Waiting for Snow in Havana

Home , Esperanza (Ranchuelo)

In Philadelphia d

EVERYONE IS READING i a

Waiting for Snow i u h

in Havana p LEAD SPONSOR l

BY CARLOS EIRE e d G a l i

h P

e e n c O

, r k o o B u

e n o O s e R

COMPANION BOOKS

January 16 – March 15, 2007 Continuing Events through May 2, 2007 www.library.phila.gov 2007 Featured Title Waiting for Snow in Havana: Confessions of a Cuban Boy by Carlos Eire (Free Press) Carlos Eire was one of fourteen thousand children airlifted out of Cuba without their parents in the early sixties as part of Operation Pedro Pan. His beautifully crafted memoir, Waiting for Snow in Havana: Confessions of a Cuban Boy (Free Press), winner of the 2003 National Book Award, tells the story of an ordinary boy caught up in the events of an extraordinary time. Eire’s vivid prose brings readers face to face with the sights and sounds of his childhood in Havana, where everything familiar begins to crumble away with the Cuban Revolution. One by one, Eire’s schoolmates disappear—spirited away to the United States without goodbyes. Narrated with the urgency of a confession and reading like a novel, Eire’s haunting ode to a vanished world is at once specific and universal, capturing the terrible beauty of those times in our lives when we are certain we have died—and then are somehow, miraculously, reborn.

2007 Companion Titles Esperanza Rising by Pam Muñoz Ryan (Scholastic Press) Coming to America: the Story of Immigration by Betsy Maestro (Scholastic Press) r e u a B The Author y r r e J

: Born in Havana in 1950, Carlos Eire left his homeland in 1962, one of o t o h P fourteen thousand unaccompanied children airlifted out of Cuba by Operation Pedro Pan. After living in a series of foster homes in Florida and Illinois, he was reunited with his mother in Chicago in 1965. He worked full-time as a dishwasher, grocery clerk, and factory assembler while attending high school and college. After earning his Ph.D. at Yale in 1979, Eire taught at St. John’s University in Minnesota for two years and at the University of Virginia for fifteen. He is now the T. Lawrason Riggs Professor of History and Religious Studies at Yale University. Until recently, Eire’s writing dealt with sixteenth- century Europe and the history of Christianity. Waiting for Snow in Havana, his first book without footnotes, won the 2003 National Book Award for Nonfiction. Dedication This One Book, One Philadelphia Resource Guide is dedicated to Sibyl Cohen, gifted trainer of book discussion leaders, active member of the One Book, One Philadelphia Steering Committee, and key figure in the creation of the Resource Guide since the program’s inception. Sibyl Cohen, 1928–2006

Acknowledgements Special thanks to the following people for their assistance in the preparation of this resource guide: Paul Artrip, Anusha Balasubramanian, Emily Brochin, Brian Convery, Vera DaVinci, Sandra Farrell, Iris Griffin, Tess Hemphill, Linda Lewis, Maria Mills-Torres, Joseph Perry, Clare Peterson, Martha Raively, Anne Silvers Lee, Vincent Verderame, Joseph Wilson

Contents Questions for Discussion—Waiting for Snow in Havana: Confessions of a Cuban Boy 2 Timeline of Cuba Intersecting with Events in the Life of Carlos Eire 3 Questions for Discussion—Companion Books Esperanza Rising 6 Coming to America: the Story of Immigration 7 Timeline of Immigration to the United States 9 Related Materials Books for Adults 11 Books for Teens 13 Books for Children 14 Movies 16 Committee 17 Sponsors and Community Partners 18

Introduction One Book, One Philadelphia is a joint project of Mayor John F. Street and the Free Library of Philadelphia. The mission of the program, now entering its fifth year, is to promote reading, literacy, library usage, and community-building throughout the Greater Philadelphia region. This year, the One Book Selection Committee chose Carlos Eire’s National Book Award-winning memoir, Waiting for Snow in Havana: Confessions of a Cuban Boy, as its 2007 featured title. To engage the widest possible audience and encourage intergenerational reading, two thematically-related companion books for children, teens, and families were also selected: Esperanza Rising, by Pam Muñoz Ryan, and Coming to America: the Story of Immigration, by Betsy Maestro. Both provide children and adults with the opportunity to further understand the experience of immigration and to engage in discussions about its history and impact. Read one or read them all—just be sure to get out there and share your opinions! For more information, website links, and reading materials, please visit our website, at www.library.phila.gov

1 Questions for Discussion The questions that follow are intended to enhance your reading group’s discussion of Carlos Eire’s memoir.

Waiting for Snow in Havana: Confessions of a Cuban Boy, by Carlos Eire Questions prepared by Iris Griffin, Literacy Coach, Office of Curriculum and Instruction, School District of Philadelphia, and Vincent Verderame, School Growth Specialist, Office of Curriculum and Instruction, School District of Philadelphia 1. Why do you think Eire inserts Spanish words into his writing? Find examples to support your response. What effect does the mixture of Spanish and English have on you as a reader?

2. In the third chapter, Eire writes, “My father, Louis XVI, didn’t seem to mind this wreckage of his handiwork at all. He seemed to enjoy it.” What does this say about his father?

3. Sugar Boy’s party makes Carlos aware of his family’s social status. What role does social class and status play in his family’s story? How does it affect him when he comes to America?

4. Eire writes of “refugee hospitality.” Have you ever witnessed or experienced this or another instance of a community coming together? Describe.

5. Waiting for Snow in Havana was written entirely from memory. What are some advantages of this? What might be some disadvantages? To what extent does writing from memory influence form, structure, and style? Give examples to support your thinking.

6. This book is often listed as “autobiography/memoir.” Sometimes it can be found in the history section. Where do you think it should be placed? Explain your response.

7. Almost every family in America has a story of relocation or immigration. What is your family’s story? How did your family come to live in this city? Ask 2–3 family members to share their memories and write them down.

8. In Chapter 25, Veinticinco, Eire says that the Revolution was real and made its way into his family’s everyday life. Explain why he says this. Who did the Revolution benefit? What did it mean to various groups of people that Castro declared himself a Marxist-Leninist and the Revolution and the country Communist?

9. Eire begins by telling the reader that Thomas Aquinas came up with five proofs of the existence of God. Look up Thomas Aquinas to identify these five proofs—can you come up with five of your own? Revisit Eire’s Seven Proofs of the existence of God and explain how he uses the circumstances and events in the book to prove them.

