DAVID GEORGE

The Walmesley of Dunkenhalgh accounts

Dunkenhalgh Manor House, now a hotel called simply `The Dunkenhalgh', is about half- a-mile west of the small town of Clayton-le-Moors, Lancashire . The Walmesley family gained possession of Dunkenhalgh manor on 27 June 1571, when Thomas Walmesley of Lincoln's Inn, London, bought it from Ralph Rishton . Walmesley added to the 110 acres of this purchase another 29 acres which Rishton had sold off separately (Trappes- Lomax 61). Walmesley thus became a member of Elizabethan Lancashire's gentry . His estate, but not the town of Clayton, appears on Saxton's 1577 map of Lancashire . Saxton spells it 'Dunkinhalghe,' but the word is now pronounced locally 'Duncanhalsh' . Walmesley was a Lancashire man, the son of Thomas Walmesley of Showley, Lancs ; he was born in 1537, followed a legal career, and was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1567 . Other appointments and honours followed : Serjeant-at-Law in 1580, judge of the Common Pleas in 1589, and a knighthood in 1603 . Later purchases of land extended his holdings throughout north-east Lancashire and in Yorkshire (Trappes-Lomax 61-2) . He kept accounts and a commonplace book ; both are now at the Lancashire Record Office as, respectively, `The Accounts of Thomas Walmesley, 1585-161 0'(DDPt/1), and `The Walmesley Commonplace Book,' covering c 1598-9 (DDPt/46/1) . Neither one seems to have anything in it concerning entertainment . Judge Walmesley died in November 1612, leaving the entire inheritance to his son, another Thomas Walmesley . It may be said of judge Walmesley that he missed an unequalled opportunity to record the visits of those actors and entertainers who doubtless performed at Dunkenhalgh Manor House. The years when he was master cover the most interesting period of Elizabethan and Jacobean drama . Thomas Walmesley, the son of judge Walmesley, made handsome amends for the omissions of his father. Born in 1574, he married twice and took for his second wife (1604) the heiress Mary Hoghton of Hoghton Tower . He inherited his father's estates in 1612 and commenced a series of accounts that contain no fewer than 191 entries relating to players and other entertainers over a period extending from 1612-42 . Since he lived mostly at Cowthorpe, Yorkshire, the credit for the account-keeping must go to his estate stewards. He died in 1642 (Trappes-Lomax 63) . He appears to have been a royalist in his later years, and he continued to welcome players when some of his neighbours no longer did. The Dunkenhalgh Manor accounts are very informative, and while I will not print here all 191 entries, I will set down those which I consider a significant addition to G .E. Bentley's Jacobean and Caroline Stage (7 vols, 1941-68) . In my forthcoming Records of Early English Drama : Lancashire volume, however, all these entries will be published . The accounts were deposited at the Lancashire Record Office by Capt R . C. Petre of Tunworth Down House, Basingstoke, Hants, in 1965 . They are now found under Petre of Dunkenhalgh (DDPt 1) in 21 paper- and parchment-covered books in the following order :

1 Booke of accounts . 1612 [1612-17] (Thomas Winkley, Steward) 2 Lane . 1616 . Accomptes [1617-1622] 3 Lanc' Accomptes 1621 [1622-3] (30 May 1623 : John Hayhurst, Steward) 4 Booke 1624 of Accomptes for the howse of Dunkenhalgh [1624-5] 5 An account for this yeare begininge att Mychaelmes 1625/ and endinge att Mychaelmes 1626./ [1625-6]

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6 John Hayhurst 1627 ( ) account ( ) [1626-7] 7 Lane' Accomptes Betwene Mychaelmes 1628/ and Mychaelmas 1629/ 8 (No Cover Remaining) [1629-1630] 9 (Cover Much Decayed) 16301 [Oct 1630-Jan 1631] (1 Oct 1630 : Adam Boulton, Steward) 10 (. . .)m Boulton an( )of Accomptes [1631-2] 11 Booke of accompts of Adam Bolton) 1633 [1632-4] 12 Adam Boltone ( )nis 1634 . and 163(5)/ [1634-5] 13 1635 an(. .) 1636 Adam Boltens Accomptes [1635-6] 14 My booke of Accounts Betweene mychalmas 1636 and Mychalmas 1637. Adam Boulten [1636-7] 15 Adam Boltons accompts 1637 An accompt Betweene Mychalmas 1637. and Mychalmas 1638./ [1637-8] 16 Adam Boltons booke of Accompts 1638 1639 1638. and 1639. [1638-9] 17 (No Cover Remaining) [1640-2] 18 (No Cover Remaining) [Farm Accounts, 24 May 1623-4 May 1630] 19 (No Cover Remaining) [Farm Accounts, 25 May 1612-24 May 1622] 20 1632 till 1649 Adam Boultons Accomptes [1632-1654] 21 An Accounte of the disbursmentes att and after the death of Thomas Walmsley Esqr : who departed Satarday, March. 12°. 1641 . [1642]

