DOCSLIB.ORG

ESCMID Online Lecture Library © by Author

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ESCMID Online Lecture Library © by Author 30/08/2013 ESCMID Postgraduate Technical Workshop Intracellular bacteria: from biology to clinic Rickettsioses Villars-sur-Ollon, 26-30 August 2013 Vary greatly from mild, self-limiting, Flea-, louse and mite-borne to life-threatening diseases rickettsioses Mortality 0 % (R. slovaca, R. africae, R. felis) Pierre-Edouard Fournier 1% (R. typhi) Centre National de Référence des rickettsioses, 2 % (R. conorii, R. rickettsii) de la fièvre Q et des bartonelloses 20% (R. prowazekii) U R Virulence linked to genome reduction Differences in pathogenicity Role of genome decay on virulence? R. africae genome 1,27 Mb chromosome 1 unstable plasmid Highly clonal The most virulent species has the smallest genome U Loss of regulatory genes U © byR author R ESCMIDAn isolated phenomenon?Online Lecture Library Species genome size (bp) GC (%) coding % ORFs pseudogenes phylum order/family M. leprae 3, 268, 203 57% 49% 1605 1115 Actinobacteria Mycobacteria M. avium 5, 475, 491 68% 88% 5120 1143 Actinobacteria Mycobacteria M. tuberculosis 4, 411, 532 65% 90% 3988 8 Actinobacteria Mycobacteria Differences in pathogenicity M. smegmatis 6, 988, 209 67% 90% 6716 168 Actinobacteria Mycobacteria R. prowazekii 1, 111, 523 29% 75% 835 0 Proteobacteria Rickettsiae R. africae 1, 278, 540 32% 72% 1030 87 Proteobacteria Rickettsiae C. diphtheriae 2, 488, 635 53% 87% 2272 48 Actinobacteria Corynebacteria C. glutamicum 3, 314, 179 54% 86% 3052 0 Actinobacteria Corynebacteria T. pallidum 1, 139, 457 52% 93% 1028 9 Spirochetes Spirochaetaceae T. denticola 2, 843, 201 37% 91% 2767 19 Spirochetes Spirochaetaceae Y. pestis 4, 600, 755 47% 82% 4048 54 Proteobacteria γ-enterobacteria Y. pseudotuberculosis 4, 744, 671 47% 82% 3901 73 Proteobacteria γ-enterobacteria B. pertussis 4, 086, 189 67% 82% 3436 358 Proteobacteria β-enterobacteria B. bronchiseptica 5, 339, 179 68% 91% 4994 12 Proteobacteria β-enterobacteria S. pneumoniae 2, 078, 953 39% 85% 2115 0 Firmicutes Lactobacillales S. agalactiae 2, 160, 267 35% 86% 2124 0 Firmicutes Lactobacillales S. pyogenes 1, 852, 442 38% 83% 1696 35 Firmicutes Lactobacillales May differences among species S. suis 2, 096, 309 41% 86% 2186 0 Firmicutes Lactobacillales S. Typhi 4, 809, 037 52% 83% 4391 205 Proteobacteria γ-enterobacteria S. Schwarzengrund 4, 709, 075 52% 85% 4502 152 Proteobacteria γ-enterobacteria explain everything? S. dysenteriae 4, 369, 232 51% 76% 4270 284 Proteobacteria γ-enterobacteria E. coli HS 4, 643, 538 50% 86% 4378 95 Proteobacteria γ-enterobacteria V. cholerae chr1: 1, 108, 250 46% 86% 1133 0 Proteobacteria γ-enterobacteria chr2: 3, 024, 069 47% 88% 2742 1 Proteobacteria γ-enterobacteria V .parahaemolyticus chr1: 3, 288, 558 45% 86% 3080 0 Proteobacteria γ-enterobacteria chr2: 1, 877, 212 45% 86% 1752 0 Proteobacteria γ-enterobacteria U U R R 1 30/08/2013 Worse outcome Pathogenesis of rickettsial infections Age > 40 years (RMSF), > 60 years (MSF) Male sex (! occupational bias) Ethnical factors: Native Americans (reduced access to healthcare facilities) Host-associated factors Comorbidities: Chronic alcoholism, diabetes Genetic background: deficit in G6PD mutated TLR-4 U U R R Worse outcome Pathogenesis of rickettsial infections Delayed diagnosis and treatment Cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol in MSF and ET Impact of treatment Fluoroquinolones in ET, MT, MSF U U © byR author R ESCMIDFew answers, Onlinemany questions Lecture Library Pathogenesis only partially known Virulence of rickettsiae is multi-parametric Adhesion to host cells crucial (SCA proteins) Flea-transmitted Host factors play a significant role rickettsioses Comparative genomics may help identify virulence factors Role of T4SS? Role of toxin-antitoxin modules? Worldwide diseases U U R R 2 30/08/2013 