determined The forum addresses issues such as: according to a formula set out in national • enhancing the role of provincial exec- legislation. The members are elected in utives regarding national policy decisions terms of proportional representation. • strengthening the capacity of provincial The executive council of a province con- governments to implement government sists of a premier and a number of members policies and programmes (MECs). Premiers are appointed by the • integrating provincial growth and develop- President of the country. ment strategies within national develop- Decisions are taken by consensus, as is ment plans the case in the national Cabinet. Besides • improving cooperation between national being able to make provincial laws, a pro- and provincial spheres of government vincial legislature may adopt a constitution • improving cooperation on fiscal issues for its province if two-thirds of its members • ensuring that there are coordinated agree. implementation programmes and the However, a provincial constitution must necessary structures in place to address correspond with the national Constitution. issues such as rural development, urban According to the Constitution, provinces renewal, and safety and security. may have legislative and executive powers, The form and functions of the PCC are concurrent with the national sphere, over: expected to be reviewed to address gaps in • agriculture intergovernmental coordination. • casinos, racing, gambling and wagering • cultural affairs Local government • education at all levels, excluding university There are 283 municipalities in South and university of technology education Africa. They are focused on growing local • environment economies and providing infrastructure and • health services services. • housing In accordance with the Constitution and • language policy the Organised Local Government Act, 1997 • nature conservation (Act 52 of 1997), which formally recognise • police services organised local-government associations, • provincial public media organised local government may designate • public transport up to 10 part-time representatives to rep- • regional planning and development resent municipalities and to participate in • road-traffic regulation proceedings of the NCOP. • tourism The Department of Cooperative Gov- • trade and industrial promotion ernance aims to build and strengthen the • traditional authorities capability and accountability of provinces • urban and rural development and municipalities. This includes: • vehicle licensing • continued hands-on support through the • welfare services. established system and capacity-building

259 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system programme, focusing on critical areas Municipal-specific turnaround strategies such as integrated development plan- and implementation plans will be developed ning, local economic development (LED), by every municipality in South Africa. financial management, service delivery All municipalities were expected to have and public participation developed their municipal-specific turn- • evaluating the impact of government around implementation plans by 2010. Their programmes in municipal areas, enhanc- IDPs and budgets were approved between ing performance and accountability by May and June 2010. improving the quality of repor­ting on the The 2010/11 municipal budgets are based Local Government Strategic Agenda on these municipal-specific turnaround strat- (LGSA) and improving the monitoring, egies. National and provincial government reporting and evaluation of capacity in departments and state-owned enterprises local government. (SOEs) are expected to align their projects The department is also responsible for and programmes to the specific local gov- coordina­ting and supporting policy develop- ernment turnaround strategies. ment, implementing the LGSA, and monitor- By September 2010, 95% of municipalities ing and supporting service delivery. had developed their municipal turnaround strategies and were in the process of align- Local Government Turnaround ing them with the IDPs. Strategy The Municipal Skills Development Pro- In December 2009, Cabinet approved a gramme is a public-private partnership. turnaround strategy for local government. It aims to reduce South Africa’s service- This is expected to ensure that local govern- delivery backlog by injecting skilled gradu- ment has the correct management, adminis- ates and high-level training initiatives directly trative and technical skills. into local government. The strategy has been distilled into a local The initiative will help local governments government 10-point plan, which includes: to use technology more effectively and effi- • improving the quantity and quality of basic ciently. services for all people in terms of water, It is driven jointly by Microsoft South sanitation, electricity, waste management, Africa, the South African Local Government roads and disaster management Association (Salga), the Local Government • enhancing the municipal contribution to Sector Education Training Authority and job creation and sustainable livelihoods the Development Bank of Southern Africa. through LEDs, and utilising cooperatives It was piloted by partners in the Eastern in every ward and Western Cape during April 2010, and • deepening democracy through a refined launched nationally in mid-2010 at a Salga ward committee system that will be based conference in the Northern Cape. on the will of the people • ensuring that municipalities have and Municipal Demarcation Board implement reliable and credible integrated The board is a constitutional institution development plans (IDPs) established by the Local Government: • building and strengthening the administra- Municipal Demarcation Act, 1998 (Act 27 of tive, institutional and financial capabilities 1998). of municipalities The main function of the board is to deter- • creating a single window of coordination, mine municipal boundaries in accordance support, monitoring and intervention to with the Act and other related legislation, deal with uncoordinated interaction by and to advise on demarcation matters. other spheres of government with muni- In addition, the board is tasked with cipalities, including unfunded mandates delimiting wards into metropolitan and local • rooting out corruption, nepotism and municipalities. maladministration in the system of local government South African Local Government • developing a coherent and cohesive sys- Association tem of governance and a more equitable Salga is a listed public entity, established in intergovernmental fiscal system terms of Section 21 of the Companies Act, • developing and strengthening a stable 1973 (Act 61 of 1973), and recognised by system of municipalities the Minister of Cooperative Governance and • restoring the institutional integrity of Traditional Affairs in terms of the Organised municipalities. Local Government Act, 1997.

Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 260 Salga represents local government on Metropolitan councils may decentralise numerous intergovernmental forums such powers and functions. However, all original as the PCC, Minister and MECs (MinMec) municipal, legislative and executive powers forum, the Budget Forum, the NCOP and are vested in the metropolitan council. the Financial and Fiscal Commission. In metropolitan areas, there is a choice Salga aims, among other things, to: of types of executive system: the mayoral • transform local government to enable it to executive system where executive authority fulfil its developmental role is vested in the mayor, and the collective • enhance the role of provincial local executive committee system where these government associations as provincial powers are vested in the executive commit- representatives and consultative bodies tee. on local government Non-metropolitan areas consist of district • raise the profile of local government councils and local councils. • ensure full participation of women in local District councils are primarily responsible government for capacity-building and district-wide plan- • act as the national employers’ organisa- ning. tion for municipal and provincial member The Local Government: Municipal Struc- employers tures Act, 1998 provides for ward commit- • provide legal assistance to its members, tees whose tasks, among other things, are using its discretion in connection with to: matters that affect employee relations. • prepare, implement and review IDPs Salga is funded through a combination of • establish, implement and review munici- sources, including a national government palities’ performance-management sys- grant, membership fees from provincial tems and local government associations that are • monitor and review municipalities’ per- voluntary members, and donations from the formances donor community for specific projects. • prepare municipalities’ budgets • participate in decisions about the provi- Municipalities sion of municipal services The Constitution provides for three • communicate and disseminate informa- categories of municipalities. tion on governance matters. As directed by the Constitution, the Local Government: Municipal Structures Act, Legislation and policy 1998 contains criteria for determining when The Local Government: Municipal Systems an area must have a category-A municipal- Act, 2000 establishes a framework for plan- ity (metropolitan municipalities) and when ning, performance-management systems, municipalities fall into categories B (local effective use of resources and organisa- municipalities) or C (district municipalities). tional change in a business context. The Act also determines that category-A The Act also establishes a system for municipalities can only be established in municipalities to report on their perform- metropolitan areas. ance, and provides residents with an oppor- Metropolitan councils have single met- tunity to compare this performance with that ropolitan budgets, common property rat- of municipalities. ings and service-tariff systems, and single It also regulates public-private partner- employer bodies. ships. The Act allows municipalities signif- South Africa has nine metropolitan muni- icant powers to corporatise their services, cipalities, namely: to establish utilities for service delivery, or • Buffalo City (East London) to enter into partnerships with other service- • City of providers. The Act provides for the adoption • Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality of a credit-control policy for municipalities (East Rand) that will provide for the termination of ser- • City of eThekwini (Durban) vices in the event of non-payment. Muni- • City of Johannesburg cipalities have the power to pass by-laws to • Mangaung Municipality (Bloemfontein) implement the policy. • Msunduzi Municipality (Pietermaritzburg) The Local Government: Municipal •  Metropolitan Municipal- Finance Management Act, 2003 is aimed at ity (Port Elizabeth) modernising municipal budgeting and finan- • City of Tshwane (). cial management. It facilitates the develop-

261 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system ment of a long-term municipal lending/bond had assisted 46 district and six metropolitan market. It also introduces a governance municipalities to develop comprehensive framework for separate entities created by infrastructure plans that guide the building, municipalities. rehabilitation and maintenance of economic The Local Government: Municipal Prop- and social infrastructure in their geograph- erty Rates Act, 2004 regulates the power ical areas. of a municipality to impose property rates, In February 2010, local government equi- excludes certain properties from rating in the table share received a further R6,7 billion national interest, provides fair and equitable to support municipalities to cushion poor valuation methods of properties, and for households against the rising cost of elec- municipalities to implement a transparent tricity and water. An additional R2,5 billion and fair system of exemptions, reductions was allocated for the MIG. and rebates through their rating policies. Total allocations to municipalities rose The Municipality Property Rates Amend- from R55 billion in 2009/10 to R78 billion in ment Act, 2009 (Act 19 of 2009) was intro- 2012/13. duced in Parliament in September 2009 and The Department of Cooperative Govern- aims to extend the validity of a valuation roll ance, together with other stakeholders, and supplementary valuation rolls from four including state departments, state-owned years to six years. entities (SOEs) and professional bodies In 2009/10, the department focused on undertook a process to revise and update promulgating regulations and finalising vari- the Industry Guide 2007 and developed a ous policy frameworks, such as the National 2009/10 version. This document, An Indus- Funding Framework for Ward Councillors, try Guide – Infrastructure Service-Delivery which was gazetted in April 2009, and aims Levels and Unit Costs 2009/10, aims to: to deepen democracy by setting out the • reflect the broad stakeholder inputs and norms and standards for ward-committee adoption of infrastructure unit standards funding, and a framework, published in and costs August 2009, for out-of-pocket expenses for • address regional/provincial and sectoral/ ward councillors. industry-related cost values, as well as to Regulations on the Disciplinary Code allow for national impacts such as vari- and Procedures for senior managers were ance in labour rates, fuel and transport published for public comment in November cost, material and other related factors 2009. • align the associated infrastructure con- The Municipal Systems Act, 2000, struction costs within the changed market the Municipal Structures Act, 1998, the conditions to reflect the escalation since Municipal Demarcation Board Act, 1998, the 2007 Municipal Finance Management Act, 2003 • ensure that infrastructure types such as and other related legislation impacting on sport facilities are incorporated into the local government were reviewed in 2010. revised guide document. The review was aimed at ensuring that The overall objective of the guide is to the bottlenecks and blockages to speedy develop a practical nationwide system of and quality service delivery are eliminated. guidance for municipalities, their service- providers and government in terms of the Municipal Infrastructure Grant provision of basic infrastructure service pro- (MIG) vision cost values that reflect national and The MIG, introduced in 2004/05, is the regional impacts, and provide comparative largest infrastructure transfer programme value for high-level planning estimates and administered by the Department of Co- value for money assessment guidelines. operative Governance. The Industry Guide 2009/10 aims to The MIG funds are distributed to all provide a high-level first-order infrastructure municipalities based on a formula that planning cost estimate. The Industry Guide accounts for existing backlogs in service can be used in conjunction with tools such delivery as well as the functions assigned to as the Municipal Services Financial Model individual municipalities. or the Municipal Infrastructure Investment Spending on the MIG increased from Model to corroborate planning cost es- R5,9 billion in 2006/07 to R9,1 billion in timates. 2008/09. This reflects an improvement in The next review of the Industry Guide will municipalities’ ability to spend on infrastruc- deal with the capital costing for rehabilita- ture. As at December 2009, the department tion/maintenance of infrastructure, which

Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 262 Promoting universal access to basic services Government is implementing flagship for all citizens remains a key priority for govern- campaigns, namely the Clean Cities and i ment. Statistics from sector departments indicate that Towns Campaign and the Operation Clean by December 2009, access to basic water services had Audit 2014. Its strategic objectives are to increased to 92%, the eradication of backlogs in basic ensure a campaign on good citizenship sanitation to 69%, refuse collection to 64% and access where rights go hand-in-hand with respon- to basic electricity to 81%. sibilities. More than 230 000 buckets, or 96,8% of the backlog of more than 250 000 buckets identified in February People must live in a clean and safe envi- 2005, had been eradicated by July 2009. ronment where streets, neighbourhoods, townships, villages, rivers and air contribute to improving the quality of life. The private is becoming a major concern within muni- sector’s involvement comes through the cipalities. Adopt a Municipality Campaign. Local economic development Disaster management LED encourages local people to work The Disaster Management Act, 2002 was together to achieve sustainable economic promulgated in 2003. The National Dis- growth and development, thereby bringing aster-Management Centre with functional economic benefits and improved quality disaster-management centres and advisory of life for all residents in a local municipal forums were established in eight provinces. area. The National Disaster-Management Advi- As a programme, LED is intended to max- sory Forum has been recognised by the imise the economic potential of all municipal United Nations (UN) as the national platform localities throughout the country and to for disaster-risk reduction. enhance the resilience of macro-economic South Africa has also made significant growth through increased local economic progress in respect of the implementation of growth, employment creation and develop- the Hyogo Framework for Action – a global ment initiatives within the context of sustain- blueprint for disaster risk-reduction whose able development. goal it is to substantially reduce disaster The Department of Cooperative Govern- losses by 2015. ance’s LED programmes provide support Through the National Disaster-Man- in: agement Centre, the Department of Co- • developing and reviewing national policy, operative Governance has registered unit strategy and guidelines on LED standards for levels three to seven with the • providing direct and hands-on support to South African Qualifications Authority for a provincial and local government national certificate in disaster-risk manage- • managing the LED Fund ment. The department has also developed • managing and providing technical sup- regulations for recruiting and using disaster- port to Nodal Economic Development management volunteers every year. Planning • facilitating, coordinating and monitoring Cooperative governance donor programmes The importance of cooperative governance • assisting LED capacity-building pro- and intergovernmental relations in South cesses. Africa is reflected in Chapter Three of the Constitution, which determines a number of Capacity-building principles. Government aims to revive and strengthen A number of intergovernmental structures the Local Government Training Academy promote and facilitate cooperative gov- (Logola) so that new councillors, who come ernance and intergovernmental relations in after the 2011 local government elections, between the respective spheres of govern- are equipped to discharge their responsibili- ment. ties effectively. These include: This will ensure that in every municipality, • the PCC, comprising the President, the the six top positions are in place, namely: Minister of Cooperative Governance and municipal manager, chief financial officer, Traditional Affairs and the nine premiers town engineer, town planner, communica- • ministerial clusters, director-general tion manager and HR manager. clusters, and the Forum of South Afr- Overall, the vision is to have an efficient, ican Directors-General, which promote effective, accountable and responsive local programme integration at national and government system in South Africa. provincial level

263 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system • ministerial forums between responsible • Policy and Research conducts research line-function ministers at national level to assess how government should inform and their respective counterparts at the public communication needs and provincial-government level, which nor- monitors media coverage of government mally meet quarterly and are supported programmes. by technical committees • Provincial and Local Liaison provides • a number of intergovernmental forums development communication and extends that facilitate cooperative governance and government’s information infrastructure inter­governmental relations. through partnerships with provincial Oversight, monitoring and early-warning and local government. It facilitates the systems play a critical role in helping to establishment of Thusong service centres make cooperative governance work more to make services and information more effectively. accessible to the public, particularly the To improve integration among all spheres disadvantaged. By mid-2010, there were of government in both policy development 150 operational Thusong service centres and implementation, the Intergovernment throughout the country. Strides had been Relations Framework Act, 2005 was prom- made in partnership with the Department ulgated in August 2005. of Public Service and Administration in ensuring information and communica- Government and tions technology (ICT) connectivity in 55 communication centres, coupled with the installation of The vision of the Government Commun- 39 prototype general service counters. ication and Information System (GCIS) is In 2009, almost 5,6 million people visited government communication that empowers these centres. and encourages citizens to participate in • The Strategic Planning and Project democracy and improve the lives of all. Management Office implements project The GCIS aims to lead the strategic management and coordinates services to communication of government through cross-cutting projects driven by the GCIS, submitting a national communication strat- on behalf of other departments. egy to Cabinet and ensuring coherence of The chief executive officer of the GCIS is messages, open and extended channels of the official spokesperson for government. communication between government and The GCIS is central to developing com- the people, towards a shared vision. munication strategies and programmes for Two agencies were established under the government’s transversal campaigns. Executive Authority of the GCIS, namely It also assists departments with spe- the International Marketing Council (IMC) cific campaigns and events, as well as in and the Media Development and Diversity developing departmental communication Agency. structures. Some of the chief directorates include: • The Communication Service Agency pro- International Marketing vides core communication services to the Council GCIS and other government departments, both in-house and through outsourcing. • Content and Writing provides language services on products that require transla- tion and editing. It produces the South The IMC, custodian of Brand South Africa, Africa Yearbook, Pocket Guide to South has a vision for the country to be globally Africa and Vuk’uzenzele and maintains competitive, a Top-20 nation brand (Anholt) the Government Services, Government and Top-30 nation (World Economic Forum Information and the GCIS webites. [WEF] Global Competitive Index) by 2020. • Media Engagement drives interaction Established in 2002 as a presidential and communication between government initiative under the auspices of the GCIS, and the media. The directorate also com- the IMC strives to achieve positive brand- prises the government news agency, Bua awareness levels within South Africa’s tar- News. get markets, both domestically and abroad • Media Rapid Response conducts media and to be a world-class nation-branding monitoring and develops appropriate organisation. communication interventions and initia- The IMC focuses on engendering social tives. cohesion and turning citizens into brand ambassadors. By reinforcing patriotism,

Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 264 pride and optimism among the South an information centre for media practition- African population, foreign audiences will ers. experience the meaning of Ubuntu, and in On the global front, the IMC has country turn, contribute to enhancing South Africa’s managers in the United States of America, international brand image. United Kingdom and India. The country The organisation’s activities include pub- managers work with the South African lic relations, with an emphasis on reputation diplomatic missions in the capitals to build management and stakeholder engagement; South Africa’s image and foster, as well as marketing through advertising and promo- nurture, collaborative relationships with key tions; brand integration; and digital content influencers. generation. In terms of perceptual and attitu- The IMC works closely with stakeholders dinal research, the IMC undertakes regular such as government departments, the pri- benchmarking studies such as the Tracker vate sector and media, to define conversa- research study and National Perceptions tions that take place among influencers. audit. The 2010 FIFA World Cup™ gave South Elections Africa a powerful opportunity to market its The Constitution of South Africa places all brand promise and touch points to the world. elections and referendums in the country in The IMC leveraged this global platform all three spheres of government under the to accelerate the building of the nation’s control of the Independent Electoral Com- brand equity and to sustain and expand its mission (IEC), established in terms of the reputation-building initiatives. IEC Act, 1996 (Act 51 of 1996). To this end, the domestic mobilisation In 2010, the Municipal Electoral Amend- campaigns Fly the Flag; Football Fridays; ment Bill was approved. The Bill seeks to Diski Dance; and Be a Good Host; rallied provide for, among other things, set require- South Africans behind the national brand. ments for the submission of party lists for an To “mobilise the mobilisers”, the IMC election and material objections to election deployed tactics such as advertising cam- results; revises provisions relating to the paigns; toolkits for Parliament, host cities number of party agents at voting stations; and government departments; corporate empowers presiding officers to redetermine activations. The People’s Bus, a World Cup- and redemarcate boundaries of voting sta- focused education roadshow, was created tions; clarifies the rights and responsibilities and activated nationally. relating to assistance to voters; and gives New media was applied significantly members of the police force the right to through all initiatives, including the use of vote in the voting stations where they are online social networking channels such deployed during elections. as Facebook and Twitter, and a dedicated standalone website for the Football Fridays Public Service Campaign. The Department of Public Service and The IMC spearheaded the alignment of Administration leads the modernisation of the South African brand, both from a stake- the Public Service by assisting government holder relations and creative perspective. departments to implement their manage- In collaboration with public-sector ment policies, systems and structural solu- organisations, a new South African corpo- tions within a generally applicable frame- rate identity was generated and following work of norms and standards to improve Cabinet approval, was launched locally and service delivery. internationally in 2009. Support efforts have been combined This brand alignment included the launch with measures to promote compliance with of the Brand South Africa Marketer’s Portal, the Public Service prescripts, including a which provides the country’s marketers with comprehensive amendment to the Public branding and communication material and Service Act, 1994 (Act 93 of 1994), enacted facilitates interaction between organisations in 2007. that are marketing South Africa. The portal The scope of the Minister’s policy-making includes an interactive calendar which, powers in terms of the Public Service Act, during 2009/10, documented events such 1994 includes the structure and function- as the WEF. Additional online IMC portals ing of the Public Service; conditions of include SouthAfrica.info, a content hub for service and other employment practices the public and MediaClubSouthAfrica.com, in the Public Service; labour relations;

265 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system health and wellness of employees; infor- draft proposals on the norms and standards mation management in the Public Ser- for all the three spheres of government. vice; e-government; integrity, ethics, conduct The proposals emanated from the and anti-corruption; transformation; reform; research that was conducted on areas for innovation; and any other matter to improve harmonisation on norms and standards for the effectiveness of the Public Service and HRM between the different spheres of gov- its service delivery to the public. ernment. The department has led the implementa- The department has also developed tion of a range of policies and processes, a draft Bill on Public Administration and including the Batho Pele Programme. It has Management that will provide the legislative also initiated the CDW Programme in the basis for the further development of more Public Service, which brings government detailed norms and standards on HRM closer to the people by deploying public ser- practices. vants into communities to advise citizens on their civil rights and learn about their needs. Size of the Public Service In fulfilling its role of building institutional By the end of March 2010, the Public Service capacity, specific to fighting corruption, in had 1 272 311 people in its employ (includ- 2010, the Department of Public Service and ing members of the South African National Administration drove the following projects: Defence Force). Of these employees, 63% • the Minimum Anti-Corruption Capacity were attached to the social services sector (MACC) Audit (health, social development, education and • the Anti-Corruption Capacity-Building home affairs), followed by 20% in the crimi- Programme, aimed at preventing, detect- nal justice sector. ing and investigating corrupt and unethi- cal practices in the workplace. Human-resource management A total of 108 provincial departments and and development in 36 national departments were contacted for government the MACC Audit. In March 2010, the depart- The Department of Public Service and ment verified information submitted by these Administration is the custodian of HR in departments. The audit was expected to be the civil service, creating the framework for finalised by the end of the 2010/11 financial recruiting, retaining and training people who year. are central to the high-performance Public A training programme on anti-corruption Service that the country requires. capacity-building for general employees had Within the Department of Public Service been accredited by the Public Service Sector and Administration, there are two dedicated Education and Training Authority at National branches, Labour Relations and Remu- Qualifications Framework Level Four in neration Management (LRM) and HRM and 2010/11. About 920 officials at national and Development that focus on people issues. provincial level were to be trained. LRM focuses on remuneration and condi- South Africa acceded to the Organisation tions of service using Persal – the payroll for Economic Cooperation and Development system of government. (OECD) Convention on Combating Bribery By February 2010, government was work- of Foreign Public Officials in International ing on the development and implementation Business Transactions in June 2007 as the of a public-service development programme, first African country and the 37th member which would set the norms and standards of the OECD Working Group on Bribery in for public servants in all spheres. International Business Transactions. A framework on HR planning has also In September 2010, the Minister of Pub- been developed, as well as a handbook on lic Service and Administration, Mr Richard appointing board members. Baloyi, announced that a new investigative The roll-out of the HR Connect skills data- unit to tackle corruption and fraud would be base is proceeding well. HR Connect will set up. ensure that departments can analyse skill In terms of the norms and standards for levels in relation to required posts, occupa- all three spheres of government, a working tions and job profiles. An additional benefit team consisting of representatives of the is that personal and structural information Department of Public Service and Adminis- on the Persal system is being updated in tration, the then Department of Cooperative the process. Governance and Traditional Affairs and The Employment Health and Wellness Salga was convened to refine the current Policy Framework was developed and the

Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 266 HIV and AIDS Workplace Policy in the Pub- Batho Pele (“People First”) lic Service reviewed. The curriculum on HIV Batho Pele remains government’s leading and AIDS M&E has been developed, and campaign to achieve the desired crucial quality assured. transformation of the hearts and minds of public servants. This is a public-service cul- Conditions of service ture reorientation programme that is aimed Occupation-specific dispensations (OSDs) at aligning the behaviour and attitudes of are tailor-made remuneration dispensations public servants with the practice of Batho for categories of occupations in the Public Pele ethos. Service. The introduction of OSDs aims to To intensify the implementation and impact improve government’s ability to attract and of this policy, Minister Baloyi launched the retain skilled employees. Batho Pele Impact Assessment in 2010, Agreements have been reached on OSDs which seeks to strengthen the integrated for nurses, educators and legally qualified implementation of Batho Pele and its impact employees, while OSDs for social work- across the three spheres of government. ers, health professionals and correctional This will enhance partnerships, collabora- officials have been developed. A remunera- tions and better coordination towards the tion policy framework for the Single Public implementation of Batho Pele and intervene Service has been prepared. decisively and coherently in the economy and society to address social and economic Policy on Incapacity Leave and developmental goals. Ill-Health Retirement (Pilir) The Pilir was implemented in 2006 to Centre for Public-Service improve the management of incapacity Innovation (CPSI) leave and ill-health retirement benefits. The CPSI works through partnerships with other departments and SOEs, for example, Medical assistance the Department of Education, to enhance The Government Employees Medical the productive capacity of visually impaired Schemes (Gems) is an important institu- educators through providing data-card tion within the Ministry for Public Service devices to access teaching materials with- and Administration Portfolio. At the begin- out the use of Braille. ning of September 2010, Gems had more The CPSI aims to run targeted innova- than 500 000 principal members and close tion programmes to support the outcomes 1,4 million beneficiaries. The scheme contin- of rural development, accelerated service ues to grow by more than 10 000 members delivery at local government level as well as each month. human settlement. The eighth annual Public Sector Innova- Single Public Service tion Awards ceremony was held in Novem- Ensuring that services are citizen-informed ber 2010. and re-engineering the service-delivery The CPSI has received a special award model of government and its constituent from the UN Secretary General for its con- departments remain a key challenge and tribution to global knowledge management consequently focus of the Department of by uploading content on a global online Public Service and Administration. network portal on behalf of the Southern A related challenge is the requirement African Development Community (SADC). to streamline administrative and business processes to deliver simpler, more effective State Information Technology services to citizens and business and other Agency (Sita) stakeholders. This is central to the strategic Sita consolidates and coordinates the State’s objective of customer-service improvement. information technology (IT) resources to The Department of Public Service and save costs through scale, to increase deliv- Administration has for the past few years ery capabilities and to improve interoper- been tasked with developing a blueprint for ability. a single public service. Sita is committed to government’s IT In 2010, the department developed a Strategy, which seeks to leverage econo- discussion document that aims to provide mies of scale, enhance the interoperability a basis for consultation, policy and an of government systems, ensure system improved governance framework. security, eliminate duplication and advance

267 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system Black Economic Empowerment. The strat- public administration as set out in the Con- egic priorities for 2009 to 2012 are: stitution, throughout the Public Service. • improving financial sustainability The Constitution mandates the commis- • optimising infrastructure sion to: • extending the service footprint • promote the values and principles govern- • modernising public-service operations ing public administration • reducing operational costs • investigate, monitor and evaluate the • achieving operational excellence organisation and administration, and the • developing and retaining personnel. personnel practices of the Public Service • propose measures to ensure effective Government Information and efficient performance within the Pub- Technology Officers’ (Gito) lic Service Council • give directions aimed at ensuring that per- The Gito Council advises government on the sonnel procedures relating to recruitment, application of IT to improve service delivery. transfers promotions and dismissals com- Its membership consists of the chief in- ply with the constitutionally prescribed formation officers from national departments values and principles and offices of the premiers. The council has • report its activities and the performance of been involved in developing an IT security its functions, including any findings it may policy framework, IT procurement guide- make and to provide an evaluation of the lines and e-government policy and strategy. extent to which constitutionally it complied It also monitors government IT projects to with the prescribed values and principles avoid duplication. • either of its own accord or on receipt of any complaint: International and African - investigate and evaluate the application affairs of personnel and public-administration The Department of Public Service and practices, and report to the relevant Administration continues to provide co- executive authority and legislature ordination for the implementation of the - investigate grievances of employees in Continental Capacity Development Pro- the Public Service concerning official gramme. acts or omissions, and recommend The department and the Public Service appropriate remedies Commission (PSC) co-hosted a delegation - monitor and investigate adherence to from the Bangladesh Public Service Com- applicable procedures in the Public mission to exchange information and Service experience in the field of public service and - advise national and provincial organs of administration. state regarding personnel practices in The department assumed an important the Public Service. coordinating role in the conceptualisation, planning and marketing of the 2010 All Africa Public Administration Lead- Public-Sector Innovation Awards across the ership and Management continent and also convened a technical Academy (Palama) consultation workshop on SADC Govern- Palama (Sesotho for “ascend”), as the ance and Public Administration involving public-sector training academy, has a cent- nine SADC member states. ral role to play in building the capacity of the public sector to perform more effectively. Public Service Commission Palama’s offerings address the practical The PSC derives its mandate from sections management competencies required for 195 and 196 of the Constitution. The PSC improved service delivery in all spheres of is tasked and empowered to, among other government. things, investigate, monitor and evaluate Special courses are developed and the organisation and administration of the customised to meet departmental-specific Public Service. This mandate entails the training needs. evaluation of achievements, or lack thereof In response to government’s outcomes- of government programmes. based planning and performance monitor- The PSC has an obligation to promote ing approach, the academy has identified measures that will ensure effective and effi- the following key priorities as part of its cient performance within the Public Service contribution towards these outcomes: and to promote values and principles of

Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 268 • a public-sector cadre development pro- services to all government departments, gramme provincial governments and muni­cipalities. It • management and leadership develop- also publishes, markets and distributes gov- ment ernment publications. Based in Pretoria, the • human, financial, project and programme printing works provides a variety of related management services to departments, the printing indus- • frontline and support-staff training try and other African countries, including • M&E training manufacturing and supplying fingerprint ink • ethics, anti-corruption and administrative to the South African Police Service (SAPS), justice training and printing postage stamps for the Demo- • building the capacity of public servants cratic Republic of Congo and Lesotho. to implement programmes through skills Over the past few years, government had development and deployment to the coal- been seized with the challenge of trans- face of service delivery forming the GPW to position it as a security • supporting the Local Government Turn- printer of choice for government and the around Strategy through training. SADC region. In pursuit of continuous improvement of the Government decided to position the quality of training in the Public Service, the organisation as a key player in the smart academy has developed the Trainer Pro- card and passport industry. fessional Development Programme aimed A new passport-production system was at the professionalisation of public-sector implemented at the GPW high-security trainers. In 2009/10, nine workshops were printing facility in Pretoria. In addition, a new successfully conducted. South African passport was also introduced Through Palama’s Induction Training Pro- with unique South African quality features gramme, 22 632 employees were trained in and improved security features. 2009/10. In terms of the World Cup, South Africa’s The academy is also partnering with guarantees to FIFA in terms of immigration National Treasury for the implementation of related to the issuance of visas, including the Standard Chart of Accounts to ensure the unique event visa introduced by this that the principles and methodologies country. embedded in public-service financial man- It also related to the issuance of permits agement are internalised and adopted by and priority treatment for FIFA family mem- financial practitioners across government. bers and accredited people. The training programme continued into In support of this objective, the Depart- Phase Four of its implementation in 2010/11, ment of Home Affairs implemented various having trained up to 4 869 officials across measures. These comprised the Move- government in 2009/10. ment Control System (MCS) in 34 air and Internationally, the academy has played land ports of entry, the Advance Passenger a meaningful role in capacity-building within Processing (APP) System and the deploy- some of the African countries. This included ment of airline-liaison officers at eight stra- training of 25 trainers from francophone tegic hubs abroad, namely Nairobi, Hong African countries. Kong, Amsterdam, Dubai, Frankfurt, Lagos, London and Mumbai to monitor the move- Department of Home Affairs ment of travellers into South Africa. The Department of Home Affairs is an The department also signed memoranda important and integral part of central gov- of understanding with its Lesotho and ernment. The aim of the department is to Mozambican counterparts to assist in the efficiently determine and safeguard identity establishment of temporary joint border and status, and regulate migration to ensure clearance facilities. In addition, government security, promote development and fulfil its advised several SADC counterparts to issue international obligations. their nationals with machine-readable travel Statutory bodies falling under the depart- documents compatible with the MCS. ment are the: The APP System witnessed a total of 43 • Immigration Advisory Board undesirables being prohibited from boarding • Standing Committee for Refugee Affairs airlines abroad to enter South Africa. • Refugee Appeal Board. The airline-liaison officers at international The Government Printing Works (GPW), a airports abroad denied entry into South division of the Department of Home Affairs, Africa to 188 people due to possession of provides printing, stationery and related fraudulent documents (visas, permits, travel

269 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system documents and stamps) and failure to meet can assist in better delivery of home-affairs immigration requirements. services. These systems will be retained following the tournament and will serve as a legacy of Citizenship matters the first FIFA World Cup™ hosted by Africa. South African citizenship is regulated by the South African Citizenship Act, 1995 (Act 88 Civic services of 1995), and regulations issued in terms The Branch: Civic Services is mainly thereof. South African citizenship may be responsible for the National Population granted by way of: Registration and civic services. National • birth or descent population registration entails recording • an application for naturalisation as a personal particulars with a view to issuing South African citizen identity documents (IDs); identification by • an application for resumption of South means of fingerprints and photographs; and African citizenship dealing with matters pertaining to the status • the registration of the birth of children of persons, such as births, marriages and born outside South Africa to South African deaths. fathers or mothers Civic services entail issuing passports, • an application for exemption in terms of registering foreign births, determining Section 26(4) of the Act. citizenship and issuing certificates of natu- In October 2010, the South African Citizen- ralisation or resumption of South African ship Amendment and Births and Deaths citizenship. Registration Amendment Bills were adopted by the National Assembly. Learning Academy The Births and Deaths Registration The Department of Home Affairs established Amendment Bill seeks to streamline the the Branch: Learning Academy, which deals procedures related to the following: with issues of learning and development, • who, other than parents, should register research, knowledge and information man- the birth of a child, including the next-of- agement. kin or a legal guardian The academy has three main sections, • the registration of orphans and aban- namely: doned children • Learning Programme Delivery • simplifying the of the process for the • Research and Information Management change of surnames of children and • Quality and Stakeholder Management. adults It forms part of the support for the depart- • paternity, including steps to be followed ment’s core business of offering immigra- when a mother registers a child under one tions and civic services for South Africa. father and later changes to another The academy has registered the National • registration of birth after 30 days Certificate of Home Affairs Services with • the registration of adopted children to the South African Qualifications Authority. ensure alignment to the Children’s Act, This qualification has three specialisations, 2005 (Act 38 of 2005). namely: Refugee Affairs, Immigrations and The main objective of the South African Cit- Civic Services. The department is accredited izenship Amendment Bill is to amend provi- by the Public Sector Education and Training Authority as a site for learning, allowing the Learning Academy to enrol learners in the In March 2010, President Jacob Zuma launched registered home affairs qualification. a new campaign that will see every South Afri- The academy also offers generic learn- i can citizen registered with the Department of Home Affairs. ing and development such as customer President Zuma and the Minister of Home Affairs, services, management development pro- Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma, unveiled the National grammes and training in uniform processes Population Registration (NPR) Campaign in rural Libode and procedures of the services offered in in the Eastern Cape. the department. The campaign centres on a massive public outreach programme to ensure that each citizen is registered on Managing research in the Department of the NPR and has the right documents. Home Affairs entails coordinating research According to the department, the objectives of the projects that external scholars and research- campaign are to eradicate late registrations of births, ers want to conduct on the department. The ensure that new-born babies are registered within 30 Research Management Unit also identifies days of birth and that all South Africans who turn 16 and research areas within the department that above receive their identity documents.

Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 270 sions of the South African Citizenship Act, • The Immigration Act, 2002 (Act 13 of 1995, that deals with citizenship by birth, 2002), provides for a stricter immigration naturalisation, and the loss of citizenship in policy. The implementation of administra- terms of the mandate of the Department of tive fines and other measures came into Home Affairs. effect in 2003. The Immigration Act, 2002 The South African Citizenship Amend- was amended to clarify and revise immi- ment Bill will, among other things, ensure gration and permit procedures to facilitate that: importing skills. • A child born to a South African parent • The department works closely with the inside or outside the country is a South South African Revenue Service and the African by birth as long as the child is reg- SAPS to ensure effective border control. istered according to South African law. A computerised visa system was instituted • A child born of non-South African parents to curb the forgery of South African visas but adopted by South African parents is a and has been extended to all South African citizen by descent. missions abroad. • A child born of non-South African parents The final immigration regulations came in South Africa, may, at the age of 18 into effect on 1 July 2004. The release of years apply for naturalisation. While he or these regulations followed the signing of the she is a minor, such children will retain the Immigration Amendment Act, 2004 (Act 19 citizenship of their parents. of 2004), into law on 12 October 2004. • A child with no claim to any citizenship The immigration policy aims to: will be given South African citizenship in • discourage illegal migration into South accordance with international law and Africa by encouraging foreign nationals to practice. apply for different permits to legalise their stay in the country Population Register • create an enabling environment for for- The Population Register hosted by the eign direct investment in South Africa Department of Home Affairs stores and • attract scarce skills required by the econ- provides citizenry-identification information, omy in accordance with the 2014 vision including unique identification numbers, of eradicating poverty and underdevelop- birth dates and marriage status. In essence, ment. this system forms the core of citizenry- The final immigration regulations further- information systems within the department. more aim to establish a new system of immigration control to ensure that: Immigration • temporary and permanent residence The National Immigration Branch is respon- permits are issued as expeditiously as sible for control over the admission of for- possible and according to simplified pro- eigners for residence in and departure from cedures South Africa. This entails: • security considerations are fully satisfied • processing applications for visas, tem- and the State regains control over the porary residence permits and immigration immigration of foreigners to South Africa permits • economic growth is promoted through the • maintaining a travellers’ and foreigners’ employment of needed foreign labour, control system foreign investment is facilitated, the entry • tracing and removing foreigners who are of exceptionally skilled or qualified people considered undesirable or who are in is enabled and academic exchange pro- South Africa illegally. grammes in SADC are facilitated The Refugees Act, 1998 (Act 130 of 1998), • tourism is promoted gives effect within South Africa to the • the contribution of foreigners to the South relevant international legal instruments, African labour market does not adversely principles and standards relating to refu- affect existing labour standards and the gees; provides for the reception into South rights and expectations of South African Africa of asylum seekers; regulates applica- workers tions for and recognition of refugee status; • a policy connection is maintained between and provides for the rights and obligations foreigners working in South Africa and the flowing from such status, and related mat- training of South African citizens ters. • a human-rights-based culture of enforce- In recent years, the department has ment is promoted. sought to control illegal immigration through The department prioritised the issuance of a variety of measures: quota work permits to foreigners who fall

271 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system within specific occupational classes or spe- The Department of Home Affairs wanted cific professional categories. In this context, to improve the protection mechanisms for details of specific occupational classes and genuine asylum seekers and refugees in specific professional categories and the adherence to international obligations. applicable quotas are published annually in In this regard, the department had the Government Gazette after consultation improved the number of days it takes to with other stakeholder departments. issue a Section 22 permit from seven days The Immigration Amendment Bill provides to one day. It had increased the numbers of for, among other things: refugee-status determination officers and revising provisions relating to the Immigrat- they have in turn increased the number ing Advisory Board of their decisions from an average of five • revising provisions relating to the making decisions per week to an average of seven of regulations decisions per day. • the designation of ports of entry The department still faces a serious chal- • revising provisions relating to visas for lenge to improve the quality of the decisions temporary sojourn in South Africa and compliance with newly designed meth- • the mandatory transmission and the use ods of work and business processes. of information on advance passenger The department had improved efficiency processing in all its refugee reception centres and • the transmission of passenger name established the Musina Reception Centre. record information The department intends to establish • revising provisions relating to permanent an additional centre in Bloemfontein with residence further roll-out envisaged for the remaining • revising penal provisions. provinces. The Directorate: Refugee Affairs manages Having successfully improved operational refugee services in South Africa. It has efficiency, the Department of Home Affairs established the Asylum Seekers Unit and intended to completely restructure the stra- Country of Origin Information Unit. tegic thrust of refugee policy and legislation The units advise refugee-reception offices in 2010. This will impact on the asylum pro- on policy-related matters and on the back- cesses. ground information of an applicant’s country The department hopes to, among other of origin. After being recognised, refugees things, separate economic migrants from are issued with refugee IDs, which give genuine asylum seekers and resolve prob- them access to the basic services in South lems that put pressure on the system. The Africa, including basic healthcare, education department began to engage various stake- and employment. holders such as trade unions and business The South African Government, through on the issue of economic migrants, with the the Department of Home Affairs, issues UN purpose of evolving a policy on the matter. travel documents to refugees. Since May 2005, refugees have been issued with a Visas refugee smart ID, which contains security Foreigners who wish to enter South Africa features that are not forgeable. must be in possession of valid and accept- This directorate seeks to professionalise able travel documents. They must have valid the functioning of the refugee regime in visas, except in the case of certain countries preparation for mass influxes in the future. whose citizens are exempt from visa con- The department also seeks to assist those trol. Such exemptions are normally limited who wish to return to their countries of origin to permits, which are issued for 90 days or after changes in the circumstances that led less at the ports of entry. The visa system is to their forced migration, by engaging in aimed at facilitating the admission of accept- campaigns of voluntary repatriation jointly able foreigners at ports of entry. The visa with the UN High Commissioner for Refu- becomes a permit upon entry; therefore, no gees. additional permit will be issued. In the 2009/10 financial year, the depart- ment committed to improving operational Control of travellers efficiency and effectiveness of refugee The travel documents of persons entering affairs. The intention was to improve the or departing South Africa are examined by turnaround time for the determination of immigration officers at recognised ports of refugee status and to significantly increase entry, to determine whether such persons the quantitative number of decisions made comply with the requirements. by the department’s officials.

Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 272 Control of sojourn In 2010, the Department of Home Affairs was Foreigners who are in the country illegally working on rolling out an online Identity Docu- and who are therefore guilty of an offence i ment (ID) verification system expected to crack may be classified into three categories, down on fraudulent documentation. namely those who: The project will allow the South African Social Security • entered the country clandestinely Agency, banks, the insurance and retail sector, among other things, real-time access to the Home Affairs • failed to renew the temporary residence National Identification System (Hanis), for the verifica- permits issued to them at ports of entry tion of the identity of prospective and current clients. • breached the conditions of their tempo- The Hanis stores South African citizens’ ID numbers, rary residence permits without permis- fingerprints and photos. sion, such as holiday visitors who took Accessing the Hanis will equip these sectors with the ability to conduct on-the-spot verification of the finger up employment or started their own busi- prints of a client against the information stored in the nesses. system. Depending on the circumstances, persons who are in South Africa illegally are either prosecuted, removed, or their sojourn is Temporary residence legalised. Officers at the various regional In terms of the Immigration Act, 2002, tem- and district offices of the department are in porary residence permits are divided into charge of tracing, prosecuting and removing the following categories: illegal foreigners from the country. Employ- • visitor’s permits ers of illegal foreigners may also be pro- • diplomatic permits secuted. • study permits • treaty permits Permanent residence • business permits Government allows immigration on a selec- • crew permits tive basis. The Department of Home Affairs • medical permits is responsible for: • relative’s permits • processing applications for immigration • work permits with the following catego- permits for consideration ries: • admitting persons suitable for immigra- -- quota work permits tion, such as skilled workers in occupa- -- general work permits tions in which there is a shortage in South -- intra-company transfer work permits Africa. -- exceptional skills work permits The department particularly encourages -- corporate work permits applications by industrialists and other -- retired person permits entrepreneurs who wish to relocate their -- exchange permits existing concerns or to establish new con- • asylum permits. cerns in South Africa. In terms of Section 11, a visitor’s permit may The department is not directly involved in be issued to a person who intends to enter an active immigration drive. In categories South Africa for less than 90 days for the where shortages exist, the normal procedure purpose of tourism, business, education or is for employers to recruit abroad independ- medical treatment. ently and, in most cases, initially apply for Foreigners who are exempt from visa temporary work permits. requirements may therefore proceed to a The department considers the applica- port of entry where visitors’ permits for the tions for immigration permits of prospective mentioned period will be issued, provided immigrants who wish to settle in the relevant such persons can produce evidence to provinces. In terms of new regulations, prove their bona fides. regions will be responsible for issuing per- Foreigners who are citizens of countries mits previously issued by the regional com- that are exempted from visa requirements mittees in respect of permanent residence. for less than 90 days may likewise obtain They will also do so in respect of temporary visitors’ permits at a port of entry. Such residence. Enquiries in this regard may be foreigners enjoy exemption for the period made to the nearest office of the Department only. Foreigners who require a visa prior to of Home Affairs in South Africa, to missions proceeding to South Africa, or who intend abroad, or to the Director-General of Home to enter South Africa for any period longer Affairs for the attention of the Directorate: than the period for which they are exempt Permitting in Pretoria. from the visa requirement, must apply for

273 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system and obtain a visa prior to proceeding to the permit, to the nearest regional/district office country. of the Department of Home Affairs where Foreigners who intend to accept an offer the applicant is employed. Any enquiries of employment, start a business, take up related to temporary residence permits may studies or enter South Africa for any pur- be directed to the nearest district/regional pose for which a temporary residence per- office of the Department of Home Affairs mit is provided for in the Act, must apply for in South Africa, to South African diplomatic an appropriate temporary residence permit representatives abroad, or to the Director- via the South African diplomatic representa- General of Home Affairs, for the attention of tive in their countries of origin/residence. In the Directorate: Permitting. countries where there are no representa- tives, applications must be submitted in the Removal of undesirable nearest country where there is a foreign persons representative. In terms of legislation, the Minister of Home The outcome must be awaited outside Affairs may order the deportation of any South Africa and applicants may only pro- person who is declared undesirable or pro- ceed to South Africa once the permit as hibited, other than an asylum seeker. applied for has been issued to them. These are foreign nationals who are in The overriding consideration when dealing South Africa illegally and should be deported with applications for work permits is whether to the countries of which they are citizens or the employment or task to be undertaken territories where they have rights of domicile cannot be performed by a South African or residence. citizen or an approved permanent immigrant Any person who has become a deporta- already residing in South Africa. tion subject may, pending his or her depor- Applications for the extension of tempo- tation, be detained in a manner and at a rary residence permits must be submitted at place determined by the Director-General of least 30 days prior to the expiry date of the the Department of Home Affairs.

Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 274 Acknowledgements 2008 Local Government Budgets and Expenditure Review 2003/04 to 2009/10 BuaNews BuaBriefs Budget Vote 2010 Department of Home Affairs Department of Public Service and Administration Department of Public Service and Administration, Annual Report 2009/10 Estimates of National Expenditure 2010, published by National Treasury Green Paper: National Strategic Planning Government Communication and Information System International Marketing Council Office of the Public Service Commission State of the Nation Address 2010

www.cpsi.co.za www.imc.org.za www.dplg.gov.za www.MediaClubSouthAfrica.com www.gcis.gov.za www.salga.net www.goav.za

Suggested reading Badran, AD. 2010. Zionist Israel and apartheid South Africa: civil society and peace building in ethic-national state. London: Routledge. Boehmer, E. 2009. Nelson Mandela: a very short introduction. New York: Sterling. Buhlungu, S. 2010. A paradox of victory: COSATU and the democratic transformation in South Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Cole, CM. 2010. Performing South Africa’s Truth Commission: stages of transition. Bloomington: Indiana University. Feinstein, A. 2009. After the party: a personal and political journey inside the ANC. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. Goodman, T. 2009. Staging solidarity: truth and reconciliation in a new South Africa. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers. Gordin, J. 2009. Zuma: a biography. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. Green, P. 2010. Trevor Manuel. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman. Intergroup relations in post apartheid South Africa: change, and obstacles to change. 2010. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Jeffery, A. 2010. Chasing the rainbow: South Africa’s move from Mandela to Zuma. Johannesburg: South African Institute for Race Relations. Landau, P. 2010. Popular politics in the history of South Africa, 1400 – 1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Liebenberg, S. 2010. Socio-economic rights: adjudication under a transformative constitution. Claremont: Juta. The Mail&Guardian A-Z of South African politics: the essential handbook. 2009. Auckland Park: Jacana. Marais, H. 2010. Limits to change: new views on the political economy of South Africa’s transition. London: Zed Books. Mangcu, X. 2009. The democratic moment: South Africa’s prospects under Jacob Zuma. Auckland Park: Jacana Media. Southall, R & Daniel, J (eds). 2009. Zunami! The South African elections of 2009. Auckland Park: Jacana Media. Testing democracy: which way is South Africa going? 2010. Cape Town: Idasa. Van Zyl Slabbert: the passion for reason: essays in honour of an Afrikaner African. 2010. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. The Zuma administration: critical challenges. 2010. Cape Town: HSRC Press.

275 SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 – Government system Government system – SOUTH AFRICA YEARBOOK 2010/11 276