2 Timeline of Cuba Intersecting with Events in the Life of Carlos Eire

1933 September: “Sergeants’ Revolt,” organized by 1959 May: The Cuban government enacts the Agrarian Fulgencio Batista ends the rule of Carlos Manuel Reform Law which limits land ownership to 1,000 de Céspedes and begins a period of democratic, albeit acres and expropriates all other land. *Carlos “sells out” sometimes corrupt, rule. and draws a poster in favor of the Reform Law. (p. 231)

1940 October: Batista is elected president and rules 1959 July: Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado becomes until 1944, when he is constitutionally obligated President of Cuba, replacing Manuel Urrutia who to step down. resigns over disagreements with Fidel Castro. Dorticós serves until December 2, 1976. 1952 March: Former president Batista, supported by the army, seizes power. 1959 October: Other revolutionary leaders such as Huber Matos and Camilo Cienfuegos are imprisoned 1953 July: Fidel Castro launches an unsuccessful attack or simply disappear without a trace. on Batista’s armed forces. After being imprisoned for almost 2 years, he is pardoned and released, and flees 1960 February: Soviet Deputy Prime Minister Anastas to Mexico. Mikoyan visits Havana, sets up a trade agreement between Cuba and the U.S.S.R. 1956 November: Fidel Castro, with some 80 insurgents including Raúl Castro, Che Guevara, and Camilo 1960 March: The freighter, La Coubre, a 4,310-ton Cienfuegos, sets sail from Mexico for Cuba. French vessel carrying 76 tons of Belgian munitions, explodes while it is being unloaded in Havana harbor. 1957 March: Student leader José Echevarría and a Castro uses this incident to stir up anti-American small group take over a radio station in Havana. sentiment in Cuba. *Carlos’s cousins Fernando and Echevarría is killed while retreating to the university. Miguelito are “involved with the people who blew up that In a simultaneous attack on the presidential palace, ship.” (p. 234) 35 rebels and 5 palace guards are killed. *Carlos is in first grade with one of Batista’s children. (p. 33) 1960 March: Radio stations are seized by the Revolutionary government. Freedom of expression 1958 May: Batista sends an army of 10,000 into on the airwaves is stifled. the Sierra Maestra to destroy Castro’s 300 armed guerrillas, and thousands more to the Escambray to 1960 March: U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower orders take on the guerrillas led by Eloy Gutierrez Menoyo. CIA director Allen Dulles to train Cuban exiles for a By August, both rebel groups have defeated the army’s covert invasion of Cuba. advance and captured a huge amount of arms. 1960 May: All newspapers are seized by the 1958 December: Castro and the other rebels capture Revolutionary government and the already limited several towns in eastern and central Cuba. *Carlos freedom of press and speech is virtually abolished. celebrates Nochebuena with his family, interrupted by a stranger asking to use the telephone. (p. 182–192) 1960 June: Anti-Castro guerillas take up arms in the mountains of central and eastern Cuba. Castro fights 1959 January: President Batista resigns and flees the back, beginning the Escambray Revolt, or the War country on the same day that Fidel Castro’s column Against the Bandits. enters Santiago de Cuba. Four days later, Manuel Urrutia is named President of Cuba. *Carlos’ story 1960 June: The exodus of middle and lower class begins. (p. 2) Carlos attends Castro’s “triumphal parade” Cubans begins in earnest. *Carlos’ classmates begin to and watches his speech on television. (p. 212) disappear, leaving Cuba, and Carlos and his brother switch schools. (p. 237) 1959 January: Summary trials and executions by firing squads begin immediately. By the end of the year, 1960 July: All U.S. businesses and commercial property nearly 1,000 Cubans are assassinated. Che Guevara in Cuba are nationalized at the direction of the Cuban takes charge of the executions. *Carlos witnesses much government. The nationalization is complete by the of this on his television. (p. 218–219) end of October. *During the nationalization process, Carlos sees his family lose all of their savings. (p. 272–274) 1959 February: Fidel Castro becomes Premier of Cuba. 1960 September: Fidel Castro visits the U.S. and 1959 March: Castro confronts racism in a speech in embraces Soviet Premier Nikita Kruschev at the Havana and makes racial prejudice a punishable offense. United Nations.

3 1960 September: Committees for the Defense of the 1962 April: *Carlos and his brother Tony leave Cuba and Revolution (CDRs) are established throughout Cuba. arrive in the United States. (p. 374–387) Close surveillance of all citizens begins. *Carlos’ new neighbors run one of these spy houses. (p. 269) 1962 August-October: Cuban Missile Crisis. President Kennedy is informed of the presence of surface-to-air 1960 October: Cuban-owned private enterprises are missile batteries in Cuba. In October, the U.S. establishes nationalized and all rental properties seized, along air and sea blockades in response. The U.S. also with commercial bank accounts. Abolition of private threatens to invade Cuba if the missile bases are not property and free enterprise begins. dismantled and warns that a nuclear attack launched from Cuba would be considered a Soviet attack 1960 October: U.S. imposes embargo prohibiting all requiring full retaliation. exports to Cuba except foodstuffs and medical supplies. 1962 October: Khrushchev agrees to remove nuclear 1960 December: *Carlos’ mother hears rumors that weapons from Cuba and the U.S. agrees to remove children will be taken from parents who are deemed “counter- missiles from Turkey and promises not to invade Cuba. revolutionary” and decides that her children should leave Cuba as soon as possible. (p. 270) 1962 November: U.S. ends Cuban blockade satisfied that all bases are gone and Soviet jets will leave the 1960 December: Operation Peter Pan (Operación island by December 20. Pedro Pan), an operation transporting 14,000 children of parents opposed to the new government, begins. 1962 November: Emigration from Cuba is halted by The airlift continues for 22 months until October 1962 the Revolutionary regime. The parents of over 10,000 when the U.S. closes airports during the Cuban Missile Pedro Pan children are trapped in Cuba. *Carlos’ mother Crisis. *Carlos is airlifted out in this operation in 1962. risks her life searching for a way out. (p. 307)

1961: Castro proclaims this year the Year of Education 1965 November: Immigration to U.S. reinstated. Parents (Año de la Educación) and the Year of Literacy (Año de la begin to reunite with Pedro Pan children. *Carlos and Alfabetización). Accordingly, efforts are made to increase Tony meet up with their mother in Chicago. (p. 195) literacy in the countryside, improve teacher quality, and implement other educational reforms. 1967 October: Che Guevara is executed in La Higuera, Bolivia. 1961 January: The U.S. breaks off official diplomatic relations with Cuba. 1975 November: Cuba sends troops to Angola, beginning a decade of revolutionary involvement in African wars. 1961 April: An association called the Pioneers is established. The organization is a youth Communist 1976: Universal free healthcare is enshrined in the Cuban group, which is praised for its promotion of environ- Constitution in Article 50. The Cuban government’s mental responsibility, literacy, and other community healthcare initiatives lead international organizations value, but is also construed as a youth arm of Castro’s such as the World Health Organization to praise them forces. *Carlos refuses to join and heckles the Pioneers who as leaders in the field. march on his street. (p. 269) 1976 September: *Carlos’ father dies in Havana. (p. 221) 1961 April: Bay of Pigs: The United States-planned and funded attempted invasion by armed Cuban exiles in 1976 December: Fidel Castro assumes the title of southwest Cuba fails. Thousands of Cubans are arrested President of the State Council, and becomes Head of and imprisoned. *Including Carlos’ uncle Filo. (p. 285-293) State, Head of Government, and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. 1961 May: Private schools are seized and education is nationalized. 1979 January: Cuban exiles are permitted to visit their families in Cuba. More than 100,000 do so that year. 1961 August: Currency is changed. All personal bank *Including Carlos’ mother. (p. 51) accounts are seized by the government. *Carlos stands in line to change a few bills. (p. 272–274) 1980 April: Mariel Boat Lift: Cuban Government announces that anyone wishing to leave Cuba may 1961 September: Outdoor religious processions are depart by boat from Mariel Port, prompting an exodus suppressed and hundreds of clergy expelled. *Carlos of up to 125,000 people to the U.S. marvels at the destruction of religious symbols. (p. 271) 1991 December: The Soviet Union collapses, ending 1961 December: Castro openly declares himself a economic subsidies to Cuba worth approximately longtime “Marxist-Leninist.” $6 billion annually. Soviet troops leave Cuba.

