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AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION AUGUST, 1971, Volume 48, No. 8 THEODORE L. ELIOT, JR., President JOHN E. REINHARDT, First Vice President C. WILLIAM KONTOS, Second Vice President

BOARD OF DIRECTORS 12 American Overseas Investment WILLIAM HARROP, Chairman Samuel F. Hart F. ALLEN HARRIS, Vice Chairman ERLAND HLGINBOTHAM, Secretary-Treasurer 15 Ship Afire! BARBARA GOOD, Assistant Secretary-Treasurer DONALD EASUM J. W. Schutz JOHN K. IVIE DAVID W. LOVING PRINCETON LYMAN 17 Perspectives on Reform: Part I MICHAEL PISTOR Smith Simpson JOHN C. SCAFE THOMAS M. TRACY JAMES D. WILSON 20 Life as a Russian Worker: Part III Richard H. Sanger STAFF JAMES K. PALMER, Executive Director 26 Anchor Man of the Department: Alvey Augustus Adee MARGARET S. TURKEL, Executive Secretary R. Gordon Arneson CLARKE SLADE, Educational Consultant

JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD 29 Diplomatic List Charles and Lisa Cerami CLINT E. SMITH, Chairman AMBLER MOSS, Vice Chairman M. TERESITA CURRIE OTHER FEATURES: On Speaking the Language, by Ginny Car- JOHN D. STEMPEL MICHAEL P. CANNING son, page 6. FREDERICK QUINN RALPH S. SMITH

JOURNAL DEPARTMENTS SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor MCIVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction 2 Communication from the AFSA Board ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES JAMES C. SASMOR, 295 Madison Ave., New York 32 The Bookshelf N.Y. 10017 (212) 532-6230 ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 42 Letters to the Editor JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 5 Winsley Street, Londoi W. 1. 01-580 6594/8. International Representatives 45 AFSA News ©American Foreign Service Association, 1971 Th< Foreign Service Journal is published twelve times i hy the American Foreign Service Association 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20037. PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS: ‘'Bornu,” by Richard F. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D. C. Wolford, cover; Richard H. Sanger, photographs, pages 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25; S. I. Nadler, “Life and Love in the Foreion Printed by Monumental Printing Co., Baltimore Service,” page 44.

THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in foreign affairs, published twelve times a year by the American Foreign Service Association, a non-profit organization. sZZXZSXiZ £3*.ft--- »“■ - — members with incomes over *15.00o”*?5 annual”"^ to* thin MemberS~Dues are 530 annuaHf tor

00: tW yearS 510 For postage ,Pt‘°n “ JOU*NAL’ °De year 02 iSSUeS): SC' ° ’ °°' ‘Ascriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annually for oversea. Communication from the AFSA Board dependent bodies and individuals (e.g., the Federal La¬ bor Relations Council, Impasses Panel, the Assistant Sec¬ July 6, 1971 retary of Labor). The agency head is automatically in the position of be¬ Honorable Robert E. Hampton ing on the side of management. The adversary relation¬ Chairman, Federal Labor Relations Council ship arises from the “outside" and the fact that the Sec¬ Dear Mr. Chairman: retary is an integral part of the management with whom the employees negotiate. Hence, it can be eliminated by With reference to my letter of June 16, I have the eliminating “outside” appeals, removing the Secretary honor to submit an analysis of the draft Executive Order from the negotiation table and making him part of the transmitted to you on June 16 by the Department of appeals process. State. I also enclose an alternative draft Executive Order “Inside” appeal, such as envisioned for the Foreign prepared as a model by the American Foreign Service Service, separates the agency head from the management Association. officials with whom the employee organization (or or¬ The Association is convinced that the overwhelming ganizations) negotiate (or consult). Neither the person, majority of Foreign Service employees want a system nor the prestige, nor the influence of the agency head is which allows employees to choose by majority vote committed on the side of management. It is only subse¬ whether they shall be represented by an exclusive organi¬ quently, when no agreement between employee organiza¬ zation or not. AFSA feels that it would be a mistake to tion and management officials is reached, that the agency impose on the Foreign Service an employee-management head enters the picture. He, by remaining apart from the system which the employees believe denies them this prior proceedings, has no interest in being either on the basic right. This is the central weakness of the agency side of his managers or on the side of his employees in draft Executive Order. Without a single employee repre¬ every case. The dispute is presented to him by an im¬ sentative, other elements of the agency draft seem to us partial staff and his decision can be made impartially. unworkable, particularly the concept of “consultation This new proposal thus avoids any “adversary” rela¬ and appeal.” tionship between the Secretary and the Foreign Service, We share many of Deputy Under Secretary Macomb- or between the Director of USIA and the Foreign Service. er’s views on the nature of the Foreign Service, as ex¬ The Association is prepared to accept an in-house em¬ pressed in his letter to you of June 16. Specifically, we ployee-management system if it provides a balance of agree that the “rank in person” concept, the high degree power and responsibility between subordinate agency of mobility in personnel assignments and the centralized management officials, on the one hand, and employees on administration of the Foreign Service require that em¬ the other. Unfortunately, the State/AID/USIA draft does ployee participation be based on a unit no smaller than not provide such a balance. It denies employees the right the foreign affairs agency-—indeed, we would take that to decide how they shall be represented, including the argument to its logical conclusion and base participation right, by a majority of employees voting, to elect a single on a unit including the entire Foreign Service. organization as their exclusive representative, with the We agree that there is no clear-cut disparity between responsibility of aggregating employees’ various special supervisors and non-supervisors in the Foreign Service, interests and articulating and defending them in dealings and welcome the elimination of the concept of “super¬ with management. This is a fundamental principle of em¬ visor” from management’s draft. We are not seeking an ployee relations in the American private sector and under annual contract relationship. E. O. 11491. In thus making it difficult for employees to We agree that there are sometimes questions of special unite on a program and strategy, the draft divides and interest to particular groups of employees; it appears to weakens employee representatives at the conference table us that paragraphs (a)(2) and (d) of Section 4 of the in comparison to the monolithic and disciplined manage¬ agency draft provide adequate protection to individuals ment. and groups against any danger that an employee organi¬ The multipartite consultation and appeals which man¬ zation would ignore their views or cut them off from agement proposes as a “practical alternative” to exclusive access to agency management and the appeals body. recognition would, we believe, promote competitive mili¬ However, we believe that management has greatly ex¬ tancy among employee organizations, reduce the likeli¬ aggerated—in fact, misunderstood—the prospects of im¬ hood of management-employee agreement on personnel pairment to the “special mission” of the Foreign Service policies, and lead to an excessive resort to appeals pro¬ because employees might come to look upon foreign cedures. affairs agency heads as adversaries in personnel policy We understand that such a multipartite system was matters. tried unsuccessfully in American municipalities in the The Foreign Service requested exemption from E. O. ’30s and ’40s, and that the failure of the similar concept 11491 because the provisions of 11491, it was argued, of formal recognition in E. O. 10298 led to the the would “introduce a formal adversary relationship between adoption of the exclusive recognition concept in E. O. the Secretary of State and the Director of USIA on the 11491. one hand, and the personnel of the Foreign Service on In short, the Association believes that the management the other.” This argument was based on the fact that of the foreign affairs agencies, lacking the experience of under 11491 the employee organization and the agency the Council in these matters, may have misunderstood (including the agency head) would negotiate agreements, with disputes taken outside the respective agency to in- (Continued on page 48)

2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 V

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Has any insurance company or underwriter declined to accept or refused to renew your insurance? if yes, give particulars on separate sheet. (yes or no) Have you or any other persons or members of your household who will drive your car had any accidents during the past two years? if yes, give particulars on separate sheet. (yes or no) Do you plan to travel in Canada? Signature of Applicant J when you can’t talk and don’t even smoke, for God’s ON sake? You smile and nod and wonder if the thing will ever end. And you eat. SPEAKING After a while, when you’ve learned only a bit of the language, it’s almost worse, because talk is on a sort of THE “me, Jane-you, Tarzan” level—so elementary that all you can discuss is how humid it is here in Dahomey, and how LANGUAGE many children you have. Sometimes, glass in hand—particularly, glass in hand GINNY CARSON —you venture into something more complex. Once in Cotonou I found myself part of a circle surrounding the I GAINED ten pounds the first year we were in West Dahomean foreign minister, a charming and affable man. Africa, all because I couldn’t speak the language. Everyone was chattering, even I, then someone else Not that I couldn’t speak one of the African dialects mind you, because of course I couldn’t, but neither did anyone else. It was French that I couldn’t speak, the diplomatic language, the language that anybody who is civilized should know, and that made it doubly humili¬ ating. There were a large number of Frenchmen living in Cotonou. They occasionally wore bedroom slippers to the local cinema and served drinks in glasses decorated with Black Label advertising. But they certainly spoke French. And they ate exceedingly well. “My dear,” one old lady confided to me, emphasizing the pre-civilization hardships she had endured as a colo¬ nial wife twenty years before, “I was here before cheese.” Even in that tropical heat, we were often served five- and six-course meals, with lots of wine and lots of conversation. What can you do during a five-course meal

“It’s really not surprising that a great many foreign service people dip into their own pockets to he sure that Security handles their moving and storage problems. ” •—consensus of many letters we have received.

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6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL., August, 1971 The Diplomatic Choice. A compact car is frequently the wisest choice for United States Foreign Service personnel and their families. Now Chevrolet has a compact: American style, to fill that need. The new Chevy Vega moves well, stops well, rides well, handles well, travels well—on any kind of road. Vega has economy in gas mileage and maintenance, and a definitely competitive flair in international styling. New car buyers in the United States call Vega the best little car in the world. You will, too. And because your order begins with a franchised General Motors dealer or distributor you enjoy the advantages of dealing directly and locally. If you are transferring, another authorized GM dealer or distributor handles delivery. You get the same reliable GM maintenance and parts, too, anywhere in the world. Choose from sporty hatchback coupe shown open and closed in the foreground; sedan at right; Kammback wagon at left, or compact utility truck, rear. Then see what your local GM representative has to offer in service for U. S. Foreign Service personnel.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 7 joined the group, silence ensued, and the newcomer asked politely if I spoke French. Weary of the no-but-I’m-learning response, and for¬ tified by champagne, I replied, gaily, “Oh, yes, I speak French.” I turned to the Dahomean secretary of state. “You understand me, don’t you, Mr. Minister?” I inquired. “Yes, madame,” he said with a little bow. “Often.” For a time after that I lapsed back into silence. Then I went back to the safe but tiresome, “How long have you been here?” No one, it seemed, African or Frenchman, had spent more than a few years in the country, so I could ask the question safely, knowing that talk would flow for a minute or two while I mentally composed some more stimulating repartee. Once I gasped out my question simultaneously with another guest, she also desperately searching, I suppose, for a conversational opening. It was my non-smoking that led me to a ploy which I discovered inadvertently but found very useful. The host¬ ess of the evening was passing the ubiquitous tray of cigarettes. For some reason, I remembered a line from an old but never-to-be-forgotten movie: “Stage Door” in which Katharine Hepburn says she quit smoking when she was ten. I had been not quite ten years old myself, when I saw it, and I’d been impressed. “Cigarette?” asked my hostess. An ecologically planned community in a beautiful “No,” I said coolly, “I gave them up when I was ten.” mountain setting. Half acre lots. Planned 18-hole I omitted the reflexive “je me suis” in the “I stopped golf course, ski slope, lake, even central sewerage myself” which my teacher later told me was proper, but and water. Fishing and boating less than a mile. the lady seemed to understand. She moved on, paused, Within a three and a half hour drive from Washing¬ ton, adjoining unspoiled (and substantially undis¬ then turned to me again and said hesitantly, “Ten years covered) Prince Gallitzin State Park (Pennsylvania’s old, Madame?” largest) with its 1640-acre Glendale Lake. Build your Which leads me to another conclusion, which I will own home, or we’ll arrange building to your specifi¬ mention here. If you don’t understand the language, you cations. Construction prices exceptionally reasonable. must control the conversation. Just get people’s attention Plan now for a place to spend your home leave and and keep talking. They will either think you amusingly we’ll rent it for you when you’re overseas. j quaint, or awfully stupid, but they won’t act as if you aren’t there. Glendale Yearound is a Foreign Service oriented Also, if you introduce the subject, you will at least not organization because its owners and operators are blurt out, while trying to get in the conversation, “I have members of the foreign affairs agencies. a friend who loves tomatoes, too, she” . . . when they—you discover later—were talking about having Write for information or come visit us. little Jacques’ tonsils out. DIRECTIONS: From Washing¬ But back to my ploy. I then memorized my remark ton, Interstate 70 to Breeze- wood, north through Altoona. about quitting smoking, making sure the grammar was From Altoona take route 36 to impeccable, and used it again and again. People, after Ashville, then route 53 north to Prince Gallitzin State Park. all, are always offering you a cigarette, even if they think Drive along west shore of Glen¬ dale Lake to Beaver Valley you are deaf and dumb. Boat Launching Area and “Glendale Yearound ” Conversation usually led then to reminiscences of (An all electric community) childhood, methods of quitting smoking, or, if I was really clever, to my quoting an amusing ad for “Gitanes” that I’d seen in the NEW YORKER. GLENDALE YEAROUND Flinton, Pennsylvania 16640 Tel: (814) 674-2278 Then one evening when my French was almost ade¬ quate but my imagination not so estimable, I found an Please send complete information on Glendale Yearound to: even more provocative remark. My dinner partner and I had covered every topic—the Name humidity, the number of our respective children, and Jack Nicklaus, whom he admired. I noticed his wife eyeing Address . — him anxiously, plainly indicating that he was neglecting his duty in not talking to poor foreign Madame Carson. City and State Zip Finally, annoyed at her reproaches, he turned and hissed almost the length of table, “Mais j’ai deja parle d’Oregon.”

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 Works when you can’t! AFSA’s Income Protection Plan Pays up to *600.00 a month when you’re sick or hurt and can’t work!

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 9 Searching madly for a topic, I recalled yet another Your New film. This was a recent French movie depicting the Seven Mortal Sins. I asked brightly if anyone at the table could name all seven of them. Mercedes-Benz To my astonishment, the table became a scene of veritable uproar. Guest challenged guest as to the mortal¬ Overseas or Stateside-. ity of the fault; greed and sloth were dismissed, as lust and avarice were introduced. Easy to arrange—here. Easy to enjoy—there. All I had to do was sit back and look interested, as conversation swirled around me. Just stop in to see us about the time you get your overseas And then I realized what I had done. There I was, orders. You can test-drive various Mercedes-Benz models, and decide which one is just right for you. Then select the color, nodding and smiling again. And eating. ■ trim and options you want. And that’s the hard part. The rest we do. Our Overseas Delivery experts will schedule delivery almost AFSA Board Comment: anywhere in the world. And handle all the details—documenta¬ tion, licensing, insurance, the works. As a member of the foreign service your diplomatic discount AFGE’s Legal Defense Fund will save you money. Come in today and we’ll figure out exactly how much you can In the spirit of openness, the AFSA Board of Direc¬ save. Or mail the coupon below for your free guide to overseas tors and the JOURNAL Editorial Board accepted the ad¬ delivery. It has all the facts, plus a handy worksheet to help you to compute savings on the model of your choice, equipped vertisement on the facing page. This advertisement solic¬ the way you want it. its contributions to finance court action against the For¬ eign Affairs Specialist program and against the principle j 1 of selection-out. We advised representatives of the Amer¬ I John C. Metcalf, Jr., Diplomatic Sales | McNey Motors, Inc. ican Federation of Government Employees (AFL-CIO) | 4800 Elm Street, Bethesda, Maryland 20014, USA, Phone 301-656-4444 . that the AFSA Board would print a comment for our I Please send me a free Mercedes-Benz guide to overseas delivery. readers.

I Name I AFSA, in contrast to AFGE, does not oppose the con¬ cept of “selection up or out” established in the Foreign I Address City | Service Act of 1946. We feel this can and should be a strength to our Service if properly administered under I State Zip Telephone No | wise safeguards and due process. AFSA supported the new FSO career system which establishes tenure in the middle grades. AFSA supports H.R. 9365, introduced by Congressman Wayne Hays on June 23, to extend retirement annuity coverage to of¬ ficers selected out in Classes 4 and 5 (as well as Class 3 and above as at present). AFSA is pressing vigorously for enactment of S. 2023/H.R. 9188 to provide impartial grievance and appeal procedures under due process for the entire Foreign Service (see editorial in July JOUR¬ NAL and “AFSA News” in this issue). We are consulting with Department representatives on the establishment of greatly improved interim procedures for all Foreign Service Act personnel pending enactment of legislation. We feel these are the effective reforms in the best interest of the Foreign Service. AFSA, unlike AFGE, has publicly supported the For¬ eign Affairs Specialist program in State and USIA, under which qualified officer-level Civil Service and FSS per¬ sonnel may be integrated, voluntarily and under equita¬ ble regulations, into the Foreign Service Reserve Un¬ limited career system. AFSA was consulted in the prepa¬ ration of these regulations which assure broad protection for converting officers. AFGE has already brought suit against the Depart¬ YOUR STATE DEPARTMENT ment and USIA to prevent implementation of Foreign FEDERAL CREDIT UNION Affairs Specialist conversions; AFGE is preparing to challenge in court the legality of any selection out. The Come in and talk it over, union has now renamed its fund-raising program after or send a letter. the late Charles W. Thomas. The AFSA Board does not agree with the purposes of these law suits, whether funds are raised in the name of Mr. Thomas or in the name of AFGE directly.

10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 This is a paid advertisement by the Foreign Affairs Employees Council of the American Federation of Government Employees. THE CHARLES WILLIAM THOMAS MEMORIAL LEGAL DEFENSE FUND

For two years Charles William Thomas, an outstanding Foreign Service Officer, tried to get the Department of State to review the facts in his case and to let those facts speak for themselves. He believed that his dismissal was a grave injustice— and so do we—but he was prepared to abide by the results of an objective, impar¬ tial review. That review never took place. The tragic death of Mr. Thomas in April of 1971 shocked Foreign Service em¬ ployees into the realization that, under current personnel practices, the individual employee has no guarantee and, indeed, scant prospect of an objective, fair hearing to review the facts and judge the merits of any complaint. Taking the foreign affairs agencies to court is the effective way to reform this cruel capricious system now. A legal defense fund named in memory of Charles William Thomas has, therefore, been formed and will stand as an enduring symbol of the rights he sought in vain—simple fairness and justice.

