410 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING a location acceptable to the majority of to speak-with 16 hours of operation per interested people; (2) a twelve-month day; there is hope of having seven road survey season instead of the usual six; (3) surveys completed within the next 6 or 8 a saving of engineering manpower for months. A standing invitation is given to preparing contract specifications and su­ visit the laboratory to observe the work, pervision of construction; (4) the survey discuss procedures and exchange a few dollar stretched over many more miles ideas. Like topographic mapping, en­ than it previously covered; (5) already a gineering surveys have taken to the air saving of many miles of high-cost con­ and tedious computations are being com­ struction and avoidance of difficult areas fortably consumed by the electronic com­ by being able to "look ahead" through puter. photogrammetry. The Forest Service engineers have ac­ Although the equipment represents a cepted these new tools and are enthusiastic considerable monetary investment, there is about their possibilities. It is hoped that every reason to believe that in two to four they will help others to accept and use years it will pay for itself in actual cash these tools successfully. savings to the U. S. Forest Service. -This The operations and procedures de­ estimate is based on a double-shift capacity scribed in this paper are in use by the of 150 miles of road design per year at a Forest Service, U. S. Department of savings of approximately $300.00 per Agriculture at the Region 4 headquarters mile or $45,000 per year. Each operation of the Forest Service at Ogden, Utah. Dr. is directed toward saving time and money Richard E. McArdle is Chief of the Forest and the elimination of interference from Service and Mr. Floyd Iverson is Re­ adverse weather conditions, limited field gional Forester for Region 4. Mr. Arval season and personnel shortages. Anderson is the Assistant Regional Fores­ The efforts are only just beginning to ter in charge of the Division of Engineering materialize into production. The opera­ and the author is Chief of the Carto­ tion has been shifted into second gear-so graphic Section of that Division.

Mapping of the Ungava Peninsula*

s. G. GAMBLE, Chief Topographical Engineer, Dept. of ~Mines and Technical Surveys, Ottawa, Canada

ABSTRACT: The mapping of the mineral wealthy Ungava Peninsula of northern Quebec has provided the Topographical Survey of Canada to assess new survey and photogrammetrical techniques on a large practical test. The environment is described with particular emphasis on mapping conditions and the initial planning and surveys are outlined. In the Ungava operation the application of electronic instruments was impres­ sive and included the use of Shoran for geodetic control, radar altimeters for vertical control and horizontal scale, tellurometers for secondary survey control and for establishing scale on selected flights. Experience gained from the Ungava project should reduce the cost of mapping in the northern areas of Canada.

HE mapping of the Ungava Peninsula ects ever undertaken by the Topographical T of northern Quebec has proved to be Survey of Canada. The reason is not that one of the most important mapping proj- the potential mineral wealth of the Penin-

* By permission of the Director, Surveys and Mapping Branch, Department of Mines & Technical Surveys, Ottawa, Can., presented at 24th Annual Meeting of the Society, Hotel Shore­ ham, Washington, D. C., March 26, 1958. MAPPING OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA 411