4 1996 February: Cuban authorities arrest or detain at Lendman, Stephen. “Cuba Under Castro.” ZNet. least 150 dissidents, marking the most widespread 28 Aug. 2006. Znet. crackdown on opposition groups in the country since http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?Item the 1970s. ID=10845.

1998 January: Pope John Paul II becomes the first Pope New York Times. to visit the island. www.nytimes.com.

1999 November: Christian activist Oscar Elías Biscet Perez, Jr., Luis A. Cuba: Between Reform and is detained by Cuban police for organizing meetings Revolution. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford UP, 1988. in Havana and Matanzas. He is released in 2002 thanks to pressure from human rights groups, but is arrested “Saving Elian: Timeline.” Frontline. PBS. 30 Nov. 2006 once again along with 75 other dissidents in 2003. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ elian/etc/cron.html. 1999 November: 6-year-old Elián González is found in the Straits of Florida, clinging to an inner tube. Sierra, J. A. “History of Cuba.” History of Cuba. *The Cuban government’s insistence that Elián be reunited 30 Nov. 2006 with his father prompts Eire to write his memior. http://www.historyofcuba.com/cuba.htm.

2000 April-August: *Carlos writes Waiting for Snow in Suchlicki, Jaime. Historical Dictionary of Cuba. Havana. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow P, 2001.

2003 April: Cuban government arrests 78 writers, “Timeline: Cuba.” Americas/Country Profiles. 1 Aug. dissidents, and librarians. All are declared guilty 2006. BBC News. 30 Nov. 2006 of treason and sentenced to varying lengths of http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1203355.stm. imprisonment. Books from several independent libraries are confiscated or destroyed. “Timeline: Cuba.” Americas/Country Profiles. 1 Aug. 2006. BBC News. 30 Nov. 2006 2003 November: *Waiting for Snow in Havana wins http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1203355.stm. the National Book Award; it is condemned and banned by authorities in Havana. “Toward Dictatorship.” Time Magazine 13 July 1959. 30 Nov. 2006 2006 July: Raúl Castro assumes presidential duties http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/ as Fidel Castro recovers from an emergency operation. 0,9171,869141,00.html. The Cuban military is placed on highest alert and all reservists are called into active duty. United States. Department of State. Cuban Human Rights Practices, 1993. 31 Jan. 1994. 30 Nov. 2006 http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/1993_hrp_ report/93hrp_report_ara/Cuba.html. Timeline Sources: Castanedo, Sergio G., and Rosalie Giacchino-Baker. “Current Programs and Issues in Cuban Teacher Education Today” International Perspectives. 30 Nov. 2006 http://ii.csusb.edu/journal/cuba/table.html.

Cuba—Essential Measures?: Human Rights Crackdown in the Name of Security. Amnesty International. 30 Nov. 2006 http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250 172003.

Facts on File. 30 Nov. 2006 www.factsonfile.com.

Kantor, Myles. “A War Criminal’s College.” Front Page. 22 Nov. 2002. 30 Nov. 2006. http://frontpagemag.com/articles/ReadArticle.asp? ID=4732.

5 Questions for Discussion The questions that follow are intended to enhance your reading of Pam Muñoz Ryan’s Esperanza Rising and Betsy Maestro’s Coming to America: the Story of Immigration.

Esperanza Rising by Pam Muñoz Ryan Questions prepared by María E. Mills-Torres, Lead Academic Coach–Latino American Studies, School District of Philadelphia 1. Based on the book cover, what do you think the book Esperanza Rising might be about?

2. Did you observe anything in particular about the chapter titles? What do you think these titles have to do with the story?

3. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of working on a farm versus working in an urban city.

4. Compare and contrast Esperanza’s experiences as a child living on a farm in Mexico and working on a farm in the U.S.

5. What are some traditions that you observe with your family?

6. Have you ever taken part in a quinceañera? If not, is there any similarity between a quinceañera and one of your family traditions?

7. Discuss and share with a partner or group your responses to the following: How did Esperanza’s life change after her father died? How do you think Esperanza can learn to accept her new reality? How would you or your group advise Esperanza to help her cope with her new circumstances?

8. Why does Miguel feel inferior to Esperanza? What would you tell Miguel to help him boost his self-esteem?

9. Based on the following quote, why do you think Esperanza decided to ask Hortensia for some rosehip tea? “Abuelita said the rosehip contained the memories of the roses and that when you drank tea made from it, you took in all the beauty that the plant had known. These roses have known Papa, she thought. She would ask Hortensia to make rosehip tea tomorrow.” (p. 35)

10. As an immigrant child, Esperanza felt strange in her new life in the U.S. Imagine that you are in a new situation in which you feel you do not fit in. Would you react similarly to Esperanza? How could she have dealt differently with her new situation?

11. Cesar Chávez is a Mexican American hero who fought for the farm workers’ rights. He founded the Farm Workers’ Union. Can you identify other Latinos who have made great contributions to our society?

6 12. Interview some Latino people to find out how their families first came to the U.S. Create a chart to show the variety of places they come from, the reasons why they came, and the jobs they held when they first arrived.

13. Pretend that you’re a member of an immigrant family working on a farm. You hear Marta’s plea for the farm workers to strike and protest so they can get better working conditions, health benefits, and salaries. While each member of your family agrees with Marta, you are all hesitant to join her. What is the final position that your family takes? Are you going to strike or continue working? Why?

14. If you were Esperanza, would you have kept quiet that you had seen Marta hiding after the immigration officers deported the strikers away? Why or why not?

15. Discuss the following quote: “Isabel had nothing, but she also had everything. Esperanza wanted what she had…” (p. 176)

16. In our nation, some people discriminate against each other. Can you identify some other incidents in the book that are examples of discrimination? Have you ever felt discriminated against because of your skin color, culture, gender, etc.? How did you feel? If you have not had the experience, can you share one about someone you know, read about, or heard of who has been discriminated against? If you find yourself in a situation where you are the target of discrimination, how can you best deal with that kind of situation?

17. Read and discuss the following quote: “…people here think that all Mexicans are alike. They think that we are all uneducated, dirty poor, and unskilled. It does not occur to them that many have been trained in professions in Mexico….Americans see us as one big brown group who are good for only manual labor.” (p. 186–187)

Coming to America: The Story of Immigration by Betsy Maestro Questions prepared by Vera DaVinci, Program Manager, Office of Accelerated Learning, School District of Philadelphia 1. The author, Betsy Maestro, states that everyone in the United States is either an immigrant or related to an immigrant. Explain how this observation applies to you.

2. The Story of Immigration shares the history of immigration to the United States. Create a timeline with drawings to explain the history of immigration using information from the book.

3. Research one group of immigrants from your timeline. Make a list of questions that you would like to learn about this group. Ask the librarian at your school or local library to help you find books or online information about this group. Share your information with family and classmates.

4. Discuss the many reasons why people left the country of their birth to come live in the United States. Explain which reason(s) would cause you to want to leave the land where you were born.

7 5. Many immigrant groups selected a particular location in which to live in the United States. What factors entered into their decision about where to live? If you decided to move, what improvements would you appreciate having in your new home?

6. If you had been an inspector at Ellis Island, what questions do you think would have been important to ask the arriving immigrants?

7. The author says that many new arrivals in the United States are treated poorly because they look or act differently. Think about what information about your community would be helpful for you to share with the new arrivals. How could you help someone who did not speak English? Develop a plan to help new immigrants and make them feel welcome. Present your plan to the people who work in your school and your classmates.