Flea-transmitted diseases Fleas R. felis R. typhi B. henselae B. quintana? Y. p e s t i s U U R R Murine typhus Fleas Rickettsia typhi (R. mooseri) Vector : rat fleas (X. cheopis), cat fleas, mouse fleas Reservoir: rats, cats, opossums Infection by flea feces Prevalent in southern USA, Hawai, central and south America, Africa, Asia (Indonesia), Mediterranean area (Greece, Cyprus, Spain, North Africa) Fever, headache, arthro-myalgias, MP rash (40 - 50 %) Neurological signs such as confusion, stupor, seizures or imbalance (up to 45%) Mostly mild. Deadly in elderly and immunocompromised U U © byR authorpatients without treatment R Flea spotted fever ESCMID Online Lecture Triad fever + eschar + rash = “Yaaf”Library in Africa (febrile Flea spotted fever vesicular rash with eschar) Mediannikov et al. J Infect . 2013;66:536-40 Photophobia, hearing loss, and signs of meningitis (rare) Rickettsia felis Mostly mild In 1970, changing distribution of murine typhus USA, Brazil, Mexico, Cases in the rich Orange county (CA) Germany, France, Opossums = major actors Australia, Algeria Infested by cat fleas (C. felis) Fever (100%), MP or vesicular rash High seroprevalence in Senegal (90%), eschar (variable depending on and Kenya (51 and 57% of febrile patients, respectively) Maina et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:328-31 country) (Raoult et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001) (similar U Role of Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes in Africa U R epidemiology to malaria) Socolovschi et al. PLOS One. 2012;7:e48254 R 3 30/08/2013 Louse transmitted bacteria Louse-transmitted Rickettsia prowazekii rickettsioses Borrelia recurrentis Bartonella quintana Acinetobacter baumanii? U R Human lice Pediculus humanus humanus -transmitted bacteria Russia France R. prowazekii B. quintana B. quintana Algeria R. prowazekii USA B. quintana Sudan Peru B. recurrentis R. prowazekii B. quintana Burundi Pediculus humanus capitis Pediculus humanus humanus Phtirus pubis B. quintana Zimbabwe R. prowazekii B. quintana U © byR author(Fournier et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2002) Blood meal on a healthy ESCMIDPediculus humanus Online humanus Lecture Library volunteer P.h.humanus only bites humans (except Culpepper) Only blood meal 5 meals/d Highly sensitive to heat and dessication U U R R 4 30/08/2013 P.h. humanus lives Epidemic typhus, In clothes Reemerging disease 1990-1992: Isolated cases in Ethiopia and Nigeria (Perine et al. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1992) 1990-1993: Isolated cases in Peru (WHO memorandum. Bull. World Health Organ. 1993) 1993 : Civil war in Burundi and Rwanda 1994 : 800,000 Rwandan refugees in Goma, Zaïre Louse outbreak but no typhus 1995: outbreak in a jail in Burundi: 9 cases (Raoult et al. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1997) 1996-1997: Outbreak in refugee camps in Burundi > 45,000 cas (Raoult et al. Lancet. 1998) U U R 2004: Isolated case in Algeria (Mokrani et al. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004) R Epidemic typhus Epidemic typhus in USA (Jail fever, Red louse fever) Role of flying squirrels (1975) Rickettsia prowazekii (Houhamidi et al. J. Infect. Dis. 2002) Vector : only P. h. humanus (not capitis) R. prowazekii associated to squirrel lice Fever - rash : 30 - 60 % East and West USA Myalgia ++ (“sutama”) Less severe Headache, obnubilation (“tuphos”) 10-30% mortality without treatment Treatment : unique dose of 200 mg doxycycline U U © byR author R ESCMIDDetection of R. Onlineprowazekii Lecture Library in ticks Mite-transmitted 1966: Amblyomma in Africa Reiss-Gutfreund RJ. 1966. Am J Trop Med Hyg; 15: 943-49. rickettsioses 2005: Amblyomma in Mexico in 2005 Medina-Sanchez A., et al. 2005. Ann N Y Acad Sci; 1063:327-32. Role in epidemiology? U U R R 5 30/08/2013 Rickettsialpox Rickettsia akari Vector = Allodermanyssus sanguineus (mouse mite) Didier Raoult Prevalent in USA, Ukraine,, Jean-Paul Casalta Slovenia, Korea Fever, rash (vesicular) Gilbert Habib Eschar, regional lymph nodes Mild Franck Thuny New York +++ High seroprevalence in Frédéric Collart Baltimore drug addicts Under high surveillance since 9-11, Hubert Lepidi 2001 (eschar ~ smallpox) (Paddock et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003) U U R THANK YOU ! R © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library 6.