sula which might be very great, nor the number of square miles involved, but rather because it has given us an oppor­ tunity to assess new survey and photo­ grammetrical tcchniques on a large prac­ tical test. Initially, the job was not planned to be experimental in any way; but through force of circu mstances Ungava has, in fact, turned out to be an excellent proving ground. Compilation of the maps is far from being complete, but good prog­ ress has been made on the less predictable phases of the job, and the balance of the work should follow the well established pattern of the many other comparable mapping projects we have undertaken. At the 50th Annual Meeting of the Canadian I nstitute of Surveying and Photogrammetry, Col. Gerald Fitzgerald gave a most interesting paper entitled, S. G. GAMBLE "New Tools for Mapping Arctic Alaska." I t was after listening to his description of some of the new photogrammetrical meth­ existent. I n the su mmer, travel is by water ods used by the United States Geological along the coast or by seaplane if moving Survey for mapping the Brooks Range inland. By winter, travel is by dog-sled or that it occurred to me that the mapping ski-equipped aeroplane. During the four we were then planning for Ungava might month navigation season, supplies can be provide suitable material for a paper on a brought from the south via Hudson Strait large Canadian project. This has proven or from Churchill or Moosonee across to be so and I hope that I can do justice Hudson Bay. There is a regular air service to this interesting job in the time available. from the south into Chimo at the bottom The Ungava Peninsula is rugged and of Ungava Bay, and in the summer there treeless and subjected to Arctic weather is a flying boat service from Moosonee to conditions for about eight months of the the settlements along the east shore of year. Al though few of the hills can be Hudson Bay. classed as mountains, they are numerous The mapping planned for Ungava and rise abruptly several hundred feet. Peninsula covered some 14 standard na­ The many lakes and streams are ice free tional topographic series maps at 1/250,000 from the end of June to the beginning of scale with 100 foot contours. The area October. extends from the 71st Meridian of west Wildlife consists of the thousands of longitude westward some 250 miles to the geese which make Ungava their summer east shore of Hudson Bay and from north home and the scattered remnants of what latitude 58° northward to Hudson Strait used to be large caribou herds. Fishing is some 300 miles distan t. In addition to the excellent on the inland lakes and the fisher­ 70,000 square miles of small-scale mappi ng, man can normally count upon landing a some 9,000 square miles of 1/50,000 scale five pound speckled trout or arctic char maps showing 50 foot contours was re­ within a few minutes. quired through the known mineralized The native Eskimos form the larger part zone extending from Wakeham Bay in of the population. In addi tion, missionaries, Hudson Strait to Mosquito Bay in Hudson Hudson Bay factors, Royal Canadian Bay. Mounted Police officers, Department of Complete map coverage at the recon­ Transport wireless operators, northern naissance scale of 8 miles to the inch was service officers and nurses form the per­ available for planning purposes. These manent population of the few scattered maps were compiled from trimetrogon settlements along the coastline. photography and positions obtained by Communications to and in the area are astronomical fixations. In 1955, the Topo­ difficult, roads and railroads being non- graphical Survey had established a net of 412 PHOTOGRAMM£TRIC ENGINEERING triangulation control between the west Field surveys were scheduled to com­ shore of Ungava Bay and the 71st Merid­ mence in 1956 using helicopters supported ian, following this Meridian south to the by float-equipped Beaver aircraft and 58th parallel of latitude. This net, which the bulkier supplies such as gasoline were was used to control a band of 1/50,000 shipped during the summer of 1955 to mapping, was tied to the shoran stations Port Harrison, Povungnituk and Chimo, which had been established by our Geo('et­ key bases for the field operations. How­ ic Survey. Further triangulation control ever, since progress on photography in was being extended from the topographical 1955 was poor, the survey was postponed net westward up the Payne River, for the a year. By 1956 the tempo of the mineral purpose of determining the area and exploration in the area had increased, and power potentialities of that drainage sys­ it was decided to proceed with the survey tem for the Quebec Streams Commission. control in 1957 even though the photog­ It was anticipated that the Ungava raphy was far from complete. Fortunately area would be extremely difficult to the trimetrogon photos of the area were photograph, not only because of the short good and these flights subsequently proved season during which it is free of snow and useful in several ways. ice but also because of the cloud and fog The original plan for survey control was conditions encountered when. the ice starts to extend a triangulation net around the melting on Hudson Bay. Since it was prob­ coastline starting at Hudson Strait from able that there would be more photo­ our own work on the 71st Meridian, fol­ graphic days suitable for intermediate­ lowing the shore westward to Cape Wol­ scale vertical photography than for the stenholme, down Hudson Bay to the 58th small-scale normally requested for north. parallel, and thence eastward to the 71st ern operations, it was decided to accept Meridian. In addition, two east-west 20,000 foot photography despite some loss nets were to be run from Hudson Bay to in mapping efficiency. Other factors fa­ the 71st Meridian at about latitudes 60 vouring this decision were that the Geolog­ degrees and 62 degrees, the whole system ical Survey indicated a preference for the to be tied to the four shoran stations in the larger scale photography for its investiga­ area. To subdivide this framework to con­ tions, and it was probable that radar trol the east-west mapping photography, altimeter profiles could be taken simul­ it was planned to have sevenl bi-camera taneously with the photography at this flights with simultaneous A.P.R. run in a altitude. north-south direction. The total control, As expected, poor photographic condi­ approximately two field seasons work for tions have been encountered and on the the survey crew, amounted to 1,900 line completion of the first season's photog­ miles of triangulation plus 1,400 line miles raphy in 1955 only 45 per cent was covered of bi-camera photography, the' cost of the of the 72,710 square miles called for in the latter being approximately $50,000. contract. A further 14,600 square miles However, before this plan was put into were photographed in 1956 and coverage effect, it became evident that the Topo­ was available for the southern two-thirds graphical Survey would be equipped with by the time our field surveys commenced the Tellurometers for the 1957 field season. in 1957. A few more lines were added in The plan was therefore modified to take 1957 and the area that still remains to be advantage of this new equipment. done is approximately 20,000 square miles From the information that could be all of which is in the northern section, the gleaned from the sketchy reports avail­ area where mineral occurrences are now able, it seemed that a transit and tellurom­ being investigated. eter traverse could be run much faster Coupled with the contract for air pho­ than a triangulation net, provided, of tography was a specification for radar course, the staff could be trained to use the altimeter profiles along each flight line. equipment effectively, and these new elec­ Thus vertical control was to be obtained tronic tools could be depended upon to re­ by electronic means from the air. For the main serviceable. With these provisos, in­ photographic lines flown with A.P.R. vestigations indicated that the major equipped aircraft, profiles and vertical problem would be moving camp, since the photography would be taken simulta­ rate of progress might be two to three neously, times that of previous years. It, therefore, MAPPING OF THE UNGAVA PENINSULA 413 seemed advisable to increase the amount of the trimetrogon fligh ts. Best resul ts were of survey control and cancel the bi-camera obtained by photo-alidade resections on lines. well identified detail along the control Our survey party arrived at Chimo on flights, and then computing the plumb the 15th of June but was delayed there point position. This system would seem to owing to the late spring and the slow be more accurate than the graphical breakup of the ice on the lakes. Work method normally used when compiling finally got underway on the 5th of July from trimetrogon photographs, and may and,. despite the vagaries of the weather, have some application to small-scale map­ all the field work, incl uding the horizon tal ping. and vertical control for 9,000 square miles The photogrammetrical tech niq ues be­ of 1/50,000 mapping, was completed by ing used on this job are varied but by no the 22nd of August. In 38 working days means complex. The objective is to pro­ 2,100 Ii nes miles were traversed and 600 vide some form of perimeter control for a miles of distance measurements taken, the number of blocks measuring approximately latter being used to provide horizontal 50 miles by 50 miles and the major frame­ scale for selected trimetrogon flights. The work of survey control has been previously average closure on 500 mile survey loops described. Secondary control is being is about 1 in 35,000, much better than we established photogrammetrically as fol­ would have obtained by third-order tri­ lows: angulation. Trigonometric levels were carried on the (1) Selected north-south flights of ver­ Tellurometer traverses and tied to com­ tical photographs from the tri­ mon points on the radar altimeter lines, metrogon photography are bridged the latter being adjusted to the traverse on a first-order plotter, and scale values. The general agreement between corrected according to Tell urometer the two systems of levelling has been re­ distance measurements. Although markable, differences being of the order of these flights will bow, the over-all about 10 to 15 feet. It would seem, there­ distance between any two selected fore, that A.P.R. heights are quite accept­ points should be good. The latitude able for this scale of mapping. val ues of points along these north­ Our field parties engaged on major sur­ south flights can therefore be ac­ vey operations are usually equipped with cepted. uncontrolled mosaics to facilitate traveling (2) Selected east-west mapping flights and the selection of control points. In the having A.P.R. information taken at areas not covered by vertical photography, the time of photography are also strip mosaics made from the vertical plotted on a first-order machine be­ flights of trimetrogon photographs proved tween field-control points. Ground to be very useful. The survey party was clearance for each photo is intro­ also provided with a 5 X 5" camera with a duced into the machine and thus the 5" cone which was used for photographing horizontal scale throughout the plot control points from a height of about 2,000 should be uniform. After a small feet. This method of identification proved adjustment for over-all scale, the particularly useful for recording control points along these east-west con­ points in the areas not covered by vertical trol flights should be accurate in photographs. longitude, but are probably dis­ The area for which maps are most ur­ placed in latitude. gently required lies in the mineralized (3) The knot points between the north­ zone Since vertical photographs of this south control flights and the east­ important area are not yet available, west control flights are adjusted to planimetric maps are being compiled from the stronger latitude and longitude trimetrogon photographs at a scale of 1 values. inch to 1 mile as temporary map coverage. (4) Normal bow 'corrections are applied Some of the field control for the 1/50,000 to all the control flights based on mapping had been located on the trimet positions obtained as above. flights and these could, therefore, be well positioned. Several methods of extending In some instances it has been necessary control were attempted using the obliques to run short bridging flights to establish 414 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING

60 LEGEND -

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start points on the north-south flight. This Positions could have been avoided by locating hori­ 2. Radar Altimeter Values for Vertical­ zontal control points at each end of these Control flights. Having established perimeter con­ 3. Radar Altimeter Values for Estab­ trol for each block, normal slotted templets lishing Horizontal Scale at photo scale will be laid to this, and 4. Tellurometer Traverses for Second­ should give a satisfactory answer for this ary Survey Control scale of mapping. 5. Tellurometer Distances for Estab­ The final steps in compilation of the lishing Scale on Selected Flights small-scale mapping will be the hand con­ touring of photos under a simple stereo­ I think you will agree that this Ungava scope using the adjusted A.P.R. values for project has given the Topographical Sur­ height control and the transferring of vey an opportunity to test a wide range of field and office mapping methods and planimetry and contours to the manu­ scripts with the vertical sketchmaster. In equipment. Unusual combinations of elec­ areas of more complex topography it is tronic measurements, varied requirements probable that a third-order plotter will be and unconventional methods of tying to­ employed. The multiplex method will be gether the whole job has made this one of used for both the bridging and topog­ the most interesting projects we have un­ raphy of the 9,000 square miles of 1/50,000 dertaken. It may be too early to draw mapping which we hope to have photo­ conclusions, but we are confident that the graphed in 1958. results obtained will prove entirely satis­ The application of electronics to the factory. The Ungava job has already pro­ U ngava surveys in some form or other vided valuable information which is being makes an impressive list: used in the planning of future operations, and should help to reduce the cost of map­ 1.,Shoran Geodetic Control for Primary ping in our northern areas.