It seems possible that account books are missing for 1623-4, 1627-8, and 1639-40, though Boulton's summary accounts for 1632-1649 may cover some of these losses . The first account book (1612-17) makes good a gap in the Shuttleworth accounts from nearby Gawthorpe Hall . The Shuttleworth accounts are missing for the period 7 November 1613 to 4 November 1616. We can now surmise that about 14 acting companies would have been recorded in that volume, together with numerous sets of musicians and other entertainers . The Walmesley accounts report a wide variety of entertainers : fiddlers, a hobby-horse man, jugglers, a merry man, minstrels, musicians, pipers, players, singers, trumpeters, and waits. The breakdown by category is as follows : Entries

Fiddlers (of Pateley Bridge, Knaresborough, Wigglesworth), 'tomlinge fidlers', and many unnamed fiddlers : 15

Hobby-Horse Man : 1

Jugglers ('a Jugler') : 1

Merry Man ('a merye man that belonged to my lorde Strange') : 1

Minstrels ('viij . minstrelles') : 1

Musicians (of Bradford, `the Musick of preston') ; unnamed 'musicke' at Whitchurch, Selby, and Knowsley House ; 'musickes' at Chester: 6

Pipers (John Browne, Key, Thomas Lathom, Talier, `my lorde of huntingtons pyper') and many unnamed pipers : 46

Players (1) Town Companies (8) 10

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(ii) Players' Companies (15) 20 (iii) Knights' Companies 7 (iv) Lords' Companies (27) 29 (v) Royal Companies (15)17 (vi) `the dutch men' 1 (vii) Unnamed Companies 6

Singers (William Bradshay for makinge songhes') : 1

Trumpeters : 1

Waits (of Durham, Halifax, Lancaster, Leeds, Nottingham, Preston, Ripon, and Wakefield) and many unnamed waits : 28

Total entries : 191

In the case of players, two figures are given on four occasions ; this is because a company stayed overnight and ate at the house, and so appears twice in the records . The acting companies, which are the focus of this article, came from near and far . The town companies were naturally local, but in the first decade or so of the accounts we note the presence of London companies with royal warrants . The breakdown of the companies, with dates, is as follows :

Number of Visits

Sir Edward Warren's Men 5 (between 31 December 1612 and 2 February 1613) (14 November 1614) (between 16 November 1615 and 7 February 1616) (between 22 October and 6 November 1616) (between 1 and 10 January 1618)

Lord Monteagle's Men 3 (between 7 and 24 February 1614) (13 October 1614) (16 November 1615)

Earl of Derby's Men 7 (between 31 December 1613 and 13 January 1614) (21 July 1615) (22 March 1617) (2 August 1617) (12 February 1620) (between 25 November and 1 December 1620) (kitchen entry) (between 4 and 11 February 1625) (kitchen entry)

Lord Stafford's Men 4 (11 November 1614) (28 October 1615) (between 23 January and 7 February 1617) (24 January 1618)

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Queen's Men 2 (23 October 1615 - two plays) (20 April 1616)

Lady Elizabeth's Men 4 (between 16 November 1615 and 7 February 1616) (between 6 November and 24 December 1616) (19 January 1618) (2 January 1621)

Sir Cuthbert Halshay's Men 1 (between 17 August and 22 October 1616)

Earl of Shrewsbury's Men 1 (6 November 1616)

Lord Evers' Men 1 (13 March 1617)

Lord Dudley's Men (Distley's Company) 8 (between 7 and 11 November 1619) (after 1 September 1620) (2 March 1625) (27 July 1625) (21 March 1626) (23 February 1627) (10 December 1629) (between 2 and 4 April 1630)

King's Men 5 (25 July 1620) (18 December 1620) (kitchen entry : between 16 and 22 December 1620) (16 December 1624) (between 15 and 21 October 1624 - two nights) (kitchen entry) (11 December 1628)

The Dutch Men 1 (between 25 July and 1 September 1620)