A BRIEF HISTORY which will finally bring constitutional due process safe¬ The Foreign Affairs Employees Council was formed in guards to the present arbitrary, antiquated procedure. June of 1971 by the two American Federation of Gov¬ Selection-out must be replaced with a system of earned ernment Employees local unions which represent over tenure, merit promotion, and dismissal only for just 3000 employees of the Department of State, the United cause. States Information Agency and the Agency for Interna¬ • A second suit already filed to enjoin the Depart¬ tional Development. They felt that the entire foreign ment of State and the United States Information Agency affairs community, regardless of organizational affilia¬ from forcing domestic Civil Service employees to be¬ tion, should have an opportunity actively to participate come Foreign Service employees. These "converted” in correcting the abuses in the personnel practices of General Schedule employees will not only lose their the three foreign affairs agencies. present Civil Service protection but will be subjected to The Council has therefore established an active legal the arbitrary Foreign Service personnel policies we have defense fund to enable dedicated employees and former just described. We believe that until the courts abolish employees of these agncies to help underwrite the costs selection-out and until the domestic civil servants of of several major court challenges and to be joined by these agencies are given adequate career security, no citizens throughout the United States who also welcome such mass conversions can be justified. this opportunity to support the cause of genuine reform If necessary more individual and class actions will be of Foreign Service personnel policy. filed after these initial suits are underway. Even though the initial decision to establish this non¬ With the help of the foreign affairs community and profit legal defense fund with an independent advisory the support of responsible Americans concerned with board was taken in early April 1971—before the tragic justice for Foreign Service employees, we can make a death of Mr. Thomas—the Council felt that his de¬ change. termined but vain efforts to gain due process through Your moral and financial support is, therefore, needed the present system most eloquently illustrated the urgent now. Thank you. need for such a legal challenge. National Advisory Committee: It is in this spirit that the fund was named in his The Honorable Charles Burrows honor. Former American Ambassador The Reverend Walter Fauntroy AN INVITATION Member of Congress, District of Columbia We invite every member of the foreign affairs com¬ The Honorable Fulton Freeman munity and every American who believes in genuine due Former American Ambassador process to contribute to this non-profit fund and thereby President, The Monterey Institute of Foreign Studies help underwrite the costs of these court actions: Fitzhugh Green • A class action now being readied against the selec- Former Deputy Assistant Director tion-out system as now practiced in the three foreign United States Information Agency affairs agencies. Despite recent administrative modifi¬ Charles F. Johnson cations in selection-out, Foreign Service employees can be-—-and will be—-dismissed without any hope of recourse Richard J. Murphy to fair, impartial, and enforceable third party review. Former Assistant Postmaster General We will continue to support the bills now before Mrs. Charles William Thomas Congress which would legislate review rights and pro¬ Leo Werts cedures for Foreign Service Employees. However, we Former Assistant Secretary of Labor must be realistic about the months and perhaps years it The Reverend Philip Wogaman may take to enact these measures. Professor of Social Ethics In the meantime we need a binding court decision Wesley Theological Seminary

Enclosed please find my check made payable to the Charles William Thomas Memorial Legal Defense Fund (Mailing address: The Charles William Thomas Fund, P.0. Box 19443, 20th St. Station, Washington, D. C. 20036) I understand that I will receive periodic reports on the cases financed by the fund. Please check one: □ My contribution should remain anonymous. □ My name may be listed on the roster of Fund contributors. Signed

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 11 In looking for reasons why some American overseas investors often violate their own long-term self interest, the primary cause .. .is ignorance.

American Overseas Investment: A Policy For The 1970s

rHE shaping of American foreign SAMUEL F. HART gations, internal tax rates, profit re¬ policy involves not only the United The author, an FSO since 1958, mittances, local capital participa¬ States government, but also private has served in Montevideo, Djakar¬ tion, and employment practices. ta, Kuala Lumpur, Washington, organizations, especially American and San Jose in a variety of politi¬ Reaching an agreement on these businesses with foreign investments. cal, economic, and consular jobs. matters that will stand the test of Mr. Hart has a master’s degree time requires that both the investor And the actions of American owned from the Fletcher School, a mas¬ business abroad obviously have an ter’s in economics from Vanderbilt and host government have available impact on the host countries’ atti¬ and is a graduate of the FSI Eco¬ the best technical advice on the true nomics Course. His current assign¬ tudes toward the United States. ment in San Jose is as Chief of economics of the enterprise. For ex¬ The rules of the game for foreign State/USAID Economic and Pub¬ ample, the terms of a contract to lic Administration activities. Many exploit mineral deposits will depend investors have changed greatly in of the points in this article were the past 40 years, which some busi¬ discussed spiritedly and in detail at on whether the ore is high or low a recent Regional Economic I Com¬ grade. But many LDCs do not have nesses have failed to recognize and mercial Officers Conference in Pan¬ thereby jeopardize the well-being of ama which the author attended. local talent to make this assessment, Mr. Hart received AFSA’s William which results in their negotiating im¬ other investors. This article will sur¬ R. Rivkin Award on June 24. vey the prevailing practices of some portant agreements while figurative¬ US overseas investors, assess their ly flying blind. So, if the investor has assumptions with only a few minor effects on US foreign policy, suggest competent technical advice, the ne¬ reservations. Point (c), however, is what control the United States Gov¬ gotiation is a highly unequal contest certainly questionable considering ernment should be exercising over with an equitable agreement likely the growing difficulties of a consid¬ American businesses abroad and only by the wildest of chances. If erable number of US investors in recommend some policy changes to the government, through ignorance, less developed countries (LDCs) in move us from what “is” to what insists on an unreasonable price, the recent years. “ought to be.” investor will walk away; if the We can begin by enumerating a Post World War II US policy, asking price is too low, this will few simple and rather obvious rules implicit if not stated, concerning the become evident in time and likely for operating in a foreign country investment of American capital result in pressure for renegotiation which, given the long experience of or abrogation of the agreement. The abroad has rested on a number of American companies in foreign op¬ assumptions: (a) often in the short- point to be stressed is that the long- erations, should have become sec¬ run and certainly in the long-run, run interests of both parties require ond nature to all but are still ignored overseas investment benefits the US access to all available information by many. economy; (b) the capital and ac¬ and the investor should encourage companying inflows of technology the host government to hire good and managerial skill help the econo¬ WHEN a foreign company makes advisors should this be necessary to my of the receiving country; (c) US a sizable investment overseas, par¬ achieve parity. companies operating overseas are ticularly in a country with an under¬ The manner in which the contract the best judges of their own long¬ developed economy, it normally ne¬ is negotiated is nearly as important term interests and, therefore, should gotiates with the host government as its substance. In initial bargaining be subject to minimal United States the terms under which it will oper¬ stages technicians may be adequate, Government guidance or regulation. ate, including import and export but the final negotiations require a This writer subscribes to the first two taxes, quantitative investment obli¬ representative from the home office

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 of the investor possessing both con¬ essential in extractive industries but in the longer run would help in siderable authority and an apprecia¬ where technological advance may raising equity capital. tion for public relations. turn a marginal undertaking into a Finally, the possibility exists of A negotiator with insufficient au¬ bonanza. When this occurs, modifi¬ the central government or an auton¬ thority inevitably appears inflexible, cation of the contract will be de¬ omous government agency becom¬ especially on minor issues where manded, but a better course is to ing a partner. While this prospect compromises are easiest if arrived at agree to some such arrangement at often makes American businessmen quickly. When such matters can be the outset. uneasy and can occasionally be resolved without referral to head¬ Another point of substance con¬ troublesome, it is preferable to give quarters, a climate conducive to cerns local participation in the proj¬ away 25 percent (or even more) of finding answers to the more serious ect. The poorer the host country, equity when undertaking sensitive problems is created. the more likely it is that the govern¬ operations in an LDC (having the As to the public relations aspect, ment will have to be the local part¬ normal number of ailments in its it can hardly be expected that ner. Furthermore, the longer the ex¬ body politic) to having the enter¬ American companies with world¬ pected time span before the invest¬ prise completely foreign. Creating a wide operations should have top ex¬ ment is likely to yield profits, the local constituency is the name of the ecutives fluent in all pertinent lan¬ less attractive equity participation game and the penalty for neglecting guages. It does seem reasonable, will be to local capitalists. However, this consideration can be costly, at however, that training negotiators having local participation, govern¬ times up to 100 percent of invest¬ competent in Spanish and perhaps ment or private, is inexpensive and ment. useful insurance for the foreign in¬ French would not impose too heavy Another common sense rule has vestor against a number of risks. a burden. Furthermore, whatever to do with employment practices But it is not always easy for inves¬ his language of expression, the nego¬ and can be stated as: “The number tors to find a local partner for rea¬ tiator’s job is made easier and his of foreign employees should be kept sons such as lack of cultural adjust¬ company’s interests are best served at a minimum and equal pay should ment from the family to the corpo¬ by explaining to the people of the be awarded for equal work, irre¬ rate concept. An amazing number of country the benefits the contract will spective of employee nationality.” bring. The era of “the people be foreign investors never even try. A final guideline for the large damned” has passed in most places For those who want local partici¬ foreign capitalist is that he should and foreign investors should have pation in their operations a number avoid investment in fields where been among the first to recognize of little-tried options are available. there are already strong local inter¬ this. Simple? Obvious? Yet, there One is to offer high-yield convertible ests. For example, the attempted are still many investors who are bonds to make the pre-dividend entry of a large international corpo¬ unaware of or insensitive to public period more appealing to local capi¬ ration into food processing in an relations. talists. A promising approach, whether singly or in combination LDC where many small canners and with one of the above, is a profit- packers are already operating will predictably earn the latter’s undying HE provisions in a contract to sharing plan for employees similar T enmity because of the real or imag¬ maximize long-term operational via¬ to that used by Sears, Roebuck in ined threat posed. Moreover, while bility vary from one type of business the United States and overseas. Un¬ vertical organization has its attrac¬ to another. Still, some have general der such a plan, employees can in¬ tions in circumstances where ancil¬ applicability. First, it seems that the vest a portion of their pay in their lary services are poor, the better leaders and public in capital-poor employer’s stock, which can be course for a foreign firm is to en¬ countries are becoming increasingly matched by the company. This ap¬ courage and perhaps assist host- aware that a foreign capitalist must proach, in addition to spreading the country nationals to engage in such expect to amortize his investment action widely, strengthens employee enterprises as trucking, machinery and make a reasonable return for identification and eventually assists repair and servicing and preliminary his efforts within a fairly short peri¬ in creating a market for the stock processing of raw materials, thereby od to compensate for risk-taking. within the country. The latter not making these people constituents. Troubles with host countries arise, only facilitates wider participation, however, when contracts worded to achieve these results in a relatively THE above list of rules is no more few years are in force for extended than a primer for those with experi¬ periods. The author suggests that ence in this field, but the sad fact is foreign investors in mining and simi¬ that a surprising large number of lar enterprises should be willing to overseas US investors ignore them write contracts whereby the compa¬ completely or pay them only lip ny shares profits on an increasing service. In looking for reasons why scale with local interests or reduces some American overseas investors profit repatriation to a predeter¬ often violate their own long-term mined level once the project has self interest, the primary cause yielded a mutually-acceptable and which emerges is ignorance. Corpo¬ reasonable return. Such a clause is rations which spend millions on pro-

FOEEIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 13 duction research will embark on an tant to become involved between their economies and which con¬ enterprise in a foreign country investors and the host government. tribute to the social and economic where their appreciation of the real¬ They must, therefore, share some of development of their people.” OPIC ities of the political and social as¬ the blame for the lack of dialogue should enforce this provision strictly, pects of the environment is about as that sometimes prevails. even when only exchange converti¬ profound as a Hollywood travel¬ Many of the crises that involve bility and expropriation insurance ogue. A second reason seems to be US overseas investors could be are involved. Furthermore, methods that US firms operating on foreign avoided if farsighted policies were of operation which the United States soil often lose the social conscious¬ followed. Moreover, companies of¬ Government considers desirable ness learned so painfully at home ten do not have the necessary exper¬ could be written into the guaranty over the past decades. Undue con¬ tise in individual countries to make contract and failure by the investor cern over setting precedents for fu¬ good policy judgments; this expertise to live up to these conditions would ture operations or moving counter frequently is available from various be grounds for cancellation of the to prevailing practice locally are sources, including the United States guaranty. This would assure contin¬ frequently used as excuses for fail¬ Government (in Washington and uing consultations between US in¬ ure to engage in social innovation. overseas) but is not widely utilized vestors and the diplomatic missions. The foreign operator fails to see that because outside, especially official, Another lever is available to the because of his foreignness, and in interference in overseas business op¬ United States Government to exer¬ many cases his large size, he is not erations is discouraged unless the cise some influence over the policies just another businessman. His oper¬ patient is in extremis. of the great bulk of US businesses ation is an especially inviting target. Those with experience in econom¬ abroad not covered by investment While being a model employer, ic/commercial work are aware that guaranties. When a US company taxpayer and contributor to social US businesses abroad frequently fail operates in a manner that the De¬ advancement will not inoculate him to consult with the Embassy about partment of State believes will cause against all who wish his destruction, company policy decisions that affect severe friction with the host country, failure to play these roles materially not only their own operation but the matter should be discussed with assists his enemies. those of the entire American busi¬ the company by the United States ness community and official rela¬ embassy in the country involved or tions. Some firms which have oper¬ with United States Government ALTHOUGH gunboat diplomacy is ated overseas for many years like to agencies in Washington. If the for¬ currently out of vogue in most cir¬ go their own way without availing eign investor persisted in a policy cles and arguments over whether themselves of the experience of against which he had been advised, business follows the flag or vice ver¬ people specifically trained to evalu¬ he would be entitled at most to sa are no longer heard, the protec¬ ate the economic and political reali¬ minimal official protection should the tion of US business interests abroad ties of foreign cultures. These are policy lead to the troubles against remains an important foreign policy precisely the operations which most which he had been warned. The objective of the United States Gov¬ need advice because their executives investor would, of course, keep his ernment. Most of the operational have often been trained in environ¬ option to ignore the preferred coun¬ responsibility for protecting US ments that reflect past illusions more sel, but he would do so at some risk. overseas investment falls naturally than present realities. The purpose of these proposals is on the State Department, specifically This is a foolish situation. to eliminate the present ridiculous on diplomatic missions abroad. Al¬ Shouldn’t more preventive medi¬ situation where our government is though never clearly enunciated as cine be practiced by the United often called upon to pull an inves¬ policy, both American businesses States Government? Cannot a way tor’s chestnuts out of a fire which overseas and the executive and leg¬ be found to encourage US investors need never have been ignited had a islative branches of government in abroad to seek guidance on major dialogue been established earlier. Washington have made clear that issues, to encourage their acceptance Let there be no mistake about the these diplomatic posts should avoid of such counsel and yet preserve difficulty of gaining acceptance by deep involvement in the affairs of their ultimate sovereignty over their US overseas investors and the Con¬ US businesses (not violating US own operations? At least two meth¬ gress of these ideas. The investors law) unless specifically invited to do ods of achieving these ends come to would be reluctant to give up the so. In most cases this has meant that mind. First, US investment guaran¬ “best of both worlds” position they unsolicited advice by an embassy on ties (formerly from AID, now from currently enjoy and congressional the way US investors should conduct the Overseas Private Investment pressure would undoubtedly be ex¬ their affairs in the host country has Corporation) are sought on a large erted to assist a company in trouble, generally been unwelcome. “Don’t percentage of new US investment in even if the difficulties had arisen as call us, we’ll call you” has been the LDCs. In the law creating OPIC, a result of pursuing policies against business attitude, but when those the organization was told “to en¬ which it had been advised. Never¬ calls have come they are usually for courage and support only those pri¬ theless, the impact of American in¬ help in situations that have already vate investments in less developed vestment abroad on the recipient become extremely grave. In fairness friendly countries and areas which countries in underdeveloped areas it must be acknowledged that many are sensitive and responsive to the and on US foreign policy is simply overseas missions have been reluc¬ special needs and requirements of too great to leave to laissez jaire. ■

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 There can no great smoke arise, but there must be some fire.—Lyly

Q \^ENOR Vice Consul!” J. W. SCHUTZ the heavy volume in my briefcase The voice was accompanied by a Our author is now a fulltime resi¬ that I could not recall a single thing loud rapping at the door of my dent of a small farm and vineyard in them about how to deal with small apartment next to the Con¬ in the south of France, producing his own wine through the local co¬ ships on fire. If the Consul were sulate at Santa Rosa. I glanced at operative. Mr. Schutz writes, “/ am here no doubt he could find the the clock on the sideboard and a member of the Rotary Club of Sanary/Bandol, France, with the appropriate pages, or draw on some¬ threw my napkin on the table, my category of ‘writer.’ I owe this title thing useful from his vast experi¬ heart sinking. Seven o’clock! When¬ to the fact that / have realized a ence. But he was gone for two days ever someone knocked at my door long held dream and have become a professional writer of science fic¬ on the neighboring island of Cruz while I was still at breakfast it tion. My work has appeared in Grande with Sr. Martinez, the own¬ meant trouble, and the last thing I such magazines as FANTASY AND er of the local Coca Cola Bottling SCIENCE FICTION, GALAXY and wanted at the beginning of my first VENTURE. Company. Neither could I draw on 48 hours of being in sole charge of a Copyright © Jack K. McFall. the advice and comfort of brother Consulate was trouble. I hoped fer¬ holds. officers on the mainland without at vently as I went to the door that I tossed a few words to my wife least two days of telegraphic delay. whatever it might be would be cov¬ from the kitchen doorway as I strug¬ On the way to the harbor in a ered by the regulations. gled into my jacket, and hurried to rattling taxi I questioned Hernando. I recognized the small, dark, the Consulate offices next door for “What are the port authorities shabby man who came in gesticulat¬ my copy of the volume of regula¬ doing about it?” ing as Hernando, the runner from tions on American shipping and “Nothing, senor,” Hernando re¬ the Port Captain’s office. seamen, Hernando the runner bab¬ plied. “The senor captain refused to “Incendio!” was his first word. bling in my ears. let anyone on board until he has “Fire!” There followed a flood of Thank God for the regulations. seen the Consul himself.” rapid Spanish which informed me They covered nearly everything a I wondered if this suspicious that I had trouble with a capital T. person could think of and I depend¬ seaman would be satisfied with a An American ship had arrived at ed heavily upon them. But, despite mere Vice Consul and patted my the port of Santa Rosa with an the diligence with which I had pockets anxiously for my creden¬ uncontrollable fire smouldering in its studied them, I found as I stuffed tials.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 15 I need not have worried. One hotter than something unrepeatable. either into the metric system or to glimpse of me on the gangplank and Oily paint rags left in a closed the conventional English system of the sefior captain, a huge hairy man closet will often catch fire spontane¬ weights and measures was sufficient¬ in dungarees, was hustling me al¬ ously, and even more readily when ly complicated without Mr. Fein- most bodily to his cabin saying, damp. The greasy brown crumbled berg’s “help.” It was a lot hotter in “This way, Mr. Consul. Watch your rubble of bulk oil cake is much the the holds than zero degrees Centi¬ step, Mr. Consul. Watch your same in the closed holds of an over¬ grade (32° F.), therefore a given head,” as I stepped over the high heated ship, and on an incompara¬ amount of C02 would fill a lot more sills of the ship’s companionways bly larger scale. Unfortunately no of the holds. That was my opinion. and ducked overhead pipes. one thought of that. Mr. Feinberg held that the gas came In the captain’s cabin was an The hatch covers were kept out of the cylinders cold enough to incredibly dirty little man with a closed and it was not until thirty-six produce dry ice (which was true), long thin nose and close-set eyes hours later, almost in sight of the therefore it would fill a lot less. My whom Captain Harris introduced island port of Santa Rosa, that the opinion—the heavy gas would lie on with a jerk of his thumb as “Fein- men noticed that the steamy atmos¬ the surface of the oil cake smother¬ berg. Chief Engineer,” then plunged phere of the ship’s interior con¬ ing the fire without necessarily filling at once to the heart of his problem. tained something that made throats the whole space. Mr. Feinberg— “Look, Mr. Consul. All I want raw and eyes smart. When the hatch convection currents from the fire you to do is to tell this sonnuvabitch covers were taken off again the air would stir up the gas, bringing in fanned the patches of glowing spon¬ fresh supplies of air even from out¬ to let me use his . . . .ing C02 to save my ship!” taneous combustion in the cargo to side the.... holds. Mr. Feinberg looked murderously actual flames. While this discussion was at its stubborn and set the Coke he was The water which was poured into height and scratch paper was drinking down on the cabin table the holds doused the flames but overflowing the table, interfering with a snap. made the firmly packed cargo swell, with our consumption of cigarettes “And I say he can’t touch my straining the ship’s bulkheads and and soft drinks, a seaman ushered the local Port Captain into Captain goddam C02. It’s for engine room plates. The added water seeping fires only and the underwriters’ll through strained hull seams into the Harris’s cabin. have my ticket if I use it someplace hot cake started new areas of com¬ Don Emilio, the Port Captain, else. There ain’t enough anyhow to bustion. At this point Captain Harris greeted me politely. Then he spoke put out fires in no three goddam had demanded that Chief Engineer to Captain Harris with a brevity and holds!” Feinberg use his precious carbon un-Santa-Rosan directness which Things were going too fast for dioxide for fire fighting. When it was showed clearly that he and the me. I hadn’t even had time to open refused he put in to Santa Rosa and American were not friends. my impressive book of regulations. called the American Consul. Me. “Sefior Capitan,” Don Emilio said Timidly I made my first suggestion. As Santa Rosa was not a pro¬ sternly, “I have been obliged to “Why not let the port authorities ducer of C02, it seemed to me that move other ships away from yours put out the fire?” I said. to use the supply of that gas in the for safety. The paint on your hull is “Because the bastards want to engine room was the only solution, blistering above the water line. If pump water on it, that’s why,” the despite Feinberg’s shortsighted stub¬ your fire spreads you will be endan¬ captain replied. bornness. I scrabbled through my gering harbor installations. I must “What’s the matter with that?” I volume of regulations hoping to find insist therefore either that you allow said. something giving me the authority I my fire brigade to take appropriate The captain told me with a good needed to make him come to heel, measures or that you take your ship deal of picturesque profanity. and found nothing. Under Fein¬ out of the harbor.” I intervened before Captain Har¬ The ship was carrying a full cargo berg’s suspicious eye I took out a ris could fire his first salvo of blas¬ of oil cake loaded in bulk in pocket slide rule to check his state¬ phemies. Don Emilio was a stiff¬ Nigeria. During the voyage up the ment that his six cylinders of gas African coast the weather had been were not enough to fill three holds. necked man and would not have blistering hot with only patches of My school chemistry courses had taken them well. If the ship were to be removed from the harbor or even cloud around the horizon and the oil taught me that one gram-molecular- moved away from the pier it would cake had begun to stink unbeara¬ weight of any gas would fill 22.4 become impossible to bring shore bly. The captain ordered the hatch liters of space at sea-level baromet¬ based fire-fighting equipment to covers taken off to air the holds. ric pressure and at zero degrees bear. American lives and property One day during the noon watch Centigrade. The engineer’s cylinders when most of the crew were at lunch were rated in pounds, full and emp¬ might be endangered, and as Ameri¬ one of those harmless-looking ty. This gave me the weight of the can Consul (acting) I must definite¬ ly prevent that. patches of cloud opened up sudden¬ liquid gas, in pounds. Carbon diox¬ Ruefully aware that the suddenly ly over the ship and spilled a five- ide in the amount of 44 grams shrunken regulations did not cover minute tropical downpour into the would fill 22.4 liters of space. The open holds. The sun came out again sizes of the holds were known, in the case, I plunged into deep water. while the hatch covers were being cubic feet. The temperature of the replaced over the damp oil cake and holds was known, in degrees “The Consulate would take a within an hour the ship was again Fahrenheit. To convert all of this (Continued on page 39)