8. The American Immigration Law Foundation agrees with Betsy Maestro that immigrants have made many important contributions to the United States. Every year they honor a different immigrant group. To date they have honored Chinese-Americans, Irish-Americans, Indian-Americans, Mexican-Americans, Italian-Americans, Vietnamese-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and will honor Cuban-Americans in 2007. Based on what you have read and discussed, create a class letter to send to the Foundation with a recommendation for which immigrant group they should nominate in 2008 (American Immigration Law Foundation, 918 F. Street, NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20004).

9. Coming to America is a nonfiction book. Find and read a fictional book about an immigrant or immigrant group. Discuss the ways in which your book is similar to and different from Betsy Maestro’s book.

10. There have been times in our history when the number of people who were allowed to immigrate to our country was limited. Based on what you have learned, explain what rules should be in place regarding immigration.

8 Timeline of Immigration to the United States

1565: First permanent European settlement in the U.S. 1864: Congress enacts legislation to help stimulate is established at St. Augustine, Florida, by the Spanish. immigration by authorizing employers to pay for the passage of prospective immigrants. 1598: Spanish immigrants settle in what is now Texas and New Mexico. 1868: Previous legislation is repealed. Also, the Burlingame Treaty is ratified, pledging unrestricted 1619: The first shipload of 20 indentured African slaves immigration of Chinese citizens to the U.S. arrives in Jamestown, Virginia, beginning large-scale importation of African slaves to the U.S. for labor. 1869: Japanese immigration begins to the U.S., mostly to California as political refugees or to Hawaii to work 1630–1640: Termed “The Great Migration,” the in the sugar cane fields. Massachusetts population sky-rocketed with the arrival of approximately 21,000 immigrants to New 1880: Italy’s troubled economy, crop failures, and England, about a third of them being Britons. political climate drive mass immigration of Italian nationals to the U.S. 1718: Scottish and Irish immigration begins from Ulster, with most of the immigrants settling in or 1881: The assassination of Czar Alexander II prompts around New England, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. instability in Russia and the immigration of Russian citizens to the U.S. 1807: The U.S. Congress declares it illegal to import African slaves. 1882: Anti-Semitism in Russia prompts mass immigration to the U.S. of Russian nationals. Also, the Chinese 1812: The War of 1812 brings immigration to a virtual Exclusion Act is passed in the U.S., suspending the standstill as hostilities prevent oceanic transport. immigration of Chinese laborers.

1820 (–1880): Marking the period known as “the first 1885: The U.S. Congress bans the admission of great wave of immigration” in the U.S., over 10 million contract laborers. immigrants arrive, predominantly from Northern and Western Europe. 1894: To escape massacres by the Young Turks government, Armenian Christians flee Armenia for the U.S. 1825: Great Britain decrees that England is overpopu- lated and repeals laws prohibiting emigration. 1898: The Spanish-American War ends with the U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam, 1845: The potato crop fails in Ireland, sparking the and the people in their jurisdictions. Potato Famine, which leads to the death of over one million people. This prompts almost 500,000 Irish to 1907: President Theodore Roosevelt negotiates immigrate to America over the next 5 years. In the the Gentleman’s Agreement with Japan in which following years, more crop failures in Europe force the Japanese government refuses to issue passports mortgage foreclosures, sending tens of thousands of to laborers wishing to immigrate to the U.S. and displaced people to the U.S. the U.S. agrees not to impose a quota on Japanese immigration, effectively ending migration of Japanese 1848: The Mexican-American War ends, with the laborers to the U.S. U.S. acquiring additional territory and people under its jurisdiction. Also, German and Hungarian 1910: The Mexican Revolution sends thousands political refugees flee to the U.S., following failed of Mexicans to the U.S. looking for security and revolutions there. employment.

1849: The discovery of gold in California lures people 1911: The U.S. Immigration Commission (also known from all over the world, most notably from China, to as the Dillingham Commission) identifies Mexican work mining claims. laborers as the best solution to the Southwest labor shortage. Mexicans are therefore exempted from 1860: Poland’s religious and economic conditions prompt immigrant “head taxes.” immigration of approximately two million Poles by 1914. 1914–1918: World War I interrupts mass immigration 1862: The American Homestead Act allows any male to the U.S. over 21 and who is the head of a family to claim up to 160 acres of land, increasing immigration from all over 1917: A literacy test for incoming immigrants finally the world, especially from Scandinavia. becomes law; however, Mexican immigrants are exempted from this and other anti-immigration laws so that they can provide labor. 9 1919: Two years after the Russian Revolution succeeds, 1980: The Refugee Act of 1980 systematizes the refugee panic over a Communist threat in the U.S. prompts immigration process and codifies asylum status. This officials to seize and/or deport thousands of immigrants act is created in response to the Vietnamese and Cuban for their suspected Anarchist and Communist beliefs. refugee crises.

1921: The Emergency Immigration Restriction Law 1990: The Immigration Act increases legal immigration introduces a quota system for immigrants, which ceilings, creates a “Diversity Admissions” category, and favors northern and western Europeans. establishes temporary protected status for immigrants jeopardized by armed conflict or natural disasters in 1924: The Immigration and Naturalization Act imposes their native countries. permanent numeric limits on immigration and creates the U.S. Border Patrol largely to control Chinese 1996: The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant immigration across the U.S.-Mexico border. Responsibility Act and the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Acts curb rights for certain 1941: The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor prompts groups of immigrants. panic in the U.S. and the incarceration of over 1,000 Japanese-American leaders. Through the end of World 2001: The September 11th attacks drive the U.S. War II, in 1945, over 120,000 Japanese-Americans are Congress to pass the USA Patriot Act, which creates forced into internment camps. a number of new immigration policies that restrict the flow of immigrants into the U.S. 1942 (–1964): The Bracero Program provides temporary residence permits to attract Mexican and South and Central American workers during a labor shortage (caused by World War II). Timeline Sources: Boyer, Paul S., ed. Oxford Companion to United States 1943: The Magnuson Act repeals the Chinese Exclusion History. New York, NY: Oxford UP, 2001. Act of 1882. Ciment, James, ed. Encyclopedia of American 1945: The War Bride Act and the G.I. Fiancés Act (1946) Immigration. 4 vols. Aramonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2000. allow the immigration of foreign-born wives, fiancé(e)s, husbands, and children of U.S. Armed Forces personnel Cordasco, Francesco, ed. Dictionary of American to the U.S. In addition, large-scale Puerto Rican Immigration History. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow P, 1990. migration to the U.S. begins due to crushing poverty on the island. “Ellis Island Immigrants.” Ellis Island. 30 Nov. 2006 http://www.ellisislandimmigrants.org/ellis_island_ 1948: The Unites States admits persons fleeing immigrants.htm. persecution in their native lands, allowing 205,000 refugees to enter within 2 years. “Global Immigration Timeline.” 30 Mar. 2002. Library of Congress. 30 Nov. 2006 1954: Operation Wetback, President Eisenhower’s border http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/immig/alt/ control program begins, cutting Mexican immigration timeline.html. and increasing anti-Latino discrimination. This program also results in the deportation or departure of more New York Times. www.nytimes.com. than 1 million undocumented Mexican immigrants who were already in the U.S. Perreira, Krista M. “Immigration Timeline.” University of North Carolina. 30 Nov. 2006 1959: Fidel Castro’s Cuban Revolution prompts mass http://www.unc.edu/~perreira/198timeline.html. exodus from the island, with over 200,000 people emigrating over three years. “The Dillingham Commission Reports.” Stanford University. 30 Nov. 2006 1964 (–1975): The Vietnam War creates a pool of http://library.stanford.edu/depts/dlp/ebrary/ Southeast Asian refugees. dillingham/body.shtml.