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Candidatus Deianiraea Vastatrix” with the Ciliate Paramecium Suggests
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/479196; this version posted November 27, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. The extracellular association of the bacterium “Candidatus Deianiraea vastatrix” with the ciliate Paramecium suggests an alternative scenario for the evolution of Rickettsiales 5 Castelli M.1, Sabaneyeva E.2, Lanzoni O.3, Lebedeva N.4, Floriano A.M.5, Gaiarsa S.5,6, Benken K.7, Modeo L. 3, Bandi C.1, Potekhin A.8, Sassera D.5*, Petroni G.3* 1. Centro Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Ricerca Pediatrica, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università 10 degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy 2. Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 3. Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 4 Centre of Core Facilities “Culture Collections of Microorganisms”, Saint Petersburg State 15 University, Saint Petersburg, Russia 5. Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 6. UOC Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy 7. Core Facility Center for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint- Petersburg, Russia 20 8. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint- Petersburg, Russia * Corresponding authors, contacts: [email protected] ; [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/479196; this version posted November 27, 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Rickettsia Prowazekii Common Human Exposure Routes
    APPENDIX 2 Rickettsia prowazekii Common Human Exposure Routes: Disease Agent: • Exposure to the feces of infected body lice. The lice are infected by a human blood meal. The rickettsiae • Rickettsia prowazekii reproduce in the louse gut epithelium. Infection occurs when louse feces are scratched into the skin, Disease Agent Characteristics: inoculated onto mucous membrane or inhaled. • As a bioweapon, the agent can be aerosolized, with • Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular Gram-negative intent of infection through inhalation. bacteria. • Sporadic cases occur after exposure to flying squir- • Order: Rickettsiales; Family: Rickettsiaceae rels, most likely as a result of exposure to squirrel flea • Size: 0.3 ¥ 1.0 mm intracellular bacteria that take up feces. The organism has also been identified in ticks Gram stain poorly feeding on livestock in Africa. • Nucleic acid: Rickettsial genomes are among the Likelihood of Secondary Transmission: smallest of bacteria at 1000-1600 kb. The R. prowazekii genome is 1100 kb. • No evidence of direct person-to-person transmission • Physicochemical properties: Susceptible to 1% • Under crowded conditions, where bathing and sodium hypochlorite, 70% ethanol, glutaraldehyde, washing clothes are difficult, and where lice are formaldehyde and quaternary ammonium disinfec- present, typhus can spread explosively. tants. Sensitive to moist heat (121°C for at least • Recent outbreaks have occurred in a number of areas 15 min) and dry heat (160-170°C for at least 1 hour). in the world under conditions of war and population The organism is stable in tick tissues or blood under displacement. ambient environmental conditions, surviving up to 1 year; sensitive to drying (feces of infected ticks At-Risk Populations: quickly lose their infectivity on drying).