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 I. The Era of Wilbur Carr

Perspectives Of Reform

THE first sustained effort to mod- SMITH SIMPSON of the consular and the diplomatic ernize our diplomatic establishment services and, finally, to fuse and in this century was catalyzed within Mr. Simpson, a retired Foreign upgrade the two. the State Department by a civil ser¬ Service officer, is author of "An¬ The Department being small, vant, Wilbur J. Carr. Bom on an atomy of the State Department’’ Carr could concentrate his tactics Ohio farm, Carr began his govern¬ and editor of a forthcoming and powers of persuasion on a few monograph on diplomacy to be ment career as a clerk-stenographer men. Even so he had his periods of published by the American Acad¬ in 1892, landing entirely by chance emy of Political and Social Sci¬ discouragement. The price of prog¬ in the State Department. There he ence this fall. ress was long-sustained, unflagging served until 1937, when he was ap¬ persistence. Sometimes, when change pointed Minister to Czechoslovakia Copyright © Smith Simpson, seemed too slow to be worth his —a span of 45 years. 1971. great and persistent effort, he con¬ Almost immediately upon his ad¬ sidered resigning. mission to the Department Carr be¬ One of the principal reasons for came aware of the need of reform. this familiarization-through-circula¬ this was the difficulty of winning Being a civil servant, his interests tion process by projects and studies over to his cause successive Secre¬ and efforts were not dissipated by of his own. He promptly undertook taries of State. Each new Secretary rotation and changing Administra¬ a compilation of United States trea¬ had to be educated and persuaded. tions. He learned by an ever- ties and read works on treaties, in¬ Each was invariably a man of broad lengthening experience and acquired ternational law, as well as history political experience, knew public a keen sense of what could be done, and biography. In those days there affairs, had political connections and when and by what means. He got to was little reading material on diplo¬ alliances which could be either use¬ know intimately the people who macy. Carr had no college education ful or inhibiting to Carr, depending could make or break the needed but he graduated from law school, on his ambitions. changes and how best to approach by attending evening classes—and A broad sector of the government them. became a member of the bar. This had been screened off from political The diplomatic-consular estab¬ awarded him a broader base and patronage by the Civil Service Act lishment of Carr’s time was much standing in the Department. of 1883. But the diplomatic and smaller and less complicated than Seeing the consular service in dire consular services were not under today’s. A continuing civil servant need of reform, Carr began to tackle that Act, and thus offered possibilit¬ could, in a variety of assignments, that intricate web of political pa¬ ies for political appointees. Neither circulate through the various offices tronage, tradition, personal favorit¬ Presidents nor Secretaries of State and thus pick up a detailed familiar¬ ism, inefficiency and corruption. He could wholly resist Congressional ity with the Department’s work, worked his way up to Chief of the pressures. Even a Chief Executive procedures, problems, personnel and Consular Service, the Chief Clerk¬ like Theodore Roosevelt, who had organization which is virtually im¬ ship of the Department (which cor¬ espoused civil service reform, resist¬ possible today. Even as a stenogra¬ responded to today’s Deputy Under ed Carr’s pressure to remove con¬ pher, Carr was constantly in and Secretaryship for Administration) sular posts from Presidential dis¬ out of the offices of Secretaries, and finally Assistant Secretary (for pensation. Carr could present his Assistant Secretaries and others of administration). Throughout this views to the top officials, but he was considerable experience, knowledge career, he quietly and persistently also exposed directly to their politi¬ and influence. He supplemented pressed to upgrade the performance cal sensitivities. FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 17 Two factors came to Carr’s aid. On the whole, Carr was fortunate appeared at departmental meetings One was his inclusion in small in his superiors. He undertook his and Congressional committees thor¬ luncheons and soirees. To be iden¬ first essay in reform when Richard oughly prepared, but Root was not tified with the State Department was Olney was Secretary of State, from the reformer at State that he had a social advantage and with his 1895 to 1897, but Carr was then too been at War and the only reforms emergence as a chief of the Con¬ junior to make much of an impres¬ Carr was able to engineer under sular Bureau Carr found himself in¬ sion. In later years, Olney could not Root dealt with the consular service. creasingly at small get-togethers even recall meeting Carr. After two The diplomatic service went un¬ which included Representatives and short-lived Secretaries came John touched and the State Department Senators. Since he also began to Hay, whose long survival in diplo¬ virtually so. appear on the Hill to represent the macy had made him the equivalent Carr thus found himself patiently Department at appropriations hear¬ of a career diplomat. Unluckily for elaborating, through regulations and ings and in connection with his Carr, he was typical of a long and procedures, the advances registered efforts to reform the consular ser¬ still-continuing tradition of the in the 1906 Executive Order and a vice, his acquaintanceships began to genre. He was exclusively interested federal law enacted in the same year provide him political leverage out¬ in foreign policy and the day’s work, which brought some system to the side the Department. chaotic consular service. As a result The second factor to help Carr of the legislation, consular officers was the ferment for social regener¬ and posts had to be classified and ation that had been going on for graded, inspectors of posts selected, decades and had as one of its objec¬ "In this he received far less their biennial inspections funded tives improvement of government than the enthusiastic coop¬ and supervised, their reports re¬ service. Both civil service reform eration of the diplomatic of¬ viewed and operational improve¬ advocates and business groups had ficers who were losing their ments suggested. Consular fees had been insisting that the consular ser¬ now to be accounted for. Entrance vice be severed from political pa¬ elite, favored position." examinations had to be devised, ex¬ tronage and greatly improved. The aminers appointed, their decisions Civil Service Reform League also reviewed. A promotion system had kept a watchful eye on the nomina¬ to be designed based upon “ability tion of ambassadors, publicizing and and efficiency.” Carr, being a con¬ sometimes frustrating the appoint¬ and not at all in confronting in any tinuing civil servant, could see that ment of large financial contributors systematic way the problems of these follow-up reforms were pushed to the party in power. Then, in ensuring the resources—personnel, and that all officers were imbued 1906, some eighteen universities an¬ administrative and diplomatic— with their spirit and familarized with nounced plans to prepare men inter¬ needed to carry out policies. More¬ their substance. The consular service ested in the diplomatic and consular over, Hay had benefited handsomely was thus propelled on a path of services. Harvard even attempted, from the going system, and was not more acceptable performance. unsuccessfully, to establish a diplo¬ concerned about remedying its Elihu Root’s successor was matic, consular and colonial service shortcomings. So Carr received no Philander C. Knox. Carr proposed school. visible help from Hay, but perhaps to him that the demonstrably prac¬ When Elihu Root became Secre¬ no hindrance either, and this time ticable and effective consular corps tary of State and Carr sought his he had some steam of his own, reforms be extended to the diploma¬ collaboration in applying the merit generated by his multiplying con¬ tic service. This was done by Execu¬ principle to the consular service, tacts with Congressmen and outside tive Order signed by President Taft Root was not only quick to point out urgers of reform, including business¬ on November 26, 1909. A signifi¬ the relevance of the 1883 Act but, men who wanted better information, cant thrust was this and it did not for reasons of political tactics, in¬ more cooperation in promotion of endear Carr to the free-wheeling di¬ sisted that the Executive Order Carr trade and more adequate service plomatic dukes. Once more, it was wanted should be cast in its mold. generally. Carr who elaborated the needed This took President Theodore Roo¬ It was with Hay’s successor, Elihu regulations and procedures and sevelt by a flank maneuver. The Root, that Carr picked up noticeable provided the leadership in instilling Order, which he signed on June 27, steam. Root was not only a culti¬ into the diplomatic officers the spirit 1906, committed his Administration vated man and thoroughbred states¬ and criteria of the new order. to three principles: admission to the man, but he also came to the diplo¬ In the meanwhile, a long overdue consular service by examination; matic establishment with the great reorganization of the ramshackle, promotion solely on the basis of prestige of a reforming Secretary of anachronistic Department had got ability and efficiency; and opening War who had been able to carry under way. Carr had no part in this, the examination to all, not just to Presidents and Congress with him in having his hands full with the con¬ designees of the President (as was modernizing the nation’s military sular and diplomatic services. It the case under earlier Executive Or¬ resources. came from JIuntington Wilson, a ders). The first two principles had The two men got along well. Root diplomatic officer young and impa¬ already appeared in earlier Execu¬ greatly respected the quiet, unas¬ tient, in the fashion of the “Young tive Orders, but had been vitiated suming, competent civil servant who Turks” and junior officers of today. by the absence of the third. marshaled his facts meticulously and His personality had not set well with

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 Root, who viewed Wilson as arro¬ collaborate effectively with others:rs strove to make something of the gant, suspicious, overly ambitious over a sustained period. newly provided representational al- and possibly a cut-throat type. Carr, a Republican high in theie lowances and of the newly provided Wilson, who had served seven government, somehow survived theie Foreign Service School. He saw to it years in our Tokyo embassy, was Administration of Woodrow Wilson>n that instruction in that School for all “horrified at the methods” of the and in 1915 was responsible foror new officers was made a one-year Department and considered its “an¬ Federal legislation that embodied;d affair, a minor miracle which is tiquated organization pitifully inade¬ earlier reforms attained by Execu¬u- still impressive 46 years later. By quate for the conduct of foreign tive orders, among which were effici¬:i- this time a person of considerable relations in sorry contrast to the ency reports and entrance examina¬a- political prescience and leverage, other great powers.” One of his tions for diplomatic officers, andid Carr got many of these moves un¬ thoughts was to introduce geograph¬ new ones, such as appointments toto derpinned by an Executive Order ic bureaus in the Department to be class rather than to specific posi¬i- signed by President Calvin Coo- headed by men with extensive over¬ tions in overseas missions, cross¬s- lidge. He was taking no chances, seas experience, rather than by civil assignments between the diplomaticic Even with the support of this Or- servants with whom the Department and consular services and transfersrs der, Carr found the going hard. The was preponderantly staffed. For per¬ of departmental personnel to “thele diplomatic officers’ resistance and sonal reasons, it seems, he could ex¬ foreign service.” (Thus, from Taft’s’s tactical resourcefulness in frustrating tract from Root permission only to Executive Order of 1909, appearedd him were considerable. Moreover experiment with his design through the legal term “the foreign ser¬r- they had one of their own as Under the establishment of a pilot bureau— vice.”) Secretary of State, Joseph C. Grew, Far Eastern Affairs—with Wilson as Six years of patient persuasionn and he was one level higher in the its chief. He promptly established and negotiation by Carr were thusis hierarchy than Carr. With tact, skill the pattern he had in mind for all rewarded. But the 1915 Act farir born of long experience and person- such bureaus by ordering home from from achieved his goals and he nowiv al contacts on Capitol Hill, Carr their Far East posts a diplomatic headed for the landmark Rogers•s worked with interested Congressmen and a consular officer to serve as his Act of 1924. In this nine-year effort"t to press the reforms provided by the assistant chiefs. he was assisted by the Republicann legislation and to supplement them Through the chanciest fluke, Wil¬ electoral victories of 1918 and 19200 with the Moses-Linthicum Act of son, who was appointed ambassador which brought into a pivotal positionn 1931. His modernization efforts to the Argentine in 1909, met the one of Carr’s solid collaborators onn were still a long way from fruition new Secretary of State, Mr. Knox, the Hill, Congressman John Jacobb then but without his continuity of before departing for post. Knox Rogers. service and persistence they would asked him his views on moderniza¬ The 1924 Act was largely thee have shriveled and blown away tion of the Department and was so work of Secretary of State Charless many times over. As it was, his impressed that he invited the young Evans Hughes, Congressman Rogerss ideas were still alive and struggling, officer to serve as his number two and Carr. It fell to Carr again to0 if much circumscribed in applica¬ officer and to get going with his elaborate the directives and proce¬ tion, by the time the next reform ideas. Reorganization thereupon dures to make the Act a living docu¬ surge came along in 1943. blossomed, in accordance with a ment. In this he received far lesss Before leaving Carr and his re- carefully devised plan which Wilson than the enthusiastic cooperation off forms, I must add a word concern- had formulated over four years, dis¬ the diplomatic officers who were; ing one other factor in his career. cussed with colleagues, and demon¬ losing their elite, favored position. This was Alvey Augustus Adee. strated in a pilot bureau under They were no longer rulers of the; Adee was more than an official: he Root. He shook up the entire De¬ diplomatic roost; and, to add insultt was a rare phenomenon in the State partment. Among the innovations to this injury of dispossession, were; Department. True enough, William were the geographic bureaus which being obliged not only to consortt Hunter had provided the Depart- became the cornerstone of Depart¬ with consular “characters” but to> ment with an extraordinary under¬ mental development and power accept a civil servant in the Depart¬ pinning of continuous experience from that time on. Organizational ment as their chief, for Carr was; and skill for many years, having and operating innovations, fresh, now made an Assistant Secretary' served as Chief Clerk, except for a imaginative thinking, systematic rec¬ (for administration). brief period, from 1852 to 1866 and ognition of the value of overseas Under Carr’s leadership, entrance: then as Second Assistant Secretary experience and new criteria of edu¬ examinations for a single service: from 1866 until his death in 1886. cational requirements, and perform¬ were drafted, a board selected to1 Adee prefaced his years in the De¬ ance all now combined to provide conduct them, and a set of per¬ partment with seven years as a the diplomatic-consular establish¬ formance standards established for a secretary and charge of our legation ment with a new lease on life. unified overseas service. He insisted in Madrid. Returning from overseas, Wilson resigned in a tiff with the upon fair and equal treatment in he entered the Department in 1877 Woodrow Wilson Administration in assignments to the Department, in as a clerk, in a year became chief of 1913. His ideas about modern diplo¬ assignments abroad, in home-leave the Diplomatic Bureau, four years macy were sound, but he was emo¬ orders, in promotions and in alloca¬ later became Third Assistant Secre¬ tional, egotistical and often arrogant, tions of the newly provided rep¬ tary, succeeded Hunter as Second which made it difficult for him to resentation allowances. He also (Continued on page 41)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 19 The escalators in the Moscow subways are the world’s fastest and deepest.