Prince's Men 3 (7 November 1619) (2 December 1620) (kitchen entry : between 2 and 8 December 1620) (between 26 January and 1 February 1622 - two nights) (kitchen entry)

Players of Downham 2 (12 February 1621) (between 6 and 12 January 1622)

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Players of Ribchester 1 (2 or 3 January 1625)

Bradshaw's Company 7 (11 February 1625) (2 January 1626) (kitchen entry : between 29 December 1625 and 4 January 1626) (26 August 1626) (4 April 1627) (22 October 1629) (9 December 1630) (kitchen entry : between 3 and 9 December 1630) (between 16 and 30 November 1635)

Perry's Company 5 (11 June 1625) (kitchen entry for unnamed 'Plaiers' : between 4 and 10 June 1625) (12 November 1625) (kitchen entry : between 11 and 17 November 1625 - three nights) (5 December 1626) (kitchen entry : between 1 and 7 December 1626) (between 20 and 25 February 1630 - two nights) (kitchen entry) (between 21 and 27 January 1631 - two nights) (kitchen entry)

Players of Clitheroe 1 (between 27 December 1628 and 4 January 1629)

Mr Shireburn's Players 1 (3 January 1629)

Guest's Company 3 (19 July 1630) ('a sorte of Players which tearmet them selfes the lady Elizabethes players') (between 2 and 8 October 1630) (kitchen entry) (16 February 1632) ('nott playinge')

Players of Whalley 4 (between 24 December 1633 and 5 January 1634) (between 24 December 1634 and 20 January 1635) (kitchen entry : between 26 December 1634 and 1 January 1635 - three nights) (between 1 December 1635 and 10 January 1636) (between 25 December 1638 and 4 January 1639)

Players of Burnley 1 (between 8 and 29 February 1634) (with fiddlers) (kitchen entry: between 14 and 20 February 1634)

Lord Strange's Men 3 (between 14 and 25 October 1634) (kitchen entry : between 10 and 16 October 1634) (between 24 December 1634 and 20 January 1635 - three plays : accounts entry for unnamed `players') (kitchen entry : between

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2 and 8 January 1635 - two nights) (between 11 November and 25 December 1636)

Unnamed Players 6 (between 21 and 27 April 1626) (kitchen entry) (16 October 1630) ('2. Players') (between 18 and 21 May 1631) ('ij . players helpinge when the house was on fyre') (5 April 1636) ('the players not stayinge') (3 January 1638) ('the players') (6 January 1639) ('the players')

Some sort of commentary seems required to shed light on these 23 companies, some of which are, so far as I know, new to dramatic history. The first group to consider is the five town companies . The players of Downham, a village about twelve-and-a-half miles from Clayton-le-Moors, came just after New Year in 1621 and 1622, only to be supplanted by the players of Ribchester in 1625 at the same season . Ribchester is nine miles from Clayton. They in turn gave way to the players of Clitheroe, about nine miles from Clayton, in the 1628-9 Christmas season . The favourites, however, were evidently the players of Whalley, five miles distant, who provided Christmas entertainment in 1633-4, 1634-5, and 1638-9. On one of these occasions they stayed for three nights . The players of Burnley (about eight miles from Clayton) came in February 1634, but were never invited back. Only the Downham players appear in prior printed records. The second group to consider is the players' companies : Bradshaw's, Perry's, and Guest's. Richard Bradshaw's company visited Dunkenhalgh seven times in all between 1625 and 1635 . J.T. Murray writes that `after 1610, by which date Richard Bradshaw had probably left the company of Lord Edward Dudley, nothing further is heard of him till 1630'(11, 106) . The company was in trouble at Banbury in May, 1633, and Murray thought that this was their last recorded appearance. Bentley doubts that the Lord Dudley's man of 1595 called Richard Bradshaw is the same as the Richard Bradshaw who led a troupe of `six suspicious strolling actors' at Banbury in 1633 (n, 388) . Bradshaw's company was distinctly shady - the players were said to have used false names when examined at Banbury - but Ellis Guest's company was more than shady . It was fraudulent . On 27 June 1629, Guest presented himself at Norwich as a Princess Elizabeth's man under a licence dated 8 June 1629, but it was probably a fake . The real company licence was dated 7 June 1628, and made out for Ellis Guest's company . No doubt when Guest turned up at Dunkenhalgh in July 1630, he was again trying the claim that his company was Lady Elizabeth's . Boulton noted it down as `a sorte of Players which tearmet them selfes the lady Elizabethes players' . He did, however, reward them (20s.), and within three months they were back, as Guest's company . In February 1632 they were paid not to play at Dunkenhalgh . The last notice of this dubious company is 1635 . William Perry, known at Dunkenhalgh as Pirrie, was `probably the most conspicuous of the provincial players' (Bentley ii, 529) . His company came to Dunkenhalgh five times between 1625 and 1631 . On each occasion it stayed in the house and ate there . Perry had been leading a provincial company since 1617, and in 1624 he was named `in a confirmation of a licence to the Children of the Revels to the late Queen Anne ... shown at Exeter and at Norwich in May, 1624' (Bentley ii, 529) . By 1629 the company had another licence : `his Majestie's sworn servantes . . . of the Red Bull company' (Bentley n, 530). Clearly this licence implies some London acting, but the matter is obscure . The company lasted till 1642 . The third group, knights' companies, offers only a story of extremely ephemeral