1965: “Freedom flight” airlifts begin for Cuban refugees. “U.S. Immigration Timeline (Abridged).” The City/ Also, the Bracero Program ends after temporarily La Ciudad. PBS. 30 Nov. 2006 employing 4.5 million Mexican nationals alone. http://www.pbs.org/itvs/thecity/index.html.

1966: The Cuban Refugee Adjustment Act permits more than 400,000 Cuban citizens to enter the U.S.

10 Related Materials Books for Adults Fiction Title: Call it Sleep Author: Henry Roth Free Library Call Number: Fiction Notes: “One of the few genuinely distinguished novels written by a twentieth-century American. The central figure is David Schearl, an overwrought, phobic, and dangerously imaginative little boy. He has come to New York with his East European Jewish parents, and now, in the years between 1911 and 1913, he is exposed, shock by shock, to the blows of slum life.”—Irving Howe, New York Times Book Review

Title: Crescent Author: Diana Abu-Jaber Publisher: W.W. Norton Free Library Call Number: Fiction Notes: This romantic and richly textured novel captures the vital Arab-American community in Los Angeles through the eyes of an Iraqi-American immigrant family.

Title: The Dew Breaker Author: Danticant, Edwidge Free Library Call Number: Fiction Notes: The central character of Edwidge Danticat’s newest novel was a brutal torturer in his native Haiti whose new life as a loving family man and kind landlord in America hides his horrific past.

Title: The Fourteen Sisters of Emilio Montez O’Brien Author: Oscar Hijuelos Free Library Call Number: Fiction Notes: Pulitzer Prize-winning author Hijuelos has written a rich saga of a large Irish-Cuban immigrant family set in a small Pennsylvania town.

Title: The Joy Luck Club Author: Amy Tan Free Library Call Number: Fiction Notes: Tan’s poignant novel captures the lives of four Chinese women and their American daughters, offering readers universal stories about familial relationships.

Title: The Namesake Author: Jhumpa Lahiri Free Library Call Number: Fiction Notes: Gogol Ganguli, son of an Indian academic and his homesick wife, feels as out of place as his pet name that becomes permanent when the letter bearing his formal name is lost between India and America.

Title: The Queen of the Big Time Author: Adriana Trigiani Free Library Call Number: Fiction Notes: This is the latest of Trigiani’s warm, family novels set in an Italian immigrant community in rural Pennsylvania.

11 Nonfiction Title: The Great Escape: Nine Jews Who Fled Hitler and Changed the World Author: Kati Marton Free Library Call Number: McNaughton Notes: Marton follows the lives of nine men who grew up in Budapest before World War II but fled to the West because of anti-Semitism. Her book includes scientists Edward Teller, John von Neumann, Leo Szilard, and Eugene Wigner who helped usher in the nuclear age and the computer; filmmakers Michael Curtiz, who directed Casablanca, and Alexander Korda, who produced The Third Man; photographers Robert Capa and Andre Kertesz; and Arthur Koestler, author of Darkness at Noon.

Title: Hunger of Memory Author: Richard Rodriguez Free Library Call Number: 371.97 R618h Notes: Speaking fewer than 100 English words when he enters Catholic school in Sacramento, CA, Rodriguez becomes a model student and writer whose life takes him far from the Mexican- American community.

Title: The Lost Boys of Sudan: An American Story of the Refugee Experience Author: Mark Bixler Free Library Call Number: 362.8709 B55l Notes: Jacob Magot, Peter Anyang, Daniel Khoch, and Marko Ayii were four young men rescued from the war-ravaged Sudan and resettled without family in America. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reporter chronicles their inspiring stories as they face a baffling modern world and deal with loneliness, post-9/11 xenophobia, and the unbearable memories of the civil war.

Title: Lucky Child: A Daughter of Cambodia Reunites with the Sister She Left Behind Author: Loung Ung Free Library Call Number: 973.0495 UN3l Notes: Cambodian refugee Loung Ung continues her story begun in First They Killed Cambodia.

Title: When I was Puerto Rican Author: Esmerelda Santiago Free Library Call Number: 974.71 SA59w2 Notes: The classic coming-of-age story of a Puerto Rican teenager who struggles with poverty, adolescence, and alienation in New York where her language and heritage make her an outsider.

12 Books for Teens Fiction Title: Ashes of Roses Author: Mary Jane Auch Free Library Call Number: Fiction Teen-aged Collection Notes: 17-year-old Irish immigrant Rose Nolan survives the notorious Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire where over 140 girls and women lost their lives.

Title: Behind the Mountains Author: Edwidge Danticat Free Library Call Number: Fiction Teen-aged Collection Notes: It is not easy when Celiane Esprance and her mother flee the violence in Haiti to build a new life in New York.

Title: Born Confused Author: Tanuja Desai Hidier Free Library Call Number: Fiction Teen-aged Collection Notes: New Jersey teenager, Dimple Lala, “not quite Indian, and not quite American,” revises her rebellion against all things Indian and discovers that the Indian boyfriend chosen by her parents may not be so unsuitable after all.

Title: Crossing the Wire Author: Will Hobbs Free Library Call Number: Fiction Teen-aged Collection Notes: Desperate to provide for his widowed mother and young siblings, fifteen-year-old Victor Flores makes the treacherous and illegal crossing from Mexico to the United States.

Title: An Island Like You: Stories of the Barrio Author: Judith Ortiz Cofer Free Library Call Number: Fiction Teen-aged Collection Notes: Twelve short stories chronicle the adventures, both joyous and sad, of Puerto Rican teens in New Jersey.

Title: Shadow of the Dragon Author: Sherry Garland Free Library Call Number: Fiction Teen-aged Collection Notes: Gangs make the conflict between tradition and the American way even more difficult for Danny Vo whose family has come to America from Vietnam.

Title: A Step from Heaven Author: An Na Free Library Call Number: Fiction Teen-aged Collection Notes: Korean-American Young Yu’s family’s American dream is more like a nightmare of hardship and unhappiness.

Title: Swimming to America Call Number: Alice Mead Free Library Call Number: Fiction Teen-aged Collection Notes: Eighth grader Linda Berati’s friendship with Cuban-American Ramon helps her deal with life in America and her family’s refusal to share the secrets of their old life in Albania.

13 Nonfiction Title: Chinese Cinderella: A True Story of an Unwanted Daughter Author: Adeline Yen Mah Free Library Call Number: 979.4004 M277c Notes: Mah’s autobiography is the painful but triumphant story of a girl who survives a cruel stepmother and uncaring family in China to become a physician and successful writer in America.

Books for Children Title: America, My New Home Author: Monica Gunning Free Library Call Number: j811 G957am Notes: Jamaican-born poet Monica Gunning tells her immigrant’s story with gentle humor, grace, and a child’s sense of wonder. In doing so, she tells the tale that belongs to many—the children of immigrants to America. Ken Condon’s bold illustrations illuminate the journey. Ages 7-10.