In which the Sangers revisit their haunts of the 30s on a tour of rediscovery

PART THREE [Jfg gg g R^ign WO^ef

Moscow Revisited RICHARD H. SANGER Thus in the spring of 1967 we once again found ourselves in Mos¬ By 1967 I had retired from the This completes the story of Rich¬ cow for a three week stay in the Foreign Service and a full gener¬ ard and Marion Sanger and their capital and a 10-week tour of the ation had passed since our previous return to the USSR as tourists in USSR. One of our first goals was to stay in the Soviet Union. Those 33 1967. They revisited almost all of revisit our old room, which proved years had been momentous for the the places where they had worked difficult because so many new build¬ and lived in the early 30s. whole world but particularly for the ings had gone up in the area behind USSR that had seen a series of trials Photographs by the author. the Bolshoi Theatre. However, using which resulted in the death or exile a little church we remembered as a to Siberia of top Party members and the answer for myself through on landmark, we located it; the street thousands of ordinary citizens. the spot observations. I questioned, had been renamed in honor of There had been the catastrophic however, whether the Russians Chekhov. It made us nostalgic to Nazi invasion, penetrating to the would let me in, and if they did, find the old green wall with the Volga, in which the Russians say 20 how much I could see. To my grat¬ billboard still listing plays and movies million of their countrymen died. ification the Department of State and the rusty gate into the bare The damage done by the invaders saw no objection to the trip, and courtyard. The mansion on the right had required rebuilding much of after some delay, Moscow also ap¬ had been freshly whitewashed but western Russia from Leningrad to proved. I found this surprising in the stable over which we had lived the Black Sea, followed by a view of the fact that I had written looked much worse, with the plaster tremendous effort to raise the stand¬ and lectured against Communism. peeling off the bricks and the metal ard of living above the pre-war But when I asked about this, the window bars rustier than ever. years. Russians took the position that I had Our arrival created quite a stir In the West we were getting con¬ attacked the excesses of the Stalin and one old crone began cursing and flicting reports on conditions in the period and not the current leaders or waving her walking stick in our di¬ USSR; once again I wanted to get their policies. rection; it was the rabotnitza, the 20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1071 seivant, who had taken care of the sorts of papers and magazines had sary of the Revolution, statistics on flat and had also been an informer sprung up or expanded from IZVES- the rising standard of Russian living, to the secret police. Although her TIA with a print run of 8,500,000 and American atrocities in the “ag¬ mind was failing fast, she apparently copies a day to a weekly radio and gressive war” in Southeast Asia. remembered us unfavorably. TV guide which carried frank com¬ One of our most enjoyable excur¬ The doctor and his family had ments on artists and programs. The sions had been on the May Day long since left. Our room was occu¬ humorous sheet, KROKODIL, was now weekend in 1934 with “Aunt” Olga pied by a young dental student. He read by four million people a Tolstoi at Yasnaya Polyana when had furnished it with articles he was month; a magazine called ABROAD she had regaled us with personal buying on time. The community carried stories and cartoons from reminiscences of her father-in-law, kitchen was still crowded, but from non-Russian but usually Communist the great writer. We had gone by what we saw the amount and quality sources, while a monthly publica¬ crowded local train and creaky of food was much improved. We tion, FOREIGN LITERATURE, featured wooden cart along a muddy post talked with the dentist for a while, the works of writers such as Stein¬ road, little changed since Tolstoi’s telling about our stay and how cold beck, Hemingway, Tennessee Wil¬ time. In 1967 we drove down in a the room used to get. “There is liams, and Faulkner. Russian made automobile, escorted plenty of coal available now,” he My old paper had become the by a tightlipped guide who looked said, “but I still keep the double Moscow NEWS and I went through like a policewoman and undoubted¬ windows in place—it’s such a bother its new and bigger quarters near ly was one. The road to the rapidly to take them down.” We had felt Pushkin’s Statue on Gorki Street, growing industrial town of Tula was just the same way. At this another where English, French and Spanish paved and clogged with trucks, roomer joined us, who was also editions were being put out. The buses, and an occasional passenger studying to be a dentist. With typi¬ offices not only had new desks, each car. cal Russian assurance he said they with a Russian typewriter, but an At the white gates of Yasnaya would soon be transplanting live interoffice communications system Polyana the policewoman turned us teeth. “Can you do that in capitalist and Russian made filing cabinets in over to a local guide—just learning America?” We said we doubted it, place of the wooden packing boxes English—who led us up the long and the two of them went off to a we had used in 1933. I felt some¬ path past the house where we had class smiling. When they had left, thing had been lost under this new slept in 1934 and then on to the more people gathered around us talk¬ efficiency, where all was orderly and central mansion. She told us the war ing angrily among themselves. We where even the wall newspaper had come so close to Moscow that had a definite feeling of not being seemed impersonal. Rather than German officers lived there for wanted and pushed our way out into emphasize individual contributions several months, and had set the the street with an overtone of sad¬ to Socialism, the NEWS was featur¬ main house on fire when they left; ness we felt nowhere else in Russia. ing stories on the Fiftieth Anniver¬ prompt action by the villagers had I think the old crone told them we were spies. July, 1967r the Sangers at door of Moscow house where they lived for six months We got quite a different greeting in 1933-34. at the ornate mansion which had formerly housed the Moscow DAILY NEWS. The facade was newly paint¬ ed and the building looked better than it had a generation ago. But Borodin, Ashleigh, and the others who had given the place such a feeling of excitement over building Socialism were gone and the place was now part of the State Publishing Combine, for which Marion had worked. A friendly young official took us on a tour of Borodin’s office where so many interesting conferences had taken place, and through the cubby¬ holes in the rear, now much expand¬ ed, where we reporters had worked, consumed endless glasses of tea, and argued the progress of Communism. After inviting us to sit down for a drink, he launched into a speech to the effect that now almost everyone in European Russia was literate and anxious for reading material. All put out the blaze before it could do Once the red tape was cleared surrounded by new apartments much damage. The house and fur¬ away, we spent a full day at the made from the same plan as those in nishings looked much as we remem¬ University, which has a student Moscow and topped by a forest of bered, plus two new portraits of the body of over 25,000 men and wom¬ radio antennae. The apartment where famous author and an exhibit of his en working in twelve different de¬ we had lived seemed tired by com¬ carriages and sleighs. The estate is partments under the guidance of al¬ parison, and our rooms still looked now a national shrine and we waited most 2,000 professors. The bed¬ crowded. while three delegations of school rooms we were shown compared fa¬ Armed with the proper passes we children put on heavy slippers and vorably with those in American dor¬ drove through the main gate in the shuffled around the rooms ahead of mitories, while most of the students old brick wall of the zinc plant and us. Tolstoi’s simple grave in the qui¬ we met came from the top one per¬ were met by one of the Assistant et wood beyond the mansion was as cent of their school classes. They told Directors who, it turned out, had impressive as ever. us they received their rooms rent-free attended the factory day nursery If the opening of the Kremlin plus about 60 rubles a month for when Marion was working there. indicated in a small way the relax¬ food, a sum frequently expanded by This coincidence got us off to a good ation of the Communist dictatorship, tutoring. start, and we spent a busy day tour¬ and the beautiful and efficient sub¬ The library, laboratories, and ing the plant. way proclaimed the Russian victory over 150 lecture halls are modern Most of the sections which had in the field of city transportation, the and grandiose, a fitting setting for been put up in 1933 were still in towering mass of Moscow University the training of Russia’s new elite. use, often expanded and quite well personified the new Communist There was little classs spirit among maintained. The streets inside the drive for higher education. All Sovi¬ the students, and no fraternities, but factory area which had formerly et Republics and most major cities a high degree of university pride been deep in mud were now paved now had their own universities; at which showed when they talked of and traversed by railway lines. The the top stood the University of Mos¬ athletics and grades. We were told old machine shop where I had cow, the most prestigious school in that there were over three times as worked at first was being used as a the USSR. many college students in the Soviet store room, supplanted by a new, In 1933 I had attended some Union as in Italy, West Germany, brightly lighted building humming lectures at its intown campus, a clus¬ France, and Great Britain com¬ with Russian-made lathes, drills, ter of nineteenth century buildings bined, but there had been no stu¬ and presses. It needed half the num¬ on Manege Square. They are still in dent riots. As one senior said, “We ber of workers required in 1934, no use, but much of the University has know they would be the end of our longer filed down busts of Lenin, or been transferred to a magnificent careers; and besides there is no need straightened nails, while the folk site on the Lenin Hills which in for them—every student is close to dancing had been transferred to a 1934 had been covered by woods someone on the faculty.” new Palace of Culture in the center and summer cottages. The new cam¬ of town. The old factory rest home Back to our Zinc Plant pus covers 250 acres and includes up the Georgian Military Highway formal gardens, an artificial lake, To my surprise Moscow saw no was still in use for “average work¬ playing fields, and a 780 foot build¬ objection to our going back to the ers”; the Directors, Brigade Lead¬ ing of white and brown stone which zinc plant in Ordzhonikidze. The ers, and outstanding workers had a stands near the spot from which center of the town was much as it new and better one with its own Napoleon watched Moscow burn. had been in 1934 but was now swimming pool, volleyball and ten¬ nis courts, and a big theatre. Moving on to the roasting depart¬ Lenin watches over kindergarten children staging an exhibit of folk dancing. ment where there were many fewer workers than a generation ago, the guide explained, “Our workers are more efficient now because they are graduates of the Ordzhonikidze Zinc Technicum; besides, look at all the new Russian-made equipment we have received in the last ten years, including efficient electric cranes.” When Marion told him she had been a manual crane operator but found the work too hard, he said, “You could make it today—all one does is push buttons.” In the leaching department where our brigade had struggled so hard to repair broken pipes, we were told that the new ones were made to carry chemicals and had welded, rather than screwed, joints while a Russian engineer (it is always a Russian who makes such improve¬ ments) had invented a simpler and more reliable pump. There was much emphasis on better ventila¬ tion, improved masks and a six hour shift, with longer vacations and higher pay for those doing danger¬ ous jobs. In contrast to the bottleneck that used to occur in the dipping vats, usually caused by insufficient elec¬ tric current to coat the plates, we found the production line moving Experimental “butterfly water sprinkler” on farm in the Ukraine, 1967. smoothly. Our engineer guide ex¬ plained the whole north Caucasus The New Look in Farming butterfly. It is too heavy, moves too was now tied together in a unified Because of the military “forbid¬ slowly, and uses too much water. power grid. Furthermore electrified den zone” around Moscow, we were But by next spring we will have a railways and specially designed tank not allowed to visit the Sovkhoz second model without these defects, cars brought in the acid regularly where we had worked in 1933, but and we plan to extend the railway from recently built chemical plants were sent to a farm in the Ukraine tracks for miles to insure a well- beyond the Urals. of about the same size and type. watered wheat crop. Ordinary ir¬ Leaving the last of Kiev’s new rigation does not work in this black In a corner of the stripping shed earth. The butterfly is expensive, we were introduced to a gray haired apartment buildings we motored but it will be worth the cost.” man who had been working there in east across the fertile Ukrainian When we asked about the water 1934. He said he remembered me plain, its deep black earth yellow he said, “We get it from the Dnieper and showed us the new conveyor with the stubble of recently har¬ River. Canals lose too much mois¬ belts with much pride. Later we vested wheat. At a crossroads where ture from seepage and evaporation visited the modern showers and we turned off the pavement onto a so we use cement pipes six feet in dressing rooms, well supplied with 60,000 acre wheat Sovkhoz, the Dep¬ diameter. They require an occasion¬ hot water and soap which had been uty Director was waiting for us in a al pumping station but we have a rarity in 1934. We had lunch in shiny new Russian truck. He ex¬ plenty of electricity for that. Give us the new dining hall which was still plained that the farm was divided ten years to get the bugs out of mass split into four rooms, graded ac¬ into five units of about 12,000 acres watering and our wheat crop will be cording to job importance. Our each with overall direction coming safe from drought.” guide tried to steer us into the direc¬ from an operational center where he was the number two man. As we moved on to the farm tors’ section, complete with ta¬ center, the assistant director pointed He said that 1967 was a good blecloths, cotton napkins, rubber with pride to where work was begin¬ year for farming, a sharp change plants, and waitresses, but we chose ning on a macadam road. “Remem¬ to eat in the ordinary workers’ cafe¬ from the droughts of 1963 and 1964 ber,” he said, “here in the Ukraine teria. There, like the others in the when the USSR had to buy wheat the black earth is so deep we have from Canada and Australia. To pre¬ line, we got a creamy potato soup, a to go for miles to get crushed stone vent being caught in such a bind vegetable stew with a reasonable and gravel. But we are bringing it in again, the National Grain Trust was amount of meat, and a sweet by barge and by 1980 all the roads conducting experiments on very dessert. It was better than the food on this farm will be hard-topped.” A large sprinklers that would guaran¬ served in the directors’ dining room 20-minute drive brought us to the tee adequate wheat production. He a generation ago. center of the Sovkhoz where we showed us one of the biggest and Much of the afternoon was spent went through a newly built office most unusual of these—two railway in the offices of the plant, now building with a planning staff of 22, tracks raised on cement supports ten equipped with good looking Russian plus a supply of electric typewriters feet above the ground ran down the typewriters and secretaries, plus a and one electric calculator, none of edges of a wheat field about a third few electric calculators. There we which had penetrated to the farms of a mile apart. Between them went over the ledgers showing that we saw in 1934. stretched a steel frame which moved many workers made over 150 rubles We had lunch with some of the along the rails on large wheels. a month and that the plant ran at a administrative staff who spoke of From this frame two metal arms in profit. In contrast to the rigidity of their freedom in planning compared the shape of a V reached about 150 the 1930s, Moscow provided only to even six years ago, flexibility feet into the air supporting the pipes broad guidelines—the local manage¬ which was producing more crops ment made most of the decisions, from which a rainstorm of water and higher profits which could be and they were getting results. Pro¬ arched down on the field below. used for new buildings and equip¬ duction was at last up to the 50 tons “This is the first of its kind,” the ment and even higher pay. They a day mark. Director said. “We call it the big admitted, however, that the wages

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 23 paid the average peasant on the brigade leaders had graduated from modernized and was full to capacity farm were about 80 rubles a month a specialized technical school in with zinc workers from the north in contrast to 150 rubles in many Kiev. Caucasus and the Urals who all said factories. The wage difference was We were struck by how much they were having a wonderful time. covered by the farmers tilling pri¬ better the clothes of the average Greater Sochi now stretched some vate gardens and orchards and rais¬ peasant looked than 33 years ago. 35 miles along the Black Sea, re¬ ing small amounts of livestock. Such Suits and dresses were not stylish, ceived almost two million holiday private holdings involved only three and the quality was below the level makers and invalids a year and was per cent of all cultivated land, but in the big cities, but when we talked highly regarded by middle-income produced approximately 30 per cent to workers they said the supply in groups. Somewhat better paid work¬ of Russia’s farm produce apart from the Sovkhoz store was adequate and ers were crowding Yalta; the real large acreage crops such as wheat. prices were in line with earnings. elite had recently discovered the Later on we toured the center and Furthermore the output expected of beaches on the Baltic and went two of the farm sections. Each one a farmer during an “official working there for their holidays. Class dis¬ had new living quarters which, day” had been readjusted so that the tinctions are still pretty noticeable in though not up to city standards, average man or woman actually got the USSR. were definitely better than the a day’s pay for a day’s work. In Yalta we spent an interesting wooden barracks in which we had The younger people we talked to day at the International Youth been housed in 1934. Each section were largely living in the future. As Camp called Sputnik, with young had a workers’ club—rather run¬ one of them said, “within 15 years men and women from all of the down and dirty we thought—its own we will be housed in new apart¬ satellites and many other countries dining-hall, and a clinic, clean and ments connected to big stores, a including Africa and the United bright but short on medicine. Serious theatre, and athletic facilities. We States. The young people we talked injuries were taken to the central will go to the fields by bus, use to said their all-expense round trips clinic that even had an X-Ray modern machinery and work from were the biggest events of their lives room, while thanks to the better six to eight hours a day. Thus by the and almost all of them would go roads, the workers could be driven 1980s we will not be peasants but home sold on socialism. to Kiev for major surgery. The head ‘rural factory workers.’ ” This We walked around the grounds nurse at the center boasted that sounded good, but farming in Russia but were not allowed inside Livadya, within a year each clinic would be still has a long way to go. As of the Czar’s playground which was staffed by two fully trained graduate 1966 an acre of Russian farmland now a workers’ rest home. Appar¬ nurses. produced only 69 percent as much ently the Soviet historians did not The central machine shop wheat, 50 per cent as much sugar want to give undue prominence to presented a sharp contrast to the beets, 40 per cent as many potatoes, Stalin’s “victory” there over Church¬ one in which I had worked 33 years and 30 per cent as much hay as did ill and Roosevelt at the famous con¬ before. It was brightly lighted, as an acre in America. Until the Com¬ ference. against the twilight atmosphere in munists solve the problem of greater Any visitor to the Black Sea coast farm production, few agricultural ar¬ all the buildings on the old farm. Its is struck by the amount of good equipment, from wrenches to lathes, eas of Europe will vote to become music to be heard. One day, for was reasonably new and well Communist. The real problem is one instance, we heard music in a little maintained while the supply of of motivation. Since 1934, Commu¬ park and found it was the superb spare parts in the storeroom was nist farmers have come a long way; Moscow Symphony, practising for a impressive. The days of keeping ma¬ but they have not yet come far concert under the palm trees. chinery running by cannibalization enough. America’s slums are in her Western visitors are amused by the were clearly over. So were the days cities—Russia’s slums are still on fact that each morning loudspeakers her farms. of amateur workers learning on the along the beaches call out “Exercise job. As the head of the machine Socialist Vacations time.” At this, literally thousands of shop told us, all his foremen and Once again we had a pleasant women and girls rise up from their Scientific chess play at Moscow’s cul¬ and relaxed vacation along the wooden sun mats (the beaches are ture and rest center, 1967. Black Sea. By 1967 the Russians quite rocky), line up in rows, and had discovered bathing suits or, to put in twenty minutes of strenuous be more accurate, the Clothing calisthenics. Each generation of girls Trust was now producing them. Our is getting taller and more slender, first impression was how crowded but given the Russian diet, most everything had become; the rest women have a long way to go. homes, hotels, and buses were We sailed to Odessa on one of the jammed to overflowing and one had better Russian cruise ships; in first to get up early to get a place on the class, at least, it compared favorably beach. There was an ornate spa with a Western liner. The great housing the springs at Matsesta but Black Sea port was badly damaged the water tasted as bad as ever. in World War II but has been well The rest home where we had restored. The Ukrainians are partic¬ stayed at Sochi had recently been ularly proud of their Opera House Skyscrapers rise on Moscow’s show street, Calinin Boulevard. Mrs. Sanger con rs with guide at the Metropole Hotel.

and the fact that the bustling one there was a sign “Workers of pers, and even private conversa¬ seaport, where Gorky once worked the World Unite.” Over the next tions. The average Russian was not as a stevedore, is now largely door, a similar sign said, “You have too unhappy at this, since that is the mechanized. nothing to lose but your chains.” way life has always been in Russia. Before going out to the beach Conclusions The intellectuals, however, particu¬ where we had met Ambassador Bul¬ Leaving Russia this time larly those from minorities, felt op¬ litt, we stopped by the city’s most presented few difficulties. But when pressed and bitter at the lack of ornate Wedding Palace where we we walked through Checkpoint intellectual freedom. Many of them were introduced to a young couple Charlie into West Berlin we again were most eager to emigrate, an act and invited to their ceremony. The sensed the feeling of relief that to which the government was strong¬ groom was dressed in a new dark comes from leaving a Communist ly opposed. suit with white shirt and a black tie, dictatorship. Several things stood out In terms of economic develop¬ while the bride wore a knee-length clearly. Russia was no longer in the ment the progress had been fantas¬ white organdy dress, low-necked grip of a famine, though the food tic; steel production, for instance, and sleeveless, with high-heeled could not compare with that in Eu¬ going from about 1,000,000 to a white shoes, white lace gloves, and rope. Clothing was vastly improved, 100,000,000 tons a year. And there carried a bouquet of gladioli both in style and quantity, but not in was a growing sense of Russia’s im¬ wrapped in waxed paper. There was quality. The Russians had made a perial mission, headed largely a best man and a maid of honor substantial breakthrough in the field towards parts of the Middle East plus about thirty relatives on hand of prefabricated housing and were and the Indian Ocean. for the civil ceremony, conducted by putting up thousands of new apart¬ With few exceptions, the Russians three solemn faced middle-aged ment units, most of them still third- are convinced that Communism is women who wore sashes across their rate. There had been a great expan¬ the wave of the future, that their chests and looked surprisingly like sion in health and medical facilities, form of Communism is the best, and delegates to a DAR convention. The from huge impersonal hospitals to that sometime in the next two gener¬ organ music was impressive, the small clinics on farms and in vil¬ ations the Capitalist countries of the bride’s mother cried quite properly, lages. And there was plenty of en¬ world will collapse from their own and the etiquette of the ten minute tertainment ranging from top quality “inner contradictions.” If I had not ceremony was scrupulously observed ballet and Olympic skating and worked in Russia in 1934 I would including photos afterwards and a skiing to local amateur groups. Ra¬ not have realized how bad condi¬ champagne breakfast at a near-by dios were universal and television tions were. If I had not revisited it hotel. Marriage in Russia had come spreading fast, all of course, govern¬ in 1967 I would not have realized a long way since 1934 when William ment controlled. how much economic progress the Henry Chamberlin, the brilliant Mos¬ Compared to the excesses of the Russians have made and the appeal cow correspondent for the CHRISTIAN slightly mad Stalin, the government that their system may have to the SCIENCE MONITOR, could say he has made substantial progress. masses in the underdeveloped coun¬ had visited the two small rooms of a There was still, however, tight cen¬ tries of the world, after a few more Marriage and Divorce Bureau. Over sorship of books, articles, newspa¬ years. ■

:EIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 25 . . as prized and permanent a possession or the Federal Government as the Great Seal of State which his department is charged with keeping.” James G. Blaine, Secretary of State

cvlnchor cMan of the Department: Alvey Augustus Adee

the confines of Ludlow Street Jail IN the middle of the ten hundred R. GORDON ARNESON block of 15th Street, N.W., on the A previous contributor to the and had fled under an assumed name JOURNAL, R. Gordon Arneson, a odd-numbered side, is an asphalted via Cuba for Vigo. Although the retired FSO, also devotes much United States had no extradition parking lot, until recently the site of time to painting. He has won three houses, one numbered 1019. awards for his works in acrylics treaty with Spain at the time, semper Here lived Alvey Augustus Adee and has had several one-man paratus Adee, who had established a (a'dee) during the 46 years (1878- shows in the greater Washington firm position for himself in Madrid, area, with another scheduled for persuaded the Spanish authorities to 1924) he served in the Department December, 1971. He will exhibit of State, where he made himself as at the National Arboretum in make him a present of the mysteri¬ much the truly indispensable man as 1972. Eight of his paintings are ous passenger aboard the Carmen. the gods will allow. now on loan to the Department’s Tweed was promptly returned to Art in the Embassies program. His Ludlow Street via an American frig¬ It is highly unlikely that modern work is also represented in the ate. The incident prompted Adee to methods of personnel recruitment Corcoran rental collection. urge the Extradition Convention and and selection could have come up Copyright © R- Gordon Arne¬ Protocol of 1877. with such a perfect pairing of man son, 1971. What other adventures of a more and function. Adee started out in dent Grant appointed the flam¬ personal sort Adee may have had life without the faintest notion that boyant Major General D. E. Sickles while in Spain can only be conjec¬ he would end up in a career of diplo¬ minister to Spain and Sickles asked tured from the detritus chanced upon macy. As a child Adee was a victim Adee to go along as his private sec¬ in his rolltop desk more than thirty of scarlet fever which left him so retary. Adee served in Spain for years later. His secretary, Blanche nearly deaf that no formal schooling eight years, seven as secretary of Halla (nee Miss Rule) was tidying was feasible. However, the death of legation and frequently as charge. up his ofHce in the Department his father in 1844 left him a “com¬ These years developed and honed his against his impending return from petency,” and he was able to secure diplomatic skills. He bobbed buoy¬ one of his annual springtime bicycle a broad education with the help of antly as a cork on troubled waters private tutors. He had a bent for lan¬ through the period of the Spanish tours in France. Among the usual paraphernalia one would expect in guages and mathematics; his studies provisional government after the a rolltop desk, such as some Smith of the former, augmented by exten¬ downfall of Queen Isabel, the two sive travel in Europe, made him year reign of King Amadeo, the Brothers cough drops, she found a fluent in French, German, Italian, short-lived republic, the dictatorship set of exquisitely wrought cuff links and Spanish. His flair for mathe¬ of Marshall Serrano, and the Bour¬ set with diamonds and sapphires. matics set him on the path of becom¬ bon restoration under Alfonso XII. When Adee returned, Miss Rule, re¬ ing a civil engineer under the tute¬ In 1876, he cut his eye-teeth in ex¬ calling their mutual interest in jewel¬ lage of an uncle who was surveyor of tradition matters on no less a figure ry, mentioned to him she had come the port of New York City. than Boss Tweed. Tweed had es¬ across the cuff links and spoke of Adee’s civil engineering career caped the jovial company of his their fine workmanship. Adee re¬ came to an end in 1869 when Presi- guards while taking an airing outside plied, “Oh yes, they were given to

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 me long ago by the Countess So- Thus his very physical handicaps was canoeing. An amateur of pro¬ and-So in Spain.” Adee never mar¬ served to rivet him exactly where he fessional calibre in the use of that ried; the blur of time and the ob- belonged. new-fangled gadget—the camera, | scurantism of diplomacy leaves it un¬ Though absent from the cocktail the discoverer of several new species clear whether the cuff links may circuit, Adee and his bicycle were a of diatoms with the aid of the micro¬ have been connected with foreign re¬ familiar, if inconspicuous, sight on scope, an acknowledged Shakespear¬ lations or foreign affairs. the streets of the Capital. He pedaled ean scholar, and a lesser poet, Adee In August 1877 Adee handed over to and from the Department and had little time or inclination to suffer I his legation to James Russell Lowell about the city and countryside in the cacophony of the social whirl. and returned home. He had intended season and out. A slight, erect man In nearly half a century of service to retire, for the strenuous years in with a small paunch, perhaps not in the Department Adee became ab¬ I Spain had affected his health, and he more than five feet four inches tall solute monarch of the outbound I was considering the less arduous life and weighing not much more than written word. Papers he did not him¬ 1 of a banker. But his tact, his dili- a hundred and twenty pounds, with self write he rigorously edited. When¬ Igence, his dignified style—the quali¬ graying auburn hair and beard, clad ever he deemed necessary, he sent fies of the compleat diplomatist— in gray knickerbockers and Norfolk back drafts to be reworked. On at¬ lhad not gone unnoticed by Secretary jacket, a Scotch cap pulled down tached green slips his comments or (Hamilton Fish nor by his successor over his brow, he must have cut a directions were conveyed in red ink: |\V. M. Evarts, who offered Adee a rather odd figure as he wheeled se¬ sometimes tart, often witty (here ‘temporary” position in the Depart- dately along. One day, when he was and there a dash of Lewis Carroll’s Iment where his special skills in draft- in his seventies, he was knocked off “Alice in Wonderland,”) always con¬ ling diplomatic correspondence could his bicycle by a car as he was pro¬ structive, informed, and to the point. Ibe given full sway. Adee accepted ceeding along Corcoran Street in Of this traffic: diplomatic notes, |and became successively chief of the northwest Washington. As reported draft treaties, instructions, commen¬ )iplomatic Bureau (1878), third as¬ in the NEW YORK TIMES on October dation for the praiseworthy, repri¬ sistant secretary of state (1882), 15, 1913: “. . . thrown from his mands for the erring, Thanksgiving and second assistant secretary of wheel and badly shaken up, he de¬ Proclamations, condolences to heads state (1886) in which capacity he clined the offer of the motorist to of state on somebody’s death, con¬ perved for 38 years. He could have take him to the State Department. gratulations for something or anoth¬ gone higher, but preferred a post less Mounting his bicycle, Mr. Adee rode er, Adee himself wrote a fabulous conspicuous and less subject to po¬ away as if nothing unusual had oc¬ quantity. Moore’s “Digest of Inter¬ etical and social pressure. With his curred. He put in a full day’s work national Law” (1906) indexes no leafness and a somewhat slurred at the Department.” Mr. Adee, the less than five pages of state papers liction—the second doubtless story went on, kept himself in trim from his pen. brought about by the first—he much by open air exercise and every sum¬ He invented complicated formulas areferred to apply his skills to the mer made a bicycle tour of Europe. for the solution of tangled problems, written rather than the spoken word. His other favorite outdoor exercise composed intricate minuets of pro-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 27 tocol and precedence, and had a tance of saving face was demonstrat- hand and a few stray notes (mostly consummate skill in reducing the ed not only in this instance but also dates) in the other, sat down and meat of a document to a paragraph in dealing with US claims against began to talk. As was his wont, he and giving directions for reply in the Turkey arising from the Armenian started at the Creation. He fully ex¬ briefest of compass. massacres in the late 1890s. To a plained every question of the recog¬ Perhaps the best known example proposal that £20,000 be added to nition of new governments and states of his drafting skill—done on the the purchase price of a cruiser which from 1792 up to the case in point, double—is President McKinley’s re¬ the Sultan was buying from a private disposing of—by way of example— ply to the ambassadors of the six American firm, this amount to be the French Revolution, Empire, and Great Powers, who on the eve of the used to indemnify the American Republic. He concluded with firm Spanish-American war counselled losses, Adee instructed “an attitude recommendations on how to proceed moderation and delay. Sensing what of discreet receptivity.” in the case of China and departed. was to come when the ambassadors In handling another problem in Astounded that any one head could foregathered at the White House, the domain of the Porte his penchant hold so many facts, Knox made a Adee wrote the reply on the back of for punning, which was consider¬ personal study of the matter only to an envelope in ten minutes. The able, came into play. One Miss find that every statement Adee had President approved it on the spot, Stone, a missionary in Macedonia made was correct, every nuance had and read it aloud to the checkmated who had been kidnapped, was finally been explored, and his recommenda¬ emissaries. Before the penciled origi¬ released after much negotiation and tions were sound and solidly based on firm precedent. nal could be officially recorded, it the payment of a large ransom. Sub¬ had to be retrieved from the Presi¬ sequently, Acting Secretary Adee In those days when the conduct of dent’s wastebasket. The six-power wrote in his daily accounting to his foreign policy was less complicated intercession was a plea for further ailing and absent Chief, John Hay, and proliferated than today, when earth was closer to heaven, Adee ran negotiation. The United States, while about the incident: “I have been a very tidy shin of state. As long as expressing appreciation for “the hu¬ worse off than [Saint] Stephen—I he was around, he was able to see manitarian and disinterested charac¬ have been Stoned all the time with a to it that no conflicts in policy oc¬ ter of the communication,” went on: continuous but unfatal result. I sent curred between different divisions “The Government of the United you a long telegram this morning of the Department, and as William States ... for its part is confident super hanc petram.” that equal appreciation will be shown Roscoe Thayer put it: “Presidents Secretary John Hay, the first to for its own earnest and unselfish en¬ ignorant of diplomacy and interna¬ call him “semper paratus,” said: deavors to fulfill a duty to humanity tional law felt reasonably safe in ap¬ “Adee would make a good Bible. He by ending a situation the indefinite pointing as their chief secretaries can begin at the Creation, tell me prolongation of which has become gentlemen as ignorant as themselves just how everything has been done insufferable.” because they knew Adee was there in the past, and wind up with in¬ to guard against blunders.” Gaillard The formal proclamation of April structing me in my duties as head of Hunt, who served with him in the 26, 1898 setting forth the rules un¬ the Department. And the beauty of Department, added: “Perhaos his der which the war with Spain would it is that I know I shan’t go far greatest service to his country has be waged by the United States went astray if I follow him.” And if Sec¬ been not in the things he has done, out over the signature of Acting Sec¬ retary Hay might have had occasion but in the things he has prevented retary Alvey Augustus Adee. He was at times to go astray, no one others less experienced than himself present at the signing of the Peace would have learned it from Adee. from doing.” Protocol between the United States Once—again at the time of the Box¬ and Spain. Adee’s wish that he might die “in er Uprising — when pressed about harness” was granted. In failing On several other occasions Adee what had happened at a momentous health for many months, no longer was again Acting Secretary of State, meeting between the Secretary and able to thread his bicycle through notably in the summer of 1900 dur¬ the Chinese emissary Wu Ting Fang, the congested streets of Washington, ing an acute stage of the Boxer Re¬ Adee said: “Well, Mr. Hay was his last day at the Department wa bellion. The brilliance with which rather hazy and Mr. Wu was rather Thursday, July 3, 1924. He die the United States comported itself woozy.” “from a complication of diseases in in this complicated affair as com¬ Secretary Philander Knox, who cident to old age” on Saturday, Jul pared to the tangle-footed perform¬ knew much law, little history, and 5. In marking his passing, a NE ance of the other major powers is in even less the practice of diplomacy, YORK TIMES editorial expresse no small part due to him. It was he relied on him unfailingly. When pon¬ sentiments not found in the officia who insisted that the rebellious Chi¬ dering the question of possible rec¬ encomiums but which might well b nese leaders should be punished by ognition of the new regime in China, applied to other public servants the Emperor himself and by no other for which Adee had earlier coined past, present, and future—in sue agency, for, he asserted, “It is the the term “administrative entity” to degree as befits: [Mr. Adee’s de Imperial degradation that tells— jell the inchoate, Knox sent for Adee parture] “. . . leads those deepl making the offender anathema mara- to learn his views. Adee arrived, interested in the ongoing of govern natha.” erect and spare, dressed in his usual ment to exclaim that we might bette Adee’s awareness of the impor- brown tweeds, ear trumpet in one have spared more famous men.”

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 Remember that you ought to behave in life as you would at a banquet.—Epictetus

X^ONTINUING our look at Euro¬ pean restaurants that are favored by many experienced diplomats, we turn first to the city which—if there were no Washington—would still be CHARLES & LISA CERAMI that glow with white light from in¬ the hub of the world: London. Eng¬ visible fixtures. And at one end, a land’s fortunes may have declined, Charles A. Cerami, Foreign Affairs Editor of the Kiplinger Publica¬ series of large bow windows open but London remains not only the tions, also writes for many national onto lighted flowering plants, an ex¬ banking, financial and trade center and European magazines on eco¬ nomic and political subjects. Sever¬ plosion of beautiful colors. of Europe, but also the city that al of his books have been trans¬ most often elicits the comment from lated into foreign languages. The Britishers and foreigners alike most recent, “Alliance Born of think of Mirabelle as one of the foreign diplomats, “After serving Danger,” was a study of the At¬ here every other capital seems rath¬ lantic Community. Lisa Cerami, places to go. We were delighted er parochial.” his wife, is an authority on travel when we were first taken there and dining. The authors have col¬ several years ago by some British As dreary as Britain’s culinary laborated on numerous articles re¬ reputation is, the opportunities to flecting Tally rand’s belief that di¬ Foreign Office friends. On our most plomacy and gastronomy are in¬ recent visit, we took an American dine well in London are far above separable. average. Fine establishments spe¬ couple who had just come to live in cialize in British, Italian, Greek, England, and they were equally hap¬ Oriental, or more often Franco- py to be initiated into one of Lon¬ Continental cuisine. don’s most elegant dining places. ing room that might have been de¬ Mirabelle’s menu is one of the signed for a movie of pre-war Lon¬ grandest in existence anywhere. LONDON’S Mirabelle is perhaps the don. Lightly divided by an arcade Apart from a staggering list of hors most posh example. Down a grace¬ resting on small, twisted Byzantine d’oeuvres, potages, poissons and en¬ ful stair and through two elegant columns, its sloping ceiling features trees, there is a large section called lounges, one comes into a long din- delicate pastel paintings in niches “Les Plats des Gourmets’' that

The Mirabelle preserve the real meaning of that present century. Nothing so well epi¬ served by a staff that is largely badly-abused term. One could go tomizes this as The Bell Inn, less continental. But we decided to try every night for two consecutive than forty miles northwest of Lon¬ the fine old British standby, roast weeks and each time have a new don, in Buckinghamshire. beef, which is served from a carving selection as distinctive as Quenelles Young Michael Harris, who runs trolley. Like every other specialty of de Homard Nantua, Les Aiguillettes this inn, took a degree from George¬ the inn, this is carefully chosen by de Caneton aux Truffes, and Filet town University, giving him some¬ Harris and brought from the area de Boeuf Lucullus. thing in common with us and with that can assure the best. Just as he But how finely a kitchen prepares many Foreign Service officers. But goes to France each year to select a simple dish is often the key to a he has put his international training wines personally, he makes it his restaurant’s true quality. And when to work in the unique project of own business to see that the beef, we recently were presented with a making this ancient posting house always Scottish and barley fed, is Sole Meuniere that was so delicately more renowned than in the days the finest of its kind. The flavor is a browned, moist and light that it when the Duke of Buckingham full repayment fo his time and trou¬ rivaled the Souffle Rothschild at the stopped there to change horses. ble. end of the meal, we were convinced The Bell Inn is in Aston Clinton, Diplomats stationed in London that Mirabelle’s widely-spaced ta¬ near Chequers, the prime minister’s and visitors from other parts of Eu¬ bles, giant glasses for Burgundy, and country residence. This once was the rope often motor along the A 41 to generally elegant ambiance are not favorite region of the English branch dine at The Bell Inn. And in less a facade. As it should be, the kitch¬ of the Rothschild family, whose than an hour they travel backward en is the brightest ornament of all. many large mansions are still point¬ three centuries—in time, gracious ed out to the visitor. And it saw a attention, and quality. lot of one colorful Prime Minister, ONE of the delights of being in the Duke of Roseberry, because he London is going out of London. married a Rothschild—making good IN the first of these two articles, we his old tutor’s insight that this young Despite the city’s sprawl, there are mentioned one great restaurant in man “wanted the palm without the so many routes along which the Paris. But the world’s culinary bal¬ green countryside soon appears and dust.” ance of power demands that more of the feeling of old England success¬ Here again, the cuisine is pre¬ that city’s galaxy of fine dining pla¬ fully competes with evidences of the dominantly French, prepared and ces be recognized. None is a likelier choice than Taillevent, situated on the astonish¬ The Bell Inn reflected in a carving trolley cover. ingly quiet rue Lammenais, even though it is just off the bustling Champs filysees. Until 1940, this elegant town house that was built for a businessman in the 19th Cen¬ tury, was the Paraguayan Embassy. Today, giving the impression of a fine club, it houses a superb restau¬ rant that is named for a 14th Centu¬ ry court chef, Guillaume Tirel. Known mainly by the pseudonym Taillevent, Tirel was also author of one of the oldest books on cookery. When a knowledgeable gastro¬ nome hears the word Taillevent today his mind turns to one of France’s greatest wine cellars. Its more than 100,000 bottles make it one of only four restaurants in the country that are recognized by l’Academie du Vin de France—and it is the only one in Paris. The wine list is like an encyclopedia of French wines from great to pleasant. There is always a temptation to dwell on the 1806 Lafite Rothschild or the 1869 Chateau d’Yquem, at $225 and $125 respectively. But the well- selected wines that sell for $4 a bottle—the better recent vintages of Chateauneuf du Pape, Meursault, or

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 St. Emilion—are a more meaningful indication of how Taillevent takes care of its clients. And the Taillevent cuisine is a match for its wine cellar. Some of the classic specialties are named for Guillaume Tirel, others for Cur- nonsky, the late “Prince of all gas¬ tronomes.” When we last dined there we had the Pain de Brocket Curnonsky, which is made from pike, pounded to a smoothness and lightness that float high above any descriptive words. Over this is poured the distinctive beurre blanc sauce that only the finest chefs even attempt. Another specialty is the poulet au Espadon Grill vin jaune. Over the small and succu¬ lent sauteed chicken is a pale yellow sauce with a zesty flavor that comes from adding the unusual and sherry¬ the lobby, and found all in readiness century. On this night it was Crepes like yellow wine from the Jura. in an enchanting atmosphere. The Roxelane—which is a light and Espadon—which means swordfish— The establishment is attentively creamy lemon souffle wrapped in a was inspired by Charles Ritz, who is managed by a distinguished father paper-thin pancake. This is puffed an ardent fisherman, and many fish and a charming son, both always on in the oven, dusted with sugar, and dishes are among its specialties. In hand—the surest sign of a carefully- then served with a fresh raspberry the daytime its beamed ceiling and run restaurant. We have been there sauce. How well Escoffier deserved trompe-l’oeil beach murals give a at crowded lunchtime, when extra his reputation! very marine impression. At night tables had to be put out near the Perhaps more astonishing than this is very much softened by low¬ entrance. We have come with a par¬ anything else at the Espadon is the ered lights and the glamorous glow ty of friends. And we spent a New service. There is an exactness and of little candelabra that put a pool Year’s Eve there. Each time, the attentiveness that can hardly be as¬ of light at each table. Messieurs Vrinat made each indi¬ sociated with the present century. Being sated with a succession of vidual in the group feel personally No waiter ever stands near enough great French meals, we ordered a and genuinely welcome. or watches so obviously as to intrude light soup and then roast chicken as on privacy; yet the quietest request, our entree. It was first shown to us the slightest lift of a client’s finger whole and impeccably browned. brings immediate response. In jest, IT is curious that most famous res¬ Served without embellishment, but we wondered whether such pres¬ taurants become known either for only lightly spiced and perfectly cience might mean that the tables their lunches or for their dinners— roasted, it proved to be as memor¬ were electronically bugged. Even if seldom for both. So it is with the able as more elaborate dishes. The they were, any diplomat should find Espadon Grill, on the rue Cambon tenderness, moistness and delicacy it worthwhile to dine at the Espa¬ side of the Hotel Ritz, in Paris. For of flavor showed that the Ritz is still don. Let the discussion of state lunch, there is no smarter place. overcoming the plasticizing wonders secrets wait until later, by which On almost any day you will find of modern marketing and procuring time the problems will seem far bankers, tycoons, and women fresh poulets de Bresse. easier to resolve. dressed by Dior, St. Laurent and A sommelier who proves his I Givenchy. But an envoy of our ac- greatness by recommending truly I quaintance revealed a diplomatic appropriate wines without fanfare I’VE served in most of the capitals ] secret that we pass on to you: If you and serving them with quiet preci¬ of Europe, but the stay I enjoyed I want to enjoy a really superb meal sion gave us a remarkably light most was in the capital of the food I with the finest of service, yet with a Chateau Talbot. And the effect of world—Vienne,” a veteran diplomat I little less than the usual overpopula- this fine combination was that we told us. In that little French town I tion, try dinner at the Espadon. found ourselves with much more ap¬ near Lyon stands the Restaurant de One night, acting on this counsel, petite than we had supposed. The la Pyramide, which has often been I we talked to the Espadon’s maitre Espadon is one of the few places called the greatest in the world. Id’hotel a bit before dinner time to where it is literally true that ‘Tappe- During two and a half Elysian I place our order, then moved to the tit vient en mangeant.” So we pro¬ hours at this restaurant, such exag¬ I celebrated Ritz Bar a few steps ceeded to have a cheese course, gerated sentiments begin to seem 1 away. After our aperitif, we walked followed by the stuffed crepes that like understatements. The delicacy I back past the great buffet and the the Ritz has inherited from the great of each dish is in a class that even I nebula of round tables that spill into Escoffier, its chef at the turn of the (Continued on page 37)