    [Show full text]
  • Fleas and Flea-Borne Diseases
    International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 (2010) e667–e676 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Infectious Diseases journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijid Review Fleas and flea-borne diseases Idir Bitam a, Katharina Dittmar b, Philippe Parola a, Michael F. Whiting c, Didier Raoult a,* a Unite´ de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes, CNRS-IRD UMR 6236, Faculte´ de Me´decine, Universite´ de la Me´diterrane´e, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France b Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA c Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA ARTICLE INFO SUMMARY Article history: Flea-borne infections are emerging or re-emerging throughout the world, and their incidence is on the Received 3 February 2009 rise. Furthermore, their distribution and that of their vectors is shifting and expanding. This publication Received in revised form 2 June 2009 reviews general flea biology and the distribution of the flea-borne diseases of public health importance Accepted 4 November 2009 throughout the world, their principal flea vectors, and the extent of their public health burden. Such an Corresponding Editor: William Cameron, overall review is necessary to understand the importance of this group of infections and the resources Ottawa, Canada that must be allocated to their control by public health authorities to ensure their timely diagnosis and treatment. Keywords: ß 2010 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Flea Siphonaptera Plague Yersinia pestis Rickettsia Bartonella Introduction to 16 families and 238 genera have been described, but only a minority is synanthropic, that is they live in close association with The past decades have seen a dramatic change in the geographic humans (Table 1).4,5 and host ranges of many vector-borne pathogens, and their diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Rickettsia Felis: Molecular Characterization of a New Member of the Spotted Fever Group
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2001), 51, 339–347 Printed in Great Britain Rickettsia felis: molecular characterization of a new member of the spotted fever group Donald H. Bouyer,1 John Stenos,2 Patricia Crocquet-Valdes,1 Cecilia G. Moron,1 Vsevolod L. Popov,1 Jorge E. Zavala-Velazquez,3 Lane D. Foil,4 Diane R. Stothard,5 Abdu F. Azad6 and David H. Walker1 Author for correspondence: David H. Walker. Tel: j1 409 772 2856. Fax: j1 409 772 2500. e-mail: dwalker!utmb.edu 1 Department of Pathology, In this report, placement of Rickettsia felis in the spotted fever group (SFG) WHO Collaborating Center rather than the typhus group (TG) of Rickettsia is proposed. The organism, for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical which was first observed in cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) by electron Branch, 301 University microscopy, has not yet been reported to have been cultivated reproducibly, Blvd, Galveston, TX thereby limiting the standard rickettsial typing by serological means. To 77555-0609, USA overcome this challenge, several genes were selected as targets to be utilized 2 Australian Rickettsial for the classification of R. felis. DNA from cat fleas naturally infected with R. Reference Laboratory, Douglas Hocking Medical felis was amplified by PCR utilizing primer sets specific for the 190 kDa surface Institute, Geelong antigen (rOmpA) and 17 kDa antigen genes. The entire 5513 bp rompA gene Hospital, Geelong, was sequenced, characterized and found to have several unique features when Australia compared to the rompA genes of other Rickettsia. Phylogenetic analysis of the 3 Department of Tropical partial sequence of the 17 kDa antigen gene indicated that R.
