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Black Territorial Separatism in the South, 1776-1904

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Black Territorial Separatism in the South, 1776-1904 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ETD - Electronic Theses & Dissertations FOR LAND AND LIBERTY: BLACK TERRITORIAL SEPARATISM IN THE SOUTH, 1776-1904 By Selena Ronshaye Sanderfer Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History August 2010 Approved: Professor Richard J. Blackett Professor Dennis C. Dickerson Professor Jane L. Landers Professor Holly J. McCammon Copyright © 2010 by Selena Ronshaye Sanderfer All Rights Reserved ii This dissertation is dedicated to my best friend and family iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my dissertation advisor, Richard Blackett, for his support and criticism, without which this endeavor would not have been possible. I would also like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, Dennis Dickerson, Jane Landers, and Holly McCammon, for their guidance and advice. I would also like to thank Katie Crawford the Director of Graduate Studies and James Quirin of Fisk University for their insight and valuable commentary. Special thanks to the Marilyn Pilley and Jim Toplin in the Interlibrary Loan Department at the Jean and Alexander Heard Library. Both have gone beyond their duties as librarians to help me locate and gather research materials. I would also like to thank archivists at the Kansas State Historical Society as well as Lynda Silver and Ruth Holmes Whitehead of the Nova Scotia Museum. Not only were they extremely helpful, but their knowledge of primary resources related to black separatism has aided me tremendously in the course of my research. Last, but not least, I greatly appreciate all the friendly reminders, copies, and general encouragement given to me by the History Department’s administrative assistants, Brenda Hummel, Jane Anderson, and Heidi Welch, all of whose help made this endeavor much easier. As a graduate student in the History Department, I have benefited from the intellectual community at Vanderbilt University and have been inspired by the research and example of all of my colleagues. It has been a pleasure working with such encouraging faculty and students over the past seven years. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ x INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... xi Chapter I. THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA ............................................................................ 1 II. THE ANTEBELLUM ERA ................................................................................. 47 III. THE EMERGENCE OF POSTWAR EMIGRATION MOVEMENTS ........... 124 IV. THE STUCTURE OF POSTWAR EMIGRATION MOVEMENTS ............... 196 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 234 BIBLIOGAPHY ............................................................................................................ 240 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Number of Emigrants to Liberia from the South ................................................. 57 2. Colonization Expeditions from Alabama to Liberia ............................................ 62 3. Colonization Expeditions from Georgia to Liberia ............................................. 67 4. Colonization Expeditions from Kentucky to Liberia ........................................... 85 5. Colonization Expeditions from Louisiana to Liberia ........................................... 82 6. Colonization Expeditions from Mississippi to Liberia ........................................ 89 7. Colonization Expeditions from North Carolina to Liberia .................................. 63 8. Colonization Expeditions from South Carolina to Liberia .................................. 90 9. Colonization Expeditions from Tennessee to Liberia .......................................... 71 10. Colonization Expeditions from Virginia to Liberia ............................................. 75 11. Colonization Expeditions from Washington D.C. to Liberia .............................. 83 12. Emigration Expeditions from Alabama to Liberia ............................................. 190 13. Emigration Expeditions from Arkansas to Liberia ............................................ 140 14. Emigration Expeditions from Florida to Liberia ............................................... 145 15. Emigration Expeditions from Georgia to Liberia .............................................. 183 16. Emigration Expeditions from Mississippi to Liberia ......................................... 177 17. Emigration Expeditions from North Carolina to Liberia ................................... 164 18. Emigration Expeditions from South Carolina to Liberia ................................... 172 19. Emigration Expeditions from Tennessee to Liberia .......................................... 133 20. Emigration Expeditions from Texas to Liberia ................................................. 154 vi 21. Emigration Expeditions from Virginia to Liberia .............................................. 158 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Number of Emigrants to Liberia from the South ................................................. 60 2. Colonization Expeditions from Alabama to Liberia ............................................ 63 3. Colonization Expeditions from Georgia to Liberia ............................................. 69 4. Colonization Expeditions from Kentucky to Liberia ........................................... 88 5. Colonization Expeditions from Louisiana to Liberia ........................................... 83 6. Colonization Expeditions from Mississippi to Liberia ........................................ 90 7. Colonization Expeditions from North Carolina to Liberia .................................. 66 8. Colonization Expeditions from South Carolina to Liberia .................................. 92 9. Colonization Expeditions from Tennessee to Liberia .......................................... 73 10. Colonization Expeditions from Virginia to Liberia ............................................. 80 11. Colonization Expeditions from Washington D.C. to Liberia .............................. 84 12. Emigration Expeditions from Alabama to Liberia ............................................. 190 13. Emigration Expeditions from Arkansas to Liberia ............................................ 141 14. Emigration Expeditions from Florida to Liberia ............................................... 146 15. Emigration Expeditions from Georgia to Liberia .............................................. 184 16. Emigration Expeditions from Mississippi to Liberia ......................................... 178 17. Emigration Expeditions from North Carolina to Liberia ................................... 166 18. Emigration Expeditions from South Carolina to Liberia ................................... 173 19. Emigration Expeditions from Tennessee to Liberia .......................................... 134 20. Emigration Expeditions from Texas to Liberia ................................................. 155 viii 21. Emigration Expeditions from Virginia to Liberia .............................................. 159 22. Southern County Colonization Expeditions to Liberia ........................................ 94 23. Southern County Separatist Movements ............................................................. 181 24. Emigrants’ to the Midwest States and Counties of Origin ................................ 149 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACS American Colonization Society ACVA Atlantic Canadian Virtual Archives BLD Black Loyalist Database CPR Commissioner of Public Records KSHS Kansas State Historical Society NARA National Archives and Records Administration NSARM Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management NSM Nova Scotia Museum PANB Public Archives of New Brunswick x INTRODUCTION Popular culture has acknowledged Black Nationalism in the twentieth century through such movies as Malcolm X directed by Spike Lee and Panther directed by Mario Van Peebles, however far less media attention has been given to the nationalistic movements of blacks in the nineteenth century. Outside of academia these movements were virtually all but forgotten, or so I thought. I first became interested in Black Nationalism as an undergraduate and while quite interesting to me, I was resigned to the idea that the subject would be confined to the outer realms of contemporary culture. Settled in this belief, I was quite surprised when my professor recommended I rent the 1972 film Buck and the Preacher as it pertained to my area of interest. Produced by Columbia pictures, Sidney Portier directs and stars in the movie alongside Harry Belafonte and Ruby Dee. Portier plays a guide who helps former slaves avoid cheap labor agents and become western settlers after the Civil War. Not only was the film
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