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 31 on a more popular and superficial level, Ronald Steel, “Pax Ameri¬ cana.” I would rate Hoffmann’s book as a better intellectual effort, but it is quite long; his critical per¬ spectives are developed at unneces¬ sary length. If you want much the same points without the benefits and handicaps of academic discipline, then the Steel book is for you (sorry about that, friends in academe). From another quarter, I may be sponsibility. By Martin F. Herz criticized for recommending “The Martin F. Herz, a former member First on the list, I put Richard E. Arrogance of Power” by J. William of the JOURNAL Editorial Board Neustadt, “Alliance Politics,” which (1949/50) and of the AFSA Board Fulbright. It seems to me, however, of Directors (1960/63 and 1967/ several respondents rated very high that every FSO should be acquaint¬ 68), began his career in the For¬ for usefulness, perhaps because it eign Service in 1946 as FSO-Un- ed with the views of the chairman classified C “than which,” as he includes case studies. The cases even if he won’t always be con¬ puts it, “there never has been a (Suez and Skybolt) are used to vinced by them. Upon re-reading lower grade in the Service.” He is develop useful insights into the now Deputy Assistant Secretary for the book now, I was struck by the International Organization Affairs. whole policy-making process. The much greater currency that some of book was ably reviewed in the Feb¬ the Senator’s views have received USEFULNESS to the practitioner of ruary 1971 JOURNAL by FSO Clint since they were published almost foreign affairs was the main cri¬ E. Smith and also by FSO John D. five years ago. Some of his carica¬ terion in my compilation of two pre¬ Stempel. Mr. Stempel said: “To say tures of American policy are cruel, vious lists of current books on for¬ [the book] is about Anglo- and some of his own positions could eign affairs for the JOURNAL, and American politics is like saying that also be caricatured. But over 300,- the following one, which is complete ‘Macbeth’ is about a bitchy woman 000 copies of “The Arrogance of at the end of this article. . .. Neustadt has produced a book of Power” have been published in nine In the three instances, profession¬ fundamental importance for every languages. The practitioner needs at als in the government and the Foreign Service officer . ..” least to be acquainted with this academic community were asked Next comes a group of books document. surveying recent history, one of for recommendations (attribution A plethora of books about Viet¬ which suffices. Much as I enjoyed withheld if requested) that would nam have appeared. It is hard to reading Dean Acheson’s “Present at stress usefulness. see any of them as really useful at the Creation,” I would not rate it as To qualify for the list, a book had this time. Most, of course, are pole¬ useful as another book covering to be more than just interesting, mical. Some are excellent as his¬ roughly the same period, Louis J. original, or even important. It had tory, but perishable and too close to Halle, “The Cold War as History” to contain insights or information the events described. I recommend (which I reviewed for the JOURNAL that would help the Foreign Service one book that would be useful if, in December 1967). I believe Halle’s officer whose time is limited, who is Lord please forbid, we were to be book also provides more insights, bewildered by the large number of called to fight another war in similar and a broader view, than the inter¬ publications, and who wants help in circumstances. The book, Sir Robert esting “Origins of the Cold War” choosing a few books that will keep Thompson, “No Exit from Viet¬ symposium by Gardner, Schlesinger him abreast of the professional liter¬ nam,” criticizes several aspects of and Morgenthau. A wider focus is ature. our war effort—but the author, who provided by the more comprehen¬ This list differs from the previous fought a successful anti-guerrilla sive book by G. F. Hudson, “The ones because very little consensus war in Malaya, explains better what Hard and Bitter Peace,” which re¬ was achieved: nominations were it is all about. The fact that some of scattered over too many titles, and views and analyzes the whole sweep of history since World War II. the things in Vietnam that he criti¬ few books were recommended with cized have meanwhile been changed Books critical of American for¬ much emphasis or urgency. I think makes the book less useful as a eign policy greatly outnumber those this indicates that while a lot of status report on Vietnam, but only favorable to it. Among the plethora important and interesting books reinforces the author’s credentials as of intelligently critical works, three have been published on subjects an incisive observer and analyst of in particular have been recommend¬ related to foreign affairs in recent the problem. ed: Stanley Hoffmann, “Gulliver’s years, not many have been must In the field of theory one book reading. This also meant that I had Troubles” which appeared on sever¬ in recent years towers above the to take a larger role in deciding al lists and was described as “the others: Raymond Aron’s “Peace what titles to include. It has been an classical approach at its best;” and War.” I do not think it is must interesting task, requiring discus¬ “Power and Impotence” by E. Still¬ reading but it is the only major, sions with the people who made man and W. Pfaff, which would recommendations. Any inadequa¬ make you feel that we haven’t done systematic work on foreign policy cies and omissions are my own re¬ anything right for generations; and, since Hans J. Morgenthau first pub-

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 lished his “Politics Among Nations” tions.” Here you will find the raisins the new technology—and about the in 1948. If you are interested in —in some cases, the quintessence exciting things that are going on in only dipping into theory, I would taken from a number of other his own country, including develop¬ recommend “Contending Ap¬ books, by Kennan, Leites, Mosely, ments among our youth and in our proaches to International Politics,” Acheson, etc., including one essay cities. I felt that recommendations edited by Klaus Knorr and James entitled “How Shrewd are Soviet on these subjects would transcend N. Rosenau because it gives a good Negotiators?” by Professor Fred the purpose of this list, which has to perspective on the state of the art. Charles Ikle. Under the same im¬ do with foreign affairs, but I should Each reader should decide the use¬ print, the Subcommittee has pub¬ answer, or rather, anticipate, one fulness of such a dip into theory. lished a separate contribution by objection. Why is so much of what This is a delightfully controversial Professor Ikle, entitled “American has been recommended here critical question that the book illuminates. Shortcomings in Negotiating with of the policies of our government? As many of us know from experi¬ Communist Powers,” which I found How can one counter or compensate ence in the Foreign Service Insti¬ enjoyable as well as profitable—and for this? Should there not be at least tute, the high-prestige theories of it costs nothing to order. (He is the one book surveying our present poli¬ foreign relations are currently those author of “How Nations Negotiate,” cies, giving the rationale for them, that involve quantification and com¬ also a useful book.) and explaining how we got here, puter technology. Professor Hedley I’ve canvassed some China ex¬ where we want to do and how we Bull put the cat among the pigeons perts on the really useful books on propose to get there? by debunking the behaviorist and China published during recent My answer to this is: read your quantifieras in a paper entitled “The years, but nominations were desul¬ mail. Available in your Embassy or Case for a Classical Approach.” The tory and almost tentative; so I’ll book, “Contending Approaches,” agency—or perhaps right next to recommend another committee your desk—are two books that do contains that paper, and some of print, this one entitled “Peking’s the voices in the great controversy exactly that, which were recently Approach to Negotiations,” also that it created. The contributions published, are authoritative—and, available for 45 cents, which con¬ are of uneven quality but give you amazingly, are actually interesting tains the raisins or plums from a an idea of what you have been and well-written. To say that they number of authors including Collis, missing by not keeping up with the¬ are useful would be an understate¬ Dean, Hsieh, Taylor and Young, ory. The best general survey of the ment, for it behooves all of us to plus some instructive excerpts from theoretical literature is contained in know just what the United States Chinese Communist sources. Dougherty and Pfaltzgraff, “Con¬ Government is trying to do in the And while I’m on pamphlets that tending Theories of International various fields of foreign affairs we owe to the Subcommittee on Relations,” which has just been pub¬ around the world, and how it all fits National Security and International lished. Complete yet succinct, fair together. For this purpose I need Operations (Jackson Subcommit¬ and lucid, it provides flashes of in¬ hardly recommend the President’s tee) of the Senate Government Op¬ sight—and inevitably, stretches of report to Congress, “U.S. Foreign erations Committee, a real little utter boredom. Policy for the 1970’s,” and the treasure trove is the one entitled One important survey of the for¬ Secretary of State’s “United States “Negotiation and Statecraft.” It con¬ eign policy of the Soviet Union is Foreign Policy, 1969-1970.” sists of passages culled from the “Expansion and Coexistence” by Only a very foolhardy man works of famous writers ranging Adam B. Ulam. It is a good book, would, as long as he’s still in active from Hesiod and Thucycides to especially for someone who wishes service as an FSO, presume to Clausewitz, Hans Christian Ander¬ to start at the beginning and go over choose between two such versions of son, Nicolson, Churchill, Kissinger the whole record. But no doubt the the holy writ. However, since I plus items from Professors Neustadt controversial “Khrushchev Remem¬ promised to try to apply the yard¬ and Ikle whose more extensive pub¬ bers” is more exciting and, in a stick of usefulness and to single out lications have been mentioned way, more instructive reading—but what best meets that criterion I will above. Much of this is merely en¬ you have to be careful. While al¬ reluctantly say that you’ll really joyable rather than useful, but some most all of it is likely to be genuine have to read the longer book. You of the citations convey real insights. Khrushchev, it is probably an artful must read both, of course, but the The booklet costs only 30 cents. cut-and-paste job and seems to con¬ Secretary’s report covers more Every Foreign Service officer tain some spurious passages, espe¬ ground and thus gives a more should also know more about the cially toward the end. Also some rounded picture. problems of the environment, about inaccuracies occur in the footnotes Covering a two-year period, and commentary—but in most of “United States Foreign Policy the pages Khrushchev himself is Available in your Embassy or 1969-1970” provides a somewhat doubtlessly speaking to you. agency—or perhaps right next to wider focus. Furthermore, since it A most useful little pamphlet, describes the same problems from available for 45 cents, was pub¬ your desk—are two books . . . the same vantage point, it picks up lished by the Jackson Subcommittee recently published . . . authorita¬ all the important points in the ear¬ of the Senate Committee on Gov¬ tive . . . interesting and well- lier, higher-level, shorter document. ernment Operations, under the title The President’s report, on the other “The Soviet Approach to Negotia¬ written. hand, discusses more how policy is

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 33 made and the considerations that go II. OTHER BOOKS MENTIONED all sides, national priorities deranged into it, and is more reflective of his by moon-missile splendors and mili¬ PRESENT AT THE CREATION, by Dean general philosophy of foreign Acheson. Signet, paperback, $1.95. tary conceit, and devil-take-the- affairs. But then, most of our col¬ hindmost pursuit of the almighty leagues will of course already have ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR, Gardner, dollar. He sees our schools stressing studied both these documents and Schlesinger and Morgenthau. Ginn & values and ideals but ignoring social Co., college paperback, $2.95. thus will have made their own com¬ realities, so that our aspirations parison. THE HARD AND BITTER PEACE, by G. grow into myths of accomplishment F. Hudson. Praeger, paperback, $2.95. —with the danger that Americans I. BOOKS RECOMMENDED “may decide, since they are the POWER AND IMPOTENCE, by E. Still¬ greatest nation in the world, they ALLIANCE POLITICS, by Richard E. man and W. Pfaff. Random House, Neustadt. Columbia, $5.95. Vintage paperback, $1.95. don’t need to bother” with the dras¬ tic reforms needed to insure against THE COLD WAR AS HISTORY, by Louis PAX AMERICANA, by Ronald Steel. race and class warfare, and 1984 it¬ Viking Compass, paperback, $2.95. J. Halle. Harper & Row, $6.95. self. The book is a harsh purgative, GULLIVER’S TROUBI.ES, Or the Setting PEACE AND WAR, by Raymond Aron. recommended for the more stubborn of American Foreign Policy, by Stan¬ Praeger, paperback, $4.95. cases of complacency. Foreign Of¬ ley Hoffmann. McGraw-Hill, paper¬ fices probably already have copies. POLITICS AMONG NATIONS, by Hans back, $3.95. J. Morgenthau. Knopf, fourth edition A contrast to this synoptic view is Calvin Trillin’s pointillist tech¬ THE ARROGANCE OF POWER, by J. 1967, $12.95. William Fulbright. Random House. nique in “U.S. Journal”: 32 reports CONTENDING THEORIES OF INTERNA¬ Vintage paperback, $1.95. on a gallery of real-life citizens TIONAL RELATIONS, by James E. caught up in “middle-sized events” Dougherty and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, No EXIT FROM VIETNAM, by Sir Rob¬ in grass-roots America, all originally ert Thompson. McKay, Revised Ed., Jr. Lippincott, $6.25. published in THE NEW YORKER. 1970, $5.95. EXPANSION AND COEXISTENCE, by Understated, funny—and disturbing. Adam B. Ulam. Praeger, paperback, CONTENDING APPROACHES TO INTER¬ —PATRICK O’SHEEL NATIONAL POLITICS, edited by Klaus $4.95. Knorr and James N. Rosenau. Prince¬ AMERICAN SHORTCOMINGS IN NEGO¬ ton University Press, $8.50. For Which We Stand TIATING WITH COMMUNIST POWERS, AMERICA, INC.—Who owns and Oper¬ KHRUSHCHEV REMEMBERS. Little by Fred Charles Ikle. Committee print ates the United States, by Morton Brown, $10.00. of the Subcommittee on National Se- curiy and International Operational Mintz and Jerry S. Cohen, with an in¬ THE SOVIET APPROACH TO NEGOTIA¬ troduction by Ralph Nader. Dial Press, Operations of the Committee on Gov¬ $10. TION, Selected Writings. Compiled by ernment Operations, U. S. Senate. the Subcommittee on National Se¬ Available free by writing to the Sub¬ THE tone is shrill, the conclusions curity and International Operations of committee. the Committee on Government Oper¬ are too sweeping and often wrong, ations, U.S. Senate. U.S. Govt. Print¬ How NATIONS NEGOTIATE, by Fred but I admire the scope and purpose ing Office, forty-five cents. Charles Ikle. Harper & Row, $5.95. of this significant contribution to the analysis of bigness as a social evil PEKING’S APPROACH TO NEGOTIATION, “Shine, Perishing Republic . . and an impediment to managerial Selected Writings. Compiled by the THE TROUBLE WITH AMERICANS, by efficiency. The authors’ basic argu¬ Subcommittee on National Security Alexander Campbell. Praeger, $6.95. and International Operations of the ment is that major corporations Committee on Government Opera¬ U. S JOURNAL, by Calvin Trillin. Dut¬ have become so huge and diverse tions, U.S. Senate. U.S. Govt. Print¬ ton, $6.50. that government no longer can re¬ ing Office, forty-five cents. strain their activities when the good SUBLIMATING a melancholia pecu¬ of the public is at stake. They say NEGOTIATION AND STATECRAFT, a Se¬ lection of Readings. Compiled by the liar to wandering Scots, Alexander that control over the agencies of Subcommittee on National Security Campbell has written a scarifying government that have jurisdiction and International Operations, Com¬ politico-literary tract based on nine over these corporate giants is bought mittee on Government Operations, years in Washington (for THE by substantial contributions of U.S. Senate. U.S. Govt. Printing Of¬ ECONOMIST and NEW REPUBLIC). wealthy individuals and corporate fice, thirty cents. In “The Trouble With Americans” donors to carefully selected political massive doses of unhappy facts are candidates. UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY FOR THE 1970S. A Report to the Congress rendered with a laughter variously The book’s authorship was a team by President Richard Nixon. Wash¬ despairing and sinister. Our mood approach which blended the legal ington, Superintendent of Documents, is placed between self-disgust over background of Mr. Cohen and his U.S. Govt. Printing Office, $1.00. Vietnam and a vague feeling of be¬ experience as chief counsel of the ing cheated that our wealth and Senate Anti-Trust and Monopoly UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY 1969- 1970, A Report by the Secretary of power have produced so much social Subcommittee and the reportorial State. Department of State publica¬ inequity, ugliness and violence at background of Mr. Mintz. Among tion 8575. Superintendent of Docu¬ home. Americans, Campbell argues, their targets are: ments, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, “have no right to have Troubles”— • Banks whose “loans” to key $2.75. whereon he adduces corruption on Congressmen are used to influence

34 FOREIGN' SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 them to produce legislation which AUTHORIZED EXPORTER permits one-bank holding compa¬ nies that have the potential for over¬ GENERAL $ ELECTRIC whelming non-bank competitors •u&n- with less capital strength. The prac¬ tice of some unscrupulous bankers of coercing borrowers of the loan is Refrigerators • Freezers • Ranges noted. • Drug companies, whose capa¬ Washers • Dryers • Air Conditioners city for producing and distributing Dishwashers • Radios • Phonos harmful drugs is too loosely super¬ vised by the government. Small Appliances • Mass Media, whose dependence upon advertising revenues limits Available for All Electric Currents their objectivity and in the cases of Local Warehousing for Immediate some metropolitan areas, subjects the public to a monolithic point-of- Shipment view through joint ownership of ra¬ dio, television and press facilities. • Multinational corporations that General Electronics, Inc. attempt to influence foreign offices to grant favors to particular compa¬ SHOWROOM: 4513 Wisconsin Ave., nies. The book did not explore this Washington, D. C. 20016 EMerson 2- problem area thoroughly enough; only a case involving a quinine car¬ 8300 tel was well presented. WRITE FOR CATALOG. Our catalog is • Manufacturers that knowingly sent to administrative officers of em¬ produce shoddy and unsafe products bassies and consulates throughout behind which they will not stand. the world. • Steel Companies that encourage an influx of imports through syste¬ matic price increases which attempt (Advertisement) to cover up bad management de¬ cisions, such as a refusal to install Service from the Civil War more efficient production equipment. through World War II The authors must be faulted in their disregard for the possibility Beat Stateside Prices that some large corporations con¬ That’s what the State Department Since 1916 the Nemet Organization has sider the public’s best interest when received from two members of the been meeting the needs of Americans making major decisions, refrain from throughout the world. Your car is where Griffin family. The first Thomas corrupting legislators and regulatory you want it, when you want it, serviced and ready to go, on your return State¬ Griffin entered on duty with the De¬ bodies, insist upon honest advertis¬ ing and stand behind the products side or in Europe. partment in 1866 and served for 55 they sell. Save up to 30% over U.S. prices. Our years. His son served continuously comprehensive Master Catalog contains —JOHN W. STEPHENS 60 pages, over 150 illustrations, low fac¬ from 1910 to 1943, working as a re¬ tory prices, options, colors, complete specifications. search assistant in the Treaty Divi¬ Which Game? sion after that Division was orga¬ THE STATELY GAME, by Jamt*s W. nized in 1928. Symington. Macmillan, $5.95. Nemet Auto International 153-03 Hillside Avenue Jamaica, New York 11432 The son and grandson of the two THE real question about “The near J.F.K. Inti. Airport Stately Game” is whether it is part Please send me a FREE copy of your 60 Thomas Griffins who established page Master catalog. I am interested in: of another game, the political game □ Austin □ MG □ Simca this record, Bill Griffin, wishes to of James Symington. Readers of □ BMW □ Opel □ Sunbeam □ Datsun □ Peugeot □ Triumph serve members of foreign affairs the JOURNAL will remember the □ Fiat □ Porsche □ Volkswagen excerpt published in the May issue □ Jaguar □ Renault □ Volvo agencies at Chevy Chase Chevrolet, □ Lotus □ Rover □ Avanti describing the Stuart Symington-Joe □ Mercedes □ Saab where he is transportation specialist. McCarthy relationship as seen by Name 301 -OL 4-6100 He can be reached at the author—that was pure “political Social Security Number and his address is 7725 Wisconsin game.” Address Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20014. The earlier chapters of the book (Part I) recount the author’s tour as Date of Rotation F5J87J Chief of Protocol. They amuse, in-