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*. troupes. Sir Edward Warren's Men, who appeared at Dunkenhalgh five times between 1612 and 1618, are not known to dramatic historians . The same is true of Sir Cuthbert Halshay's Men, who appeared at Dunkenhalgh once in 1616; and of Sir Richard Shireburn's Men, presumably from Stonyhurst, near Clitheroe, who came in 1629. Sir Edward Warren was of Poynton, Cheshire, and Woodplumpton, Lancs ; Sir Cuthbert Halshay (or Halsall) was of Halsall, near Ormskirk, Lancashire (Honigmann 53). I would guess that these three companies came to Dunkenhalgh because of family connections with the Walmesleys and Hoghtons, the maiden name of Mary Walmesley . She was a daughter of Sir Richard Hoghton of Hoghton Tower . Sir Cuthbert Halshay was a friend of Sir Richard Hoghton, and Sir Edward Warren's female cousin, a Molyneux, was married to Sir Richard . Sir Richard Shireburn was Walmesley's son-in-law . Fourth, there are the lords' troupes, the group that came most often to Dunkenhalgh . In the case of the first three groups, we have been dealing with companies which were less than fully professional, but with Monteagle's, Derby's, Stafford's, Shrewsbury's, Evers', Dudley's, and Strange's, we are getting closer to longer-lived, more stable companies. Elsewhere I have commented on four of these companies in an article on the Shuttleworth accounts from Gawthorpe Hall (George 113-4). Gawthorpe Hall is about five miles east of Dunkenhalgh . Monteagle's, the company of William Parker, fourth Baron Monteagle and owner of Hornby Castle near Lancaster, were at Gawthorpe in 1610 and 1612. They visited Dunkenhalgh in 1614 and 1615, and they disappear from history in 1615-16. Derby's, the company patronized by William, sixth earl of Derby, was a London company during Elizabeth i's lifetime, but became provincial about the time of her death . No doubt it had its home base in the North, either at Knowsley or Lathom House, the earl's seats in Lancashire. The company was at Gawthorpe five times from 1609-1617, and at Dunkenhalgh seven times from 1613-1625. Twice they stayed overnight. Their last visit to Gawthorpe, between 18 and 21 March 1617, immediately precedes their appearance at Dunkenhalgh on 22 March 1617. In their repertory about this time was Guy of Warwick, which John Taylor the Water Poet saw them perform in Islington on 14 October 1618 (Bentley v, 1347). Their appearance at Dunkenhalgh in February 1625 is the last in any record known to me . Stafford's players were the company of Edward, third Baron Stafford, who held the baronetcy from 1603 until his death in 1625. His company seems not to have outlasted him; it appeared at Gawthorpe three times from 1612 to 1617, and at Dunkenhalgh four times from 1614 to 1618 . It was at Dunkenhalgh between 23 January and 7 February 1617, and at Gawthorpe on 25January. The visits must have been immediately sequential . The company vanishes from history with the Dunkenhalgh visit of 1618. Shrewsbury's Men passed over the dramatic scene like a comet . Edward Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, was earl for only 21 months (May 1616 to February 1618), and his company seems to have flourished only in those years . They were at Dunkenhalgh on 6 November 1616, which is now the earliest record of their existence, though a reference to them in the Coventry account books between 6 May and 27 November 1616 could be even earlier (Murray ii, 67) . Ralph Lord Evers' Men were previously thought to have existed only from 1600-1613, and the terminal entry was a Norwich one dated 20 April 1613. But with the company's appearance at Dunkenhalgh on 13 March 1617, its life is extended to the length of Lord Evers', who died in April 1617. Lord Dudley's players came from Staffordshire, and were usually known as Distley's Men from the name of their leader, Distle, Disley, or Distley . In the Shuttleworth accounts they appear three times as Distle's company, and once as 'distley and his companie my Lorddudley his plaeres' (1612) . They came to Dunkenhalgh eight times between 1619 and 1630 (which is now the latest record), but as their master lived till 1643,