    [Show full text]
  • Typhus Fever, Organism Inapparently
    Rickettsia Importance Rickettsia prowazekii is a prokaryotic organism that is primarily maintained in prowazekii human populations, and spreads between people via human body lice. Infected people develop an acute, mild to severe illness that is sometimes complicated by neurological Infections signs, shock, gangrene of the fingers and toes, and other serious signs. Approximately 10-30% of untreated clinical cases are fatal, with even higher mortality rates in Epidemic typhus, debilitated populations and the elderly. People who recover can continue to harbor the Typhus fever, organism inapparently. It may re-emerge years later and cause a similar, though Louse–borne typhus fever, generally milder, illness called Brill-Zinsser disease. At one time, R. prowazekii Typhus exanthematicus, regularly caused extensive outbreaks, killing thousands or even millions of people. This gave rise to the most common name for the disease, epidemic typhus. Epidemic typhus Classical typhus fever, no longer occurs in developed countries, except as a sporadic illness in people who Sylvatic typhus, have acquired it while traveling, or who have carried the organism for years without European typhus, clinical signs. In North America, R. prowazekii is also maintained in southern flying Brill–Zinsser disease, Jail fever squirrels (Glaucomys volans), resulting in sporadic zoonotic cases. However, serious outbreaks still occur in some resource-poor countries, especially where people are in close contact under conditions of poor hygiene. Epidemics have the potential to emerge anywhere social conditions disintegrate and human body lice spread unchecked. Last Updated: February 2017 Etiology Rickettsia prowazekii is a pleomorphic, obligate intracellular, Gram negative coccobacillus in the family Rickettsiaceae and order Rickettsiales of the α- Proteobacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution Agreement in Presenting This Thesis Or Dissertation As A
    Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis or dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis or dissertation. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Signature: _____________________________ ______________ Jillian Leigh Fitzpatrick Date Travel-related zoonotic diseases associated with human exposure to rodents: a review of GeoSentinel Surveillance Data, 1996 – 2011 By Jillian Leigh Fitzpatrick Master of Public Health Epidemiology _________________________________________ Dr. John McGowan, Jr. Committee Chair _________________________________________ Dr. Nina Marano Committee Member Travel-related zoonotic diseases associated with human exposure to rodents: a review of GeoSentinel Surveillance Data, 1996 – 2011 By Jillian Leigh Fitzpatrick Bachelor of Science Xavier University 2009 Faculty Committee Chair: John E. McGowan, Jr., MD An abstract of A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health in Epidemiology 2012 Abstract Travel-related zoonotic diseases associated with human exposure to rodents: a review of GeoSentinel Surveillance Data, 1996 – 2011 By Jillian Leigh Fitzpatrick Current knowledge of the incidence and risk factors associated with rodent-borne zoonoses in travelers is limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Intraspecies Comparative Genomics of Rickettsia
    AIX ͲMARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTÉ T H È S E Présentée et publiquement soutenue devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE Le 13 décembre 2013 Par M. Erwin SENTAUSA Né le 16 décembre 1979 àMalang, Indonésie INTRASPECIES COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF RICKETTSIA Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTORAT d’AIX ͲMARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ SPÉCIALITÉ :PATHOLOGIE HUMAINE Ͳ MALADIES INFECTIEUSES Membres du Jury de la Thèse : Dr. Patricia RENESTO Rapporteur Pr. Max MAURIN Rapporteur Dr. Florence FENOLLAR Membre du Jury Pr. Pierre ͲEdouard FOURNIER Directeur de thèse Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095 Avant Propos Le format de présentation de cette thèse correspond à une recommandation de la spécialité Maladies Infectieuses et Microbiologie, à l’intérieur du Master de Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé qui dépend de l’Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie de Marseille. Le candidat est amené àrespecter des règles qui lui sont imposées et qui comportent un format de thèse utilisé dans le Nord de l’Europe permettant un meilleur rangement que les thèses traditionnelles. Par ailleurs, la partie introduction et bibliographie est remplacée par une revue envoyée dans un journal afin de permettre une évaluation extérieure de la qualité de la revue et de permettre àl’étudiant de le commencer le plus tôt possible une bibliographie exhaustive sur le domaine de cette thèse. Par ailleurs, la thèse est présentée sur article publié, accepté ou soumis associé d’un bref commentaire donnant le sens général du travail.