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 35 form, and (hidden dividend) ganizer and executant of the Nurem¬ Command in Saigon, which certain¬ create a good deal of sympathy for berg Trials . . . more deeply com¬ ly has far greater facilities for con¬ his current successor and his associ¬ mitted to their principles than any trolling its forces than General ates. The second part of the book other nation” it is not surprising Yamashita had in the Philippines, comes close to being political philos¬ that Americans have sought to apply he suggests that the devastation in ophy—written by a practicing pol¬ “the principles of Nuremberg” to Vietnam was also an inevitable con¬ itician with style and verve. It’s too what their own government and sequence of the decision to fight the bad the links between the parts are armed forces are doing in Vietnam. war in the manner we have since not stronger, though this will not Of some 33 works on this or related 1964. This decision, and hence diminish Foreign Service enjoyment questions discussed by Neil Sheehan “major responsibility for the war of the book much. in the New York TIMES BOOK RE¬ and the course it took,” Taylor at¬ tributes to “the Rusks, McNamaras, —JOHN D. STEMPEL VIEW of March 28, “Nuremberg and Vietnam” is probably the best start¬ Bundys, and Rostows.” Collective Shame ing point for a foreign service of¬ His analysis is in this respect in¬ ficer wishing to explore the issue of complete: it was President Johnson NUREMBERG AND VIETNAM: AN war crimes in Indochina. who heeded their advice; and the AMERICAN TRAGEDY, by Telford Tay¬ Taylor gives a history of the laws American people who elected him, lor. World, paperback, $1.99. of war, and of war crimes. He gives and whose representatives have con¬ a good analysis of which of our ac¬ tinued to make appropriations for THIS year and last, we have been tions in Vietnam have violated the war. Moral responsibility is not confronted with the massacre at established rules of war, and which criminal guilt, to be sure, for the Son My, and a growing realization have not. But most important, he latter cannot be attributed to an en¬ that a reduction in American troop notes that responsibility for Son My tire people, as Karl Jaspers pointed strength and casualties by no means and other criminal acts in Vietnam out after World War II relative to carries with it a parallel diminution cannot be left with their perpetrators the Germans. But Jaspers also sug¬ of the horrors of dislocation, injury alone, but must rest also with those gested that a people could well feel and death visited now upon the who created the conditions under “collective shame” for the evils done peoples of all Indochina. As a moral which they could be considered “no in its name. We might ponder his people, and, as Professor Taylor re¬ big deal.” While noting the direct words. calls, “the principal sponsor, or¬ responsibility of the US Military —REYNOLD A. RIEMER

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36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Avgust, 1971 bles, and long, rectangular windows a boulevard to be named for him, is appropriate to a French country strictly followed by his remarkable setting. Unlike some dimly-lit widow, who has kept the kitchen “French” restaurants on this side of and the service at its peak. the Atlantic, this one has groups of When we were last in Vienne we bright cylindrical lights along the stayed at the Residence de la Py¬ walls, making the food entirely and ramide, a charming guest house proudly visible. In summer, most of owned by Madame Point, that is the dining takes place on a large just a short walk from the restau¬ outdoor terrace, lit by globes atop rant. M. and Mme. Duranton man¬ two high pylons. There, under state¬ age it with that sense of solid per¬ ly trees, the ladies are loaned soft sonal interest in each guest that 3p chiffon scarves to put around their makes the French concierge so uni¬ shoulders if the night becomes cool. que. It is an old mansion, built in The menu is small and the dinner the last century for a wealthy indus¬ is huge. La Pyramide is disdainful trialist, and it still has delightful of those enormous menus “that stained-glass windows over the stair¬ The late Fernand Point in front of his make the client lose his sanity and case and elaborately-carved boiserie restaurant. the kitchen lose its honesty.” There in the room that serves as a bar. By are only a few alternate choices, all stopping there, we were able to have of them just prepared for that very two consecutive dinners at the res¬ “DIPLOMATIC LIST” from page 31 moment. Fernand Point, the great taurant. That would be too much of chef who founded this restaurant a good thing in many French dining other three-star dining places seldom and who died while still a young places; but not here. approach. man, ordained: “Every morning you Each dinner begins with two ap¬ All this is presented in an atmo¬ must start from zero.” He meant it petizers, followed by a fish course, sphere of unpretentious ease. The literally and figuratively, too, for he meat or fowl, a variegated cheese main dining room has walls of light- abhorred the idea of resting on course, ice cream or sherbet, frian- and-dark brown woods, small flow¬ laurels. And his philosophy, which dises, a rich cake, and a fresh fruit er-topped minipartitions between ta¬ has made him a legend and caused basket. One of our meals began with

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL* August, 1971 37 brioche de foie gras that was totally known from its birth, rather than a and looked across at the imposing devoid of the heaviness usually as¬ costly label from the Medoc. One Palazzo Borghese, which Pope Paul sociated with such an opener. Part that we especially remember was V had built in the late 16th Centu¬ two of the first course was a light-as- Chateau Grillet 1968, the extraordi¬ ry. ft was huge and silent and some¬ air mousse made from trout. And as nary, full-bodied golden wine from a what at odds with the laughter, the a fish course, we had saumon au tiny vineyard just south of Lyon, noise and the hurrying of the waiters champagne. The salmon and the which produces less than 100 cases on our side of the piazza. champagne sauce over it were a a year. The proprietors of this restaurant perfect blend. Then came a Greatest restaurant in the world? are Osvaldo and Tosella Falsi, a poularde de Bresse with a tarragon- All that really matters is that Chez husband and wife from Tuscany. He flavored cream sauce and rice pilaff. Point is more than great enough to is the chef and she is the maitre Surely, we thought, this fourth plate merit a special trip to Vienne. No d’hotel, cashier and general facto¬ of the night would be rich enough to one who has been there once ever tum. She is small, lively and ubiqui¬ make us wave away any more stops planning for his next visit. tous. Together, they make an excel¬ courses. But somehow, the Point lent team. And together they have kitchen can produce a cream- decided on a menu that features covered chicken that literally seems WE would not think of ending our Tuscan specialties. to melt in the mouth. As the last of small survey of fine eating places Chief among these is bistecca it disappeared we looked forward to without mentioning a restaurant fiorentina alia griglia—grilled Flor¬ the cheeses, the sorbet, and even to where you can get that favorite entine beefsteak. It is similar to our the Gateau Marjolaine—an almond American entree—steak. We had T-bone steak, and it is grilled over a cake filled with three different always been convinced that nowhere charcoal fire. The result, and we creams: chocolate, Chantilly, and other than the United States could have had that result many times, is pralinee. All of this came to only one find beef as succulent and ten¬ the best steak we have ever eaten about $12 per person, exclusive of der. But all this was changed one anywhere. Someone at our Embassy wines. And even the wines tend to lovely autumn evening when we were must have thought so too, because be inexpensive because one of the taken to La Fontanella, in Rome. when Secretary of State William P. Point traditions is to emphasize local Athough we have been back Rogers was in Rome last year he products. So the sommelier is apt to many times since, we’ll never forget was taken there for dinner, as Tosel¬ suggest something that he has that first night when we sat outside la proudly informed us. ■

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38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 SHIP AFIRE again against Mr. Feinberg’s ada¬ the minute. Suddenly the captain from page 16 mant stupidity. The captain joined strode up to the table glaring. in with more fire than persua¬ “All right, dammit! We can’t put serious view, Don Emilio,” I said in siveness. out the fire. If we stay here we set as firm a voice as I could command, In vain the captain roared and I fire to the harbor master’s offices “if any such action were taken hasti¬ argued patiently that the owners and and a couple of warehouses, and we ly. Captain Harris must be given the underwriters would not hold it sink and obstruct the harbor to boot. time to control the fire and the Con¬ against him if Mr. Feinberg made a If we try to make another port we’ll sulate must have a voice in the final concession to save the ship; that, in likely all be killed and lose the ship decision whether an American ship fact, they would blame him and him anyhow. I’m going to take the is to be put to sea in a dangerous only if the ship were to sink either bloody ship a mile outside the har¬ condition.” at the pier or on the high seas with bor and scuttle her so these bastards Don Emilio regarded me specula¬ neatly unburned engine rooms. The can’t claim salvage. And you, Mr. tively for a moment. most the Chief would concede were Vice Consul Schutz, will have my “Very well, Senor Schutz,” he three of his cylinders, and that only crew ashore on seamen’s relief until said formally, “But I too have my after half a case of Coca Cola and the owners and the insurance people responsibilities to my port. I will three of our six hours of grace were can settle this mess!” He slammed give Captain Harris six hours to get consumed in futile dispute. his fist down on the table, upsetting the fire under control.” I discarded my jacket and tie. a bottle of warm Coke over the I had begun the day with the The captain had torn off his under¬ mass of papers. hope for 48 hours of peace until the shirt and was stalking, hairy-chested He was right. It was a solution of boss returned. Now I had, by impli¬ and sweating, from side to side of sorts. It would mean that the next cation at least, defied the authorities the cabin. The table was littered year or two of my assignment to of Santa Rosa and had, in conse¬ with calculations on the volumes of Santa Rosa would be miserable with quence, only six hours to solve an holds, cylinders of gas, temperatures dispute and litigation that I might insoluble problem. and pressures. Our tempers were somehow have prevented. I stared As soon as the Port Captain was thin, our eyes were smarting from at the bubbling mess of wet paper ushered ashore I returned to my the film of stinking smoke, and it and soft drink. If only . .. slide rule and took up the battle was getting hotter in the cabin by “Wait!” I said.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 39 The Coca Cola bottling plant was The warehouseman at first trol, but to appease Don Emilio the an American business. The cargo thought we were drunk and kidding ship was moved into the center of ship was part of another. I was him. Finding that we were cold so¬ the harbor from which I watched it darned sure that my blessed regula¬ ber and dead serious, he refused to sail the following morning with a tions would have nothing to say on consider selling any C02 at all. Sr. feeling of immense relief. saving part of one American busi¬ Martinez, the owner, would cut his My boss came back an hour after ness at the expense of another. But throat, then fire him. Perfidiously I the ship had left. The owner of the desperate problems called for des¬ assured him that Sefior Martinez, Coke plant, Sr. Martinez, was with perate solutions. who was in the business of selling him. When the boss asked me how

“There’s C02 in Coke,” I said. this bubbly gas disguised in things had gone I confessed all— “You don’t expect to put out a sweetened water of several kinds, while keeping an anxious eye on Sr. ship’s fire with Coca Cola, for crap’s would have no objections at all. Martinez’ slowly reddening face. sake?” The captain was red-eyed Our six hours of grace before the When I got to the price that Captain with smoke and fury. ship would have to be moved had Harris had paid for the gas, Mar¬ “No. But the man who makes this almost expired by the time a price tinez visibly relaxed, then smiled. stuff has a month’s supply of bottled was agreed upon which I, if not the “I can take that trip to Madrid at last,” was all he said. C02 in his warehouse.” captain, thought was astronomical. There was a moment of complete The warehouseman had ten cylin¬ The Consul laughed and so did I, silence and then the captain very ders about five feet long and a foot a bit nervously, but it was not alto¬ softly said a surprisingly mild word. thick. We took all of them. I gether funny. Word got around, and “Cripes!” remembered that the owner of the none of our friends among the many The three of us went ashore un¬ Coke plant was Don Emilio’s cousin local British residents of Santa Rosa der the brooding eye of the Port and that the plant was the only would offer us soda in our whiskey Captain. My taximan, still hopefully source of soft drinks or even of soda for months after the inevitable short¬ waiting, cheerfully took us to his water on the island. But the deed age was over. brother-in-law who rented us a was done; there was nothing further But I didn’t care. I had learned truck. From there we went directly I could do about it. that not everything is in the regula¬ to the Coca Cola warehouse on the Our truckload of carbon dioxide tions, and that a bold gamble some¬ edge of town. quickly brought the fire under con¬ times pays off. ■

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40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Avgust, 1971 PERSPECTIVES OF REFORM of continuous service which Hunter owe to the continuity of service and from page 19 and Adee brought to the State De- the balanced, mature views and in¬ Assistant Secretary, and died in partent refutes the oft-repeated stitutional memories of these men. office as Assistant Secretary in legend that no Administration has When Carr left the Department in 1924. This came to a total of 54 accepted, or is likely to accept, the 1937 to accept appointment as Min¬ years in the diplomatic establish¬ notion of a “general manager” of ister to Czechoslovakia, the only ment. the Department. In a quiet way it overseas service he ever performed Adee was no reformer except in acquired in Hunter an identifiable (and it was to prove short-lived), draftsmanship. He was a resource¬ management focal point and, in the reform lost its one consistent contin¬ ful, farsighted diplomatic operator diplomatic field, a succeeding one in uing champion. No other civil ser¬ as well as a genuine, warm-hearted, Adee. Then, from 1909, when Carr vant since his time has been able to witty, aboveboard human being. A became Chief Clerk, to 1913, the match his stature and length of serv¬ thorough student of diplomatic prac¬ Department had an effective manag¬ ice. Like all officers who have tak¬ tice and foreign policy, he was a erial team in Huntington Wilson, en the broad view and kept in mind continuing and sagacious adviser of Adee and Carr; from 1913 to 1924 the national as opposed to personal Secretaries of State and Presidents. a dual managerial team through interest, Carr saw too much to be He took an interest in Carr, encour¬ Adee’s continuity in the diplomatic done to leave the Department with aged his efforts to broaden his cul¬ and foreign policy area and Carr’s exultation over the reforms he had tural and political base, and, above in the administrative and consular. wrested from a reluctant govern¬ all, imparted his remarkable insights No reform movement engineered ment. He left, indeed, a disappoint¬ derived from his lengthening experi¬ this accomplishment: it just hap¬ ed man. Like most who have sought ence in foreign affairs. No doubt pened that way. And our diplomatic reform, his reach exceeded his more than one of the reforming Ex¬ establishment was fortunate that it grasp. He would have been an even ecutive Orders which Carr extracted did. As one reviews the foreign poli¬ more disappointed reformer had he from the White House were facili¬ cies, diplomacy and establishment been able to peer ahead, for hence¬ tated by Adee. management of that long period, he forth, devolving upon migratory The remarkable span of 72 years is made aware of how much they officers, reform lost all continuity.

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 41 senau’s work with linkages in inter¬ rights set forth in regulation and law national politics and the work of is always welcome. However, the scholars such as Almond, Powell Board should not be in such a hurry and Mitchell are important. to pat itself on the back. Mr. Kattenburg’s traditional ap¬ The last paragraph of Section 3 proach misses what I consider to of the Department’s notice of Feb¬ be the focus of the dilemma of pro¬ ruary 24 entitled “Administration of fessionalism and expertise in the Overtime” reads as follows: “Often foreign service. Vast bodies of his¬ an employee will volunteer to per¬ torical and anthropological knowl¬ form non-compensatory overtime. edge abound, but ability to synthe¬ Supervisors should recognize such size them does not. exemplary devotion to duty, includ¬ ing references in the employee’s In Support of H. R. 9463 Until diplomats know current de¬ velopments in political science, par¬ performance rating and appropriate THE State Department has sent to ticularly in methodology, we will be commendations.” Such a practice is Congress a draft bill which would guilty of relegating ourselves to a clearly in conflict with 31 USC 665 prevent the import of pre-Colum¬ role which we don’t seem to be too (b) which states that: “No officer bian monumental and archeological content to play—that of the well- or employer of the United States sculpture, murals and any frag¬ informed and dedicated but expend¬ shall accept voluntary service for ments or parts, unless accompanied able dilettante who is something of the United States or employ person¬ by a certificate from the country of an anachronism in this day of the al services in excess of that author¬ origin certifying that their export global village and computerized ized by law, except in cases of did not violate its laws. technology. emergency involving the safety of My husband and I hope that this RAY L. CALDWELL human life or the protection of proposed law might be extended to Guadalajara property.” cover all archeological purchases. The illegality of the practice en¬ Turkey has been increasingly pil¬ Wives of the ’70s couraged in the notice should be laged during recent years. (It is dif¬ sufficient reason for the Board to ficult to understand how respectable | WAS most disappointed to read request management to withdraw Management Reform Bulletin No. and honorable institutions such as the notice for correction. Another the Metropolitan, Boston Fine Arts 20, “Guidelines for Representational employee organization has already Responsibilities of Wives in Our and Dumbarton Oaks can justify done so. such under-the-counter transac¬ Posts Abroad,” and find that the If the Board is in any doubt tions.) If such a law were passed, role of a foreign service wife in “Di¬ about the illegality of the practice however, the museums probably plomacy of the ’70s” will continue encouraged in the notice, there is would readily observe it. to be The Charming Hostess, the another aspect of Section 3 which I think we should all do what we same role she has been playing for shouts for rectification. Ours is a can to help this bill pass through the past hundred years. very competitive service. Since al¬ Congress. This is hardly a reform! What most nothing negative appears in about learning the language, history, MRS. FREDERICK P. LATIMER, JR. anyone’s file, a policy of noting arts and politics of the host coun¬ Antrim, N. H. voluntary overtime makes such try? And keeping informed about overtime compulsory, for no officer EDITOR’S NOTE: Mrs. Latimer what is going on in the United can afford to be without such men¬ suggests writing to Congressmen in States? Aren’t these as important tion if he is to compete with his support of the bill, which is: H.R. representational responsibilities as peers who have “voluntarily” do¬ 9463. assisting guests to the DCM’s buffet nated extra time. table? If the Board seeks to represent Poli Sci Applauded Instead of any “reform,” what I employees in personnel matters such found in the bulletin was a circum- as overtime, it must do its home¬ PAUL KATTENBURG’S “On the Edu¬ loquacious re-hash of “Social Usage work and it must keep after man¬ cation of Diplomats” attempts to Abroad” and a muddled delineation agement to make it stay within the face some educational dilemmas of of intra-embassy responsibilities. I law, its own regulations and the the foreign service and by political think perhaps we should ignore the traditions of the Foreign Service. officers. However, his derogation of whole thing and ask the committee JOHN M. BESHOAR the role of the study of political sci¬ to try again. Washington ence in the education of a diplomat, RIKA SCHMIDT I feel, is ill advised. Prague Mr. Kattenburg is certainly on Must Youth Be Served? firm ground when he pooh-poohs No Volunteers the relevance of the more esoteric T HIS year, for the first time, I hesi¬ research being undertaken by politi¬ i N the April issue of the JOURNAL tate about renewing my membership cal scientists. However, a work such the Board announced a “landmark in AFSA. I am not ungrateful for as William Riker’s “The Theory of advance for AFSA and for the For¬ the recent accomplishments of Political Coalitions” is relevant. eign Service” in the payment of which AFSA boasts, such a dou¬ Kaplan’s systems theory, Ro- overtime. Progress in obtaining bling the Washington temporary-

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 AFSPA announces added coverage for members and their dependents without additional cost.

