BASICS IN CLINICAL NUTRITION Fifth Edition Editor in Chief Luboš Sobotka Associate Editors Simon P. Allison Alastair Forbes Rémy F. Meier Stéphane M. Schneider Peter B. Soeters Zeno Stanga Andre Van Gossum GALÉN BASICS IN CLINICAL NUTRITION Fifth Edition Editor in Chief Luboš Sobotka Associate Editors Simon P. Allison Alastair Forbes Rémy F. Meier Stéphane M. Schneider Peter B. Soeters Zeno Stanga Andre Van Gossum GALÉN Basics in Clinical Nutrition 5.indd 3 5.8.2019 11:45:00 BASICS IN CLINICAL NUTRITION Fifth edition Editor in Chief Luboš Sobotka Publishing House Galén Na Popelce 3144/10a, 150 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic Managing Editor Lubomír Houdek, Dr. Editor-in-Chief Soňa Dernerová, Dr. Composition Václav Zukal – Galén, Prague Print FINIDR, s. r. o., Lipová 1965, 737 01 Český Těšín, Czech Republic www.espenbluebook.org All rights reserved. This book, or any thereof, may not be used or reproduced in any manner without written permision. For information, address European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Supported by the program PROGRES Q40/12. © ESPEN, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2011, 2019 © Galén, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2011, 2019 ISBN 978-80-7492-427-9 Basics in Clinical Nutrition 5.indd 4 5.8.2019 11:45:00 V Editor in Chief Luboš Sobotka, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine 3rd Department of Medicine Metabolic Care and Gerontology Medical Faculty – Charles University Hradec Králové Czech Republic Associate Editors Simon P. Allison, MD, FRCP Peter B. Soeters, MD, PhD Professor in Clinical Nutrition Emeritus Professor of Surgery Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology Department of Surgery and Nutrition University Hospital Maastricht Queen’s Medical Center Maastricht Nottingham The Netherlands United Kingdom Zeno Stanga, MD, PhD Alastair Forbes, BSc, MD, FRCP, FHEA Professor in Internal Medicine and Clinical Clinical Professor of Medicine Nutrition Chief of Research and Innovation Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Norwich Medical School Clinical Nutrition University of East Anglia Division of General Internal Medicine Norwich University Hospital United Kingdom Bern Switzerland Rémy F. Meier, MD Professor of Medicine Andre Van Gossum, MD, PhD Head of Department of Gastroenterology, Professsor Hepatology and Nutrition Head of the Clinic of Intestinal Diseases University Hospital and Nutritional Support Kantonsspital Liestal Department of Gastroenterology Liestal Hopital Erasme Switzerland Universite Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Stéphane M. Schneider, MD, PhD, FEBGH Belgium Professor of Nutrition Nutritional Support Unit Archet University Hospital Nice France Basics in Clinical Nutrition 5.indd 5 5.8.2019 11:45:00 LIST OF AUTHORS VI Basics IN Clinical Nutrition List of authors Stephan C Bischoff, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine Michael Adolph, MD, PhD Institute of Nutritional Medicine Associate Professor University of Hohenheim Head of Nutrition Support Team Stuttgart Senior Physician Anesthesiology and Intensive Germany Care Medicine University Clinic Tuebingen Gyorgy Bodoky, MD, PhD Tuebingen Professor of Oncology Germany St. Laszlo Teaching Hospital Department of Oncology Carla Aeberhard, PhD Budapest Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hungary Clinical Nutrition Bern University Prof Yves Boirie, MD, PhD Hospital and University of Bern University of Clermont-Ferrand Bern Clinical Nutrition department of the University Switzerland Hospital of Clement-Ferrand Human Nutrition Research Center Simon P. Allison, MD, FRCP Clermont-Ferrand Professor in Clinical Nutrition France Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition Marian A. E. van Bokhorst – de van der Queen’s Medical Center Schueren, RD, PhD Nottingham, UK Senior nutrition scientist Department of nutrition and dietetics Raffaella Antonione, MD VU University Medical Center Internal Medicine Amsterdam Clinica Medica, Ospedale di Cattinara The Netherlands Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Trieste Dr Kurt Boeykens Italy Clinical Nutrition Nurse Specialist Nutrition Support Team Peter Austin AZ Nicolaas Hospital Senior Pharmacist Sint-Niklaas Southampton University NHS Hospitals Trust Belgium Southampton United Kingdom Federico Bozzetti, MD Surgeon oncologist Mette M Berger, MD, PhD Faculty of Medicine Professor of Intensive care medicine University of Milan Service of Intensive Care Medicine & Burns Milan Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) Italy CH- 1011 Lausanne Switzerland Basics in Clinical Nutrition 5.indd 6 5.8.2019 11:45:00 List of authors VII Valentina Bozzetti, MD, PhD Anja Carlsohn, Prof, Dr Neonatal Intensive Unit Department of Ecotrophology San Gerardo Hospital Faculty of Life Science Monza University of Applied Science Italy Hamburg Germany Marco