Title: A House of Tailors Author: Patricia Reilly Giff Free Library Call Number: j-Fiction Notes: When thirteen-year-old Dina emigrates from Germany to America in 1871, her only wish is to return as soon as she can. Then she survives a multitude of hardships living with her uncle’s family and she starts to think of Brooklyn as home. Ages 9-12.

Title: Bridge to America Call Number: Linda Glaser Free Library Call Number: j-Fiction Notes: Young Fivel, left behind in his Polish shtetl while his father in America earns passage for the rest of the family, endures extreme hunger and the terrifying threat of Russian pogroms before the money finally arrives. Upon stepping off at Ellis Island, however, Fivel’s joy commingles with an uncomfortable sense of having “left . . . easy belonging behind.” Readers will appreciate Fivel’s direct, unaffected perspective on the hardships of the old country and the often-messy process of adjusting to a new culture. Ages 8-12.

Title: How Many Days to America: A Thanksgiving Story Author: Eve Bunting Free Library Call Number: j-Fiction Notes: Refugees from a Caribbean island embark on a dangerous boat trip to America where they have a special reason to celebrate Thanksgiving. Ages 5-9.

Title: I Hate English! Author: Ellen Levine Free Library Call Number: jE Notes: When her family moves to New York from Hong Kong, Mei Mei finds it difficult to adjust to school and learn the new sounds of English. Ages 5-7.

Title: I Lost My Tooth in Africa Author: Penda Diakite Free Library Call Number: jE Notes: While visiting her father’s family in Mali, a young girl loses a tooth, places it under a calabash, and receives a hen and a rooster from the African Tooth Fairy. Ages 5-9.

14 Title: Isla Author: Arthur Dorros Free Library Call Number: jE Notes: A young girl and her grandmother take an imaginary journey to the Caribbean island where her mother grew up and where some of her family still lives. Ages 5-7.

Title: My Chinatown: One Year in Poems Author: Kam Mak Free Library Call Number: j811 M289am Notes: A young Chinese immigrant must adjust to his new life in the United States. Though the transition is difficult at first, the boy grows to enjoy his new surroundings. Finely detailed illustrations enhance the text. Ages 5-8.

Title: My Name Is Maria Isabel Author: Alma Flor Ada Free Library Call Number: j-Fiction Notes: Third-grader Maria Isabel, born in Puerto Rico and now living in the United States, wants badly to fit in at school; the teacher’s writing assignment “My Greatest Wish” gives her that opportunity. Ages 7-10.

Title: My Name is Yoon Call Number: Helen Recorvits Free Library Call Number: jE Notes: Disliking her name as written in English, Korean-born Yoon, or “shining wisdom,” refers to herself as “cat,” “bird,” and “cupcake” as a way to feel more comfortable in her new school and country. Ages 4-8.

Title: One Green Apple Author: Eve Bunting Free Library Call Number: jE Notes: While on a school field trip to an orchard to make cider, a young immigrant named Farah gains self-confidence when the green apple she picks perfectly complements the other students’ red apples. Ages 5-9.

Title: The King of Mulberry Street Author: Donna Napoli Free Library Call Number: j-Fiction Notes: In 1892, Dom, a nine-year old stowaway from Naples, Italy, arrives in New York and must learn to survive the perils of street life in the big city. Ages 8-12.

Title: Vietnamese in America Author: Lori Coleman Free Library Call Number: j973.0495 C677v Notes: This book is part of the In America series by Lerner Publications (various authors) that provides information about the many groups who immigrated to America. Among the titles available are ones about Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Irish, Chinese, Italians, and more. Ages 9-12.

15 Movies In America (2002) (Africa & Ireland) The lives of a young family of illegal Irish immigrants are touched by a reclusive African artist.

The Joy Luck Club (1993) (China) The beautiful film adaptation of Amy Tan’s novel is a timeless mother-daughter story told with intimacy amidst the sweep of Chinese history.

Before Night Falls (2000) (Cuba) Javier Bardem was nominated for an Academy Award for his role as gay Cuban novelist and poet, Reinaldo Arenas, in this moving and powerful film.

My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) (Greece) In this sleeper hit, an unmarried daughter finds love outside her warm extended Greek-American community.

Mississippi Masala (1992) (India) Mira Nair’s engaging and sexy romance finds Sarita Choudhury’s Mina, whose Indian family has been violently exiled from their native Uganda, falling in love with Denzel Washington’s handsome carpet cleaner, Demetrius.

The Godfather films (Italy) Based on Mario Puzo’s bestselling novel, Francis Ford Coppola’s brilliant and brutal epic trilogy captures the life of an Italian immigrant family.

Prisoners Among Us (2004) (Italy) The battle for assimilation Italians faced in America during World War II is the subject of this award-winning documentary.

Bread and Roses (2000) (Latin America) Immigrant cleaners in a non-union shop risk possible deportation and certain poverty when they challenge management in Ken Loach’s committed and passionate film.

Real Women Have Curves (2002) (Mexico) A lovely, full-figured East LA Latina honor student dreams of college while her mother has more traditional plans.

Hester Street (1975) (Russia) Joan Micklin Silver’s classic fictional story of Jewish immigrants making their way in the New York tenements at the end of the 19th century won an Academy Award nomination for Carol Kane’s endearing performance.

16 2007 One Book, One Philadelphia Committees Marie Field, Chair Gerri Trooskin, Project Coordinator

Steering Committee Melba Axelrod, Michele Bailey, Mimi Barton, Sondra Bergey, Addie Ciannella, Alyse Bodine, Barbara Cohen, Sibyl Cohen, Erin Cowan, Vera DaVinci, Kathleen Dougherty, Mary Flournoy, Rosetta Fortune, Geraldine Fox, Kimberly Fraites, Jim Fulton, Randall Giancaterino, Iris Griffin, Sandy Horrocks, Adrienne Jacoby, Peg Kozlowski, Anne Silvers Lee, Lonnie Levin, Kenneth Manns, Marciene Mattleman, Erika Miller, Martin Millison, Maria Mills-Torres, Stephanie Naidoff, Amy Nislow, Betsy Orsburn, Hedra Packman, Rebecca Pernell, Janis Pierce, Naomi Post, Eric Rymshaw, Lydia Perry Schodel, Carol Stein, Anita Thakkar, JoAnn Weinberger, and Susan Wells

Elliot L. Shelkrot, President and Director, Free Library of Philadelphia

Linda E. Johnson, Chief Executive Officer, Free Library of Philadelphia Foundation

Special thanks to Kensington High School Life Skills Students

Special thanks to the following for their generous donation that aided in the purchasing of hundreds of books for the School District of Philadelphia: • Books and Readers Book Club • The One Book, One Philadelphia Steering Committee in memory of Sibyl Cohen • In memory of Margaret, Frank, and Chuck Kozlowski

One Book, One Philadelphia Celebrates Five Years of Reading and Community 2003 The Price of a Child, by Lorene Cary, 2004 The Color of Water, by James McBride 2005 The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien 2006 The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, by Benjamin Franklin Franklin: The Essential Founding Father, by James Srodes Ben and Me, by Robert Lawson 2007 Waiting for Snow in Havana: Confessions of a Cuban Boy, by Carlos Eire

17 LEAD SPONSOR

Sponsors

City of Philadelphia Media Partner Commerce Department

Citizens Bank Stradley Ronon Stevens & Young, LLP Paul and Kathy Addis Temple University Health System Hassel Foundation

