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CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Bradford Scholars Centre for Conflict Resolution Working Paper 13 Department of Peace Studies NGOs and Peacebuilding in Kosovo Monica Llamazares and Laina Reynolds Levy December 2003 DEPARTMENT OF PEACE STUDIES Other Titles in this Series International Conflict Resolution: Some Critiques and a Response Tom Woodhouse, June 1999 Working Paper 1 The Failure of State Formation, Identity Conflict and Civil Society Responses - The Case of Sri Lanka Sunil Bastian, September 1999 Working Paper 2 International Non-Government Organisations and Peacebuilding - Perspectives from Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution Nick Lewer, October 1999 Working Paper 3 From Conflict Resolution toTransformative Peacebuilding: Reflections from Croatia A. B. Fetherston, April 2000 Working Paper 4 Women, Gender and Peacebuilding Donna Pankhurst, August 2000 Working Paper 5 Psychological 'Conflict Mapping' in Bosnia & Hercegovina: Case Study, Critique and the Renegotiation of Theory Steve Gillard, October 2000 Working Paper 6 Confronting Ethnic Chauvinism in a Post-War Environment: NGOs and Peace Education in Bosnia Laura Stovel, December 2000 Working Paper 7 Developing an Online Learning Pedagogy for Conflict Resolution Training Laina K. Reynolds & Lambrecht Wessels, May 2001 Working Paper 8 Citizenship Education or Crowd Control? The Crick Report and the Role of Peace Education and Conflict Resolution in the New Citizenship Curriculum Catherine Larkin, July 2001 Working Paper 9 "All You Need is Love"... and What About Gender? Engendering Burton's Human Needs Theory Cordula Reimann, January 2002 Working Paper 10 Operationalising Peacebuilding and Conflict Reduction. Case Study: Oxfam in Sri Lanka Simon Harris and Nick Lewer, August 2002 Working Paper 11 Community Peace Work in Sri Lanka: A Critical Appraisal Dileepa Witharana, October 2002 Working Paper 12 This series of papers represents work in progress. Our objective is to share current research as quickly as possible with a wide academic and practitioner community. The papers do not represent finished projects or debates. Authors welcome feedback and comment. The editor welcomes submissions to the Centre for Conflict Resolution Working Paper series. Please contact: Dr Nick Lewer. Tel: 01274 234192; E-mail: [email protected] Papers are available from the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK at a cost of £2.50 each, including postage. NGOs and Peacebuilding in Kosovo Monica Llamazares and Laina Reynolds Levy December 2003 Contents 1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 1 2. Setting the Scene..................................................................................................... 2 2.1 The Rise of Nationalist Politics in Yugoslavia....................................................... 2 2.2 The Birth of Civil Resistance in Kosovo.............................................................. 3 2.3 From Civil to International War.......................................................................... 4 2.4 Conclusion..........................................................................................................4 3. The Aftermath of War.............................................................................................. 5 3.1 UNMIK - An Experiment in Large-Scale International Administration................ 6 3.2 Phases of Peacebuilding in Kosovo.................................................................... 7 3.3 Conclusion........................................................................................................ 11 4. Peacebuilding in Kosovo: Definitions and Contributions...................................... 11 4.1 The Growing International Consensus Around Peacebuilding............................... 13 4.2 How Is Peace Being Defined in Kosovo?........................................................... 13 4.3 Partnership for Peacebuilding: INGO and LNGO Contributions......................... 15 4.4 Conclusion........................................................................................................ 18 . 5. Critical Issues.......................................................................................................... 19 5.1 Transfer of Support from Civil Society to Local Government............................... 19 5.2 INGO-LNGO Relationships.............................................................................. 20 6. Conclusion: Policy and Strategic Planning Themes................................................ 22 6.1 Recommendations for INGOs............................................................................ 22 6.2 Recommendations for LNGOs........................................................................... 23 List of Audit Participants.................................................................................................. 24 Bibliography....................................................................................................................... 25 v Authors: Monica Llamazares ([email protected]) Laina Reynolds Levy ([email protected]) Summary: The growing international interest in peacebuilding as a concept and programme area requires a critical understanding if its implementation on the ground. This audit aims to explore the definitions and applications of peacebuilding employed by local and international NGOs in Kosovo today. The observations, views and interpretations expressed in this paper are those of the authors. Responsibility for the content of Working Papers rests with the authors alone. iii 1. Introduction Peacebuilding in the context of post-war reconstruction processes such as Kosovo’s has become a popular term to describe the increasingly explicit link between relief, development and peace made by organisations involved in such interventions. This growing international interest in peacebuilding as a concept and programme area requires a critical understanding of its implementation on the ground. This audit aims to establish a current snapshot of post-settlement peacebuilding activity in Kosovo by local and international non-governmental organisations (LNGOs and INGOs hereafter). The enquiry also attempts to explore the definitions and applications of peacebuilding used by INGOs and LNGOs in Kosovo, and the extent to which there exists a consensus around the idea of peacebuilding amongst them. Central to this discussion is an assumption that NGOs have a key role to play in building a positive peace in Kosovo. This assumption is central to the current peacebuilding approaches of most of the agencies in the ‘international community.’ Much of the international funding for the reconstruction process in Kosovo has been channelled through INGOs, and thence to their ‘partner’ LNGOs, in the belief that they are more independent, principled, and legitimate than for-profit or governmental agencies. Some of these assumptions are found to be put to the test by the realities of implementation of peacebuilding programmes, and are examined in this paper. LNGOs are also believed to have a unique capacity to positively contribute to peace-building processes such as the one underway in Kosovo; however the nature and impact of this contribution needs to be critically explored. In this paper we hope to challenge some of the myths sustained by both practitioners and academics about the inherently benign nature of either LNGO or INGO contributions to peacebuilding. The audit builds on data collected during a survey of 21 humanitarian, development and peacebuilding organisations in Kosovo. Interviews and focus groups were conducted from 7-29 April 2003 in Prishtina/ Priština, Gjilan/ Gnjilane, Peja/ Peć, Mitrovica and Prizren1. Although the sample is neither random nor large enough to permit much generalisation, we did attempt to balance international and Kosovan participation and include small and large organisations. The researchers make no claims that the analysis represents a comprehensive or representative audit of all peace- related work in Kosovo, indeed we are acutely aware that there are many organisations doing excellent peacebuilding work who we have not had the chance to interview. Using the data collected during the survey as well as other published reports and our own experiences of researching and working in Kosovo over the past four years, we attempt to make some observations regarding the current state of peacebuilding in Kosovo and make some connections to the wider political context. 1 A note on language: Throughout this report we use Kosovo as the most common English-language spelling of the province’s name, as opposed to Kosova (Albanian) or “Kosovo and Metohija” (Serbian). This does not imply any political opinion as to the appropriate resolution of the current conflict. Because of the contested status of the territory, place names are controversial. We have tried to recognise this by including the Albanian and Serbian names for cities and places within Kosovo, except where the two are substantially similar (e.g. Prizren). 1 We are extremely grateful to all of people who agreed to be a part of this research, and have relied on many of their insights and experiences in compiling this paper, but we bear the final responsibility for the opinions expressed herein. 2. Setting the Scene Key Statistics about Kosovo Area: about 11,000 square km. Population:
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