Braga, MD Professor of Surgery Yvon A. Carpentier, MD San Raffaele University Professor of Pathological Biochemistry and Milan Nutrition Italy L. Deloyers Laboratory for Experimental Surgery Fang Cai, MD Université Libre de Bruxelles Physician Brussels Unit of Nutrition Belgium Geneva University Hospital 1211 Geneva 14 Tommy Cederholm, MD, PhD Switzerland Professor of Clinical Nutrition Department of Public Health and Caring Philip C. Calder, PhD, DPhil Sciences Professor of Nutritional Immunology Uppsala University Institute of Human Nutrition and Human Uppsala Development and Health Academic Unit Sweden Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton Emanuele Cereda, MD, PhD Southampton General Hospital Researcher and Physician Southampton Nutrition and Dietetics Service United Kingdom IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo Pavia Maria E. Camilo, MD, PhD Italy Professor of Medicine and Nutrition Research Unit of Nutrition and Metabolism Irit Chermesh, MD Institute of Molecular Medicine Deputy Director of Gastroenterology Medical Faculty Department Lisbon University Medical Director of Clinical Nutrition Lisbon Rambam Health Care Campus Portugal Haifa Israel Noël Cano, MD, PhD Professor of Nutrition Michael Chourdakis, MD, RD, MPH, PhD Human Nutrition Research Center of Auvergne Assistant Professor of Medical Nutrition Human Nutrition Unit, UMR 1019 INRA- Dept.of Medicine Clermont University Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Clinical Nutrition Unit, Clermont-Ferrand Thessaloniki University Hospital Greece Clement-Ferrand France Basics in Clinical Nutrition 5.indd 7 5.8.2019 11:45:01 VIII Basics IN Clinical Nutrition Luc Cynober, PharmD, PhD Wilfred Druml, MD Professor of Nutrition Professor of Medicine Head of Departments Medical Department III Dept. of Experimental, Metabolic and Clinical Division of Nephrology Biology University of Vienna and Vienna Pharmacy Faculty – Paris Descartes University General Hospital and Clinical Chemistry Department Vienna Cochin and Hôtel-Dieu Hospitals, APHP Austria Paris France Stanley J. Dudrick, MD, FACS Professor of Surgery Erno Dardai, MD, PhD Chairman, Department of Surgery Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Director, Program in Surgery Therapy St. Mary’s Hospital St. Stephen’s Hospital Waterbury, CT Budapest Yale University School of Medicine Hungary New Haven, CT USA Sarah Delliere, MD, MS Service de Biochimie Marinos Elia, MD, FRCP Hopital Cochin Professor of Clinical Nutrition & Metabolism Groupe Hospitalier HUPC, APHP Institute of Human Nutrition Paris University of Southampton France Southampton General Hospital Southampton Nicolaas E. P. Deutz, MD, PhD United Kingdom Professor of Geriatrics. Professor of Pediatrics and Nutrition Nicholas D. Embleton, MD, MBBS, FRCPCH, Center for Translational Research in Aging BSc & Longevity Consultant Neonatal Pediatrician Department of Health and Kinesiology Honorary Reader in Neonatal Medicine Texas A&M University Royal Victoria Infirmary College Station, TX Newcastle Hospital USA NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle upon Tyne David F. Driscoll, PhD United Kingdom Vice President Stable Solutions LLC Joel Faintuch, MD, PhD Easton, MA Senior Professor USA Department of Gastroenterology Sao Paulo University Medical School Sao Paulo Brazil Basics in Clinical Nutrition 5.indd 8 5.8.2019 11:45:01 List of authors IX Joel J. Faintuch, MD, PhD Laurence Genton, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine Professor in Clinical Nutrition Department of Medicine Clinical Nutrition Hospital das Clinicas Geneva University Hospital Sao Paulo University Medical School Geneva Sao Paulo Switzerland Brazil M. Cristina Gonzalez, MD, PhD Enrico Fiaccadori, MD, PhD Professor of Post-Graduation Program in Health Renal Failure Unit and Behaviour Division of Nephrology Catholic University of Pelotas Parma University Hospital Pelotas RS University of Parma Brazil Parma Italy Olivier Goulet, MD, PhD Professor of Paediatrics Eric Fontaine, MD, PhD Department of Gastroenterology Professor of Medicine Hopital Necker Enfans-Malades INSERM U1055 - LBFA Paris Joseph Fourier University France Grenoble Cedex France Robert F. Grimble, BSc, PhD, RNutr Professor of Nutrition Alastair Forbes, BSc, MD, FRCP, FHEA Division of Developmental Origins Clinical Professor of Medicine of Health and Disease Chief of Research and Innovation School of Medicine Norwich Medical School University of Southampton University of East Anglia Southampton Norwich United Kingdom United Kingdom Martin Haluzík, MD, PhD Konstantinos C. Fragkos, MB, BS, MSc, PhD Professor of Medicine Clinical Research Fellow in Gastroenterology Department of Experimental Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine University College London Prague London Czech Republic United Kingdom Folke Hammarqvist, MD, PhD Wim G. van Gemert, MD, PhD Professor in Emergency Surgery Colorectal,