12 they will probably be found later than 1630. Lord Strange's Men had been the name of a famous company of the 1580s and 1590s, which gained a London footing about 1589 . When Lord Strange became Earl of Derby in 1593, that company became Derby's Men . Clearly the appearance of a Lord Strange's company at Dunkenhalgh between 1634 and 1636 signals a revived company, and I would guess that it was under the patronage of James Stanley, son of William, sixth Earl of Derby . James became seventh earl in 1642, and was executed in the Civil War. The Earl of Derby's company had not been at Dunkenhalgh for nine years when Strange's came . This late Strange's company was previously apparently unknown . Lastly we turn to the royal-warrant companies : the Queen's, Princess Elizabeth's, the King's, the Prince's . They would seem by their names to be London companies, but records show that almost all of them were touring companies . The Queen's Men who were at Dunkenhalgh in 1615 and 1616 were a provincial branch of the London Queen Anne's company . Queen Anne's had, by 1612, three branches : the London company (1605-22); a provincial Queen's led by Martin Slater (1605-25); a provincial Queen's led by Thomas Swinnerton (1612-24) . It is impossible to tell from the Walmesley Accounts whether it was Slater's or Swinnerton's company that came in 1615 and 1616. In the case of the visit of 20 April 1616, the date is close to 30 March, when Swinnerton's Queen's were at Norwich, and 29 May, when the same company was again at Norwich. I guess that Swinnerton's Queen's were based in the North from about 1615 onwards ; at any rate a Queen's company turned up at Gawthorpe on 10 March 1618 and in Prescot on 5 June that year (George 114-15) . Princess Elizabeth's Men (the Lady Elizabeth's) were the players of James i's daughter . They were formed in 1611, and amalgamated with the second Queen's Revels Company in March 1613 . Two years later this combined company came to `some sort of an agreement' with Prince Charles' Men (Bentley 1, 176). By early 1616, Lady Elizabeth's had left London and were on the road, now separated from the Prince's Men, who continued both as a London and touring company . Throughout the period of the Lady Elizabeth's visits to Dunkenhalgh (1616-21), the company was provincial . In 1621 or 1622, a new Lady Elizabeth's company was formed to play at the Cockpit or Phoenix in London, but the provincial Lady Elizabeth's stayed on the road . We have already noted how Ellis Guest claimed to be a Lady Elizabeth's man at Norwich in 1629 and at Dunkenhalgh in 1630 . The last reference to the company in records is 1632. The five visits of the King's Men to Dunkenhalgh must have been gala occasions . On three occasions they came just before Christmas, which would have given the holiday season a special start . But as it is hard to imagine them at Clayton-le-Moors just before getting back into London for Court performances, one must concede that the company at Dunkenhalgh was probably the provincial troupe . Bentley acknowledges the difficulty of determining when the metropolitan troupe is meant and when the provincial (Bentley i, 92) . The two 1624visits of the King's to Dunkenhalgh coincide neatly with a visit to the Craven District, which is some twenty or so miles to the north and east of Clayton . The Prince's Men were the players of Prince Charles, the future king . When they first came to Dunkenhalgh in 1619, they were called in the Accounts `the younge Prince men.' Indeed, Charles was the younger of the princes until his brother Henry died in 1612. Prior to that date, Charles' players had been called the Duke of York's Men . We have already seen a little of their history in connection with the Lady Elizabeth's . There was ,some sort of union' with Lady Elizabeth's under Philip Henslowe's direction, but `the companies seem to have led both a separate and a united existence' (Bentley t, 198) . After January 1616 - the death of Henslowe - theywent their separate ways . From 1616 to 1625 the Prince's Men toured all over England and were at Dunkenhalgh in 1619, 1620, and 1622. On 28 September 1619 they were in the Craven District and shortly thereafter (7 November) had made their way to Clayton . They also appeared at Court on five