Community Partners

All 54 Branches of Café Zesty GEM Scientific NantucketMt. Airy Learning Anthenaeum Tree SettlementSchool District Music of PhiladelphiaSchool The Free Library of Philadelphia Camden County College Germantown Academy NMarberthunicipal Natural Court of Foods Philadelphia Office- Camden of Marc. School L. Schwartz, of Musical M.D. Arts Abington Friends School Campus Philly Germantown Friends School NarberthNantucket Pharmacy Anthenaeum Settlement- West Philadelphia Music School Branch Lynne Abraham Capriccio Gershman Y Narberthational ConstitutionNatural Foods Center - GermantownCamden School Branch of Musical Arts DistrictDistrict Attorney Attorney of ofPhiladelphia Philadelphia Cecil Baker & Assoc. Giovanni’s Room NationalNarberth LibertyPharmacy Museum - JenkintownWest Philadelphia Branch Branch The Academy of Natural Sciences Center City District Global Dish Catering National MuseumConstitution of American Center - KardonGermantown Northeast Branch Branch Academy of Notre Dame de Namur Center for Emerging Visual Artists Greater Philadelphia Wordshop NationalJewish Liberty History Museum - MaryJenkintown Louise BranchCurtis Branch ActionAIDS Center for Literacy Studio/Allison Hicks National StudentMuseum Par of tnerships–American The- Kar Shipleydon Nor Schooltheast Branch Affiliates in Psychotherapy, Inc. Center for Responsible Funding Greater Philadelphia Urban WestJewish Philadelphia History Snack- Mary Bar Louise Curtis Branch The Agnes Irwin School Center in the Park Book Affairs Coalition Naturalational Cleaner Student Partnerships– STheociety Shipley Hill DentalSchool Associates Alma de Cuba Discussion Group Greene Street Friends School NewWest Image Philadelphia Art and Framing SoleburySnack Bar School American Civil Liberties Union The Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia Gwynedd Mercy Academy Naturalewtown Cleaner Bookshop, Inc. Societyophisticated Hill Dental Seconds Associates of Pennsylvania Character Development Harleysville Books NOHRNew Image Art and Framing SoutheastSolebury School Asian Mutual Assistance American Family Super Market Chester County Book Co. Harmelin Media Northewtown Philadelphia Bookshop, Madrugadores Inc. SophisticatedAssociations Seconds Coalition Inc. American Theater Arts for Youth Inc. Chestnut Hill Academy The Haverford School NOHRRotary Club SouthwindSoutheast Asian Studios, Mutual Ltd. Assistance Angelino’s Restaurant Chestnut Hill Business Association Haverford Township Free Library North WalesPhiladelphia Library Madrugadores SpringsideAssociations School Coalition Inc. Antique Showcase Children’s Book World Head House Books NorRotarwood-Fontbonney Club Academy SquarSouthwinde on Squar Studios,e Restaurant Ltd. APM Children’s Village Child Care Center Hello World NorthovaCare Wales Rehabilitation Library Staplerpringside Dress School ’n Drape Archdiocese of Philadelphia Chris’ Corner: Books for Kids and Teens Henneberry Pharmacy NutsNorwood-Fontbonne to You, Inc. Academy StarbucksSquare on CoffeeSquare Company Restaurant The Arden Theatre Church of the Advocate HIAS and Council Migration ONfficeovaCare of Mayor Rehabilitation John F. Street Starrtapler Restaurant Dress ’n DrapeOrganization The Art Alliance Church of the Holy Trinity at ServiceService of ofPhiladelphia Philadelphia OperaNuts to Barber You, Inc Shop Stein’sStarbucks Beauty Coffee and Company Nail Supplies Art in City Hall Rittenhouse Square Historical Society of Pennsylvania Oftto’fices Bookshopof Mayor John F. Street TShetar rStif Restaurantfel Senior Or Centerganization Art Sanctuary Citizens Bank History Book Club PECO,Opera BarberAn Exelon Shop Company StradleyStein’s Beauty Ronon and Stevens Nail Supplies& Young, LLP art270, Inc. City Cleaners Holy Ghost Prep Library POenntto’s BookBookshop Center STheu Xing Stiffel House Senior Center ArtMuseumArea.com City Nails on the Square Home Sweet Home Brew PennsylvaniaPECO, An Exelon Academy Company for Sulimay’sStradley Ronon Hair Design Stevens & Young, LLP ASAP/ After School City of Philadelphia House of Our Own Bookstore Pennthe BookFine Ar Centerts TSualler Xing Puer Housetorriqueño Activities Partnerships Commerce Department Independence Blue Cross Pennsylvania BalletAcademy for TamingSulimay’s of Hairthe Brew Design Coffee House ASPIRA Representatives Office Independence Charter School Pennsylvaniathe Fine Arts Humanities Council Teenagersaller Puertoririqueño in Charge Astral Artistic Services Clay Studio Independence Place People’sPennsylvania Emergency Ballet Center TempleTaming Universityof the Brew Health Coffee System House Atlantic Books Clean the Clutter Independence Seaport Museum Pepperennsylvania Hamilton Humanities LLP Council Templeeenagers University in Charge Libraries Audrey Claire Restaurant Café College of Physicians of Philadelphia Innove Event and Paper PerelmanPeople’s Emergency Jewish Day Center School TempleUrban University Archives Health System Auerbach Central Agency for Common Pleas Court of Philadelphia Institute of Contemporary Art Pepper- Forman Hamilton Center LLP ThomasTemple University Jefferson UniversityLibraries Jewish Education Community College of Philadelphia Intercultural Journeys Per- elmanSaligman Jewish Middle Day School School -Urban Depar Artmentchives of Neurological Surgery The Baldwin School Community Learning Center International House - SternForman Center Center Thomas- University Jefferson Hospital University Barnes & Noble Broomall Contemporary Crafts Isdaner & Company, LLC The- Saligman Pet Place Middle School - UniversityDepartment Librar of Neury ological Surgery Barnes & Noble Bryn Mawr Cool Chicks Book Club Jack‘s Firehouse Restaurant Philadelphia- Stern Center Area Consortium of Tower- University Style Pizza Hospital Barnes & Noble Center City Coopermarket JEVS Human Services TheSpecial Pet Place Collections Libraries Trappe- University Book Center Library Barnes & Noble Deptford Covenant House of PA Jin’s Produce Philadelphia CorporationArea Consortium for Aging of TudorTower Bookstore Style Pizza Barnes & Noble Drexel Bookstore Cuba Libre John W. Hallahan Catholic PhiladelphiaSpecial Collections Daily News Libraries / Inquirer TuscanyTrappe Book Café Center Barnes & Noble Jenkintown Curtis Institute of Music Girls High School ThePhiladelphia Philadelphia Corporation Eagles for Aging TwentyTudor Bookstore Manning Barnes & Noble LaSalle University Cynthia Lombardi- Body Work Therapist The Honorable Babette Josephs, ThePhiladelphia Philadelphia Daily Foundation News / Inquirer TwiceTuscany as Café Nice Bookstore D’Angelo’s Italiano & Lounge Pennsylvania State Representative, PhiladelphiaThe Philadelphia Great Eagles Books Council TheTwenty Union Manning League of Philadelphia Barnes & Noble Lehigh University Daniels Medical Associates 182 District of Philadelphia