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ESPEN Guidelines on Definitions and Terminology of Clinical Nutrition

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Clinical Nutrition 36 (2017) 49e64 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Clinical Nutrition journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/clnu ESPEN Guideline ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition * T. Cederholm a, , R. Barazzoni b, P. Austin c, y, P. Ballmer d, G. Biolo e, S.C. Bischoff f, C. Compher g, 1, I. Correia h, 1, T. Higashiguchi i, 1, M. Holst j, G.L. Jensen k, 1, A. Malone l, 1, M. Muscaritoli m, I. Nyulasi n, 1, M. Pirlich o, E. Rothenberg p, K. Schindler q, S.M. Schneider r, M.A.E. de van der Schueren s, z, C. Sieber t, L. Valentini u, J.C. Yu v, 1, A. Van Gossum w, P. Singer x a Departments of Geriatric Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital and Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden b Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy c Pharmacy Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom d Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland e Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy f Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany g School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA h Department of Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil i Department of Surgery and Palliative Medicine, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan j Center for Nutrition and Bowel Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark k The Dean's Office and Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA l Pharmacy Department, Mount Carmel West Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA m Department of Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy n Nutrition and Dietetics, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia o Department of Internal Medicine, Elisabeth Protestant Hospital, Berlin, Germany p Department of Food and Meal Science, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden q Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria r Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Archet Hospital, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France s Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands t Institute for Biomedicine of Ageing, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hospital St. John of Lord, Regensburg, Germany u Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Section of Dietetics, University of Applied Sciences, Neubrandenburg, Germany v Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China w Department of Gastroenterology, Clinic of Intestinal Diseases and Nutritional Support, Hopital Erasme, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium x Department of Critical Care, Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva 49100 Israel y Pharmacy Department, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom z Department of Nutrition, Sports and Health, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands article info summary Article history: Background: A lack of agreement on definitions and terminology used for nutrition-related concepts and Received 9 September 2016 procedures limits the development of clinical nutrition practice and research. Accepted 9 September 2016 Objective: This initiative aimed to reach a consensus for terminology for core nutritional concepts and procedures. Keywords: Methods: The European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) appointed a consensus Terminology group of clinical scientists to perform a modified Delphi process that encompassed e-mail communi- Definition cation, face-to-face meetings, in-group ballots and an electronic ESPEN membership Delphi round. * Corresponding author. Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala Science Center, Dag Hammarskjoldsv€ ag€ 14B, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (T. Cederholm), [email protected] (R. Barazzoni), [email protected] (P. Austin), [email protected] (P. Ballmer), [email protected] (G. Biolo), [email protected] (S.C. Bischoff), [email protected] (C. Compher), [email protected] (I. Correia), [email protected] (T. Higashiguchi), [email protected] (M. Holst), [email protected] (G.L. Jensen), [email protected] (A. Malone), [email protected] (M. Muscaritoli), [email protected] (I. Nyulasi), [email protected] (M. Pirlich), elisabet.rothenberg@ vgregion.se (E. Rothenberg), [email protected] (K. Schindler), [email protected] (S.M. Schneider), [email protected] (M.A.E. de van der Schueren), [email protected] (C. Sieber), [email protected] (L. Valentini), [email protected] (J.C. Yu), [email protected] (A. Van Gossum), pierre. [email protected] (P. Singer). 1 Global co-authors contributing late in the process. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.004 0261-5614/© 2016 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 50 T. Cederholm et al. / Clinical Nutrition 36 (2017) 49e64 Consensus Results: Five key areas related to clinical nutrition were identified: concepts; procedures; organisation; Malnutrition Clinical nutrition delivery; and products. One core concept of clinical nutrition is malnutrition/undernutrition, which in- Medical nutrition cludes disease-related malnutrition (DRM) with (eq. cachexia) and without inflammation, and malnu- trition/undernutrition without disease, e.g. hunger-related malnutrition. Over-nutrition (overweight and obesity) is another core concept. Sarcopenia and frailty were agreed to be separate conditions often associated with malnutrition. Examples of nutritional procedures identified include screening for sub- jects at nutritional risk followed by a complete nutritional assessment. Hospital and care facility catering are the basic organizational forms for providing nutrition. Oral nutritional supplementation is the preferred way of nutrition therapy but if inadequate then other forms of medical nutrition therapy, i.e. enteral tube feeding and parenteral (intravenous) nutrition, becomes the major way of nutrient delivery. Conclusion: An agreement of basic nutritional terminology to be used in clinical practice, research, and the ESPEN guideline developments has been established. This terminology consensus may help to support future global consensus efforts and updates of classification systems such as the International Classification of Disease (ICD). The continuous growth of knowledge in all areas addressed in this statement will provide the foundation for future revisions. © 2016 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction established [2]. The presented Guideline standard operating pro- cedures (SOP) aimed to generate high quality guidelines using a Nutrition plays a pivotal role in life and in medicine. Acute and clear and straight-forward consensus procedure, with one of the chronic diseases in most organ systems have pronounced effects on goals to establish international leadership in creating up-to-date food intake and metabolism with increased catabolism, which lead and suitable-for-implementation guidelines. To provide a termi- to nutrition-related conditions associated with increased morbidity nology basis for the guideline development was one of the reasons and eventually death. At the other end of the spectrum, diet is a for launching this initiative. major determinant of future health, i.e. the absence or post- An international expert group of experienced clinical scientists ponement of disorders like cardio-vascular disease, diabetes, can- was compiled to form the Terminology Consensus Group and to cer and cognitive disease [1]. undertake a modified Delphi process. The consensus group par- In order to handle nutritional challenges during disease, trauma, ticipants, i.e. the authors, were selected to represent various clinical rehabilitation, and elderly care as well as for the nutritional pre- nutrition fields, as well as various professions; dietitians, nurses, vention of disease it is essential to use professional language and nutritionists, pharmacists and physicians from clinical and basic standard terminology that is founded on evidence and widely science. It was agreed within the group to base the process on open accepted in the professional community. However, this is not al- e-mail communications, face-to-face meetings and open and closed ways the case. For example, concepts and terms of nutritional ballots. The purpose was to ensure that communication was disorders in the current International Classifications of Diseases maintained at each milestone (see below) until a consensus was (ICD-10) (http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/) may not al- reached among all participants. Thus, the statements are based on ways be consistent with modern understanding or terms consensus rather than on systematic literature searches. commonly used in clinical practice and research.
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