    [Show full text]
  • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Volume 74 May 2008 No. 10 GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Discovering the Hidden Secondary Metabolome of Daniel Krug, Gabriela Zurek, Ole 3058–3068 Myxococcus xanthus: a Study of Intraspecific Diversity Revermann, Michiel Vos, Gregory J. Velicer, and Rolf Mu¨ller Shuttle Vector Expression in Thermococcus kodakaraensis: Thomas J. Santangelo, L’ubomı´ra 3099–3104 Contributions of cis Elements to Protein Synthesis in a Cˇubonˇova´, and John N. Reeve Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Heterogeneous Selection in a Spatially Structured Frances R. Slater, Kenneth D. 3189–3197 Environment Affects Fitness Tradeoffs of Plasmid Carriage Bruce, Richard J. Ellis, Andrew K. in Pseudomonads Lilley, and Sarah L. Turner Characterization of Endogenous Plasmids from Lactobacillus Fang Fang, Sarah Flynn, Yin Li, 3216–3228 salivarius UCC118 Marcus J. Claesson, Jan-Peter van Pijkeren, J. Kevin Collins, Douwe van Sinderen, and Paul W. O’Toole ENZYMOLOGY AND PROTEIN ENGINEERING Conversion Shift of D-Fructose to D-Psicose for Enzyme- Nam-Hee Kim, Hye-Jung Kim, 3008–3013 Catalyzed Epimerization by Addition of Borate Dong-Il Kang, Ki-Woong Jeong, Jung-Kul Lee, Yangmee Kim, and Deok-Kun Oh PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Efficient Production of L-Ribose with a Recombinant Ryan D. Woodyer, Nathan J. 2967–2975 Escherichia coli Biocatalyst Wymer, F. Michael Racine, Shama N. Khan, and Badal C. Saha Comparison of Microbial and Photochemical Processes and Andrei Bunescu, Pascale Besse- 2976–2984 Their Combination for Degradation of 2-Aminobenzothiazole Hoggan, Martine Sancelme, Gilles Mailhot, and Anne-Marie Delort Bioenergy Production via Microbial Conversion of Residual Lisa M. Gieg, Kathleen E. Duncan, 3022–3029 Oil to Natural Gas and Joseph M.
    [Show full text]
  • A Streamlined Method for Transposon Mutagenesis of Rickettsia Parkeri
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/277160; this version posted March 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 A streamlined method for transposon mutagenesis of 2 Rickettsia parkeri yields numerous mutations that 3 impact infection 4 5 Rebecca L. Lamason1,#a,*, Natasha M. Kafai1,#b, and Matthew D. Welch1* 6 7 8 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 9 CA 10 #a Current address: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 11 Cambridge, MA 12 #b Current address: Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University in St. 13 Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 14 15 16 17 18 * Co-corresponding authors 19 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 20 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/277160; this version posted March 8, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 21 Abstract 22 The rickettsiae are obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria that exhibit a complex 23 infectious life cycle in both arthropod and mammalian hosts. As obligate intracellular 24 bacteria, Rickettsia are highly adapted to living inside a variety of host cells, including 25 vascular endothelial cells during mammalian infection. Although it is assumed that the 26 rickettsiae produce numerous virulence factors that usurp or disrupt various host cell 27 pathways, they have been challenging to genetically manipulate to identify the key 28 bacterial factors that contribute to infection.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vectorial Capacity of Human Lice: Pediculus Humanus and Pthirus Pubis
    Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 60, 269-273, 2013 Review / Derleme The vectorial capacity of human lice: Pediculus humanus and Pthirus pubis Kosta Y. MUMCUOGLU Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel. Summary: The body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus) is the vector of Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus, Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of louse-borne relapsing fever and Bartonella quintana, and the agent of trench fever. Although Acinobacter baumannii and Serratia marcescens have been detected in body lice, their vectorial capacity for these pathogens is not yet clear. Under experimental conditions, it was shown that body lice become infested and later transmit pathogens such as Yersinia pestis, Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia conorii and Rickettsia rickettsiae, however in these cases it is not known if this could