PhiladelphiaThe Philadelphia Histor Foundationy Book Club Twice- The as Book Nice Group at the Union League Bookstore Devil’s Alley Joseph Fox Bookshop Philadelphia MuseumGreat Books of Ar Councilt The- The Union Union League League of Philadelphia Library Barnes & Noble Marlton Devon Prep School Joseph’s Tailor Shop ThePhiladelphia Philadelphia Histor Orychestra Book Club The- The University Book Gr ofoup Pennsylvania at the Union League Barnes & Noble Moorestown Dignity Housing Kaminsky Dental Associates ThePhiladelphia Philadelphia Museum Phillies of Art - The FieldUnion Center League for Library Children’s Barnes & Noble Plymouth Meeting Dom’s Shoe Service, Inc The Kimmel Center PhiladelphiaThe Philadelphia Reading Orchestra Olympics ThePolicy, University Practice of Pennsylvania and Research Barnes & Noble Temple University Dorchester Condominium Kim’s Cleaners & Tailoring PhiladelphiaThe Philadelphia Reads Phillies - TheSchool Field of SocialCenter Policy for Children’s and Practice Bookstore Doylestown Book Shop Kitchen Kapers ThePhiladelphia Philadelphia Reading School Olympics - UniversityPolicy Research Council of the Cuban- Barnes & Noble University of Drexel University Writing Program Klein’s Supermarket Philadelphia TheatrReadse Company - AmericanSchool of Social National Policy Foundation and Practice Pennsylvania Bookstore E.W. Beacon of Greysferry Knesset Israel The Philadelphia ZooSchool - ExterUniversitynal Corporation Council of andthe Cuban Barnes & Noble Willow Grove East Falls Tree Tenders Knit Wit PhotoPhiladelphia Lounge Theatre Company - FoundationAmerican National Relations Foundation Beacon Center for Children Eastern National Shops Kremp Florist Plymouth-WhitemarshThe Philadelphia Zoo High School VCA- External Cat Hospital Corporation of Philadelphia and Bertucci’s Education Works La Collina PolishPhoto LoungeAmerican Cultural VideoFoundation Liquidators Relations Beth David Reform Congregation Engine 50 / Ladder 12, Philadelphia Le Petit Mitron Plymouth-WhitemarshCenter Museum High School WVCAagner Cat FrHospitalee Institute of Philadelphia of Science Big Blue Marble Bookstore City Fire Department Lee’s Industrial Supply PrimePolish HealthAmerican Network Cultural Wark’sVideo Liquidators Sunoco Big Jar Books Entertainment Communications Corp. Library for the Blind and PrincetonCenter Museum University Store WesttownWagner Free School Institute of Science Blackwell N.A. Episcopal Academy Physically Handicapped PrPrimeoject Health H.O.M.E. Network Wexlerark’s SunocoGallery Bonte Wafflerie Eventime at the Rittenhouse Life Sport Princeton- Honickman University Learning Store Center WhiteWesttown Dog SchoolCafé Book Haven Excel Physical Therapy Linda Golden Boutique Projectand H.O.M.E.Comcast Technology Labs WHYYWexler Arts Gallery and Culture Book Talk Excursions on the Square Liquor Control Board, Pr-udential Honickman Fox &Leaning Roach, Center Bryn Mawr WWhiteilliam Dog Penn Café Charter School Bookazine Executive House State of Pennsylvania PYFand LLC/Book Comcast Shoppe Technology Labs WilliamWHYY Arts Penn and House Culture Cooperative Books and Readers ExpressWireless.net Loie Brasserie & Bar Rachel’sPrudential Nosheri Fox & Roach, Bryn Mawr Will’sWilliam Third Penn Grade Charter Book School Group Books on Mondays Fairmount Civic Association Long Stems ReadersPYF LLC/Book Forum Shoppe WineWilliam and Penn Spirit House Stores Cooperative Booksmith Fairmount Cleaners Lutheran Settlement House TheRachel’ Readings Nosheri Friends W-ill’ Delawars Third Gradee County Book Group Borders Books & Music Avenue of Fairmount Community Development Lyric Fest ReadingReaders ForumTerminal Market Wine- Montgomery and Spirit StoresCounty the Arts Corporation NorthMAGPI Philadelphia Power Networking Madrugadores Ready,The Reading Willing Friends & Able Philadelphia - DelawarePhiladelphia County County Borders Books & Music Bryn Mawr Family Court of Philadelphia MalvernRotary PreparatoryClub School RedReading B. Readers Terminal Market The- Montgomery Wistar Institute County Borders Books & Music Burlington Farley’s Bookshop MAGPIMann Center Power for Networking the Performing Arts ReforReadym, WCongrillingegation & Able Keneseth Philadelphia Israel Women’- Philadelphias Community County Borders Books & Music Chestnut Hill Final Touch Custom Painting MapesMalver n5 Pr& eparator10 y School RegencyRed B. Readers Cleaners TheRevitalization Wistar Institute Project Borders Books & Music Deptford Fineman Krekstein & Harris, P.C. MaplecrestMann Center Circle for the Book Performing Club Arts RemedyReform Congregation Tea Bar Keneseth Israel Women’s CommunityOpportunities Borders Books & Music Glen Mills Finn’s Rittenhouse Jewelers TheMapes March 5 & 10Hare Ricklin’sRegency HardwareCleaners Store RevitalizationResource Center Project Borders Books & Music King First Trust MarMaplecrgaritaest Circle Book Club RittenhouseRemedy Tea BooksBar Women’s OpportunitiesWay of Prussia Foreign Policy Research Institute MariaThe Mar Barchos Hare RittenhouseRicklin’s Har Savoydware Store WorldResour Affairsce Center Council Borders Books & Music Langhorne Foster’s Urban Homeware Marrero’sMargarita Grocery Rittenhouse SquareBooks Fitness Club Women’sWrigley Eye Way Associates Borders Books & Music Springfield Four Seasons Hotel Philadelphia Maxx’Maria sBar Produceos Robin’Rittenhouses Book Savoy Store WYaleorld University Affairs Council Library Borders Books & Music Wynnewood Free Press Mayor’sMarrero's Commission Grocery on Literacy TheRittenhouse Rock School Square Fitness Club WrigleyYards Brewing Eye Associates Company Bread & Roses Community Fund Friends’ Central School TheMaxx's Melior Produce Group RosenbachRobin’s Book Museum Store & Library YaleYellow University Dogs and Library Fairytales Bridge Street Bookshop, Inc. Friends of the Free Library MelissaMayor's ColinCommission Book Group on Literacy, RoxyThe Rock Theater School YardsZarett BrewingRehab & CompanyFitness Brigid‘s Restaurant of Philadelphia MerrillThe Melior Lynch Group RUKARosenbach Museum & Library Yellow Dogs and Fairytales Brodart Friends of Eastern State MicawberMelissa Colin Books Book Group SansomRoxy Theater Cleaners Zarett Rehab & Fitness Bryn Mawr Film Institute Penitentiary Park MoosMerrill One Lynch Inc. ScholasticRUKA Library Press Bryn Mawr Skin and Cancer Institute Friends of Rittenhouse Square MoravianMicawber Bookstore Books SchoolSansom District Cleaners of Haverford Township CADE Fury Design Mt.Moos Airy One Learning Inc. Tree SchoolScholastic District Library of Philadelphia Press List as of December 18, 2006 Café Casta Diva Gaughan Dental Office MunicipalMoravian Bookstore Court of Philadelphia OfficeSchool of District Marc. ofL. Schwartz,Haverford TownshipM.D.

A project of the Office of the Mayor and the Free Library of Philadelphia 18