13 occasions, in the December-January festive seasons . Before leaving this survey of the companies that came to Dunkenhalgh, we may pause to note that royal companies never visited after 1624, their place being supplied by players' companies and local troupes - Guest's (1630-2), Dudley's (1619-1630), Bradshaw's (1625-1635), Perry's (1625-1631), Clitheroe players (1628/1629), Burnley players (1634), Whalley players (1633/34-1638/39), Strange's (1634-6), and unnamed players (1626-1639) . Typical rewards for these lesser players are 20s, 13s, 4d, 10s, or even 5s, but up to 1625 we find Perry's company getting 40s, the Prince's 30s, the Lady Elizabeth's 30s, and 40s, and the Queen's 30s (twice). Cost-cutting may explain the change about 1625, although King James' death that year might also be the cause . There was a change of steward in May 1623, and it may be that John Hayhurst, the new steward, liked players less than Thomas Winkley, his predecessor. Winkley would have been born early in Elizabeth's reign and seems to have had a good attitude to the coming of players . But all this is guessing, since bed and board for the actors continued to be offered . There is also the matter of audiences, which the Walmesley accounts are very informative about . Whenever a company's name appears with the weekly provisions for the kitchen, we may assume that the company had stayed one or more nights and eaten some meals . But we are told more: the steward also listed other visitors who stayed overnight and took meals, so that we have a glimpse of the likely audience for the players . Nineteen of the entries relating to players in the Walmesley accounts are kitchen entries, and of these fourteen give indications of audience. A survey of these entries yields the following families : Anderton, Ashton of Whalley, Barcroft of Lodge, Braddyll, Bradshaw, Dalton of Thurnham, Gerard, Girlington, Haworth, Hoghton (of Brinscall, Park Hall, Pendleton), Home, Hothersall, Marsh, Middleton, Parker of Extwisle, Preston of Holker, Rishton of Ponthalgh, Shireburn of Stonyhurst, Standish, Stanley, Sudall, and Walmesley of Showley . Some of the names in this list I have not found to be those of owners of a manor or hall : Anderton, Girlington, Hothersall, Marsh, and Sudall . They do not seem to be `of' anywhere ; Bradshaw may just possibly be the player or the man who made songs in 1630. The names of Stanley, Hoghton, and Gerard were among the most important in the county. The Walmesleys were related to the Hoghtons and Gerards : Thomas Walmesley was married to Mary Hoghton of the Hoghton Tower branch, and Sir Richard Hoghton, father of Mary, had married Katherine Gerard, daughter of Sir Gilbert Gerard, Elizabeth i's Master of the Rolls . In addition, Walmesley's son, another Thomas, married Juliana Molyneux, whose mother was born Frances Gerard . She was another daughter of Sir Gilbert Gerard. We have already noted that Sir Richard Shireburn was Walmesley's son-in-law, and so was William Middleton of Stockeld, Yorkshire . Elizabeth Walmesley, sister of judge Walmesley, and thus Thomas Walmesley's aunt, was married to a Hothersall. These relatives and other gentry, who came to Dunkenhalgh between October and late February, or even April, and twice for New Year, must have had servants with them . It is probable that Walmesley sent a message to any players in the vicinity when company was coming. In later years, when local players were employed, this task was rendered easier . It is not now clear, unfortunately, what room in the manor house was used for playing. The present hall was built between 1800 and 1820, parts of the old hall having become ruinous. The rebuilding left little of the old hall intact ; the interior was `almost wholly modernized and the hall divided up' (Brigg 73; Farrer and Brownbill 422). The Walmesley accounts contain as many entries concerning players and other entertainers as any of that date in England . Yet, considering the fact that many sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Lancashire family accounts survive, there may well be other sets offering as much information or more . These other accounts await indexing in some cases,

14 and examination in most . But the light shed by the Walmesley accounts on Jacobean and Caroline acting companies is very welcome .

WORKS CITED

Bentley, . Gerald Eades. TheJacobean and Caroline Stage . 7vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1941-1968. Brigg, Mary . `The Walmesleys of Dunkenhalgh : A Family of Blackburn Hundred in the Elizabeth and Stuart Periods.' Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society, 75-6 (1965-6), 72-102 . Farrer, William and J . Brownbill, eds . The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster, vol 6. London : University of London, Institute of Historical Research, 1966. George, David . `Jacobean Actors and the Great Hall at Gawthorpe, Lancashire .' Theatre Notebook 37 (1983), 109-121 . Honigmann, E .A.J. Shakespeare : The "Lost Years" . Totowa, N.J. : Barnes and Noble, 1985. Murray, John Tucker. English Dramatic Companies, 1558-1642. 2 vols . London : Constable, 1910. Trappes-Lomax, Richard . A History of the Township and Manor of Clayton-le-Moors, Co. Lancaster. Manchester : Chetham Soc, 1926.

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