happen under natural conditions. The vectorial ability of head lice remains quite controversial. Under experimental conditions head lice were infected with R. prowazekii and disseminate this pathogen in their feces, showing that these lice have the potential to be a vector pathogen under optimal epidemiologic conditions, e.g., during outbreaks of epidemic typhus. Head lice and their eggs collected from children and homeless people were tested positive for B. quintana. Pubic lice are not known to be vectors of any human pathogenic microorganisms under field conditions. Key words: Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus, Pthirus pubis, vector. İnsan bitleri: Pediculus humanus ve Pthirus pubis’in vektörlük kapasiteleri Özet: İnsan vücut biti (Pediculus humanus humanus); epidemik tifüs (salgın tifüs, bit tifüsü, lekeli humma) etkeni Rickettsia prowazekii’nin, bitle bulaşan dönemeli ateş (louse-borne relapsing fever) ajanı Borrelia recurrentis’in ve siper ateşi (trench fever) etkeni Bartonella quintana’nın vektörüdür.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient DNA of Rickettsia Felis and Toxoplasma Gondii Implicated in the Death of a Hunter- 2 Gatherer Boy from South Africa, 2,000 Years Ago 3 4 Riaan F
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.23.217141; this version posted July 23, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Ancient DNA of Rickettsia felis and Toxoplasma gondii implicated in the death of a hunter- 2 gatherer boy from South Africa, 2,000 years ago 3 4 Riaan F. Rifkin1,2,*,†, Surendra Vikram1,†, Jean-Baptiste J. Ramond1,2,3, Don A. Cowan1, Mattias 5 Jakobsson4,5,6, Carina M. Schlebusch4,5,6, Marlize Lombard5,* 6 7 1 Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of 8 Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa. 9 2 Department of Anthropology and Geography, Human Origins and Palaeoenvironmental Research Group, Oxford Brookes 10 University, Oxford, UK. 11 3 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 12 4 Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen, Uppsala, Sweden. 13 5 Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa. 14 6 SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden. 15 16 *Corresponding authors ([email protected], [email protected]). 17 † Contributed equally to this work. 18 19 The Stone Age record of South Africa provides some of the earliest evidence for the biological 20 and cultural origins of Homo sapiens. While there is extensive genomic evidence for the selection 21 of polymorphisms in response to pathogen-pressure in sub-Saharan Africa, there is insufficient 22 evidence for ancient human-pathogen interactions in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Approved List of Biological Agents Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens Health and Safety Executive
    The Approved List of biological agents Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens Health and Safety Executive © Crown copyright 2021 First published 2000 Second edition 2004 Third edition 2013 Fourth edition 2021 You may reuse this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view the licence visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/ open-government-licence/, write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email [email protected]. Some images and illustrations may not be owned by the Crown so cannot be reproduced without permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be sent to [email protected]. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 refer to an ‘approved classification of a biological agent’, which means the classification of that agent approved by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). This list is approved by HSE for that purpose. This edition of the Approved List has effect from 12 July 2021. On that date the previous edition of the list approved by the Health and Safety Executive on the 1 July 2013 will cease to have effect. This list will be reviewed periodically, the next review is due in February 2022. The Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) prepares the Approved List included in this publication. ACDP advises HSE, and Ministers for the Department of Health and Social Care and the Department for the Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and their counterparts under devolution in Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland, as required, on all aspects of hazards and risks to workers and others from exposure to pathogens.
    [Show full text]