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CIMSCY Crew Immersion Suits Conspicuity Final Report EASA_REP_RESEA_2017_2 Research Project: CIMSCY Crew Immersion Suits Conspicuity Disclaimer This study has been carried out for the European Union Aviation Safety Agency by an external organization and expresses the opinion of the organization undertaking the study. It is provided for information purposes only and the views expressed in the study have not been adopted, endorsed or in any way approved by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency. Consequently it should not be relied upon as a statement, as any form of warranty, representation, undertaking, contractual, or other commitment binding in law upon the European Union Aviation Safety Agency. Ownership of all copyright and other intellectual property rights in this material including any documentation, data and technical information, remains vested to the European Union Aviation Safety Agency. All logo, copyrights, trademarks, and registered trademarks that may be contained within are the property of their respective owners. Reproduction of this study, in whole or in part, is permitted under the condition that the full body of this Disclaimer remains clearly and visibly affixed at all times with such reproduced part. Crew Immersion Suits Conspicuity (CIMSCY) EASA.2017.C20 Dr C J Bennett, Dr J Hodgkinson, Dr J Nixon Department: Transport Systems Date: 25th April 2019 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 The Search and Rescue Operation .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Structure of this report .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Findings ................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Recommendations for standards ......................................................................................................................................... 10 MATERIALS PRE-TESTING ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 Aim and Summary ............................................................................................................................................................... 11 First Runway Test................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Method ................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Results ................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Second Runway Test ............................................................................................................................................................ 31 Method ................................................................................................................................................................................ 31 Results ................................................................................................................................................................................. 32 COCKPIT REFLECTANCE TRIALS ............................................................................................................................................. 35 Aim and Summary ............................................................................................................................................................... 35 Method ................................................................................................................................................................................ 36 Results ................................................................................................................................................................................. 41 FLIGHT TESTING ................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Aim and Summary ............................................................................................................................................................... 45 Method ................................................................................................................................................................................ 45 Flight Trial 1: Cardiff Bay ...................................................................................................................................................... 47 Results ................................................................................................................................................................................. 49 Flight Trial 2: Swansea Bay ................................................................................................................................................... 53 Results ................................................................................................................................................................................. 56 Flight Trial 3: Stornoway ...................................................................................................................................................... 62 Results ................................................................................................................................................................................. 64 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................................... 69 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................................ 70 ANNEX 1 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 71 REVIEW OF PERFORMANCE OF RETROREFLECTIVE TAPES AND THEIR POTENTIAL COMPATIBILITY WITH SAR EQUIPMENT . 71 3 Final Report Overview This report is offered in fulfilment of contract EASA.2017.C20: Crew Immersion Suits Conspicuity (CIMSCY) Study. The context of this work derives from the AAIB (Air Accidents Investigation Branch) report into the Morecambe Bay accident in 2006 [1]. The AAIB report details the crash of a helicopter transporting employees to an oil and gas platform. One recommendation resulting from the report (Paragraph 1.15.3, page 37) concerns improving the conspicuity of aircrew when in the water following a crash: “The operating crew were wearing dark blue immersion suits … The immersion suit and un-inflated life jacket are designed to have low reflectivity in order to reduce internal reflections on the instrument panels and windscreens of the cockpit, during helicopter operations. However, the rescue crews commented that the yellow immersion suits worn by the passengers were noticeably more conspicuous, when using the helicopter’s searchlight in the darkness, than the blue immersion suits worn by the pilots.” This observation was developed into Safety Recommendation 2008-036 in the final accident report: 2008-036 It is recommended that the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) investigate methods to increase the conspicuity of immersion suits worn by the flight crew, in order to improve the location of incapacitated survivors of a helicopter ditching. (p65). In this report, we address this recommendation. We examine in detail the potential to exploit retroreflective materials to increase the conspicuity of aircrew in a rescue scenario. We include as an annex to this report a detailed literature review that includes an overview of offshore oil and gas helicopter operations, and detailed discussion about the capabilities of the aircraft equipment used and the underlying concepts relating to conspicuity (Annex 1, p71). The main body of this final report details the development of interventions and their testing to improve the conspicuity of casualties by day and by night. The performance of different retroreflective materials were tested using a range of illumination sources and cameras on board an AgustaWestland AW189 aircraft used by Bristow Helicopters Ltd for UK Search and Rescue (SAR). A selection of these materials were then applied in a specific configuration to a current regulation immersion suit and their reflective properties were evaluated in the cockpit by experienced SAR pilots as subject matter experts (SMEs). A high fidelity field trial was then conducted to evaluate the performance of the modified immersion suit in a simulated SAR mission in the UK. Finally, based on the work conducted,
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