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FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, August, 1971 43 lodging allowance and eliminating only younger men can be “brilliant.” translation of Bray’s call for present penalties for foreign-flag airline trav¬ (Nobody ever speaks of a “brilliant tense discussion. el. middle-aged man,” for example.) My study of the June issue of the It is more a question of doubts Not everyone gets wiser as he Foreign Service JOURNAL leads me about the extent to which AFSA gets older. I’m not for a cult of the to believe that it is again on the old represents me nowadays. These aged any more than I am for a cult course, the course of the past tense. doubts have been growing gradually, of the young. AFSA and its JOUR¬ There is Ambassador Bowles’s ar¬ and they were fed by items in the NAL owe more enduring quality to ticle, for example, on how his am¬ April and May issues of the FOR¬ its members of all ages than is re¬ bassadorial recruitment program EIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. vealed by the things I have criticized. initiated a veritable golden age in The April issue of the JOURNAL But if AFSA is so painfully con¬ American diplomacy. Then there contained a remark by Charles W. scious of a generation gap as its are Sanger’s reminiscences of life as Bray III. In order to refute an ar¬ editorial suggests, perhaps separate a worker in Russia four decades ticle by ex-Ambassador Briggs in a ASFAs should represent separate ago, proving conclusively that Lin¬ previous issue, Bray simply ex¬ generations. coln Steffens was wrong; Ware pressed his boredom with Ellis KENEDON STEINS Adams on the 15-year-old Austrian Briggs. Bray must have believed Buenos Aires miracle; and finally the Ceramis, that to be a devastating tactic. It telling us how diplomats wine and saddened me to see such a new low To Inform the Future dine in Europe. in arrogance displayed on a page But nothing about that most ex¬ REALLY can’t agree with Philip of the JOURNAL. citing place—the real world in the W. Bonsai’s judgment of Charles W. My discrepancy with an editorial month of June in the year 1971. Bray. Bray never bored me over the in the JOURNAL’S May issue, how¬ JORMA L. KAUKONEN years when he was active in the As¬ ever, deserves more attention, be¬ San Francisco sociation. On the contrary, I thought cause my disagreement is with a he and his colleagues breathed life statement that is not smart-alecky into a stuffy organization. The JOURNAL welcomes the expression but seriously written. Commenting of its readers’ opinions in the form of As to Bray’s comment about Am¬ about “The State Lists,” your edi¬ letters to the editor. However, space is bassador Briggs, I don’t think he torialist says: “There is pressure limited and brief letters will enable the was just being impertinent, but he upon selection boards ... to pass editors to print a wider variety of had also successfully and succinctly over the brilliant younger men in opinions and information. All letters “adumbrated the iconoclastic ges¬ are subject to condensation if neces¬ order to save the career and liveli¬ ture” which I guess is Bonsai’s sary. hoods of competent older ones. Yet in these times of accelerated change, the nation needs its finest young of¬ Life and L?ve in the Foreign Service by s L Nadier ficers in positions of responsibility.” Why does the nation need its finest young officers in positions of responsibility? Doesn’t it make far more sens,'to say the nation needs, in position;, of responsibility, its finest officers ^-be they young or old? In fact, can it not be argued that, precisely because we are in “times of accelerated change,” the experience and continuity that old¬ er officers can offer become all the more valuable? Naturally I am talking about old¬ er officers who put their experience to good use while adapting to “ac¬ celerated change.” I am not in favor of “dead wood,” and I would like to add that I have seen “dead wood” at all levels and age-groups in the Service. Believe me, I have nothing against youth. I inveigh against the cult of youth, all-pervasive in modern American society and faithfully re¬ flected by your editorialist as he offers the stereotypes about “bril¬ liant younger men” and “competent “Well, sir, before leaving the office, 1 did as you suggested. I re-read my job de¬ older ones.” In the cult of youth, scription, and you were right, so here / am.”

44 FOEEIGN SEKVICE JOCBNAL, August, 1971 Due Process on Grievances and Appeals cluding the uniformed services. “I urge you to give S.2023/ Our editorial in the July Journal S.2023/HR.9188, creating a proce¬ HR.9188 your close attention and supported S.2023, a bill introduced dure for Foreign Service employee strong support. by Senators Bayh, Humphrey, grievances and appeals. Sincerely, Scott and Cooper to amend the “I believe that S.2023/HR.9188 Foreign Service Act in order to fills an urgent need for the For¬ Senator Fulbright has informed assure an impartial hearing for eign Service employees of the the Association that he plans to Foreign Service personnel who be¬ State Department, AID and USIA. hold public hearings when he re¬ lieve they have been unfairly It provides for an independent ceives the comments he has re¬ treated by the personnel system. Board to correct injustices com¬ quested from the Department of Such rights of due process have plained of by Foreign Service em¬ State. He has noted AFSA’s inter¬ been guaranteed to other federal ployees. Surely foreign affairs em¬ est in testifying. AFSA Legal Com¬ employees, including the armed ployees should at long last be mittee representatives are sched¬ forces, for years. guaranteed basic due process uled to meet with the Department The four distinguished sponsors rights in presenting their griev¬ to discuss the language of the bill. have been joined by many others ances at an impartial hearing, AFSA has urged that the Depart¬ as co-sponsors, including Sena¬ rights which are already enjoyed ment, AID and USIA themselves tors Beall, Brooke, Case, Church, by other federal employees in¬ support S.2023/HR.9188. Cranston, Hart, Hartke, Kennedy, Mathias, Mondale, Moss, Pastore Ambassador Robert C. Hill was recently honored by a special "tienta,” or trying and Stevenson. of the calves for bravery, at the finca of Manolo Benitez, “El Cordobes.” The An identical bill has been intro¬ Ambassador is shown with one of the matador’s prize calves. duced in the House by Represent¬ ative Lee Hamilton of Indiana, and Congressmen Frelinghuysen and Fraser have already joined as co-sponsors. The Board of Directors urges all members of AFSA to write the sponsors and particularly to write their own senators and represent¬ atives. The Board has written the co-sponsors to express the Associ¬ ation’s deep gratitude and sup¬ port. If these distinguished legis¬ lators are not assured that the Foreign Service appreciates what they are doing for us, we can hardly expect them to take time away from other pressing business in our behalf. The following model is the sort of letter which is needed: “Dear Senator/Congressman

“As a constituent of yours from (town or city), and as a member of the Foreign Service, I would like to call to your attention Before and after his service as ambassador, he practiced law in Foreign serviceHl Austin. Survivors include his widow, c/o 202 Perry-Brooks Bldg., MARRIAGES Austin, Texas and two daughters. Dearborn-Smith. 1st Lt. Richard Jenkins. Cecile Hvale Jenkins, R. Smith, USMC, son of FSO-re- wife of Kempton B. Jenkins, as¬ tired Donald W. Smith of Venice, sistant director, Eastern Europe, Fla., and Mrs. Barbara T. Smith USIA, died on June 16 in Bethes¬ of Arlington, Va., was married to da, Maryland. She is survived by Patricia Dearborn in Chapel Hill her husband, 7204 Marbury Road, on June 12. Bethesda and three sons. Macfarland. Audrey H. Macfar- Dobyns-Gulley. Donna Elizabeth land, wife of FSO-retired James M. Dobyns, daughter of FSO and Mrs. Macfarland, died on June 29 in Edward P. Dobyns of Monterrey, Boonton, New Jersey. The Macfar- Clint E. Smith has been named Mexico, was married to John An¬ lands were posted in Montreal, Chairman of the Editorial Board thony Gulley, Jr., on May 1, in Istanbul, Ankara, Geneva, Frank¬ of the Foreign Service Journal, Bethesda. Mr. Dobyns was a for¬ furt, Hamburg, Tel Aviv and Dus- effective July 1, 1971. He replaces mer Executive Director of AFSA seldorf. Mrs. Macfarland received Archie M. Bolster, who has been and Mrs. Gulley is employed with a special citation from the Minis¬ assigned to university training. BEX. The bride is shown below. try of Social Welfare in Israel for Smith, who has served on the her work with handicapped chil¬ Editorial Board of the Journal for dren. She is survived by her hus¬ the past two years, has a back¬ band of 3010 North Garden Ave., ground in journalism and publica¬ Roswell, N.J. and a daughter, Mrs. tions work, and has been an active James E. Bradley, Boonton, N.J. Editorial Board member. He is Richards. Charles A. Richards, now assigned to the Office of Mex¬ AID-retired, died on June 30, in ican Affairs in the Department. Washington. Mr. Richards retired The new Chairman joined the from AID in 1961 at the age of 80, Foreign Service in 1957, and has receiving the distinguished serv¬ served in the Department, Buenos ice award at that time. He is sur¬ Aires, and Madrid. vived by a sister, Mrs. Alexander FSOs in Academe Orr, Edgartown, Mass. Russell. H. Earle Russell, political Six Foreign Service officers from counselor at the Embassy in Ra¬ State, USIA and AID have been se¬ bat, Morocco, died of sunstroke lected, along with 13 additional offi¬ in mid-June when his car broke cers from other Federal agencies, to down in northern Mauritania. Mr. study at Princeton University’s Wood- Russell’s wife and his 15-year old row Wilson School of Public and In¬ son, Scott, with a friend of the ternational Affairs during the 1971- son’s, were traveling in the same 72 academic year. car. Mr. Russell had been sta¬ John P. Owens, FSO-3, American tioned in Rabat since 1967. During Embassy, Helsinki, and Robert M. the 1950s he served in Addis Aba¬ Ward, FSR-3, USAID, Islamabad, ba, Tunis, Beirut and Jidda, Saudi were selected as Princeton Fellows Arabia. In addition to his wife and in Public Affairs under a program be¬ son, Mr. Russell is survived by a gun in 1961, to bring to the Prince¬ daughter, Christine, and by his ton campus government officials of DEATHS parents, Mr. & Mrs. Earle Russell “high competence and unusual Brumby. Ruth E. Brumby, wife of of 915 Sligo Creek Pkwy., Tacoma promise.” FSO-retired Paul R. Brumby, died Park, Md. Four Mid-Career Fellows, individ¬ on June 2, in Washington. She is ually sponsored by their agencies to survived by her husband, 6215 August Cover carry on similar studies, all members Massachusetts Ave., Washington, Our cover is by Richard F. Wol¬ of the foreign affairs agencies, were D.C. 20016, two sons, two daugh¬ ford, AID. His daughter, Mimi, was chosen. They are: Richard T. Arndt, ters and two sisters. responsible for the recent exhibit FSIO-3, Cultural Affairs Officer, Te¬ Heath. William W. Heath, former by three Nigerian artists in the hran; Robert G. Houdek, FSO-4, Na¬ Ambassador to Sweden, died on Foreign Service Club. Mrs. Wol¬ tional Security Council; David A. June 22, in Austin, Texas, Ambas¬ ford has written and lectured on Korn, FSO-3, Chief of the Political sador Heath served from 1967 to African art and the Wolfords have Section, American Embassy, Tel 1969, during a very trying period arranged for several exhibitions all Aviv; Dwight N. Mason, FSO-4, Staff of American-Swedish relations. over the country. Assistant to the Director, ACDA. AFSA’s Laos Chapter is now active Women Mobilize under the following Board members: The Women’s Action Organiza¬ Edward Ceaser, President, seated, tion (WAO) is undertaking a mem¬ from l. to r., Elwood J. McGuire, Paul E. Kelly, James B. Chandler, bership drive among overseas per¬ Frank E. Rhinehart, Richard M. sonnel. Flyers explaining WAO’s Hughes and Leroy Rasmussen. purpose and application cards will be sent to all working women at Foreign Service posts. WAO, in seeking to end discrimination against female officers and staff in State AID and USIA, welcomes the support of wives and men in this effort. As it costs only one dollar to join, WAO urges you to do so. If you fail to receive the mailing in a reasonable period, please write to Mary Olmstead, BEX, or Barbara Good, CU/UCS, State Department.

Elections in the Tripoli Chapter Sutter, vice chairman, Donald Fer¬ resulted in the following officers: guson, treasurer, Mary Jane Tim¬ President, Terry Day; Vice Presi¬ mins, secretary, David Krecke and dent, Tom Sinclair; Members of Larry Thompson (co-editors of the Board, Charles Marthinsen the Chapter Newsletter), William and David Mack (Benghazi repre¬ Campbell, Dwight Cramer, James sentative). Through the efforts of Kraus, H. R. Malpass and Jack Jim Holmes, outgoing president, Juergensen. (AFSA hopes to be on now due for transfer, the chapter the mailing list for the Chapter now has 94% membership. Con¬ Newsletter.) gratulations are in order. George Harris, keyman, reports Board Resolutions New AFSA Board Member 100% participation in Genoa. Mr. Resolutions passed at the AFSA David W. Loving, FSO-5, was Harris also earns the appreciation July 13, 1971, Board meeting are born and brought up in the Wash¬ of the membership office for up¬ as follows: ington area. He received a B.A. dating members’ addresses. 1) “The Board of Directors com¬ from Yale and a M.A. from Prince¬ The latest post reporting 100% mends and thanks the Awards ton, both in European history. membership in AFSA is Khorram- Committee and its Chairman, Mr. Since joining the Foreign Serv¬ shahr. Joseph C. Snyder, III, notes Howard B. Schaffer, for the splen¬ ice in August, 1966, Mr. Loving, a that the application from James did work they did soliciting nomi¬ bachelor, has served in Embassy, W. Roodhouse raised the member¬ nations, appointing and servicing Brussels as a first-tour rotational ship by 50%. the judges’ committees, and ar¬ officer and as Executive Assistant The Paris Chapter of AFSA elect¬ ranging a 1971 Awards Luncheon to the Executive Director of EUR. ed the following officers and board which reflected great credit on He is currently serving as Assist¬ members: John E. Clak, president; the Association and the Service.” ant Country Officer for Benelux Affairs in EUR/FBX. Milton L. lossi, vice president; 2) “The Board of Directors of the Mr. Loving has been active in Louis F. Janowski, secretary-treas¬ American Foreign Service Associ¬ the Junior Foreign Service Offi¬ urer; and H. Allen Holmes, Law¬ ation, noting that Elizabeth Hasel- cers Club, in which he served as rence R. Raicht, Clifford L. Brody, ton, wife of FSO-retired Norris coordinator of Committees for an David T. Jones, Elton Stepherson, Haselton, has served as AFSA’s 18-month period ending in May, Jr., Howard W. Hardy, Christopher Girl Friday on an unpaid basis for 1971. He is encouraged by the Jones, John Hughes, A. Lucille 14 years, and noting that she cele¬ more active role that AFSA has Thomas, Stanley P. Harris, board brates her birthday this week, taken in the recent past on ques¬ members. wishes to extend its heartfelt ap¬ And in Bangkok, a general meet¬ tions of personnel policies and preciation to Mrs. Haselton for hopes that AFSA will continue to ing resulted in the election of Mil- numbering AFSA among her favor¬ speak clearly and unambiguously ton J. Wilkinson, later named ite charities—and to Inspector in defense of career principles chairman by the Chapter Commit¬ General Haselton for sparing her and the interests of all Foreign tee, Edward Perkins and Willis to us.” Service personnel. BOARD ACTIONS TAKEN Under Secretary Macomber for preliminary discus¬ sions on May 25. April 20, cont’d. Appointments: John K. Ivie was elected to replace Employee-Management Relations. Members of Sub¬ Erland Heginbotham on the Board of Directors. committee I of the Committe of 40 discussed their JFSOC: Robert Boettcher is resigning from the For¬ draft recommendations on Conflict of Interest and eign Service to take a Congressional staff job, and Units. The Board expressed concern that the Commit¬ Lars Hydle will replace him as President of the Junior tee’s draft on units ran contrary to the goal of a uni¬ Service Officers Club. fied Foreign Service. Both positions will be put on June 1, 1971 paper for the Board’s consideration. Employee-Management Relations: The Chairman an¬ May 4, 1971 nounced a positive response of AFSA members to the employee-management declaration. Copies of Appointments. John C. Scafe of USIA was elected to cables from 30 posts with 1200 signatures, including the Board to replace Robert Nevitt, who resigned be¬ seven Ambassadors, were presented to Mr. Macomber. cause of conflict of interest in his new position as This response was instrumental in obtaining a post¬ Director of Foreign Service Personnel, USIA. ponement of the submission date for a draft Execu¬ Employee-Management Relations. Messrs. Harrop tive Order to the FLRC. and Harris reported on a meeting with Howard Mace on the draft of the Department’s Executive Order. This June 8, 1971 draft will be circulated to interested organizations. FSO Personnel Proposals: The Board of the Foreign A final report from the AFSA Committee of 40 on Service intends to meet on June 18 to discuss the labor-management relations will be presented to the proposals. Comments received from 50 posts indicate membership at an Open Meeting on May 12. Mr. Har¬ agreement on job tenure in classes 3, 4 and 5, strong rop extended the Board’s commendations to the Com¬ support for the threshold examination, and belief that mittee for the report and for the work done on a suit¬ changes once made should remain stable. able alternative to E.O. 11491. Employee-Management Relations: Negotiations be¬ tween Management and AFSA are continuing and Mr. May 19, 1971 Harris reported on concessions made in line with the Employee-Management Relations: AFSA represent¬ AFSA draft executive order. atives met May 18 with Samuel W. Lewis and James H. Michel, of the Department, to clarify points in the June 15, 1971 draft State/AID/USIA executive order. The Depart¬ Employee-Management Relations: Mr. Harris reported ment will make no written comment on the AFSA accord between Management and AFSA on the pre¬ draft executive order and has requested the Associa¬ amble, definitions and application sections of the ex¬ tion to submit written comments on its draft by May ecutive order, but not on exclusive representation, 21. The Board endorsed the AFSA draft and author¬ rights of negotiation and appeals and grievances. The ized the Chairman to present it to Under Secretary Chairman has been in communication with the FLRC Macomber as the AFSA Board’s position. An open on AFSA’s problems with the management draft. meeting for discussion of the issues was set for S.2023: The Board unanimously passed a resolution May 28. supporting S.2023, introduced by Senators Bayh, Scholarships: The generous contribution by Ambassa¬ Cooper, Humphrey and Scott to establish a grievance dor Jefferson Patterson to the AFSA Scholarship Fund and appeals procedure with due process for the For¬ was acknowledged, and a resolution passed naming eign Service (see Editorial, July Journal). a scholarship for Ambassador Patterson in perpetuity. June 22,1971 Vacancies: The Chairman of the Journal Editorial S.390: Mr. Harrop briefed the Board on S.390, “U.S. Board, Archie M. Bolster, submitted his resignation; Foreign Service Scholarship Program”, introduced by Clint Smith was elected to replace him. Erland Hegin- Senator Peter Dominick. botham, of the Board of Directors, resigned. Both Mr. Bolster and Mr. Heginbotham are being transferred. Communication from the Board May 25,1971 (Continued from page 2) Employee-Management Relations: The Association is the implications of exclusive recognition. We believe that seeking signatures on Foreign Service employee the principle of exclusive recognition is every bit as much rights prepared by JFSOC. This statement calls upon in management’s interest as in that of the employees. employee organizations and the management of the We do not believe that the sort of separate system for foreign affairs agencies to negotiate a new Executive the Foreign Service defined in the State/AID/USIA Order providing for exclusivity, negotiation, impartial draft will function without exclusive recognition. appeal and the right to keep up with future progress We urge the Council to review this aspect of the in employee-management relations in federal service. agency draft with particular attention. The Committee of Forty is preparing comparisons of Association representatives will be pleased to discuss Executive Order 11491, management’s proposal, and their viewpoint before the Council or with your staff at the AFSA proposed Executive Order. Members of the your convenience, Board, officers of JFSOC and sub-committee chair¬ WILLIAM C. HARROP men of the AFSA Committee of Forty will meet with Chairman, Board of Directors Why the Foreign Service likes our foreign service: A great car. A great price. When you buy your new car through our established Export Division Your car gets home before your plane. you get a good discount. And you may also qualify No matter where home is. for a U.S. excise tax exemption. We know the last thing you want to worry about is getting the car you want, delivered where you A small request. Clip the coupon. Tell us what want it. Don’t worry. 1971 Chrysler cars strike your fancy. 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